ProleWiki - User contributions [en]

Egon Krenz

2024-07-02T18:32:50Z

157.143.11.66: Added Krenz's current views

{{Infobox politician|name=Egon Krenz|image_size=200|birth_date=19 March 1937|birth_place=Kolberg, Prussia, [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]|political_party=[[SED]]|image=Egon Krenz.png}}

'''Egon Rudi Ernst Krenz''' (born 19 March 1937) is a German politician and the last leader of the [[German Democratic Republic (1949–1990)|GDR]], serving for less than two months in 1989. Previously, he was the head of security and leader of the [[Free German Youth]].<ref name=":05">{{Citation|author=Austin Murphy|year=2000|title=The Triumph of Evil|chapter=A Detailed Autopsy of the Collapse of the Superior System in the Divided Germany|page=|pdf=https://mltheory.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/austin-murphy-the-triumph-of-evil.pdf|city=Fucecchio|publisher=European Press Academic Publishing|isbn=8883980026}}</ref>

== Political career ==
On 9 October 1989, Krenz tried to contact [[Erich Honecker]] to make sure the police were not violent against protestors. He was not able to reach him because Honecker was in meetings all day, but he did talk to [[Erich Mielke]], the [[Ministry for State Security|Stasi]] chief.<ref name=":05" />:143–4

== Post-annexation ==
Krenz was imprisoned after the [[Federal Republic of Germany|Western]] annexation of the GDR for deaths near the [[Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart|Anti-Fascist Protection Wall]].<ref name=":05" />:152

Unlike some of his former colleagues, Krenz remains a committed [[Marxist-Leninist]]. He has criticized [[anti-communist]] [[historical revisionism]] in Germany and [[American imperialism]] in Eastern Europe. Additionally, he has also expressed support for [[China]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Ben Chacko|newspaper=Morning Star|title='Every weapons delivery is a licence to kill' - an interview with Egon Krenz|date=2022-09-03|url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/every-weapons-delivery-licence-kill-interview-egon-krenz|retrieved=02/07/2024}}</ref>

== References ==
[[Category:Former heads of state]]

Propaganda

2024-07-02T18:18:14Z

157.143.11.66: Added new sources for propaganda regarding the Iraq War. Someone else added the Gulf War part.

In common speech, '''propaganda''' is information of a biased or misleading nature meant to either rally support for or discredit a particular cause. The term's root comes from the Latin ''propaganda'', or ''to propagate''. Thus one can easily see the inherent character of disseminating propaganda to as many people as possible.

Propaganda is however a very nebulous term, as there is not really an objective way of classifying a piece of information as wilful propaganda (purposely biased and misleading), accidental propaganda (accidentally biased and misleading), or simply news. In essence, what is the difference between news and propaganda? This is why most marxist-leninists reject the use of the term as a pejorative, and consider instead that everything is propaganda and thus while being a loaded term, the word propaganda is not inherently negative.

Essentially, if propaganda is meant to manipulate opinion, how does it differ from "non-propaganda" news and media? If there is such a difference, then it would objectively make sense to differentiate the words. If there is no difference, as marxist-leninists believe, then all media is propaganda and the term is not inherently pejorative, but its perceived nature becomes a tool to readily discredit anything that does not align with corporate or state lines.

Marxist-leninists also use the term differently from liberals, due to the former's philosophy of [[materialism]]. Liberals believe ideas come before matter and thus ideas are the driver of change, which leads them to give properties to information that it does not actually possess, such as the idea that support for revolution (e.g. the [[American revolution|American Revolution]]) is won by convincing people of one's ideas and that it is possible to get someone to fight and die for a cause by simply providing the correct arguments or repeating them enough. In the materialist analysis, communists see that change is driven by material conditions and matter is what gives birth to ideas, and as such material conditions will dictate whether someone fights in the revolution or not (their [[Social class|class]] character, their wealth...)

In fact, the term used to simply refer to information that was meant to be propagated regardless of its nature or intent, as seen with the Ministry of Information in London during the [[Second World War]], which did not shy away from using the word, or with propaganda departments in major corporations -- Public Relations used to be called propaganda, owing mostly to the efforts of Edward Bernays who pioneered the practice.

In this sense propaganda is often linked with [[brainwashing]], a term invented by the CIA to discredit dissident soldiers during the [[Korean War]].

== Notable examples of propaganda ==

=== Past examples ===
* In October 1990, a 15 year old Kuwaiti girl testified before the US Congress about war crimes committed by Iraq, specifically that Iraqi forces savagely attacked a maternity ward. This testimony was then used to justify the [[Gulf War]] in the following year. In 1992, it was revealed that the girl was actually the daughter of the Kuwaiti ambassador to the United States and her testimony was fabricated by a "public relations" firm for a Kuwaiti interest group.
* In 2003, prior to the [[Iraq War]], the United States government accused Iraqi president [[Saddam Hussein]] of possessing weapons of mass destruction, throwing his opponents into an industrial shredder alive, and being involved in the [[9/11 attacks]]. None of these claims have ever been proven.<ref>{{Web citation|author=|newspaper=The Age|title=Iraq: how we were duped|date=02/07/2024|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/iraq-how-we-were-duped-20050514-ge05vq.html|archive-url=https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/iraq-weapons-of-mass-destruction-remembering-the-lies-of-wars-past/|retrieved=02/07/2024}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=Tim Wheeler|newspaper=People's World|title=Iraq ‘weapons of mass destruction’: Remembering the lies of wars past|date=2024-02-05|url=https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/iraq-weapons-of-mass-destruction-remembering-the-lies-of-wars-past/|retrieved=02/07/2024}}</ref>

=== Current examples ===
* Western [[Imperial core|governments]] and [[Bourgeois media|media]] have used atrocity propaganda to claim that the [[Communist Party of China]] is conducting a "[[genocide]]" in the [[Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region]], in spite of a complete lack of evidence and the fact that the Uyghur population in China has been steadily growing. This is due to the perceived threat of [[China]]'s [[Belt and Road Initiative]] to western influence in the region.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Roderic Day and Nia Frome|newspaper=Red Sails|title=The Xinjiang Atrocity Propaganda Blitz (2021)|date=2021-03-22|url=https://redsails.org/the-xinjiang-atrocity-propaganda-blitz/|retrieved=02/07/2024}}</ref>
[[Category:Propaganda]]
<references />

Propaganda

2024-07-02T15:24:55Z

157.143.11.66: Added additional examples of propaganda in the west

In common speech, '''propaganda''' is information of a biased or misleading nature meant to either rally support for or discredit a particular cause. The term's root comes from the Latin ''propaganda'', or ''to propagate''. Thus one can easily see the inherent character of disseminating propaganda to as many people as possible.

Propaganda is however a very nebulous term, as there is not really an objective way of classifying a piece of information as wilful propaganda (purposely biased and misleading), accidental propaganda (accidentally biased and misleading), or simply news. In essence, what is the difference between news and propaganda? This is why most marxist-leninists reject the use of the term as a pejorative, and consider instead that everything is propaganda and thus while being a loaded term, the word propaganda is not inherently negative.

Essentially, if propaganda is meant to manipulate opinion, how does it differ from "non-propaganda" news and media? If there is such a difference, then it would objectively make sense to differentiate the words. If there is no difference, as marxist-leninists believe, then all media is propaganda and the term is not inherently pejorative, but its perceived nature becomes a tool to readily discredit anything that does not align with corporate or state lines.

Marxist-leninists also use the term differently from liberals, due to the former's philosophy of [[materialism]]. Liberals believe ideas come before matter and thus ideas are the driver of change, which leads them to give properties to information that it does not actually possess, such as the idea that support for revolution (e.g. the [[American revolution|American Revolution]]) is won by convincing people of one's ideas and that it is possible to get someone to fight and die for a cause by simply providing the correct arguments or repeating them enough. In the materialist analysis, communists see that change is driven by material conditions and matter is what gives birth to ideas, and as such material conditions will dictate whether someone fights in the revolution or not (their [[Social class|class]] character, their wealth...)

In fact, the term used to simply refer to information that was meant to be propagated regardless of its nature or intent, as seen with the Ministry of Information in London during the [[Second World War]], which did not shy away from using the word, or with propaganda departments in major corporations -- Public Relations used to be called propaganda, owing mostly to the efforts of Edward Bernays who pioneered the practice.

In this sense propaganda is often linked with [[brainwashing]], a term invented by the CIA to discredit dissident soldiers during the [[Korean War]].

== Notable examples of propaganda ==

=== Past examples ===
* In October 1990, a 15 year old Kuwaiti girl testified before the US Congress about war crimes committed by Iraq, specifically that Iraqi forces savagely attacked a maternity ward. This testimony was then used to justify the [[Gulf War]] in the following year. In 1992, it was revealed that the girl was actually the daughter of the Kuwaiti ambassador to the United States and her testimony was fabricated by a "public relations" firm for a Kuwaiti interest group.
* In 2003, prior to the [[Iraq War]], the United States government accused Iraqi president [[Saddam Hussein]] of possessing weapons of mass destruction, throwing his opponents into an industrial shredder alive, and being involved in the [[9/11 attacks]]. None of these claims have ever been proven.

=== Current examples ===
* Western [[Imperial core|governments]] and [[Bourgeois media|media]] have used atrocity propaganda to claim that the [[Communist Party of China]] is conducting a "[[genocide]]" in the [[Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region]], in spite of a complete lack of evidence and the fact that the Uyghur population in China has been steadily growing. This is due to the perceived threat of [[China]]'s [[Belt and Road Initiative]] to western influence in the region.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Roderic Day and Nia Frome|newspaper=Red Sails|title=The Xinjiang Atrocity Propaganda Blitz (2021)|date=2021-03-22|url=https://redsails.org/the-xinjiang-atrocity-propaganda-blitz/|retrieved=02/07/2024}}</ref>
[[Category:Propaganda]]

Colour revolution

2024-07-02T13:57:25Z

157.143.11.66: Expanded list of examples

[[File:Hong Kong Trump poster.png|thumb|353x353px|[[National Endowment for Democracy|NED]]-funded protestors in [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|Hong Kong]] calling for [[Donald Trump]] to support them]]
A '''colour revolution''' is a term given to a revolution that appears to be led by the [[proletariat]] in search of [[Liberalism|liberal]] ideals, but is actually coordinated and funded by [[Imperialism|imperialist]] interests.

The point of a colour revolution is to appeal to liberals, whose ideology is prevalent in [[Imperial core|highly developed capitalist countries]], so as to gain their support. As with all historical development, colour revolutions are part of the [[class struggle]], and most people who participate (both behind the scenes and in the streets) are aligned with [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] interests.

If successful, a colour revolution will put the national bourgeoisie in power and turn them into a [[comprador]] class for the benefit of their imperial masters. As such, colour revolutions are usually waged against [[Socialist state|socialist states]].

== History ==
The term was originally used in [[Bourgeois media|western media]] after the illegal dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]] as countries in the union started transitioning to a capitalist mode of production. Capital was invested in these revolutions to make it seem like the people wanted to leave socialism and preferred capitalism. Most people did not entirely know what they were protesting for, with author [[Michael Parenti]] detailing in his book ''Blackshirts and Reds'' that many Soviet citizens thought they would still get all the benefits of socialism, but only with more consumer goods like they had seen in the [[USA]].

== Mechanism ==
Some negative sentiment is harnessed by imperialist organisations and allowed to prosper and continue, for example with programs such as the [[National Endowment for Democracy]]. This sentiment is then amplified globally by the media, either of private or public ownership (such as the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]-owned [[Radio Free Asia]]) and presented as a legitimate call for liberty by the people.

In international media, very little to no attention is given to opponents of the revolution -- which reinforces the impression that the revolution is supported by everyone and that opponents are a fringe group.

Usually, imperialist organisations pick the friendliest and closest ideologically organisation to fund, train and push to lead the revolution. This is how, for example, Demosisto became the de-facto leader of the unrest in the eyes of [[the west]] during the [[Hong Kong Protests of 2019]]; they pushed for independence despite this idea being supported by less than a fourth of Hong Kong citizens.

The point of a colour revolution, which explains why imperialist organisations will get involved, is to establish capitalism and force open the market and exploitation of labour.

== Examples ==

=== 1980–1989 ===
* [[1989 Tian'anmen Square riots]] ([[People's Republic of China|China]]; failed)
* [[Counterrevolutions of 1989]] (Eastern Europe)

=== 1990–1999 ===

* [[Annexation of East Germany]] (Germany)
* [[Overthrow of the Soviet Union]] (Soviet Union)

=== 2000–2009 ===

* [[Rose Revolution]] ([[Georgia (country)|Georgia]])
* [[Orange Revolution]] ([[Ukraine]])

=== 2010–2019 ===

* [[2014 Ukrainian coup d'etat|Euromaidan]] (Ukraine)
* [[2018 Armenian revolution|Velvet Revolution]] ([[Republic of Armenia|Armenia]])
*[[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region#2019 Hong Kong riots|Hong Kong riots]] (China; failed)
*[[2019 Bolivian coup d'état]]

=== 2020–2029 ===

* [[Republic of Belarus#2020 color revolution attempt|2020 Belarusian protests]] (Belarus; failed)
* [[2021 Cuban protests]] (Cuba; failed)

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Imperialism]]
[[Category:Pages needing references]]

Counterrevolution

2024-07-02T12:02:08Z

157.143.11.66: Updated list with additional examples and countries

[[File:Alexander Kolchak.png|thumb|253x253px|[[Alexander Kolchak]], leader of the counterrevolutionary [[White Army]] during the [[Russian Civil War]]]]
A '''counterrevolution''' is an opposing [[revolution]] that attempts to reverse a revolution. A person or group who opposes a revolution is declared '''counter-revolutionary'''. In [[Marxism|Marxist]] theory, counterrevolutions are a [[reactionary]] force usually composed of [[bourgeois]] forces.

In the past, [[Feudalism|royalists]] have attempted counterrevolutions against [[Bourgeois revolution|bourgeois revolutions]] like the [[French Revolution]]. In recent times, the [[West]] has supported and instigated "[[Color revolution|color revolutions]]" in socialist states to expand their own interests.

== List of counterrevolutions ==

=== Feudal ===

* [[English Civil War|Stuart Restoration]] (United Kingdom, 1660)
* [[Kingdom of France (1815–1848)|Bourbon Restoration]] (France, 1814–1815)

=== Bourgeois ===

* [[White Terror (Finland)|Finnish White Terror]] (Finland, 1918)
* [[White Terror (Hungary)|Hungarian White Terror]] (Hungary, 1919–1921)
* [[Hungarian counterrevolution of 1956]] (Hungary, 1956; failed)
* [[Prague Spring]] (Czechoslovakia, 1968; failed)
* [[1989 Tian'anmen Square riots|Tian'anmen Square riots]] (China, 1989; failed)
* [[Counterrevolutions of 1989]] (Eastern Europe, 1989)
* [[Annexation of East Germany]] (Germany, 1990)
* [[Overthrow of the Soviet Union]] (Soviet Union, 1991)

==See also==

* [[Colour revolution|Color revolution]]
* [[Mensheviks]]
[[Category:Counterrevolution]]

Freedom of speech

2024-07-02T09:18:43Z

157.143.11.66:

[[File:USA free speech poster.png|thumb|Police: "Prevent? Are you a communist? Don't you know America is a country of freedom?" In the background, signs say "hail [[fascism]]" and "beat Neg—".]]
[[File:Soviet poster about US police.png|thumb|Satirical [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet]] poster showing Statesian [[police]] with batons labelled "freedom of speech" and other concepts such as equality or the right to work, mocking the way Statesians use "freedom of speech" and similar concepts in order to oppress the masses]]
'''Freedom of speech''', like [[Free market|free markets]], is a [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] [[idealism|idealist]] concept completely detached from reality.

In theory, the concept posits that people have the right to express whatever they want. In reality, limits on publicly acceptable speech have always existed throughout human history, in both direct and indirect ways.

== Under feudalism ==
During much of the [[Feudalism|feudal]] era, denouncing [[Monarchism|monarchy]] and the divine right of kings was an illegal act subject to severe punishment, sometimes even death.

== Under capitalism ==
In spite of the claims of [[western]] governments, capitalist western countries do suppress freedom of speech. As these governments decide what narratives constitute as "[[Bourgeois media|mainstream]]", [[Anti-imperialism|alternative]] voices are portrayed as "fringe".

=== In the United States ===
In 1938, the [[United States]] government established the [[House Committee on Un-American Activities]], to investigate communist "subversion" in the country. Leftist individuals and organizations were persecuted and accused of "disloyalty". Victims of political persecution include civil rights activist [[Paul Robeson]] and Charlie Chaplin, who was accused of "communist sympathies" for his anti-war stance. The House Judiciary Committee has carried on the functions of HCUA since 1975.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Charles E. Schamel|newspaper=National Archives and Records Administration|title=Records of the House Un-American Activities Committee|date=July, 1995|url=https://archive.org/details/RecordsOfTheHouseUn-americanActivitiesCommittee-NaraFindingAid|retrieved=02/07/2024}}</ref>

In recent times, [[police]] in the United States frequently raid press companies and harass reporters for challenging the Statesian [[MICIMATT]] system.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Steven Lee Myers and Benjamin Mullin|newspaper=New York Times|title=Raid of Small Kansas Newspaper Raises Free Press Concerns|date=2023-08-13|archive-url=Raid of Small Kansas Newspaper Raises Free Press Concerns|quote=The raid is one of several recent cases of local authorities taking aggressive actions against news organizations — some of which are part of a dwindling cohort left in their area to hold governments to account. And it fits a pattern of pressure being applied to local newsrooms. One recent example is the 2019 police raid of the home of Bryan Carmody, a freelance journalist in San Francisco, who was reporting on the death of Jeff Adachi, a longtime public defender.}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=B|newspaper=Moon of Alabama|title="Exceedingly Rare"|date=2023-08-14|url=https://www.moonofalabama.org/2023/08/exceedingly-rare.html}}</ref> Notable examples of censorship include the cases of [[Edward Snowden]], [[Chelsea Manning]], and [[Julian Assange]].

In addition, social and financial pressure is often used as an indirect way to stifle free speech in the West. In 2006, the country band Dixie Chicks was censored and blacklisted for speaking out against [[George W. Bush]] and the [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=China Daily|title=NBC rejects TV ads for Dixie Chicks film|date=2006-10-29|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/entertainment/2006-10/29/content_719231.htm|retrieved=30/06/2024}}</ref>

== Under socialism ==

=== In the Soviet Union ===
Article 125 of the [[Library:Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1936)|1936 Constitution]] of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]] established freedom of speech, press, assembly, and protest for the [[Proletariat|working class]] and guaranteed these rights in practice by giving printing presses and paper to [[Proletariat|workers]] and their organizations.<ref>{{Citation|author=Eighth All-Union Congress of Soviets|year=1936|title=Constitution of the Soviet Union|title-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921180408/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1936)|chapter=The Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens|section=Article 125}}</ref>

=== In other socialist countries ===
Freedom of expression is also protected in Article 25 of the [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam|Vietnamese]] constitution,<ref>{{Citation|author=National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam|year=2013|title=Constitution of Vietnam|title-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504033342/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Vietnam_(2013)|chapter=Human Rights, Fundamental Rights and Obligations of Citizens|chapter-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504033342/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Vietnam_(2013)|section=Article 25}}</ref> Article 35 of the [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] [[Library:Constitution of the People's Republic of China (2018)|constitution]],<ref>{{Citation|author=13th National People's Congress|year=2018|title=Constitution of the People's Republic of China|title-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325121314/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2018)|chapter=Fundamental Rights and Obligations of Citizens|section=Article 35}}</ref> and Article 67 of the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|Korean]] constitution.<ref>{{Citation|author=14th Supreme People's Assembly|year=2019|title=Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea|title-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Socialist_Constitution_of_the_Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea_(2019)|chapter=Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens|chapter-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Socialist_Constitution_of_the_Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea_(2019)#CHAPTER_V._FUNDAMENTAL_RIGHTS_AND_DUTIES_OF_CITIZENS|section=Article 67}}</ref> According to [[Mao Zedong|Mao]], socialism grants freedom of speech to the [[The people|masses]] but not to the [[Reactionary|reactionaries]]:{{Quote|[The masses] enforce their dictatorship over the running dogs of [[imperialism]]—the [[landlord]] class and [[comprador|bureaucrat-bourgeoisie]], as well as the representatives of those classes, the [[Kuomintang]] reactionaries and their accomplices—suppress them, allow them only to behave themselves and not to be unruly in word or deed. If they speak or act in an unruly way, they will be promptly stopped and punished. [[Democracy]] is practiced within the ranks of the people, who enjoy the rights of freedom of speech, assembly, association and so on. The right to vote belongs only to the people, not to the reactionaries. The combination of these two aspects, democracy for the people and dictatorship over the reactionaries, is the [[people's democratic dictatorship]].|[[Mao Zedong]]|[https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-4/mswv4_65.htm On the People's Democratic Dictatorship]|1949 June 30}}

== References ==
[[Category:Idealism]]
<references />

Donald Trump

2024-06-30T14:00:49Z

157.143.11.66: Added information on human rights abuses against immigrants during Trump's presidency

{{Infobox politician|image=Trump image.png|name=Donald John Trump|political_line=[[Capitalism]] [[Conservatism]] Right-wing [[populism]]|birth_date=14 June 1946|nationality=[[Statesian]]|birth_place=[[Queens]], [[New York City]], [[State of New York]], [[United States of America]]}}'''Donald Trump''' is a [[United States of America|Statesian]] politician and [[Bourgeoisie|billionaire]] who served as the 45th [[president of the United States]] from 2017 to 2021. He claims to be a pro-[[Proletariat|worker]] politician despite cutting taxes on billionaires and corporations.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=PSL Statement – Workers shouldn’t be fooled: Trump is a tool of the ultra-rich|date=2022-11-15|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/psl-statement-workers-shouldnt-be-fooled-trump-is-a-tool-of-the-ultra-rich/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118034739/https://www.liberationnews.org/psl-statement-workers-shouldnt-be-fooled-trump-is-a-tool-of-the-ultra-rich/|archive-date=2022-11-18|retrieved=2022-11-19}}</ref>

Trump is a member of the [[America First]] movement, which believes the USA should be able to act unilaterally without limits from international law and treaties. It is not isolationist.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Bill Fletcher Jr.|newspaper=[[Monthly Review]]|title=Race Is About More Than Discrimination|date=2020-07-01|url=https://monthlyreview.org/2020/07/01/race-is-about-more-than-discrimination/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323205358/https://monthlyreview.org/2020/07/01/race-is-about-more-than-discrimination/|archive-date=2023-03-23}}</ref>

== Pre-presidency ==

In November 2015, Donald Trump mocked [[Serge Kovaleski]]'s [[disability]], arthrogryposis, in response to Serge stating that they never claimed many Muslims support the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/donald-trump-criticized-after-he-appears-mock-reporter-serge-kovaleski-n470016|title=Donald Trump Criticized After He Appears to Mock Reporter Serge Kovaleski}}</ref>

== Presidential term ==
In 2017, Donald Trump passed a tax cut that decreased corporate taxes to only 11.3% of profits. He also made a $45 billion cut in food stamp benefits.<ref>{{News citation|author=Robert Reich|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|title=How Trump has betrayed the working class|date=2019-12-22|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/dec/22/trump-wants-to-be-champion-of-the-working-class-but-with-tax-cuts-for-the-rich-it-doesnt-add-up|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416230953/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/dec/22/trump-wants-to-be-champion-of-the-working-class-but-with-tax-cuts-for-the-rich-it-doesnt-add-up|archive-date=2022-04-16|retrieved=2022-05-20}}</ref>

In 2020, the United States withdrew from the [[Paris Climate Agreement]].<ref>{{News citation|author=Tyler Clevenger, Dan Lashof|newspaper=World Resources Institute|title=7 Ways the Biden Administration Can Reverse Climate Rollbacks|date=2021-01-19|url=https://www.wri.org/insights/7-ways-biden-administration-can-reverse-climate-rollbacks|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309070958/https://www.wri.org/insights/7-ways-biden-administration-can-reverse-climate-rollbacks|archive-date=2022-03-09|retrieved=2022-05-20}}</ref>

Under Trump's presidency, civilian deaths caused by the U.S. military increased greatly.<ref>{{News citation|author=Murtaza Hussain|newspaper=The Intercept|title=Civilian Deaths in U.S. Wars Are Skyrocketing Under Trump. It May Not Be Impeachable, but It’s a Crime.|date=2019-10-02|url=https://theintercept.com/2019/10/02/trump-impeachment-civilian-casualties-war/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507031915/https://theintercept.com/2019/10/02/trump-impeachment-civilian-casualties-war/|archive-date=2022-05-07|retrieved=2022-05-20}}</ref>

Trump also vastly expanded concentration camps at the US-Mexico border, where asylum-seeking immigrants are kept in inhumane conditions.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Andi Zeisler|newspaper=NBC|title=AOC was right to compare Trump's border internment camps to concentration camps|date=2019-06-19|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/aoc-was-right-compare-trump-s-border-internment-camps-concentration-ncna1019381|retrieved=30/06/2024}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=Ben Norton|newspaper=Geopolitical Economy Report|title=Weaponization of immigration policy: Ukrainians welcomed, refugees of US wars abused|date=2022-04-08|url=https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2022/04/08/immigration-policy-ukrainians-victims-us-wars/|retrieved=30/06/2024}}</ref> During his presidential term, nearly half a million children were separated from their families and kept in cages for extended periods of time.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Anna Flagg and Andrew Rodriguez Calderón|newspaper=The Marshall Project|title=500,000 Kids, 30 Million Hours: Trump’s Vast Expansion of Child Detention|date=2020-10-30|url=https://www.themarshallproject.org/2020/10/30/500-000-kids-30-million-hours-trump-s-vast-expansion-of-child-detention|retrieved=30/06/2024}}</ref>

=== Involvement in the Capitol insurrection ===
{{Main article|2021 United States Capitol insurrection}}
On 6 January 2021, near the end of his presidential term, Trump rallied his supporters to [[2021 United States Capitol insurrection|storm the United States Capitol]] in an attempt to reconsolidate his power. The attack ultimately failed and Trump's term came to a close.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWJVMoe7OY0&t Day of Rage: How Trump Supporters Took the U.S. Capitol | Visual Investigations]</ref>

According to an analysis on [[Medium]], the Capitol insurrection was a coup attempt by Trump. They argue that "6 January was an attempted coup, in the sense it was designed to trigger martial law and the suspension of the transition."<ref>[https://medium.com/mosquito-ridge/the-trump-insurrection-a-marxist-analysis-dc229c34cdc1 The Trump Insurrection: a Marxist analysis]</ref>

== Post-presidency ==
On 8 August 2022, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] raided Trump's home in the [[State of Florida]].<ref>[https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2022/08/09/guda-a09.html FBI raids Trump estate at Mar-a-Lago]</ref> In November 2022, Trump announced he would run for president again in 2024.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
[[Category:Politicians in the United States]]
<references />
[[Category:Reactionaries]]
[[Category:Statesians of German descent]]
[[Category:Statesians of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Trump, Donald}}

Islamic Republic of Pakistan

2024-06-30T13:06:14Z

157.143.11.66:

{{Infobox country|name=Islamic Republic of Pakistan|native_name=اِسلامی جمہوریہ پاكِستان|image_flag=Flag of Pakistan.svg|image_map=Pakistan map.png|map_width=290|map_caption=Claimed territories in light green|largest_city=[[Karachi]]|image_coat=Pakistan COA.svg|capital=[[Islamabad]]|official_languages=Urdu English|area_km2=881,913|population_estimate=242,923,845|population_estimate_year=2022}}

'''Pakistan''', officially the '''Islamic Republic of Pakistan''' is a country in South Asia. Geographically, it is located in a strategic region along [[People's Republic of China|China]]'s [[Belt and Road Initiative]], which has led to the construction of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Moiz Farooq|newspaper=CGTN|title=China-Pakistan Economic Corridor promises growth and prosperity for Pakistan and beyond|date=2024-06-05|url=https://news.cgtn.com/news/2024-06-05/CPEC-promises-growth-and-prosperity-for-Pakistan-and-beyond-1ua3q9zEb4c/p.html|retrieved=30/06/2024|quote=}}</ref>

== History ==
In 1971, the [[United States]] supported [[Pakistan]]'s [[genocide]] in Bangladesh, which killed 300,000 to three million civilians and created ten million refugees.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Gary Bass|date=2013-11-19|title=Looking Away from Genocide|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/looking-away-from-genocide|newspaper=The New Yorker|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214121105/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/looking-away-from-genocide|archive-date=2019-02-14|retrieved=2022-01-10|quote=}}</ref>

In the 1970s, Prime Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] tried to develop a [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapons]] program after [[Republic of India|India]] detonated its first nuclear bomb. the On 5 July 1977, the [[United States of America|USA]] helped General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Huq]] overthrow Bhutto and establish a military dictatorship. Before the coup, [[Henry Kissinger]] had warned Bhutto that the United States would "make an example of [him]."<ref name=":0" /> Zia al-Huq privatized Pakistan's health care.<ref name=":1222">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Mecca|page=271|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref>

U.S. drone strikes on Pakistan during the [[War on Terror]] killed thousands of civilians. After [[Imran Khan]] came to power, he ordered the U.S. to stop drone strikes, which had been approved by previous Pakistani governments, and rejected U.S. military bases in Pakistan. He also introduced [[Universal healthcare|free health care]] for the poor.<ref>{{News citation|author=Abdul Jabbar|newspaper=[[Multipolarista]]|title=Indirect colonialism: US role in Pakistan’s political crisis|date=2022-04-25|url=https://multipolarista.com/2022/04/25/indirect-colonialism-us-pakistan-imran-khan/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624234518/https://multipolarista.com/2022/04/25/indirect-colonialism-us-pakistan-imran-khan/|archive-date=2022-06-24|retrieved=2022-06-28}}</ref> Khan stayed neutral during the [[2022 Russo-Ukrainian conflict|2022 Russo-Ukrainian War]].<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=[[Ben Norton]]|newspaper=[[Multipolarista]]|title=Pakistan coup regime bans Imran Khan, dissidents killed, as US eyes China ties, Israel normalization|date=2022-10-26|url=https://multipolarista.com/2022/10/26/pakistan-coup-imran-khan-china-israel/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027115758/https://multipolarista.com/2022/10/26/pakistan-coup-imran-khan-china-israel/|archive-date=2022-10-27|retrieved=2022-11-01}}</ref>

=== 2022 coup ===
In 2022, Imran Khan was ousted in a US-backed coup.<ref>{{News citation|author=[[Richard Medhurst]]|date=2022-04-11|title=Pakistani PM Ousted in US Coup|url=https://youtu.be/BXnkUcN22fM}}</ref> He is urging his supporters to fight against the foreign-backed ouster.<ref>{{News citation|author=Tyler Durden|date=2022-04-10|title=Pakistan's Imran Khan Ousted In Midnight No Confidence Vote, Urges Supporters Rise Up Against US-Led "Foreign Conspiracy"|url=https://www.zerohedge.com/geopolitical/pakistans-imran-khan-ousted-midnight-no-confidence-vote-urges-supporters-rise-against|newspaper=[[ZeroHedge]]}}</ref> Following the coup, Pakistan's military government discussed the possibility of recognizing [[apartheid]] [[State of Israel|Israel]]. The coup regime also sent weapons to [[Ukraine]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
[[Category:Countries]]
<references />
[[Category:Global south]]
[[Category:Countries targeted by imperialist aggression]]
[[Category:Asian countries]]
[[Category:Countries targeted by CIA coups]]

Freedom of speech

2024-06-30T09:32:42Z

157.143.11.66: reworked certain sections for more clarity, added subheadings and some examples

[[File:USA free speech poster.png|thumb|Police: "Prevent? Are you a communist? Don't you know America is a country of freedom?" In the background, signs say "hail [[fascism]]" and "beat Neg—".]]
[[File:Soviet poster about US police.png|thumb|Satirical [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet]] poster showing Statesian [[police]] with batons labelled "freedom of speech" and other concepts such as equality or the right to work, mocking the way Statesians use "freedom of speech" and similar concepts in order to oppress the masses]]
'''Freedom of speech''', like [[Free market|free markets]], is a [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] [[idealism|idealist]] concept completely detached from reality.

In theory, the concept posits that people have the right to express whatever they want. In reality, limits on publicly acceptable speech have always existed throughout human history, in both direct and indirect ways.

== Under feudalism ==
During much of the [[Feudalism|feudal]] era, denouncing [[Monarchism|monarchy]] and the divine right of kings was an illegal act subject to severe punishment, sometimes even death.

== Under capitalism ==
In spite of the claims of [[Western]] governments, there is limited freedom of speech in capitalist countries. As these governments decide what narratives constitute as "[[Bourgeois media|mainstream]]", [[Anti-imperialism|alternative]] voices are portrayed as "fringe".

=== In the United States ===
[[Police]] in the [[United States of America|United States]] frequently raid press companies and harass reporters for going against the Statesian [[MICIMATT]] system.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Steven Lee Myers and Benjamin Mullin|newspaper=New York Times|title=Raid of Small Kansas Newspaper Raises Free Press Concerns|date=2023-08-13|archive-url=Raid of Small Kansas Newspaper Raises Free Press Concerns|quote=The raid is one of several recent cases of local authorities taking aggressive actions against news organizations — some of which are part of a dwindling cohort left in their area to hold governments to account. And it fits a pattern of pressure being applied to local newsrooms. One recent example is the 2019 police raid of the home of Bryan Carmody, a freelance journalist in San Francisco, who was reporting on the death of Jeff Adachi, a longtime public defender.}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=B|newspaper=Moon of Alabama|title="Exceedingly Rare"|date=2023-08-14|url=https://www.moonofalabama.org/2023/08/exceedingly-rare.html}}</ref> Notable examples of censorship include the cases of [[Edward Snowden]], [[Chelsea Manning]], and [[Julian Assange]].

In addition, social and financial pressure is often used as an indirect way to stifle free speech in the West. In 2006, the country band Dixie Chicks was censored and blacklisted for speaking out against [[George W. Bush]] and the [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=China Daily|title=NBC rejects TV ads for Dixie Chicks film|date=2006-10-29|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/entertainment/2006-10/29/content_719231.htm|retrieved=30/06/2024}}</ref>

== Under socialism ==

=== In the Soviet Union ===
Article 125 of the [[Library:Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1936)|1936 Constitution]] of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]] established freedom of speech, press, assembly, and protest for the [[Proletariat|working class]] and guaranteed these rights in practice by giving printing presses and paper to [[Proletariat|workers]] and their organizations.<ref>{{Citation|author=Eighth All-Union Congress of Soviets|year=1936|title=Constitution of the Soviet Union|title-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921180408/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1936)|chapter=The Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens|section=Article 125}}</ref>

=== In other socialist countries ===
Freedom of expression is also protected in Article 25 of the [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam|Vietnamese]] constitution,<ref>{{Citation|author=National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam|year=2013|title=Constitution of Vietnam|title-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504033342/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Vietnam_(2013)|chapter=Human Rights, Fundamental Rights and Obligations of Citizens|chapter-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504033342/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Vietnam_(2013)|section=Article 25}}</ref> Article 35 of the [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] [[Library:Constitution of the People's Republic of China (2018)|constitution]],<ref>{{Citation|author=13th National People's Congress|year=2018|title=Constitution of the People's Republic of China|title-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325121314/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2018)|chapter=Fundamental Rights and Obligations of Citizens|section=Article 35}}</ref> and Article 67 of the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|Korean]] constitution.<ref>{{Citation|author=14th Supreme People's Assembly|year=2019|title=Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea|title-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Socialist_Constitution_of_the_Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea_(2019)|chapter=Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens|chapter-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Socialist_Constitution_of_the_Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea_(2019)#CHAPTER_V._FUNDAMENTAL_RIGHTS_AND_DUTIES_OF_CITIZENS|section=Article 67}}</ref> According to [[Mao Zedong|Mao]], socialism grants freedom of speech to the [[The people|masses]] but not to the [[Reactionary|reactionaries]]:{{Quote|[The masses] enforce their dictatorship over the running dogs of [[imperialism]]—the [[landlord]] class and [[comprador|bureaucrat-bourgeoisie]], as well as the representatives of those classes, the [[Kuomintang]] reactionaries and their accomplices—suppress them, allow them only to behave themselves and not to be unruly in word or deed. If they speak or act in an unruly way, they will be promptly stopped and punished. [[Democracy]] is practiced within the ranks of the people, who enjoy the rights of freedom of speech, assembly, association and so on. The right to vote belongs only to the people, not to the reactionaries. The combination of these two aspects, democracy for the people and dictatorship over the reactionaries, is the [[people's democratic dictatorship]].|[[Mao Zedong]]|[https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-4/mswv4_65.htm On the People's Democratic Dictatorship]|1949 June 30}}

== References ==
[[Category:Idealism]]
<references />

United States Armed Forces

2024-06-27T19:18:26Z

157.143.11.66:

{{stub}}
The United States Armed Forces constitute the military of the [[United States of America]].

The US Armed Forces are responsible for countless atrocities and war crimes throughout their entire existence (''see: Category:Atrocities committed by the United States'' below). In the 19th century, they massacred indigenous Native Americans as the US expanded westward. They have massacred civilians during their wars of aggression against Korea, Vietnam and Iraq, and are also the only military that has used nuclear weapons in warfare.<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/no-first-use-and-nuclear-weapons|title=‘No First Use’ and Nuclear Weapons|quote=The United States has considered but has never declared an NFU policy and remains the only country to have ever used nuclear weapons in war—twice against Japan, in 1945.}}</ref> These, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, were entirely unnecessary, as Japan was already in the process of negotiating a surrender. Although the US government has repeatedly attempted to cover up the atrocities committed by its military, many of them have been exposed by the international media. Notable examples include the [[Wounded Knee Massacre|Wounded Knee massacre]] against the [[Lakota people]], the [[No Gun Ri massacre]] in Korea, the [[Mỹ Lai massacre]] in Vietnam, and the torture of prisoners in [[Abu Ghraib|Abu Ghraib Prison]] and [[Guantánamo Bay concentration camp|Guantánamo Bay]] .

In the Vietnam and Korean wars, the US military forcibly conscripted many soldiers. These conscription methods made exceptions for the wealthy and well-educated, which meant that poor people and people of color were disproportionately conscripted. Several US presidents including [[Bill Clinton]], [[Donald Trump]], [[George W. Bush]], and [[Joe Biden]] managed to dodge the draft.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Amy J. Rutenberg|newspaper=The Atlantic|title=What Trump’s Draft Deferments Reveal|date=2019-01-02|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/01/trumps-military-draft-deferment-isnt-unusual/579265/|retrieved=27/06/2024}}</ref> Today, the US military does not use conscription, but retains the legal right to start doing so again.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=sss.gov|title=Selective Service System|url=https://www.sss.gov/#:~:text=While%20there%20is%20currently%20no,a%20fair%20and%20equitable%20manner.|retrieved=27/06/2024}}</ref>

The US military has by far the highest budget of any military in the world, more than double that of the country in second place, China.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=World Bank|title=Military expenditure (current USD)|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true|retrieved=27/06/2024}}</ref>
While the US military has experienced some success in conventional warfare, they are frequently defeated by opponents using guerrilla tactics, such as by the [[National Liberation Front of South Vietnam]] (Viet Cong) in Vietnam, and more recently by the [[Taliban]] in Afghanistan.

In 2023, documents were leaked showing that the USAF wants to use [[Deepfake|deepfakes]] to distribute propaganda.<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23696654-us-socom-procurement-document-announcing-desire-to-utilize-deepfakes|title=U.S. SOCOM Procurement Document Announcing Desire to Utilize Deepfakes|quote=Provide a next generation of “deep fake” or other similar technology to generate messages and influence operations via non-traditional channels in relevant peer/near peer environments.|page=16}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|url=https://theintercept.com/2023/03/06/pentagon-socom-deepfake-propaganda/|title=U.S. Special Forces Want to Use Deepfakes for Psy-Ops|author=Sam Biddle|date=2023-03-06T11:59|newspaper=[[The Intercept]]}}</ref>
==References==
<references />

[[Category:United States of America]]
[[Category:Atrocities committed by the United States]]

United States Armed Forces

2024-06-27T16:37:20Z

157.143.11.66: Expanded on general info

{{stub}}
The United States Armed Forces constitute the military of the [[United States of America]].

The US Armed Forces are responsible for countless atrocities and war crimes throughout their entire existence. In the 19th century, they massacred indigenous Native Americans as the US expanded westward. They have massacred civilians during their wars of aggression against Korea, Vietnam and Iraq, and are also the only military that has used nuclear weapons in warfare. These, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, were entirely unnecessary, as Japan was already in the process of negotiating a surrender. Although the US government has repeatedly attempted to cover up the atrocities committed by its military, many of them have been exposed by the international media. Notable examples include the [[Wounded Knee Massacre|Wounded Knee massacre]] against the Lakota people, the [[No Gun Ri massacre]] in Korea, the [[Mỹ Lai massacre]] in Vietnam, and the torture and abuse of prisoners in the [[Abu Ghraib|Abu Ghraib Prison]] in Iraq.

In the Vietnam and Korean wars, the US military forcibly conscripted many soldiers. These conscription methods made exceptions for the wealthy and well-educated, which meant that poor people and people of color were disproportionately conscripted. Several US presidents including [[Bill Clinton]], [[Donald Trump]], and [[Joe Biden]] managed to dodge the draft.

Today, the US military does not use conscription, but retains the legal right to start doing so again.

The US military has by far the highest budget of any military in the world, more than double that of the country in second place, China.

While the US military has experienced some success in conventional warfare, they are frequently defeated by opponents using guerrilla tactics, such as by the [[National Liberation Front of South Vietnam]] (Viet Cong) in Vietnam, and more recently by the [[Taliban]] in Afghanistan.

In 2023, documents were leaked showing that the USAF wants to use [[Deepfake|deepfakes]] to distribute propaganda.<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23696654-us-socom-procurement-document-announcing-desire-to-utilize-deepfakes|title=U.S. SOCOM Procurement Document Announcing Desire to Utilize Deepfakes|quote=Provide a next generation of “deep fake” or other similar technology to generate messages and influence operations via non-traditional channels in relevant peer/near peer environments.|page=16}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|url=https://theintercept.com/2023/03/06/pentagon-socom-deepfake-propaganda/|title=U.S. Special Forces Want to Use Deepfakes for Psy-Ops|author=Sam Biddle|date=2023-03-06T11:59|newspaper=[[The Intercept]]}}</ref>
==References==
<references />

[[Category:United States of America]]

George Floyd protests

2024-06-26T12:47:15Z

157.143.11.66: Expanded section on repression

[[File:Minneapolis George Floyd protests.png|thumb|Riot cops in Minneapolis during the protests]]
The '''George Floyd protests''' were a series of protests and riots beginning in the [[United States of America|United States]] lasting from May to July 2020. The protests began after a white police officer murdered [[George Floyd]], an unarmed New Afrikan, on May 25, 2020 in [[Minneapolis]]. Protests began the next day and the Minneapolis 3rd Precinct was burned down on May 28. The majority of people in the U.S. believed burning down the police station was justified.<ref>{{News citation|author=Matthew Impelli|newspaper=Newsweek|title=54 Percent of Americans Think Burning Down Minneapolis Police Precinct Was Justified After George Floyd's Death|date=2020-06-03|url=https://www.newsweek.com/54-americans-think-burning-down-minneapolis-police-precinct-was-justified-after-george-floyds-1508452|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510134117/https://www.newsweek.com/54-americans-think-burning-down-minneapolis-police-precinct-was-justified-after-george-floyds-1508452|archive-date=2022-05-10|retrieved=2022-06-06}}</ref> At least 28 people died in the protests and over 16,000 were arrested.<ref name=":2">{{News citation|author=Arturo Castillon, Shemon Salam|newspaper=[[Monthly Review]]|title=The Revolutionary Meaning of the George Floyd Uprising|date=2021-04-19|url=https://mronline.org/2021/04/19/the-revolutionary-meaning-of-the-george-floyd-uprising/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614004424/https://mronline.org/2021/04/19/the-revolutionary-meaning-of-the-george-floyd-uprising/|archive-date=2022-06-14|retrieved=2022-06-17}}</ref>

== Causes ==
The protests were caused by [[Police brutality in the United States|police brutality]] and [[racism]] against Black people and the high unemployment rates caused by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=":0">{{News citation|newspaper=Leading Light Communist Organization|title=On the Uprisings in the United States|date=2020-06-04|url=https://llco.org/on-the-uprisings-in-the-united-states/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010083405/https://llco.org/on-the-uprisings-in-the-united-states/|archive-date=2020-10-10|retrieved=2022-06-06}}</ref>

== Repression ==
During the protests, police used tear gas, mace and pepper spray against peaceful protestors.<ref>{{News citation|author=Patrick Martin|newspaper=[[World Socialist Web Site]]|title=Mass protests voice outrage over police murder of George Floyd|date=2020-05-30|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/05/30/floy-m30.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228225824/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/05/30/floy-m30.html|archive-date=2021-02-28|retrieved=2022-06-19}}</ref> Over 200 cities with a total population of 60 million were put under curfews.<ref name=":3">{{News citation|author=Martin Schoots-McAlpine|newspaper=Monthly Review|title=Anatomy of a counter-insurgency: Efforts to undermine the George Floyd uprising|date=2020-07-03|url=https://mronline.org/2020/07/03/anatomy-of-a-counter-insurgency/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618114648/https://mronline.org/2020/07/03/anatomy-of-a-counter-insurgency/|archive-date=2022-06-18|retrieved=2022-07-04}}</ref> President [[Donald Trump]] activated federal troops to suppress the uprisings<ref name=":0" /> and 96,000 [[National Guard (United States)|National Guard]] troops were mobilized in 34 states.<ref name=":2" /> In addition to state forces, white supremacist groups including the [[Proud Boys]], [[Ku Klux Klan|KKK]], and [[Patriot Prayer]] assisted the police and attacked protestors.<ref name=":3" />

Numerous acts of police brutality were documented during the heavy-handed crackdown. In one instance, the police drove SUVs into a crowd of protestors, running over several people as others tried to flee. One unarmed protestor was tackled to the ground by multiple cops who beat him repeatedly with their batons. Another video shows National Guard troops in full tactical gear shooting paint canisters at people standing in front of their own homes. <ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=RT|title=NYPD police cruisers RUN INTO crowds of protesters in terrifying video|date=2020-05-31|url=https://www.rt.com/uk/490291-new-york-police-rams-protesters/|retrieved=26/06/2024}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=RT|title=NYPD teaches masked protester a BRUTAL lesson after he dares climb onto a police car|date=2021-05-31|url=https://www.rt.com/usa/490299-nypd-protester-tackled-video-riots/|retrieved=26/06/2024}}</ref><ref>{{Video citation|url=https://twitter.com/i/status/1266921821653385225|channel=@tkerssen|title=National guard and MPD sweeping our residential street. Shooting paint canisters at us on our own front porch. Yelling "light em up"|date=31/05/2020}}</ref>

== International protests ==
Although the protests were mainly in the United States, they also spread to other countries, including [[French Republic|France]],<ref>{{News citation|author=Will Morrow|newspaper=World Socialist Web Site|title=Tens of thousands protest in Paris against police killings of George Floyd and Adama Traoré|date=2020-06-15|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/06/15/tens-j15.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902204817/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/06/15/tens-j15.html|archive-date=2021-09-02|retrieved=2022-06-19}}</ref> [[Federal Republic of Germany|Germany]],<ref>{{News citation|author=Jan Ritter, Noah Windstein|newspaper=World Socialist Web Site|title=German protests in solidarity with George Floyd and against police violence|date=2020-06-05|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/06/05/germ-j05.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420232921/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/06/05/germ-j05.html|archive-date=2021-04-20|retrieved=2022-06-19}}</ref> [[New Zealand]],<ref>{{News citation|author=Tom Peters|newspaper=World Socialist Web Site|title=Protests across New Zealand over US police murder of George Floyd|date=2020-06-02|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/06/02/nzpo-j02.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617075946/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/06/02/nzpo-j02.html|archive-date=2022-06-17|retrieved=2022-06-19}}</ref> [[Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]],<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=World Socialist Web Site|title=Sri Lankan police violently suppress protest against the killing of George Floyd|date=2020-06-12|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/06/12/fsps-j12.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123201818/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/06/12/fsps-j12.html|archive-date=2022-01-23|retrieved=2022-06-19}}</ref> and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]].<ref>{{News citation|author=Robert Stevens|newspaper=World Socialist Web Site|title=UK: Johnson government demands police repression of George Floyd protests|date=2020-06-10|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/06/10/prot-j10.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110145223/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/06/10/prot-j10.html|archive-date=2022-01-10|retrieved=2022-06-19}}</ref>

== Reactions ==

=== Domestic ===

==== U.S. government ====
President Donald Trump called the protestors "thugs" and encouraged the police and national guard to suppress the protests.<ref>{{News citation|author=Anthony Bertolt|newspaper=World Socialist Web Site|title=Mass anger erupts throughout the US in protests against police murder of George Floyd|date=2020-05-29|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/05/29/minn-m29.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623135416/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/05/29/minn-m29.html|archive-date=2021-06-23|retrieved=2022-06-19}}</ref> Former National Security Advisor [[Susan Rice]] blamed the [[Russian Federation|Russian]] government for the protests on [[Cable News Network|CNN]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Alan Macleod]]|newspaper=[[MintPress News]]|title=National Security “Experts” Blame Russia for the George Floyd Protests|date=2020-06-01|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/russia-influence-george-floyd-protests/268095/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426045222/https://www.mintpressnews.com/russia-influence-george-floyd-protests/268095/|archive-date=2022-04-26|retrieved=2022-09-11}}</ref>

==== CPUSA ====
[[Communist Party of the United States of America|Communist Party USA]] called for the immediate arrest and prosecution of the police who killed George Floyd and said that the rebellion is the fault of institutional racism and not the protestors.<ref name=":1">{{News citation|newspaper=[[In Defense of Communism]]|title=George Floyd's Murder: U.S. Communist and Left Parties in solidarity with the protesters|date=2021-06-01|url=https://www.idcommunism.com/2020/06/george-floyds-murder-us-communist-and-left-parties-in-solidarity-with-the-protesters.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625075930/https://www.idcommunism.com/2020/06/george-floyds-murder-us-communist-and-left-parties-in-solidarity-with-the-protesters.html|archive-date=2021-06-25|retrieved=2022-06-06}}</ref>

==== FRSO ====
The [[Freedom Road Socialist Organization]] demanded convicting the [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] cops and community control of the police. They also stated that New Afrikans are an oppressed nation in the U.S.<ref name=":1" />

==== PCUSA ====
The [[Party of Communists USA]] condemned the white supremacist police.<ref name=":1" />

==== PSL ====
The [[Party for Socialism and Liberation]] condemned the killing of George Floyd and advocated for the arrest and imprisonment of all the cops involved. They also stated that the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]]'s investigation of Floyd's death would not help because the FBI is a white supremacist organization.<ref name=":1" />

==== WWP ====
''[[Workers World]]'', the newspaper of the [[Workers World Party]], supported the George Floyd protestors and said that [[people of color]] in the U.S. are neo-colonized peoples.<ref name=":1" />

=== International ===

==== China ====
[[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] [[United Nations|UN]] representative [[Chen Xu]] expressed his condolences to George Floyd's family and said that Black lives matter.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=[[CGTN]]|title=Brother of George Floyd urges UN probe into U.S. racism, violence|date=2020-06-18|url=https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-06-18/Brother-of-George-Floyd-urges-UN-probe-into-U-S-racism-violence-RpIw1DKSWY/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309054447/https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-06-18/Brother-of-George-Floyd-urges-UN-probe-into-U-S-racism-violence-RpIw1DKSWY/index.html|archive-date=2021-03-09|retrieved=2022-07-04}}</ref>

==== Iran ====
The [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iranian]] government threatened to sanction the United States for its treatment of Black people.<ref>{{News citation|author=Adam Lucente|newspaper=Al-Monitor|title=Iran threatens sanctions against US over treatment of Black Americans|date=2021-12-09|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/12/iran-threatens-sanctions-against-us-over-treatment-black-americans?amp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602025726/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/12/iran-threatens-sanctions-against-us-over-treatment-black-americans?amp|archive-date=2022-06-02|retrieved=2022-06-06}}</ref>

== References ==
[[Category:Protests]]
[[Category:United States of America]]
[[Category:Racism]]

COVID-19 pandemic

2024-06-26T11:37:54Z

157.143.11.66: Spelling correction

[[File:Covid-19_World_Map.svg|thumb|343x343px|Death rate by country as of September 2022]]
The '''COVID-19 pandemic''' is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus which began in December 2019. It has affected worldwide supply chains and a shortage in the workforce in several countries.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=2021-12-23|title=Pandemic caused perfect storm for supply chain crisis, experts say|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/dec/23/pandemic-vulnerabilities-supply-chain-model|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=2022-01-12|quote=}}</ref> As of September 2022, over six million people have died from COVID-19 and there have been over 600 million cases.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Johns Hopkins University|title=COVID-19 Dashboard|url=https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907160953/https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6|archive-date=2022-09-07|retrieved=2022-09-11}}</ref>

[[Socialism|Socialist]] countries have done a far better job than [[Capitalism|capitalist]] countries in containing the virus and protecting human life.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=|title=Covid-19 and the socialist states|url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/f/covid-19-and-the-socialist-states|newspaper=[[Morning Star]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=|title=The misunderstood—and misrepresented—Zero COVID policy in China|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2021/12/13/chin-d13.html|newspaper=[[WSWS]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=|quote=}}</ref>

== By country ==

=== China ===
[[File:COVID vaccine production.png|thumb|China has exported more vaccines than any other country.<ref name=":3">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Qiao Collective]]|title=Why China’s Vaccine Internationalism Matters|date=2021-04-08|url=https://www.qiaocollective.com/articles/vaccine-internationalism|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408175859/https://www.qiaocollective.com/articles/vaccine-internationalism|archive-date=2023-04-08}}</ref>]]
[[People's Republic of China|China]] was the first country in the world to have COVID-19 infections, and the first confirmed cases were in Wuhan in [[Hubei Province]]. It shared the genetic sequencing of the virus with the rest of the world on 7 January 2020. In late January, China established lockdowns in Wuhan and nearby areas. It designated 86 hospitals to treat COVID-19 patients and built two new hospitals within two weeks. 16 exhibition halls and sports venues were turned into makeshift hospitals, and 42,600 medics were sent to Hubei from other parts of China. China sent medical supplies to [[Italian Republic|Italy]] and [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]], the latter of which is sanctioned by the [[United States of America|United States]].<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=Joyce Chediac|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=7 Myths and facts about China and COVID-19|date=2020-03-26|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/8-myths-and-facts-about-china-and-covid-19/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113104303/https://www.liberationnews.org/8-myths-and-facts-about-china-and-covid-19/|archive-date=2022-01-13|retrieved=2022-09-11}}</ref>

China sanitizes cities and begins mass testing as soon as a single case is recorded. During lockdowns, businesses are still required to pay their workers. In 2021, only two people died from COVID-19 in mainland China in addition to 64 in [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|Hong Kong]] and 843 in [[Kuomintang]]-occupied [[Taiwan Province]]. The United States criticized China's measures as "[[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]]" because they prioritized public health over profit.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|author=Rosa Astra, Benjamin Zinevich|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=Yes, there really were only two COVID deaths in mainland China in 2021. Here’s how they did it|date=2022-01-06|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/yes-there-really-were-only-two-covid-deaths-in-mainland-china-in-2021-heres-how-they-did-it/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805151305/https://www.liberationnews.org/yes-there-really-were-only-two-covid-deaths-in-mainland-china-in-2021-heres-how-they-did-it/|archive-date=2022-08-05|retrieved=2022-09-11}}</ref>

In November 2022, China eased controls on COVID-19. There were 59,938 deaths in mainland China between 8 December 2022 and 12 January 2023.<ref>{{Web citation|author=卫生健康委|title=国务院联防联控机制权威发布（2023年1月14日）|date=2023-1-14|url=http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/gwylflkjz231/wzsl.htm}}</ref>

==== Vaccine donations ====
China donated 323.3 million vaccines to more than 80 countries. It worked with more than 10 countries on vaccine research and created a vaccine in collaboration with [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]]. In February 2022, it gave 200,000 Sinopharm vaccines each to [[Republic of Guinea|Guinea]] and [[Republic of Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]. In March 2022, it gave 100,000 vaccines to [[State of Palestine|Palestine]]. It also gave 22 million vaccines to [[Mexican United States|Mexico]] and 500,000 to [[Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela|Venezuela]].<ref name=":3" />

=== India ===
The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist]]-led [[Republic of India|Indian]] state of [[Kerala]] implemented contact tracing and isolation procedures within a week of the first COVID-19 case. The government of Kerala delivered free groceries to people's houses during the lockdown.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=How a Communist-led government in Kerala responded to the COVID-19 pandemic|date=2020-07-06|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/how-a-communist-led-government-in-kerala-responded-to-the-covid-19-pandemic/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805081659/https://www.liberationnews.org/how-a-communist-led-government-in-kerala-responded-to-the-covid-19-pandemic/|archive-date=2021-08-05|retrieved=2022-09-11}}</ref>

=== Laos ===
As of February 2022, Laos suffered 135,000 infections and 533 deaths from COVID-19. The death rate in Laos is less than 3% of the U.S. death rate.<ref>{{Web citation|date=2022-02-10|title=A revolutionary salute to the Lao People’s Democratic Republic|url=https://www.workers.org/2022/02/61652/|newspaper=[[Workers World]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517204840/https://www.workers.org/2022/02/61652/|archive-date=2022-05-17|retrieved=2022-12-27|author=Devin Cole}}</ref>

=== Sweden ===
[[Kingdom of Sweden|Sweden]] kept businesses, restaurants, schools, and sports venues open for more than a year after its first COVID-19 case. Infection rates were seven times as bad as [[Kingdom of Norway|Norway]] and 12 times as bad as [[Republic of Finland|Finland]] and many elderly patients were left to die. [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]] leaders including [[Jair Bolsonaro]] and [[Elon Musk]] have praised Sweden's handling of the pandemic.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Chris Giddings|newspaper=Red Flag|title=Sweden's hands-off coronavirus model has failed|date=2021-05-03|url=https://redflag.org.au/article/swedens-hands-coronavirus-model-has-failed|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029163834/https://redflag.org.au/article/swedens-hands-coronavirus-model-has-failed|archive-date=2022-10-29|retrieved=2022-12-21}}</ref>

=== United States ===
The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in the United States was on January 21, 2020. The first deaths were in [[State of Washington|Washington]] in late February 2020.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Sunil Freeman|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=What do 6 months of COVID-19 pandemic tell us about USA?|date=2020-06-03|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/what-do-6-months-of-pandemic-tell-about-usa/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322110004/https://www.liberationnews.org/what-do-6-months-of-pandemic-tell-about-usa/|archive-date=2021-03-22|retrieved=2022-09-11}}</ref> The U.S. government failed to implement measures to contain the virus until March 19.<ref name=":2" /> President [[Donald Trump]] blamed China for the virus, which encouraged [[Racism|racist]] violence against Chinese people living in the U.S.<ref name=":0" />

COVID-19 killed 370,777 people in the United States in 2020 and 476,863 in 2021.<ref name=":1" /> Mortality rates in Native American communities, such as the Navajo tribe, were disproportionately high due to systemic racism and neglect.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Dennis Etler|newspaper=CGTN|title=U.S. treatment of Native Americans is a gross human rights violation|date=2021-03-29|url=https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-03-26/U-S-treatment-of-Native-Americans-is-a-gross-human-rights-violation-YVtGCFbCJa/index.html|retrieved=26/06/2024}}</ref>

==== Misinformation ====
In June 2024, a senior [[United States Department of Defense]] official admitted that the Pentagon ran disinformation campaigns during the COVID-19 pandemic aimed at discrediting Chinese Sinopharm vaccines in the [[Philippines]] and other countries. The US government used sock-puppet accounts to spread anti-Chinese propaganda on social media in order to increase the sale of higher-priced western vaccines and maintain [[United States imperialism|its own influence]] , thereby putting political and economic gain before human lives.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=CGTN|title=Pentagon ran anti-China vaccine campaign during COVID, finds Reuters investigation|date=22-06-2024|url=https://news.cgtn.com/news/2024-06-22/Pentagon-ran-anti-China-vaccine-campaign-during-COVID-finds-Reuters-1uEaSbGvP5S/p.html|retrieved=26/06/2024}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Quotes:COVID-19 Pandemic]]

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:History]]

COVID-19 pandemic

2024-06-26T11:08:49Z

157.143.11.66: expanded section on the United States

[[File:Covid-19_World_Map.svg|thumb|343x343px|Death rate by country as of September 2022]]
The '''COVID-19 pandemic''' is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus which began in December 2019. It has affected worldwide supply chains and a shortage in the workforce in several countries.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=2021-12-23|title=Pandemic caused perfect storm for supply chain crisis, experts say|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/dec/23/pandemic-vulnerabilities-supply-chain-model|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=2022-01-12|quote=}}</ref> As of September 2022, over six million people have died from COVID-19 and there have been over 600 million cases.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Johns Hopkins University|title=COVID-19 Dashboard|url=https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907160953/https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6|archive-date=2022-09-07|retrieved=2022-09-11}}</ref>

[[Socialism|Socialist]] countries have done a far better job than [[Capitalism|capitalist]] countries in containing the virus and protecting human life.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=|title=Covid-19 and the socialist states|url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/f/covid-19-and-the-socialist-states|newspaper=[[Morning Star]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=|title=The misunderstood—and misrepresented—Zero COVID policy in China|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2021/12/13/chin-d13.html|newspaper=[[WSWS]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=|quote=}}</ref>

== By country ==

=== China ===
[[File:COVID vaccine production.png|thumb|China has exported more vaccines than any other country.<ref name=":3">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Qiao Collective]]|title=Why China’s Vaccine Internationalism Matters|date=2021-04-08|url=https://www.qiaocollective.com/articles/vaccine-internationalism|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408175859/https://www.qiaocollective.com/articles/vaccine-internationalism|archive-date=2023-04-08}}</ref>]]
[[People's Republic of China|China]] was the first country in the world to have COVID-19 infections, and the first confirmed cases were in Wuhan in [[Hubei Province]]. It shared the genetic sequencing of the virus with the rest of the world on 7 January 2020. In late January, China established lockdowns in Wuhan and nearby areas. It designated 86 hospitals to treat COVID-19 patients and built two new hospitals within two weeks. 16 exhibition halls and sports venues were turned into makeshift hospitals, and 42,600 medics were sent to Hubei from other parts of China. China sent medical supplies to [[Italian Republic|Italy]] and [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]], the latter of which is sanctioned by the [[United States of America|United States]].<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=Joyce Chediac|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=7 Myths and facts about China and COVID-19|date=2020-03-26|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/8-myths-and-facts-about-china-and-covid-19/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113104303/https://www.liberationnews.org/8-myths-and-facts-about-china-and-covid-19/|archive-date=2022-01-13|retrieved=2022-09-11}}</ref>

China sanitizes cities and begins mass testing as soon as a single case is recorded. During lockdowns, businesses are still required to pay their workers. In 2021, only two people died from COVID-19 in mainland China in addition to 64 in [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|Hong Kong]] and 843 in [[Kuomintang]]-occupied [[Taiwan Province]]. The United States criticized China's measures as "[[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]]" because they prioritized public health over profit.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|author=Rosa Astra, Benjamin Zinevich|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=Yes, there really were only two COVID deaths in mainland China in 2021. Here’s how they did it|date=2022-01-06|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/yes-there-really-were-only-two-covid-deaths-in-mainland-china-in-2021-heres-how-they-did-it/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805151305/https://www.liberationnews.org/yes-there-really-were-only-two-covid-deaths-in-mainland-china-in-2021-heres-how-they-did-it/|archive-date=2022-08-05|retrieved=2022-09-11}}</ref>

In November 2022, China eased controls on COVID-19. There were 59,938 deaths in mainland China between 8 December 2022 and 12 January 2023.<ref>{{Web citation|author=卫生健康委|title=国务院联防联控机制权威发布（2023年1月14日）|date=2023-1-14|url=http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/gwylflkjz231/wzsl.htm}}</ref>

==== Vaccine donations ====
China donated 323.3 million vaccines to more than 80 countries. It worked with more than 10 countries on vaccine research and created a vaccine in collaboration with [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]]. In February 2022, it gave 200,000 Sinopharm vaccines each to [[Republic of Guinea|Guinea]] and [[Republic of Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]. In March 2022, it gave 100,000 vaccines to [[State of Palestine|Palestine]]. It also gave 22 million vaccines to [[Mexican United States|Mexico]] and 500,000 to [[Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela|Venezuela]].<ref name=":3" />

=== India ===
The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist]]-led [[Republic of India|Indian]] state of [[Kerala]] implemented contact tracing and isolation procedures within a week of the first COVID-19 case. The government of Kerala delivered free groceries to people's houses during the lockdown.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=How a Communist-led government in Kerala responded to the COVID-19 pandemic|date=2020-07-06|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/how-a-communist-led-government-in-kerala-responded-to-the-covid-19-pandemic/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805081659/https://www.liberationnews.org/how-a-communist-led-government-in-kerala-responded-to-the-covid-19-pandemic/|archive-date=2021-08-05|retrieved=2022-09-11}}</ref>

=== Laos ===
As of February 2022, Laos suffered 135,000 infections and 533 deaths from COVID-19. The death rate in Laos is less than 3% of the U.S. death rate.<ref>{{Web citation|date=2022-02-10|title=A revolutionary salute to the Lao People’s Democratic Republic|url=https://www.workers.org/2022/02/61652/|newspaper=[[Workers World]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517204840/https://www.workers.org/2022/02/61652/|archive-date=2022-05-17|retrieved=2022-12-27|author=Devin Cole}}</ref>

=== Sweden ===
[[Kingdom of Sweden|Sweden]] kept businesses, restaurants, schools, and sports venues open for more than a year after its first COVID-19 case. Infection rates were seven times as bad as [[Kingdom of Norway|Norway]] and 12 times as bad as [[Republic of Finland|Finland]] and many elderly patients were left to die. [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]] leaders including [[Jair Bolsonaro]] and [[Elon Musk]] have praised Sweden's handling of the pandemic.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Chris Giddings|newspaper=Red Flag|title=Sweden's hands-off coronavirus model has failed|date=2021-05-03|url=https://redflag.org.au/article/swedens-hands-coronavirus-model-has-failed|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029163834/https://redflag.org.au/article/swedens-hands-coronavirus-model-has-failed|archive-date=2022-10-29|retrieved=2022-12-21}}</ref>

=== United States ===
The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in the United States was on January 21, 2020. The first deaths were in [[State of Washington|Washington]] in late February 2020.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Sunil Freeman|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=What do 6 months of COVID-19 pandemic tell us about USA?|date=2020-06-03|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/what-do-6-months-of-pandemic-tell-about-usa/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322110004/https://www.liberationnews.org/what-do-6-months-of-pandemic-tell-about-usa/|archive-date=2021-03-22|retrieved=2022-09-11}}</ref> The U.S. government failed to implement measures to contain the virus until March 19.<ref name=":2" /> President [[Donald Trump]] blamed China for the virus, which encouraged [[Racism|racist]] violence against Chinese people living in the U.S.<ref name=":0" />

COVID-19 killed 370,777 people in the United States in 2020 and 476,863 in 2021.<ref name=":1" /> Mortality rates in Native American communities, such as the Navajo tribe, were disproportionately high due to systemic racism and neglect.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Dennis Etler|newspaper=CGTN|title=U.S. treatment of Native Americans is a gross human rights violation|date=2021-03-29|url=https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-03-26/U-S-treatment-of-Native-Americans-is-a-gross-human-rights-violation-YVtGCFbCJa/index.html|retrieved=26/06/2024}}</ref>

==== Misinformation ====
In June 2024, a senior [[United States Department of Defense]] official admitted that that the Pentagon ran disinformation campaigns during the COVID-19 pandemic aimed at discrediting Chinese Sinopharm vaccines in the [[Philippines]] and other countries.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=CGTN|title=Pentagon ran anti-China vaccine campaign during COVID, finds Reuters investigation|date=22-06-2024|url=https://news.cgtn.com/news/2024-06-22/Pentagon-ran-anti-China-vaccine-campaign-during-COVID-finds-Reuters-1uEaSbGvP5S/p.html|retrieved=26/06/2024}}</ref> The US government used sockpuppet accounts to spread anti-Chinese propaganda on social media in order to increase the sale of higher-priced western vaccines and maintain [[United States imperialism|its own influence]] , thereby putting political and economic gain before human lives.

== See also ==

* [[Quotes:COVID-19 Pandemic]]

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:History]]

Communist Party (Switzerland)

2024-06-24T17:07:31Z

157.143.11.66: Expanded on the party's views

{{Stub}}{{Infobox political party|name=Communist Party|native_name=Partito Comunista|logo=Partito Comunista (Svizzera).tif.png|founded=May 1944|secretary=[[Massimiliano Arif Ay]]|split=[[Swiss Party of Labour]]|youth_wing=Swiss Communist Youth|political_orientation=[[Communism]] [[Marxism-Leninism]]|international=[[WAP]]}}{{Communist parties}}
The '''Communist Party''' is a [[Communism|communist]] party in [[Swiss Confederation|Switzerland]].

The Communist Party advocates for a return to Swiss neutrality, by ending Swiss cooperation with [[Imperial core|imperialist]] military alliances such as [[NATO]]. It has also expressed support for [[China]] and criticized Western provocations in [[Taiwan Province]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Partito Communista|title=Grave provocazione su Taiwan. Gli USA ci vogliono portare in guerra!|date=2021-08-04|url=https://www.partitocomunista.ch/?p=6559|retrieved=24/06/2024}}</ref>

People's Liberation Army

2024-06-24T15:54:39Z

157.143.11.66: As requested, I have added the corresponding page numbers for the citations from Maxwell's book

{{Infobox political party|name=People's Liberation Army|native_name=中国人民解放军|logo=PLA flag.png|founded=1927 August 1|membership_year=2022|membership=2,300,000}}

'''The Chinese People's Liberation Army''' (''Chinese: 中国人民解放军''; pinyin: ''Zhōngguó rénmín jiěfàngjūn'') is the most important wing of the armed force of the [[People's Republic of China]].<ref name=":122222">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Bali|page=162|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref>

The first use of the title "Chinese People's Liberation Army": appeared in 1946. On November 1, 1948, the [[Central Military Commission (China)|Central Military Commission]] promulgated the "Regulations on the Unification of the Organization and Unit Designation of the Whole Army ", and all units above the regiment were crowned with the words "Chinese People's Liberation Army". Since then, the name "Chinese People's Liberation Army"has been used.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/458031/5ef9GTVogaDVxawtdolOEQ6DkP3s9xKwKfCqf_keZ1LKYgmutoeSIl4M5tE4SFUv7LwAFqgmi9psf27G9hxcO7wgLCely6xRlTr6v2n3kMeuoWVz The first use of the title "Chinese People's Liberation Army": appeared in 1946 -] Xinhuanet </ref>

The highest military organ of the Chinese People's Liberation Army is the Central Military Commission, which is composed of the [[People's Liberation Army Ground Forces|Ground Forces]], [[People's Liberation Army Navy|Navy]], [[People's Liberation Army Air Force|Air Force]], Rocket Force, Strategic Support Force, and the Joint Logistics Support Force.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/458031/6caf9CDBozUwSpFrOuWy45GwF39VvwOJD_XKVIZ9DA60OzLUyLx86jpW7anDXYjOQ0O7QPNTbfQJkhxhzhe5E-IM1ofmc7p9PheuRuZxVU8YiVGwAPCUU3b0LQ Full text of the white paper "China's National Defense in the New Era" Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China] </ref> The total number of active personnel in the Chinese People's Liberation Army is about 2 million. In 2018, China's national defense expenditure was 1,106.951 billion yuan, accounting for about 1.3% of GDP.

According to [[Hu Jintao]], it protects the sovereignty of China and maintains world peace.<ref>{{Citation|author=Cortez A. Cooper|year=2009|title=The PLA Navy’s “New Historic Missions”|pdf=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/testimonies/2009/RAND_CT332.pdf}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Civil War (first stage) ===
On August 1, 1927, the Nanchang Uprising broke out and launched the first attack against the [[Kuomintang]] reactionaries. It was the beginning of the [[Communist Party of China]]'s independent leadership of the armed struggle and the establishment of a People's Army. August 1 therefore became the anniversary of the birth of the Chinese People's Liberation Army.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/458031/7f59bzxFxm7lwjQhry1isXhEFexT3kRRYHWU8c7CZJAHxv2M-ny9FxpOJYybyOxBdEMO6nJWOJSRA6SyNpOAVLpuNOi_P1_3yyqyUwB4bgbu "First shot": Since then, the military flag has been raised] - Xinhuanet</ref>

From the autumn of 1927 to the spring of 1928, the Communist Party of China successively launched the Nanchang Uprising, the Autumn Harvest Uprising, the Guangzhou Uprising, the Shonan Uprising and the Jute Uprising. The troops retained after the uprisings in these areas were called the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army at that time. After May 1928, they were successively renamed the [[Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army]], or Red Army for short.<ref>Qiao Mingfu, edited by Zhai Taifeng, "The Dictionary of the Construction of the Communist Party of China", Chengdu: Sichuan People's Publishing House, 1991.06</ref>

=== War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression ===
The [[Second World War|8-Year War of Anti-Japanese Resistance]] broke out on July 7, 1937.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/458031/67693r8HnUtEnKwH4al8VS0LQgGItAR-pM3_lMJb_P-NSoF9cqGvRZIKNy3mtHlOrfBW0oF3T-91K9sv1eeHuk2f5HeR51BhvP0FOvTtdPI July 7: The Japanese army launched the "July 7th Incident" and the Anti-Japanese War broke out] - Chinese government website </ref> On August 25, the main force of the Red Army was reorganized into the [[Eighth Route Army]] of the National Revolutionary Army, referred to as the Eighth Route Army. On September 11, 1937, it was renamed the Eighteenth Army of the National Revolutionary Army. There were activities in [[Jiangxi]], [[Fujian]], [[Guangdong]], [[Hunan]], [[Hubei]], [[Henan]], [[Zhejiang]] and [[Anhui]]. In 8 provinces and 14 areas, the Red Army guerrillas gathered.

In October 2, 1937, the Red Army was reorganized into the National Revolutionary Army's New Fourth Army and the Eight Route Army. During the Anti-Japanese War, the Guangdong People's Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Group insisted on resisting Japan behind the enemy in South China, and then retreated northward to Shandong to belong to the East China Field Army of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. In September 1929, the 1st Independent Division of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (later called the 2nd Independent Division) was formed based on the Hainan Island Peasant Uprising. This people's armed forces experienced long-term and arduous struggles in the Agrarian Revolutionary War, the 8 Year War of Resistance Against Japan, and the War of Liberation. In October 1947, it was reorganized into the Qiongya Column of the Chinese People's Liberation Army.<ref>"The Great Spirit of the Communist Party of China Dedicated to the 95th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China" edited by Qiu Zhifang Changchun: Jilin People's Publishing House, 2016.06</ref>

After the victory of the Chinese Anti-Japanese War, in 1945, a large number of troops from the liberated areas in the pass under the leadership of the Communist Party of China entered the Northeast region. On October 31, the Northeast People’s Autonomous Army was formed with the Northeast Anti-Japanese Allied Forces. On January 14, 1946, the Northeast People’s Autonomous Army was renamed the Northeast Democratic Party. coalition forces. In September 1945, the army led by the Communist Party of China had 1.27 million troops and 2.68 million militiamen.<ref>"Mao Zedong's Wisdom" edited by Lin Zhibo Beijing: Party School Press of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, 1998.01</ref>

=== Civil War (second stage) ===
On August 15, 1945, Luo Ronghuan, the commander and political commissar of the Shandong Military Region of the Eighth Route Army, proposed to change the designation of the troops to the "People's Liberation Army", and the Shandong Military Region was called the Shandong People's Liberation Army Headquarters.

On August 26, 1945, in the "Notice of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Peace Negotiations with the Kuomintang", the term "Liberation Army"officially appeared again.

In 1946, the War of Liberation broke out, and the troops in the liberated areas were successively renamed the People's Liberation Army from the Eighth Route Army, the New Fourth Army, and the Northeast Democratic Alliance Army, and were organized into five major field armies. After several years of war of liberation, the rule of the national government was overthrown, and then they entered Tibet and unified mainland China.

In 1946, the War of Liberation broke out, and the troops in the liberated areas were successively renamed the People's Liberation Army from the Eighth Route Army, the New Fourth Army, and the Northeast Democratic Alliance Army, and were organized into five major field armies. After several years of war of liberation, the rule of the national government was overthrown, and then they entered Tibet and unified mainland China.

On November 1, 1948, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China made the "Regulations on Unifying the Organization and Designation of the Whole Army", pointing out that the People's Liberation Army is divided into three categories: field troops, local troops and guerrilla troops.<ref>Ma Xiaoding, Feng Heping, editor-in-chief · "Military Academy Student Handbook" · Beijing: Blue Sky Publishing House, 1989.11</ref>

The Field Army was divided into four, distinguished by place names, namely the Northwest Field Army of the Chinese People's Liberation Army ''(First Field Army)'', the Central Plains Field Army ''(Second Field Army)'', the East China Field Army ''(Third Field Army)'', and the Northeast Field Army. There are currently five military regions, which are distinguished by place names, namely, the Northwest Military Region of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, the Central Plains Military Region, the East China Military Region, the Northeast Military Region, and the North China Military Region.<ref>Edited by the Archives of the Chinese People's Liberation Army · "Liberate the City Series Books Liberate the City" · Beijing: China Archives Publishing House, 2010.01</ref>

=== Border dispute with Burma ===
In 1955, the PLA fought clashed with [[Republic of the Union of Myanmar|Burmese]] forces over a border dispute. [[U Nu]] negotiated with China in order to avoid war. In 1960, the two countries drew a border that gave some villages in Kachin State to China and ceded the Namwan Assigned Tract to Burma.<ref name=":12222">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Tawang|page=|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref>:166

=== Sino-Indian War ===
As a result of a border dispute, [[India]] threatened to invade China and initiated what it called a "Forward Policy" of military encirclement at the Sino-Indian border. The Indian government refused to negotiate with China unless the Chinese withdrew from the territory claimed by India.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Neville Maxwell|year=1970|title=India's China War|page=|city=London|publisher=Jonathan Cape}}</ref>:234-6 On 20 October 1962, the PLA attacked India in anticipation of the Indian invasion, and defeated India's defenses within days. It easily captured the town of Tawang, which had been annexed by India in 1951.<ref name=":12222" />:165–8<ref name=":0" />:74

=== Modernization ===
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the People's Liberation Army took on the task of defending national defense and participating in the socialist revolution and construction. At the same time, it carried out revolutionization, modernization, and regularization construction, so that it developed into an army composed of land, sea, air, and missile forces. A combined army. And put forward the general requirements of "political qualifications, military excellence, good style, strict discipline, and strong support"for army building.

In order to adapt to the development of the world situation, in September 1997, [[Jiang Zemin]] pointed out in the report of the 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China that on the basis of reducing the number of military personnel by 1 million in the 1980s, China will further reduce the number of military personnel by 500,000 in the next three years.<ref>China Disarmament People's Network </ref> In this large-scale disarmament, most of the garrison troops were disbanded, and some of the Type B divisions organized by the group army were returned to the Armed Police Force.

On January 1, 2016, the Central Military Commission issued the "Opinions on Deepening National Defense and Military Reform"The Opinions clearly stated that "firmly grasp the principle of 'the Military Commission is in charge of the general, the theater is the main battle, and the military is the main construction'."The former Second Artillery Corps is the main force, and the strategic nuclear strike force of other military branches has been merged to form a new military branch: the Rocket Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. The new strategic support force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army is mainly responsible for the offensive and defensive tasks of electromagnetic space and cyberspace such as electronic countermeasures, network attack and defense, and satellite management.
The former General Staff Department of the Chinese People's Liberation Army was changed to the Joint Staff Department of the Central Military Commission ; The Equipment Department was changed to the Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission. After the reform, the Four Headquarters became prominently subordinate to the Central Military Commission, which was the result of changing the headquarters system to a multi-department system of the Military Commission. In addition, the General Staff Department of the Chinese People's Liberation Army was changed to the Joint Staff Department of the Central Military Commission, which is also a manifestation of the reform of the joint combat command system.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/458031/7268kAghJeycxkRfDhCTLOLHQo1CZqLTdJaPYwbz1BJclOJy5-Am6dkIAIunyF889QKAH5Z3QEqWuwFgbVjR3GMd0R6wq9TUKPD9MP1Q43ot Chinese: The new name of the Fourth Headquarters of the People's Liberation Army is determined by the Military] </ref>

On February 1, 2016, the original seven military regions of Shenyang, Beijing, Lanzhou, Jinan, Nanjing, Guangzhou, and Chengdu were adjusted to five theaters in the east, south, west, north, and center. The command system was changed and a theater joint combat command organization was established. Integrating the navy, air force and rocket force together, the war zone leads the armed police forces in the area under its jurisdiction, realizes the vertical and multi-phase command and joint and coordinated operations of cross-regional arms in the theater, and increases the mobility and joint command operations. ability.
On September 13, 2016, the founding meeting of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Central Military Commission was held in Beijing. [[Xi Jinping]] awarded the military flag to the Wuhan Joint Logistics Support Base and each joint logistics support center and delivered a speech. The joint logistics support force is the main force for implementing joint logistics support and strategic campaign support, and is an important part of the modern military force system with Chinese characteristics.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/458031/6092LVh06OCTS1C8xrDOJe-1iMrF3oUgba64m5QWJDoSzzhDHSuTkK1yD-Bn3sMJmW3diyAHsqbePV-xFEROSTjGCFyOcI3vQ445hpkdku6lgxWo573cYg The founding meeting of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Central Military Commission was held in Beijing by the Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China] </ref><ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/458031/3d5fBHx6RVFbeILOWexssdlVnKbvxBOTfPEML3_6rF4NJEO7c2Ni2EIeV-a2NEeDhWDf65QVs1FRjOrwHjWgbtWNr7Y4gRc10-03d6AV0Bf4rZrpPSPKMG0 The Joint Logistics Support Force will uniformly wear new chest badges and armbands from August 1, Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China] </ref>

In March 2022, with the approval of Chairman Xi Jinping of the Central Military Commission, the Central Military Commission issued the "Interim Regulations on Sergeants", "Interim Regulations on Conscripts", "Interim Regulations on the Management of Sergeant Career Development", "Interim Regulations on Soldiers' Retirement Work", "On the Reform of the Soldiers System" The "Notice on Issues Concerning Conversion and Transition "and other supporting regulations will come into force on March 31, 2022.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/458031/c01ePzKKUxl4_BTKmZNXQ04A9urlIojIRViWT7ifoFn2XoABBVQHGlOwZCjx1soziwfg7L6hTBsv7AlZdfz1f8Ci9S4J6ETYan2AU46anwFJ9MxXvppFX8iy2W8 Approved by Chairman Xi Jinping of the Central Military Commission, the Central Military Commission issued the "Interim Regulations for Sergeants", "Interim Regulations for Conscripts" and related supporting regulations] - Xinhuanet </ref>

In August 2022, with the approval of the Central Military Commission, the entire army will uniformly issue the "Chinese People's Liberation Army Sergeant Certificate", "Chinese People's Liberation Army Sergeant Retirement Certificate", "Chinese People's Armed Police Force Sergeant Certificate", "Chinese People's Armed Police Force Police "Retirement Certificate for Scholars" will be officially launched.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/458031/ee89OEL7iVJXam7STup6wVD-VB_WOJCNGu4zU8Hm3shSlYp7SW7G_swPfCRlSH6qbfnzHqGye8gziChjZdWLlCHj9vH68G4l6WClsGqy Approved by the Central Military Commission, the whole army uniformly issued relevant documents for military (police) soldiers and the People's Navy]</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:People's Republic of China]]

Republic of Zimbabwe

2024-06-24T14:27:31Z

157.143.11.66: Western imperialism and influence operations

{{infobox country|name=Republic of Zimbabwe|native_name=Nyika yeZimbabwe Ilizwe leZimbabwe Dziko la Zimbabwe Nyika ye Zimbabwe Hango yeZimbabwe Zimbabwe Nù Inyika yeZimbabwe Nyika yeZimbabwe Tiko ra Zimbabwe Naha ya Zimbabwe Cisi ca Zimbabwe Shango ḽa Zimbabwe Ilizwe lase-Zimbabwe
|image_flag=Flag of Zimbabwe.svg.png|image_coat=Coat of arms of Zimbabwe.svg.png|capital=[[Harare]]|largest_city=Harare|mode_of_production=Capitalism|government_type=Unitary presidential republic|leader_title1=President|leader_name1=[[Emmerson Mnangagwa]]|leader_title2=Vice-President|leader_name2=[[Constantino Chiwenga]]|national_motto=Unity, Freedom, Work|image_map=Zimbabwe (orthographic projection).svg|map_width=260|official_languages=[[Chewa language|Chewa]], [[Chibarwe]], [[English]] (used in education, government, and commerce), [[Kalanga language|Kalanga]], [[Khoisan languages|Khoisan]], [[Nambya language|Nambya]], [[Ndau language|Ndau]], [[Northern Ndebele language|Ndebele]], [[Shangani language|Shangani]], [[Shona language|Shona]], [[Zimbabwean sign language]], [[Sotho language|Sotho]], [[Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)|Tonga]], [[Tswana language|Tswana]], [[Venda language|Venda]], and [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]|demonym=Zimbabwean|established_event1=[[Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia)|Declaration of Independence]]|established_date1=11 November 1965|established_event2=[[Republic of Rhodesia]]|established_date2=2 March 1970|established_event3=[[Zimbabwe Rhodesia]]|established_date3=1 June 1979|established_event4=[[House Lancaster Agreement]]|established_date4=18 April 1980|established_event5=[[2013 Constitution of Zimbabwe|Current constitution]]|established_date5=15 May 2013|area_km2=390,757|area_rank=60th|population_estimate=15,178,979<ref>https://zimbabwe.opendataforafrica.org/anjlptc/2022-population-housing-census-preliminary</ref>|population_estimate_year=2022|currency=[[Zimbabwean dollar (2019–present)|Zimbabwean dollar]] [[United States dollar]]}}

'''Zimbabwe''', officially the '''Republic of Zimbabwe''', is a landlocked country located in Southeast [[Africa]]. It is bordered by [[Republic of South Africa|South Africa]] to the south, [[Botswana]] to the south-west, [[Zambia]] to the north, and [[Mozambique]] to the east. The capital and largest city is [[Harare]].

Zimbabwe has been subjected to intense [[Economic sanctions|sanctions]] from [[Imperialism|imperialist]] powers, mainly in response to land reform policies that [[Expropriation|expropriated]] land from white [[Settler colonialism|settlers]].<ref name=":0">Covington, Arthur. [https://www.liberationnews.org/05-06-01-zimbabwes-people-reject-imperia-html/ “Zimbabwe’s People Reject Imperialist Intervention.”] Liberation News. June 2005. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221115033441/https://www.liberationnews.org/05-06-01-zimbabwes-people-reject-imperia-html/ Archived] 2022-11-15.</ref>

The area that is now modern Zimbabwe was known during the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] [[Colonialism|colonial]] period as [[Southern Rhodesia]], named for imperialist [[Bourgeoisie|businessman]] [[Cecil Rhodes]]. In 1965, the settler colony broke from the United Kingdom with the purpose of maintaining white minority rule.<ref>''The New York Times''. [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/10/magazine/rhodesia-zimbabwe-white-supremacists.html “Rhodesia’s Dead — but White Supremacists Have given It New Life Online (Published 2018)”] [https://web.archive.org/web/20221110160109/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/10/magazine/rhodesia-zimbabwe-white-supremacists.html Archived] 2022-11-10.</ref> The [[national liberation]] struggle against the settler regime greatly intensified in the 1970s period of the liberation war. Following this, a 1979 conference led to an agreement on a new constitution for an independent Zimbabwe, transitional governance, and a ceasefire,<ref>Chirenje, J. Mutero. [https://archive.org/details/historyofzimbabw0000chir/page/88/mode/2up "A history of Zimbabwe for primary schools."] Longman Zimbabwe, Harare, 1982.</ref> followed by general elections in 1980 and independence on April 18, 1980.<ref name=":2" />

An article in [[Liberation News|''Liberation News'']] describes the [[Imperial core|western]] imperialist hostility toward Zimbabwe, saying: "hostility stems first and foremost from the fact that Zimbabwe's government has its origin in the armed struggle that ended the Western-backed [[Racism|racist]], [[Fascism|fascist]] settler regime. [[United States of America|U.S.]] and British opposition to the government reached a crescendo as the [[Robert Mugabe|Mugabe]] government moved to confiscate and redistribute the commercial agricultural land owned by white farmers. This land constituted 70 percent of the country’s prime farmlands."<ref name=":0" />

== History ==

=== Early history ===
[[File:Ruins of Great Zimbabwe.jpg|alt=A circular enclosure made of stone walls is situated on a landscape of grass and trees, with hills in the background.|thumb|Part of the ruins of Great Zimbabwe.]]
The country which is now known as Zimbabwe has been inhabited by many different peoples and kingdoms with complex relationships throughout history and was not a single geographical entity before its colonial occupation by the British.<ref name=":1">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/zimbabwe "Zimbabwe."] [[South African History Online]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240225185001/https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/zimbabwe Archived] 2023-02-25.</ref> As noted in an article on the Government of Zimbabwe website, "the political, social, and economic, relations of these groups were complex, dynamic, fluid and always changing. They were characterised by both conflict and co-operation." The region's history includes the rise and fall of several large and influential states as well as people living in smaller forms of social organization.<ref name=":2">[https://www.zim.gov.zw/index.php/en/my-government/government-ministries/about-zimbabwe/460-history-of-zimbabwe?showall=1 "History of Zimbabwe."] About Zimbabwe, Official Government of Zimbabwe Web Portal. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240412191116/https://www.zim.gov.zw/index.php/en/my-government/government-ministries/about-zimbabwe/460-history-of-zimbabwe?showall=1 Archived] 2024-04-12.</ref>

The city of Great Zimbabwe existed from 1100 to 1500 CE and had a population of 20,000. It controlled over 100,000 km² of territory between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers, and its economy relied on cattle, [[Agriculture|farming]], and trade of ivory, copper, gold, and [[Slavery|slaves]].<ref name=":02222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=The First Class Societies|page=19|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref> Great Zimbabwe is also noted for its long-distance and regional trade, including trade with [[History of China|China]], [[Republic of India|India]], [[West Asia]], [[East Africa|East]] and [[West Africa]], among other regional and inter-regional areas. Other notable states which emerged in pre-colonial Zimbabwe include the Mutapa State, the Rozvi State, the Torwa state, Rozvi states and the Ndebele state. An article on the Government of Zimbabwe's website notes that while these large and influential pre-colonial states of Zimbabwe are a source of pride, the majority of Zimbabweans lived in smaller units, with pre-colonial Zimbabwe societies mainly being farming communities and pastoralists. The article also notes that cattle were an important indicator of wealth and that gold mining was a seasonal activity conducted mainly in summer and winter.<ref name=":2" />

As explained on the Government of Zimbabwe's website, pre-colonial Zimbabwe was a multi-ethnic society inhabited by the Shangni/Tsonga in the south-eastern parts of the Zimbabwe plateau, the Venda in the south, the Tonga in the north, the Kalanga and Ndebele in the south-west, the Karanga in the southern parts of the plateau, the Zezuru and Korekore in the northern and central parts, and finally, the Manyika and Ndau in the east. The article notes that scholars have tended to lump these groups into two broad categories, the Ndebele and Shona, "largely because of their broadly similar languages, beliefs and institutions" and describes the term "Shona" as an anachronism that did not exist until the 19th century, an exonym originally coined as an insult, and which "conflates linguistic, cultural and political attributes of ethnically related people."<ref name=":2" />

=== Portuguese colonialism ===
During the 1500s, the [[Portuguese Republic|Portuguese]] reached the Mutapa state and attempted to convert the royal family to [[Christianity]]. Though initially achieving some success, eventually the King renounced Christianity. The killing of a Portuguese missionary prompted punitive expeditions by the Portuguese, and they began interfering more in the region, demanding treaties of vassalage from a rival claimant of the Mutapa kingship and using slaves to work the land they acquired in these treaties (on estates known as [[Prazo|prazos]]), resulting in many armed conflicts in the region. Eventually, the Portuguese were successfully driven out throughout the 1680s and 1690s, with Portuguese mercantilism no longer gaining a serious foothold in Zimbabwe.<ref name=":2" />

=== Europe's "Scramble for Africa" ===
[[File:Africa Before the Scramble (1876).jpg|alt=A map showing the names and locations of indigenous and colonial powers in Africa in 1876. |thumb|A map of Africa circa 1876, depicting the names and locations of various indigenous and colonial powers. Matabeleland is located in modern day Zimbabwe.]]
After the expulsion of the Portuguese, internal regional affairs of Zimbabwe continued to unfold, while other effects of the European colonization of Africa led to changes throughout the continent, with the area that corresponds to present-day Zimbabwe becoming one of many points of geostrategic interest for the competing powers.
Over time, the Rozvi state encountered various difficulties, and eventually, came into conflict with Ndebele in the 1850s, resulting in the Ndebele state coming to prominence. According to South Africa History Online, by 1873 "the Ndebele was a consolidated state and at the height of their power."<ref name=":1" /> The Government of Zimbabwe website describes this period in the following way, highlighting the interplay of the kingdom's own regional affairs as well as the increasing threat of instability posed by outside influences:<blockquote>The Ndebele had to establish a strong military presence to establish their authority in their newly acquired land. Besides subduing the original Shona rulers, they had to content with the [[Boers]] from the [[Transvaal]] who in 1847 crossed the Limpopo and destroyed some Ndebele villages in the periphery of Ndebele country. Then there were the numerous hunters and adventurers who also entered the country to the south. Over and above these were the missionaries and traders; all these groups threatened the internal security and stability of the kingdom.<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>By the late 1800s, the European colonizers were increasing their efforts to conquer Africa, and the "scramble for Africa" was formalized with the [[Berlin Conference|Berlin Conference of 1884-1885]], with the formal partitioning of Africa to exploit its people and resources for colonial interests. The British thus began their incursions into the region later known as Zimbabwe in the 1880s.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Cecil Rhodes Imperialist Dream Map.png|alt=A map of Africa representing Rhodes' plans, with several countries highlighted in red, showing an unbroken British territory extending from Egypt to South Africa. A caption quoting Cecil Rhodes reads, "All that red, that's my dream!"|thumb|A map representing the dream of Cecil Rhodes, with his desired British territory stretching north to south across Africa.]]
Among the European powers colonizing Africa, there were various competing designs for how to link up their own occupied areas into vast unbroken territories. British colonialist Cecil Rhodes, then active in business and politics in South Africa, was a proponent of expanding the British empire and of linking up British-occupied territory, a concept encapsulated in the vision of a "Cape to Cairo" railway. This vision would conflict with ideas such as Germany's aims of consolidating "Mittelafrika" which would span from the Atlantic to Indian Ocean, which, if realized, would block the north-south connection of Rhodes' plan. Given the geopolitical outlook of the time, Rhodes reasoned that the most viable path to his vision would be to seize the areas of Mashonaland and Matabeleland, then ruled by King [[Lobengula]], an area which corresponds roughly to present-day Zimbabwe. In addition, Rhodes was drawn to this region by rumors of sources of gold.<ref name=":3">Drohan, Madelaine. [https://archive.org/details/makingkillinghow0000droh/page/7/mode/1up "Making a Killing: How and Why Corporations Use Armed Force to do Business."] Ch. 1, Cecil Rhodes and the British South Africa Company. Random House Canada, 2003.</ref>

The Government of Zimbabwe website describes the role of missionaries in the colonization process as well:<blockquote>[M]issionaries were the earliest representatives of the imperial world that eventually violently conquered the Shona and the Ndebele. They aimed as reconstructing the African world in name of God and Europe civilisation, but in the process facilitating the colonisation of Zimbabwe. [...] Missionaries were consistent and persistent in denigrating and castigating African cultural and religions beliefs/practices as pagan, demonic and evil.<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>The article further notes that it was missionaries (such as Rev. Charles Helm)<ref name=":3" /> who assisted Cecil Rhodes and his accomplice Charles Rudd in misrepresenting the contents of a document to King Lobengula, known as the [[Rudd Concession]], inducing him to sign it under false pretenses, and thereby unintentionally ceding land and mineral rights to Rhodes. The article states that some positives did come from the missionaries, along with the abuses, and that in light of these ambiguities, the "African response to Christianity remained ambivalent."<ref name=":2" />

=== Rudd Concession ===
A so-called concession, known as the Rudd Concession, which Cecil Rhodes' delegation misrepresented to King Lobengula as they induced him to sign it, granted the company "the complete and exclusive charge over all metals and minerals" in the region, as well as "full power to do all things that they may deem necessary to win and procure the same," which the company used as permission to seize land and obtain a royal charter (which was granted in 1889).<ref name=":4">Elich, Gregory. [https://gregoryelich.org/2002/08/26/zimbabwe-under-siege/ "Zimbabwe Under Siege."] August 26, 2002, GregoryElich.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240413060433/https://gregoryelich.org/2002/08/26/zimbabwe-under-siege/ Archived] 2024-04-13.</ref><ref>[https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/rudd-concession-king-lobengula-matabeleland-1888 "Rudd Concession by King Lobengula of Matabeleland (1888)."] South African History Online. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240203180352/https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/rudd-concession-king-lobengula-matabeleland-1888 Archived] 2024-02-03.</ref>

Following this, Lobengula learned what the actual contents of the document had been, and sent a letter to Queen Victoria explaining the deliberate deception and that he would not recognize the document as valid. An official response advised Lobengula that it would be "impossible" for him to exclude white men looking for gold in his land, along with giving advice on how to manage their presence there to give the "least trouble to himself and his tribe", and expressed the Queen's approval of Lobengula's so-called concession.<ref name=":4" /><ref>[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1893/nov/09/motion-for-adjournment "MOTION FOR ADJOURNMENT."] HC Deb 09, November 1893, vol 18 cc543-627. UK Parliament. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220811190200/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1893/nov/09/motion-for-adjournment Archived] 2022-08-11.</ref>

=== Settlers seize the land ===
[[File:Southern Rhodesia Settler Handbook.png|alt=Cover of a handbook for prospective settlers to Southern Rhodesia, featuring a portrait of Cecil Rhodes.|thumb|378x378px|A handbook for "prospective settlers," one of various promotional materials meant to attract settlers to Zimbabwe. Cecil Rhodes' portrait is featured on the cover.]]
The British South African Company (BSAC) sought to produce a profit for its founder, Cecil Rhodes, and its other investors, in addition to expanding the British empire. Thus they sought to colonize the region, which they called "Southern Rhodesia", and which they believed to be rich in gold and other valuable minerals. However, the company itself was not interested in prospecting and mining the minerals themselves, but rather sought to profit through taxation, by enticing European [[Settler colonialism|settlers]] to move to Southern Rhodesia to do the prospecting and mining, with BSAC receiving royalties on all mined minerals:<blockquote>To attract European settlers the BSAC publicized reports of the potential mineral wealth of Zimbabwe and promised each settler 15 mining claims and large tracks of land (3,175 acres per settler) on which to prospect for minerals. Minerals found and mined by the settlers would belong to them, but they would have to have to pay royalties (taxes) to the Company on all mined minerals.<ref name=":5">[https://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/module-thirty-activity-three/ "The Land Question."] Module Thirty, Activity Three. Exploring Africa, Michigan State University African Studies Center. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240413182804/https://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/module-thirty-activity-three/ Archived] 2024-04-13.</ref></blockquote>In addition, BSAC assembled the "Pioneer Column" to occupy the region and establish [[company rule]], again recruiting these settlers with land offers. As the Government of Zimbabwe website summarizes:<blockquote>In 1890, Rhodes unleashed the Pioneer Column to invade Mashonaland, marking the beginning of white settler occupation of Zimbabwe. The Shona were not quick to respond to the invasion as they wrongly assumed the column was merely a uniquely large trade and gold-seeking party that would soon vacate. Soon Rhodes’ invading British South Africa Company (BSAC) established a Native Department that authorised labour and tax raids on the Shona. Henceforth, constant skirmishes between Shona communities and tax collectors and labour raiders ensued as the Shona, who had not been conquered at all, saw no premise upon which the company could demand tax and labour from them. More significantly, however, the company started appropriating and granting land to the settler pioneers.<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>After the formation of Southern Rhodesia, the settlers failed to find the large gold and mineral deposits they had expected to profit from. Both BSAC and the settlers were desperate to find alternative sources of income and wealth, and looked to agricultural production as their alternative, leading them to pursue further territorial expansion.<ref name=":5" />

Seeking dominance over the land, in October 1893, British troops and volunteers crossed into King Lobengula's territory of Matabeleland. As noted by author Gregory Elich, "the entire region rapidly fell into their hands as they inflicted heavy casualties on the Ndebele. Under terms of the resulting Victoria Agreement, each volunteer was entitled to 6,000 acres of land. Rather than an organized division of land, there was instead a mad race to grab the best land," with 10,000 square miles of the most fertile land being seized from its inhabitants within the first year. White settlers also confiscated most of the Ndebele's cattle, Elich notes, "a devastating loss to a cattle-ranching society such as the Ndebele."<ref name=":4" />

The settlers, who were relatively few in number yet had seized large tracts of land in their violent acts of [[Primitive accumulation of capital|primitive accumulation]], now required people to work the land, and thus "the Ndebele became forced laborers on the land they once owned, essentially treated as slaves."<ref name=":4" /> The Shona were also robbed of their cattle, as well as subjected to onerous taxes and forced labor, and local women were faced with sexual violence.<ref name=":2" />

The Government of Zimbabwe website explains that despite spirited resistance at the Battles of Mbembezi River, Shangani River and at Pupu across the Shangani River, the Ndebele were defeated in October 1893, leading Lobengula to set fire to his capital and flee to the north, never to be seen again, dead or alive. However, some Ndebele forces remained and would later rise up again against the colonizers. Likewise, the Shona would also rise up in the face of the colonizing forces. These uprisings, which occurred in 1896, are termed the [[First Chimurenga]], and formed the basis of later mass nationalism and inspiration during the [[Second Chimurenga]] in the mid-1960s.<ref name=":2" />

=== Early colonial rule ===
[[File:Colonial Southern Africa (1884-1905).png|alt=A map showing colonial territory in Southern Africa. British territory covers much of the south and central area. It is flanked on the west by Portuguese-controlled Angola and German South West Africa, and on the east by German East Africa and Portuguese-controlled Mozambique.|thumb|A map depicting colonial Southern Africa from 1884 to 1905.]]

==== Native Reserves ====
In 1894, the first of seven Land Commissions was established by the colonial regime. The colonizers soon established two reserves (in the arid locations of Gwai and Shangani) to which the Ndebele would be expelled, so as to protect the settlers while they stole the Ndebele's land, and to free up more attractive lands for the settlers while forcing the indigenous inhabitants into less desirable locations. In the following years, more "Native Reserves" (later called "Tribal Trust Lands") were created to expel Ndebele and Shona people to as the settler project proceeded with taking over the more fertile lands.<ref name=":5" />

==== Undermining indigenous agricultural production ====
As noted by the Government of Zimbabwe's history article, an early challenge for the colonial regime "was how to rule the Shona and Ndebele in an exploitative way, but without provoking another uprising." The article notes that land dispossession and forced [[proletarianization]] helped to secure the key aim of "maximum output premised on minimum cost", and was achieved through "restricting African access to land, thus undercutting African [[Peasantry|peasant]] agricultural production, increasing taxation and hence forcing Africans to sell their labour cheaply to white mine owners and farmers."<ref name=":2" />

Historian Alois S. Mlambo explains that in the early years, the settlers and colonial economy depended almost entirely on African labor and that the shortage of African labor was a "perennial problem" for the regime, resulting in part from the indigenous population's reluctance to work for a wage when they could meet most of their needs through independent agriculture and the sale of their produce to the settler population. Due to this state of affairs, white farmers and miners continually demanded that the state pass measures to force Africans into the labor market.<ref name=":7" />

South Africa History Online describes the process and methods in the following way:<blockquote>Land was taken away from Africans and heavy taxes imposed as a way of forcing them into wage labour. As small scale farmers the African people in Rhodesia were self sufficient and had no need for seeking wage labour in the white cities. Yet the settlers needed cheap labour to work in mines, farms and factories around the colony. By taking away land and imposing what is called a “[[Hut tax|hut-tax]]” local people were forced to get jobs in the colonial economy. There were also put into place laws which forced Shona and Ndebele people to sign long-term contracts which forced them to stay in labour compounds. The result of these laws were that black people become slave labour in the white economy.<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>The early period of the colonial regime was still focused largely on mining, though over time, the focus began to shift to agriculture as it became more apparent that the rumored massive gold reserves BSAC expected were not to be found. In this period, the settlers' mines and emerging towns obtained agricultural products primarily from indigenous peasant farmers, with settlers engaging in relatively minor agricultural activity themselves. As the settlers' agricultural sector gradually grew (as they were expelling the indigenous population to arid reserves, stealing their land, and otherwise restricting native people from land access), competition from African farmers still left white farming ventures in a precarious position. By 1908, a "white agriculture policy" was put forth by the colonial regime to boost the viability of white farmers who had previously been dependent on indigenous farmers:<blockquote>Until white agriculture became established, however, the expansion of peasant production was allowed, as the settler community depended on it. This was soon to change as white commercial agriculture developed as a result of a vigorous state policy and a concerted campaign to promote white agriculture which was based on a multi-pronged white agriculture policy. This began with the creation of an Estates Department in 1908 to promote European settlement and to handle all applications for land.<ref name=":7">Mlambo, Alois S. [https://archive.org/details/historyofzimbabw0000mlam "A History of Zimbabwe."] Cambridge University Press, 2014.</ref></blockquote>The government campaign to promote white agriculture included free agricultural training for white farmers; the establishment of a Land Bank to provide white farmers with loans for the purchase of farms, livestock, and equipment and for farm improvements such as irrigation and fencing; other inputs were offered at subsidized prices; and infrastructural projects were undertaken to improve the roads and irrigation near white settlements.<ref name=":7" /> White farmers also benefitted by legislation such as the 1934 Maize Control Act which instituted two different prices for maize, with European farmers being paid a governmental guaranteed price for their maize that African farmers were not eligible for, instead having to sell on the open market with no price support. Meanwhile, the Cattle Levy Act placed a special tax on each head of cattle sold by African farmers, a tax from which European farmers were exempt.<ref name=":5" />

While white settlers were being aided by these policies, indigenous Zimbabweans continued to have their land stolen and be expelled to arid reserves, and indigenous farmers thus came under increasing pressure. By the 1930s, Africans were not allowed to own land outside the reserves, and most reserves were severely overcrowded with few employment opportunities for landless Zimbabweans.<ref name=":4" /> Alois S. Mlambo notes that the reserves to which Africans were sent were not only poor agricultural land, but also far away from major transportation lines and market towns, further contributing to eliminating African competition in the market.<ref name=":7" /> As the Government of Zimbabwe's website summarizes, "White commercial production was promoted on the back of the destruction of African peasant production. This wanton undercutting of African peasant production marked the beginning of the underdevelopment of African reserves in Rhodesia and the forcible proletarianisation of the African."<ref name=":2" />

==== Indigenous responses to settler regime ====
The various responses by indigenous Zimbabweans to the settler regime ranged from "outright resistance and acquiescence to adopting and adapting Christian ideologies and use of petitions for the return of Ndebele land alienated by the settlers."<ref name=":2" /> By 1923, there was the Southern Rhodesia Bantu Voters Association, which though "largely an elitist organisation" is noted for its "vibrant Women’s league". Also significant was "the formation of African churches that broke away from the orthodox Christian churches to ameliorate the impact of colonialism" and the [[Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union]] (ICU)<ref name=":2" /> which was active in several countries in Southern Africa.<ref>[https://thetricontinental.org/a-brief-history-of-south-africas-industrial-and-commercial-workers-union-1919-1931/ "A Brief History of South Africa’s Industrial and Commercial Workers’ Union (1919-1931)."] Dossier #20, The Tricontinental. September 3, 2019. ([https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/190902_Dossier-20_EN_Web_Final.pdf PDF]). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240421075811/https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/190902_Dossier-20_EN_Web_Final.pdf Archived] 2024-04-21.</ref> [[Clements Kadalie]], founder of the ICU, described how working and witnessing conditions in Southern Rhodesia had influenced him: "I had worked as a clerk in two leading mines in Southern Rhodesia, where I watched the evils of the recruiting system [...] it was the systematic torture of the African people in Southern Rhodesia that kindled the spirit of revolt in me."<ref>Kadalie, Clements. [https://archive.org/details/mylifeicuautobio0000kada/ "My life and the ICU: The Autobiography of a Black Trade Unionist in South Africa."] Frank Cass & Co., Ltd., 1970.</ref>

==== Native Registration Act and Native Pass Act ====
In an effort to control the movement of Zimbabweans, two acts of legislation were passed in 1935 and 1936, namely the 1935 Native Registration Act and the 1936 Native Pass Act. Together, these acts required all Zimbabwean Africans to be assigned and registered to a Tribal Trust Land (or TTL, and previously known as Native Reserves), even if they had never lived there before. Every adult African was issued and required to carry a registration book containing their identification information including their assigned TTL. Adults were required to have permission in the form of a written and stamped pass from the local district officer any time they left their assigned TTL, and if they were caught without their passes they could be arrested and sent back to their assigned TTL.<ref name=":5" />

=== Impacts and aftermath of Second World War ===
During the Second World War, thousands of Africans from Southern Rhodesia actively participated in the fighting, while others were involved in the production of food and minerals for the war effort. The period during the war and the immediate years after saw various political, social, and economic changes as African nationalist consciousness shifted away from reformist tendencies,<ref name=":2" /> the settler regime continued forced relocations of Africans and stealing their land and cattle to give to settlers (including land awarded to white servicemen returning from the war),<ref name=":7" /> and significant demographic shifts and economic changes occurred in the population post-war.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7" />

==== Shifts in political consciousness and activity ====
The Government of Zimbabwe's history article explains that the war resulted in a significant transformation of the political consciousness of Africans. According to the article, while fighting side by side with whites, Africans "came face to face with shortcomings of the white man which debunked the notions of white invincibility and superiority" as well as being "exposed to contemporary thoughts and ideas on self-determination and equality." Such experiences and observations during the war led to a shift away from requesting fairness and accommodation from white governance structures, and instead more toward seeking self-rule.<ref name=":2" />

This period also included notable agitation by trade unionists, such as a railway workers strike in 1945, and student strikes, as well as other protest movements expressed by the Southern Rhodesia Bantu Congress as the Southern Rhodesia African Native Congress, the Voters League, and the creation of the African Methodist Church.<ref name=":2" /> A 1948 general strike in Bulawayo demanding better wages spread nationally within days.<ref>Gwisai, Munyaradzi. [https://links.org.au/revolutionaries-resistance-and-crisis-zimbabwe "Revolutionaries, resistance and crisis in Zimbabwe."] Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal. Originally published in Leo Zeilig (ed.), Class Struggle and Resistance in Africa, New Clarion Press, Cheltenham, UK, 2002. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240421091925/https://links.org.au/revolutionaries-resistance-and-crisis-zimbabwe Archived] 2024-04-21.</ref>

==== Mass confiscations and forced relocations ====
Also during this period, the colonial government took measures supposedly to address the degradation of land quality in the Tribal Trust Lands, by limiting the amount of livestock permitted on the land. This entailed pressuring and threatening Africans into selling their "surplus" cattle against their wishes and at low prices, with some cattle being "sold" without the owner's presence nor consent. The cattle were then "entrusted" to white settlers who were paid by the Cold Storage Commission to look after them, amounting to a mass transfer of Africans' cattle to white ownership.<ref name=":7" />

Despite being blamed on too much livestock and supposedly bad farming techniques, the degradation of the land was in actuality mainly due to overcrowding caused by the colonial policies of forcing people to live in reserves, such as in 1944 when the government forcibly removed thousands of Africans from their traditional home areas in order to open up more land to give as a reward to white servicemen after their time at the war front. However, environmental problems in the Native Reserves continued to be blamed on too many cattle and allegedly poor farming practices by Africans, rather than on the severe overcrowding caused by the forced relocations, providing a narrative for the settler regime to continue transferring cattle from Africans to whites.<ref name=":7" />

==== Other social and economic changes ====
Another impact of the war was the expansion of the manufacturing and industrial sector. This emerging sector demanded a larger urban-based labor force, prompting policies which further pushed over 100,000 Africans off of the land and into the cities.<ref name=":2" />

In the immediate post-war years, there was a large influx of white immigration, resulting in further displacement of African communities as well as fueling an increase in inter-racial tensions. Tensions also arose between the newer and older white settlers, who tended to hold somewhat different views on how best to administer the settler regime--that is, whether to maintain strict white rule or to make some concessions to avert the growth of militant African nationalism.<ref name=":2" />

The post-war era also saw the growth of an African middle class of educated professionals whose concerns and aspirations "initially tended to run counter to those of the ordinary masses."<ref name=":2" />

==Sanctions==
<blockquote>''See also: [[Economic sanctions#Zimbabwe]]''</blockquote>[[File:Members of the Broad Alliance Against Sanctions in Zimbabwe.jpg|thumb|Members of the Broad Alliance Against Sanctions hold anti-sanctions placards in front of the U.S. embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe, on July 4, 2022.]]According to Chidiebere C. Ogbonna in the African Research Review, from 1966 until the present, "Zimbabwe at one time or another has been under sanctions either by the United Nations the United States, the European Union or all the aforementioned. In total, Zimbabwe has been sanctioned in seven sanction-episodes: 1966, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2008 and 2009, making it one of the most sanctioned countries in the world." Ogbonna states that in a simple analysis, Zimbabwe has become a regular candidate of the "sanctions industry."<ref>Chidiebere C Ogbonna [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319870565_Targeted_or_Restrictive_Impact_of_US_and_EU_Sanctions_on_Education_and_Healthcare_of_Zimbabweans "Targeted or Restrictive: Impact of U.S. and EU Sanctions on Education and Healthcare of Zimbabweans."] September 2017, African Research Review 11(3):31 DOI:10.4314/afrrev.v11i3.4</ref>

According to a 2022 article by [[Xinhua|Xinhua News]], the U.S. sanctions against Zimbabwe have accumulated since 2001, following a government decision to repossess land from minority white farmers for redistribution to landless indigenous Zimbabweans. The Xinhua article notes that though the Zimbabwean government said the land reform would promote democracy and the economy, "Western countries launched repeated sanctions with little regard for the average person's suffering." Linda Masarira, president of the Labour Economists and Afrikan Democrats (LEAD) political party, said sanctions have been used as a tool of economic warfare against Zimbabwe, and that sanctioning Zimbabwe "was an action that the United States of America decided to do on Zimbabwe to ensure that they make our economy scream, they make things hard for Zimbabweans and imply that black Zimbabweans, native Zimbabweans cannot do their own farming, or run their own economy."<ref>Tichaona Chifamba, Zhang Yuliang, Cao Kai. [https://english.news.cn/20220711/5ed659ab8a7e40c5a2baa116589bcede/c.html "Two-decade-old U.S. sanctions leave Zimbabweans suffering, triggering protests".] Xinhua. 2022-07-11. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220909064843/https://english.news.cn/20220711/5ed659ab8a7e40c5a2baa116589bcede/c.html Archived] 2022-09-09.</ref>

== Economy ==
[[File:This land is our land, our only land!.png|alt=Demonstrator in Zimbabwe holds sign reading "This is our land, our only land!"|thumb|Demonstrator in Zimbabwe holds sign reading "This is our land, our only land!"]]
As a state which was afflicted with settler-colonialism and later successfully overcame the settler regime, while still having to contend with Western imperialism and [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] economic policies to this day, control over land and the economic distortions wrought by settler-colonialism have been key issues in Zimbabwe's economic development. Zimbabwe's present-day economic conditions must be considered in this context, with attention given both to Zimbabwe's local conditions as well as to Western imperialists' past and present efforts to hamper Zimbabwe's land redistribution process through methods such as unfavorable negotiations, dropped agreements, neoliberal [[International Monetary Fund|structural adjustment programs]], sanctions, and credit freezes.<ref>[[George T. Mudimu]] and Gregory Elich. [https://monthlyreview.org/2023/06/01/the-dynamics-of-rural-capitalist-accumulation-in-post-land-reform-zimbabwe/ "The Dynamics of Rural Capitalist Accumulation in Post-Land Reform Zimbabwe."] MR Online, June 1, 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240413045326/https://monthlyreview.org/2023/06/01/the-dynamics-of-rural-capitalist-accumulation-in-post-land-reform-zimbabwe/ Archived] 2023-04-13.</ref>

The Zimbabwe government's attempts to develop its economy and infrastructure through foreign investment have also been noted as a target for Western influence operations. At a US Embassy-funded "workshop" for journalism in 2021, US government officials bragged that they had sponsored media institutions to promote "accountability issues", as part of a strategy to discredit Chinese investment and encourage pro-Western sentiment in the country.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=The Herald (Zimbabwe)|title=US plan to discredit Chinese investments unmasked|date=2021-09-21|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/us-plan-to-discredit-chinese-investments-unmasked/|retrieved=24/06/2024}}</ref>

=== Mining ===
Zimbabwe has the largest [[lithium]] supply in Africa. In December 2022, the government banned raw lithium exports in order to process it into batteries in Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Christopher Ojilere|newspaper=Voice of Nigeria|title=Zimbabwe Bans All Lithium Exports|date=2022-12-29|url=https://von.gov.ng/zimbabwe-bans-all-lithium-exports/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230072518/https://von.gov.ng/zimbabwe-bans-all-lithium-exports/|archive-date=2022-12-30|retrieved=2023-01-02}}</ref>

=== Agriculture ===
In regard to the common insinuation made by Western critics that indigenous Zimbabweans are incompetent farmers compared to the white settler commercial farm owners, land policy analyst Sam Moyo explained in a 2009 article that Zimbabwe's peasants and urban residents' gardens have always produced the majority of food consumed by the majority of Zimbabweans, while large white producers primarily produced for export, generally making products which the majority of the local population could not afford:<blockquote>[C]lose to 70% of the food consumed by the 80% of Zimbabweans who are the working classes (peasants, formal and informal wage workers, the unemployed) and over 50% of the middle class foods, which comprise mainly grains (maize, sorghum, groundnuts and pulses as oils or for direct eating) and local relish (greens) have always been produced by the peasants and urban residents’ gardens. [...] by far the largest outputs (in volumes and value) produced by large farmers were destined for exports (tobacco, sugar, tea, coffee, horticulture, beef, etc.) and for the local industry (soaps, etc.). Although their exports were critical for forex (40% of national forex was from agriculture, but peasants produced 80% of the cotton and its attendant forex), they were not the main supplier of the food consumed by most of the population, who could not afford their products.<ref name=":6">Gregory Elich and [[Sam Moyo]]. [https://mronline.org/2009/01/02/reclaiming-the-land-land-reform-and-agricultural-development-in-zimbabwe-an-interview-with-sam-moyo/ "Reclaiming the Land: Land Reform and Agricultural Development in Zimbabwe: An Interview with Sam Moyo."] MR Online, January 02, 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240413051815/https://mronline.org/2009/01/02/reclaiming-the-land-land-reform-and-agricultural-development-in-zimbabwe-an-interview-with-sam-moyo/ Archived] 2023-04-13.</ref></blockquote>Moyo states that there was a clear division of production between peasants and large farmers, with the peasants producing most of the cheaper and bulkier foods, and large farmers producing foods generally consumed by fewer people.

Addressing issues in the production of bulk foods such as [[maize]], Moyo attributed it mainly to a decline in seed and fertilizer supply and reduced private and external financing. Extremely low input supplies (resulting from Western sanctions), combined with climate effects such as droughts and rain variability, reduced rain-fed maize production by the peasantry, as 90% of the irrigation resources were held by large farmers, including the [[sugar]] estates.<ref name=":6" />

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Countries]] [[Category:African countries]]
[[Category:Countries targeted by imperialist aggression]]
[[Category:Countries sanctioned by the US]]

People's Liberation Army

2024-06-23T22:55:18Z

157.143.11.66: Expanded section on the Sino-Indian War

{{Infobox political party|name=People's Liberation Army|native_name=中国人民解放军|logo=PLA flag.png|founded=1927 August 1|membership_year=2022|membership=2,300,000}}

'''The Chinese People's Liberation Army''' (''Chinese: 中国人民解放军''; pinyin: ''Zhōngguó rénmín jiěfàngjūn'') is the most important wing of the armed force of the [[People's Republic of China]].<ref name=":122222">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Bali|page=162|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref>

The first use of the title "Chinese People's Liberation Army": appeared in 1946. On November 1, 1948, the [[Central Military Commission (China)|Central Military Commission]] promulgated the "Regulations on the Unification of the Organization and Unit Designation of the Whole Army ", and all units above the regiment were crowned with the words "Chinese People's Liberation Army". Since then, the name "Chinese People's Liberation Army"has been used.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/458031/5ef9GTVogaDVxawtdolOEQ6DkP3s9xKwKfCqf_keZ1LKYgmutoeSIl4M5tE4SFUv7LwAFqgmi9psf27G9hxcO7wgLCely6xRlTr6v2n3kMeuoWVz The first use of the title "Chinese People's Liberation Army": appeared in 1946 -] Xinhuanet </ref>

The highest military organ of the Chinese People's Liberation Army is the Central Military Commission, which is composed of the [[People's Liberation Army Ground Forces|Ground Forces]], [[People's Liberation Army Navy|Navy]], [[People's Liberation Army Air Force|Air Force]], Rocket Force, Strategic Support Force, and the Joint Logistics Support Force.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/458031/6caf9CDBozUwSpFrOuWy45GwF39VvwOJD_XKVIZ9DA60OzLUyLx86jpW7anDXYjOQ0O7QPNTbfQJkhxhzhe5E-IM1ofmc7p9PheuRuZxVU8YiVGwAPCUU3b0LQ Full text of the white paper "China's National Defense in the New Era" Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China] </ref> The total number of active personnel in the Chinese People's Liberation Army is about 2 million. In 2018, China's national defense expenditure was 1,106.951 billion yuan, accounting for about 1.3% of GDP.

According to [[Hu Jintao]], it protects the sovereignty of China and maintains world peace.<ref>{{Citation|author=Cortez A. Cooper|year=2009|title=The PLA Navy’s “New Historic Missions”|pdf=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/testimonies/2009/RAND_CT332.pdf}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Civil War (first stage) ===
On August 1, 1927, the Nanchang Uprising broke out and launched the first attack against the [[Kuomintang]] reactionaries. It was the beginning of the [[Communist Party of China]]'s independent leadership of the armed struggle and the establishment of a People's Army. August 1 therefore became the anniversary of the birth of the Chinese People's Liberation Army.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/458031/7f59bzxFxm7lwjQhry1isXhEFexT3kRRYHWU8c7CZJAHxv2M-ny9FxpOJYybyOxBdEMO6nJWOJSRA6SyNpOAVLpuNOi_P1_3yyqyUwB4bgbu "First shot": Since then, the military flag has been raised] - Xinhuanet</ref>

From the autumn of 1927 to the spring of 1928, the Communist Party of China successively launched the Nanchang Uprising, the Autumn Harvest Uprising, the Guangzhou Uprising, the Shonan Uprising and the Jute Uprising. The troops retained after the uprisings in these areas were called the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army at that time. After May 1928, they were successively renamed the [[Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army]], or Red Army for short.<ref>Qiao Mingfu, edited by Zhai Taifeng, "The Dictionary of the Construction of the Communist Party of China", Chengdu: Sichuan People's Publishing House, 1991.06</ref>

=== War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression ===
The [[Second World War|8-Year War of Anti-Japanese Resistance]] broke out on July 7, 1937.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/458031/67693r8HnUtEnKwH4al8VS0LQgGItAR-pM3_lMJb_P-NSoF9cqGvRZIKNy3mtHlOrfBW0oF3T-91K9sv1eeHuk2f5HeR51BhvP0FOvTtdPI July 7: The Japanese army launched the "July 7th Incident" and the Anti-Japanese War broke out] - Chinese government website </ref> On August 25, the main force of the Red Army was reorganized into the [[Eighth Route Army]] of the National Revolutionary Army, referred to as the Eighth Route Army. On September 11, 1937, it was renamed the Eighteenth Army of the National Revolutionary Army. There were activities in [[Jiangxi]], [[Fujian]], [[Guangdong]], [[Hunan]], [[Hubei]], [[Henan]], [[Zhejiang]] and [[Anhui]]. In 8 provinces and 14 areas, the Red Army guerrillas gathered.

In October 2, 1937, the Red Army was reorganized into the National Revolutionary Army's New Fourth Army and the Eight Route Army. During the Anti-Japanese War, the Guangdong People's Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Group insisted on resisting Japan behind the enemy in South China, and then retreated northward to Shandong to belong to the East China Field Army of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. In September 1929, the 1st Independent Division of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (later called the 2nd Independent Division) was formed based on the Hainan Island Peasant Uprising. This people's armed forces experienced long-term and arduous struggles in the Agrarian Revolutionary War, the 8 Year War of Resistance Against Japan, and the War of Liberation. In October 1947, it was reorganized into the Qiongya Column of the Chinese People's Liberation Army.<ref>"The Great Spirit of the Communist Party of China Dedicated to the 95th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China" edited by Qiu Zhifang Changchun: Jilin People's Publishing House, 2016.06</ref>

After the victory of the Chinese Anti-Japanese War, in 1945, a large number of troops from the liberated areas in the pass under the leadership of the Communist Party of China entered the Northeast region. On October 31, the Northeast People’s Autonomous Army was formed with the Northeast Anti-Japanese Allied Forces. On January 14, 1946, the Northeast People’s Autonomous Army was renamed the Northeast Democratic Party. coalition forces. In September 1945, the army led by the Communist Party of China had 1.27 million troops and 2.68 million militiamen.<ref>"Mao Zedong's Wisdom" edited by Lin Zhibo Beijing: Party School Press of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, 1998.01</ref>

=== Civil War (second stage) ===
On August 15, 1945, Luo Ronghuan, the commander and political commissar of the Shandong Military Region of the Eighth Route Army, proposed to change the designation of the troops to the "People's Liberation Army", and the Shandong Military Region was called the Shandong People's Liberation Army Headquarters.

On August 26, 1945, in the "Notice of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Peace Negotiations with the Kuomintang", the term "Liberation Army"officially appeared again.

In 1946, the War of Liberation broke out, and the troops in the liberated areas were successively renamed the People's Liberation Army from the Eighth Route Army, the New Fourth Army, and the Northeast Democratic Alliance Army, and were organized into five major field armies. After several years of war of liberation, the rule of the national government was overthrown, and then they entered Tibet and unified mainland China.

In 1946, the War of Liberation broke out, and the troops in the liberated areas were successively renamed the People's Liberation Army from the Eighth Route Army, the New Fourth Army, and the Northeast Democratic Alliance Army, and were organized into five major field armies. After several years of war of liberation, the rule of the national government was overthrown, and then they entered Tibet and unified mainland China.

On November 1, 1948, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China made the "Regulations on Unifying the Organization and Designation of the Whole Army", pointing out that the People's Liberation Army is divided into three categories: field troops, local troops and guerrilla troops.<ref>Ma Xiaoding, Feng Heping, editor-in-chief · "Military Academy Student Handbook" · Beijing: Blue Sky Publishing House, 1989.11</ref>

The Field Army was divided into four, distinguished by place names, namely the Northwest Field Army of the Chinese People's Liberation Army ''(First Field Army)'', the Central Plains Field Army ''(Second Field Army)'', the East China Field Army ''(Third Field Army)'', and the Northeast Field Army. There are currently five military regions, which are distinguished by place names, namely, the Northwest Military Region of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, the Central Plains Military Region, the East China Military Region, the Northeast Military Region, and the North China Military Region.<ref>Edited by the Archives of the Chinese People's Liberation Army · "Liberate the City Series Books Liberate the City" · Beijing: China Archives Publishing House, 2010.01</ref>

=== Border dispute with Burma ===
In 1955, the PLA fought clashed with [[Republic of the Union of Myanmar|Burmese]] forces over a border dispute. [[U Nu]] negotiated with China in order to avoid war. In 1960, the two countries drew a border that gave some villages in Kachin State to China and ceded the Namwan Assigned Tract to Burma.<ref name=":12222">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Tawang|page=|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref>:166

=== Sino-Indian War ===
As a result of a border dispute, [[Republic of India|India]] threatened to invade China and initiated what it called a "Forward Policy" of military encirclement at the Sino-Indian border. On 20 October 1962, the PLA attacked India in anticipation of the Indian invasion, and defeated India's defenses within days.<ref>{{Citation|author=Neville Maxwell|year=1970|title=India's China War|city=London|publisher=Cape}}</ref> It easily captured the town of Tawang, which had been annexed by India in 1951.<ref name=":12222" />:165–8

=== Modernization ===
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the People's Liberation Army took on the task of defending national defense and participating in the socialist revolution and construction. At the same time, it carried out revolutionization, modernization, and regularization construction, so that it developed into an army composed of land, sea, air, and missile forces. A combined army. And put forward the general requirements of "political qualifications, military excellence, good style, strict discipline, and strong support"for army building.

In order to adapt to the development of the world situation, in September 1997, [[Jiang Zemin]] pointed out in the report of the 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China that on the basis of reducing the number of military personnel by 1 million in the 1980s, China will further reduce the number of military personnel by 500,000 in the next three years.<ref>China Disarmament People's Network </ref> In this large-scale disarmament, most of the garrison troops were disbanded, and some of the Type B divisions organized by the group army were returned to the Armed Police Force.

On January 1, 2016, the Central Military Commission issued the "Opinions on Deepening National Defense and Military Reform"The Opinions clearly stated that "firmly grasp the principle of 'the Military Commission is in charge of the general, the theater is the main battle, and the military is the main construction'."The former Second Artillery Corps is the main force, and the strategic nuclear strike force of other military branches has been merged to form a new military branch: the Rocket Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. The new strategic support force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army is mainly responsible for the offensive and defensive tasks of electromagnetic space and cyberspace such as electronic countermeasures, network attack and defense, and satellite management.
The former General Staff Department of the Chinese People's Liberation Army was changed to the Joint Staff Department of the Central Military Commission ; The Equipment Department was changed to the Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission. After the reform, the Four Headquarters became prominently subordinate to the Central Military Commission, which was the result of changing the headquarters system to a multi-department system of the Military Commission. In addition, the General Staff Department of the Chinese People's Liberation Army was changed to the Joint Staff Department of the Central Military Commission, which is also a manifestation of the reform of the joint combat command system.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/458031/7268kAghJeycxkRfDhCTLOLHQo1CZqLTdJaPYwbz1BJclOJy5-Am6dkIAIunyF889QKAH5Z3QEqWuwFgbVjR3GMd0R6wq9TUKPD9MP1Q43ot Chinese: The new name of the Fourth Headquarters of the People's Liberation Army is determined by the Military] </ref>

On February 1, 2016, the original seven military regions of Shenyang, Beijing, Lanzhou, Jinan, Nanjing, Guangzhou, and Chengdu were adjusted to five theaters in the east, south, west, north, and center. The command system was changed and a theater joint combat command organization was established. Integrating the navy, air force and rocket force together, the war zone leads the armed police forces in the area under its jurisdiction, realizes the vertical and multi-phase command and joint and coordinated operations of cross-regional arms in the theater, and increases the mobility and joint command operations. ability.
On September 13, 2016, the founding meeting of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Central Military Commission was held in Beijing. [[Xi Jinping]] awarded the military flag to the Wuhan Joint Logistics Support Base and each joint logistics support center and delivered a speech. The joint logistics support force is the main force for implementing joint logistics support and strategic campaign support, and is an important part of the modern military force system with Chinese characteristics.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/458031/6092LVh06OCTS1C8xrDOJe-1iMrF3oUgba64m5QWJDoSzzhDHSuTkK1yD-Bn3sMJmW3diyAHsqbePV-xFEROSTjGCFyOcI3vQ445hpkdku6lgxWo573cYg The founding meeting of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Central Military Commission was held in Beijing by the Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China] </ref><ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/458031/3d5fBHx6RVFbeILOWexssdlVnKbvxBOTfPEML3_6rF4NJEO7c2Ni2EIeV-a2NEeDhWDf65QVs1FRjOrwHjWgbtWNr7Y4gRc10-03d6AV0Bf4rZrpPSPKMG0 The Joint Logistics Support Force will uniformly wear new chest badges and armbands from August 1, Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China] </ref>

In March 2022, with the approval of Chairman Xi Jinping of the Central Military Commission, the Central Military Commission issued the "Interim Regulations on Sergeants", "Interim Regulations on Conscripts", "Interim Regulations on the Management of Sergeant Career Development", "Interim Regulations on Soldiers' Retirement Work", "On the Reform of the Soldiers System" The "Notice on Issues Concerning Conversion and Transition "and other supporting regulations will come into force on March 31, 2022.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/458031/c01ePzKKUxl4_BTKmZNXQ04A9urlIojIRViWT7ifoFn2XoABBVQHGlOwZCjx1soziwfg7L6hTBsv7AlZdfz1f8Ci9S4J6ETYan2AU46anwFJ9MxXvppFX8iy2W8 Approved by Chairman Xi Jinping of the Central Military Commission, the Central Military Commission issued the "Interim Regulations for Sergeants", "Interim Regulations for Conscripts" and related supporting regulations] - Xinhuanet </ref>

In August 2022, with the approval of the Central Military Commission, the entire army will uniformly issue the "Chinese People's Liberation Army Sergeant Certificate", "Chinese People's Liberation Army Sergeant Retirement Certificate", "Chinese People's Armed Police Force Sergeant Certificate", "Chinese People's Armed Police Force Police "Retirement Certificate for Scholars" will be officially launched.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/458031/ee89OEL7iVJXam7STup6wVD-VB_WOJCNGu4zU8Hm3shSlYp7SW7G_swPfCRlSH6qbfnzHqGye8gziChjZdWLlCHj9vH68G4l6WClsGqy Approved by the Central Military Commission, the whole army uniformly issued relevant documents for military (police) soldiers and the People's Navy]</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:People's Republic of China]]

Mikhail Gorbachev

2024-06-23T22:11:16Z

157.143.11.66: Added information on the normalization of Sino-Soviet relations under Deng and Gorbachev

{{Infobox politician|name=Mikhail Gorbachyov|native_name=Михаил Горбачёв|nationality=Russian|political_line=[[Anti-communism]] [[Revisionism]] [[Social democracy]]|birth_date=2 March 1931|birth_place=Privolnoye, [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]]|image=Mikhail Gorbachev.png|caption=Gorbachev in 1987|death_date=30 August 2022|death_place=[[Moscow]], [[Russian Federation]]}}

'''Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev''' (2 March 1931 – 30 August 2022) was a Soviet politician who is known for organizing the [[overthrow of the Soviet Union]]. He supported the [[1989 Tian'anmen Square riots|1989 CIA-backed riots in Beijing]] and advocated for the overthrow of remaining [[Socialist state|socialist states]] in Asia and the rest of the world.<ref>{{Citation|author=Mikhail Gorbachev|year=2000|title=My Ambition was to Liquidate Communism|title-url=https://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv6n1/gorbach.htm|publisher=[[Revolutionary Democracy]]}}</ref> Gorbachev lacked experience in the military, foreign affairs, industry, science, and [[Trade union|trade unions]] and did not understand [[Marxism]] or Soviet history.<ref name=":022">{{Citation|author=Roger Keeran, Thomas Kenny|year=2010|title=Socialism Betrayed: Behind the Collapse of the Soviet Union|chapter=Promise and Foreboding, 1985-86|page=95–101, 120–128|pdf=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceaj5ucph44bjwyhlhsbycckr3ts76zbucn2hbrea32tltcd4s5ekg?filename=Roger%20Keeran_%20Thomas%20Kenny%20-%20Socialism%20Betrayed_%20Behind%20the%20Collapse%20of%20the%20Soviet%20Union-iUniverse.com%20%282010%29.pdf|publisher=iUniverse.com|isbn=9781450241717|lg=https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=EB8A647627A86692FB1AA43916CE6A02}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Gorbachev was born in the farming village of Privolnoye, south of Stavropol. [[German Reich (1933–1945)|German]] invaders killed seven of his relatives during the [[Great Patriotic War]]. He moved to Moscow in 1950 to study at Lomonosov State University and joined the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] in college. He returned to Stavropol after graduating and supported [[Alexander Dubček]]'s [[Revisionism|revisionist]] policies in [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990)|Czechoslovakia]].<ref name=":022" />

== Political career ==
In 1970, Gorbachev became First Secretary of Stavropol Krai and was elected to the [[Supreme Soviet]]. He became a member of the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Central Committee]] in 1971 and became its head of agriculture in 1978. In 1979, he became a member of the Politburo.<ref name=":022" /> He visited [[Kingdom of Belgium|Belgium]], the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Netherlands]], [[French Republic|France]], and [[Federal Republic of Germany|West Germany]] in the 1970s during the peak of [[Eurocommunism]].<ref name=":02222">{{Citation|author=Roger Keeran, Thomas Kenny|year=2010|title=Socialism Betrayed: Behind the Collapse of the Soviet Union|chapter=Turning Point, 1987-88|page=156–158|pdf=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceaj5ucph44bjwyhlhsbycckr3ts76zbucn2hbrea32tltcd4s5ekg?filename=Roger%20Keeran_%20Thomas%20Kenny%20-%20Socialism%20Betrayed_%20Behind%20the%20Collapse%20of%20the%20Soviet%20Union-iUniverse.com%20%282010%29.pdf|publisher=iUniverse.com|isbn=9781450241717}}</ref>

== General Secretary ==

=== Early leadership ===
Gorbachev became General Secretary in 1985 and initially followed [[Yuri Andropov|Andropov]]'s line, continuing the anti-alcohol campaign and encouraging new cadre. He increased support for [[Republic of Nicaragua|Nicaragua]] and [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992)|Afghanistan]] while trying to improve relations with the [[Imperial core|West]]. Within a year, he replaced half of all Politburo members and the leaders of five republics and promoted his supporters to Foreign Minister and Premier. Beginning in the fall of 1985, he reduced assistance to Afghanistan.<ref name=":022" />

By the 27th congress of the CPSU in 1986, [[Counterrevolution|counterrevolutionaries]] controlled much of the party leadership. Gorbachev worked with other traitors including [[Alexander Yakovlev]], [[Eduard Shevardnadze]], and [[Boris Yeltsin]] to overthrow [[socialism]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Nikos Mottas|newspaper=[[In Defense of Communism]]|title=Mikhail Gorbachev, a modern Judas|date=2022-09-01|url=http://www.idcommunism.com/2022/09/mikhail-gorbachev-modern-judas.html|retrieved=2022-09-04}}</ref> He ended Soviet nuclear tests and reduced strategic arms by 50% while receiving no concessions from the [[United States of America|United States]] and reduced government planning of enterprises.<ref name=":022" />

Gorbachev removed deputies from the [[Central Asia|Central Asian]] and [[Caucasus|Caucasian]] republics from the Politburo. In December 1986, he replaced [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)|Kazakh]] General Secretary [[Dinmukhamed Kunaev]] with [[Gennady Kolbin]], an ethnic [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991)|Russian]], which caused nationalist riots in Kazakhstan.<ref name=":022" />

=== Dismantling of socialism ===
In 1988, Gorbachev began dismantling [[Planned economy|central planning]] and abandoned international solidarity. He and Yakovlev sabotaged the media to air criticisms of [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] and central planning and demonize their political opponents. Gorbachev replaced worker [[Worker cooperative|co-ops]] with crime-infested private enterprises. In March 1988, [[Nina Andreyeva]] published a letter condemning Gorbachev and his followers as well as Russian [[Nationalism|nationalists]]. Following the release of the letter, Gorbachev and Yakovlev stripped [[Anti-revisionism|anti-revisionist]] [[Yegor Ligachyov]] of his authority and purged supporters of the letter from the Politburo.<ref name=":0222">{{Citation|author=Roger Keeran, Thomas Kenny|year=2010|title=Socialism Betrayed: Behind the Collapse of the Soviet Union|chapter=Turning Point, 1987-88|page=132–143|pdf=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceaj5ucph44bjwyhlhsbycckr3ts76zbucn2hbrea32tltcd4s5ekg?filename=Roger%20Keeran_%20Thomas%20Kenny%20-%20Socialism%20Betrayed_%20Behind%20the%20Collapse%20of%20the%20Soviet%20Union-iUniverse.com%20%282010%29.pdf|publisher=iUniverse.com|isbn=9781450241717}}</ref>

At a party conference in June 1988, Gorbachev proposed a new form of government with an executive president and a Congress of People's Deputies replacing the Council of Ministers and Supreme Soviet. The proposal reduced the CPSU from a vanguard party to an electoral party in a parliamentary system. Against the wishes of the Afghan government and other [[Warsaw Pact|Soviet allies]], he withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan in early 1989 and allowed the [[Taliban]] to take over.<ref name=":02222" />

== Later life ==
In 1996, Gorbachev ran for president of Russia but received less than 1% of the vote.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=Gorbachev: Darling of the West, despised at home & worldwide|date=2022-08-31|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/gorbachev-darling-of-the-west-despised-at-home-worldwide/|retrieved=2022-09-01}}</ref>

== Political positions ==
Gorbachev promoted a policy of glasnost<ref group="lower-alpha">Russian: гласность</ref> (openness), which resulted in [[Communism|communists]] being purged from the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] and mass media. He established market reforms called perestroika<ref group="lower-alpha">Russian: перестройка</ref> (restructuring), which diminished state support for the [[Proletariat|working class]]. He reduced assistance to less developed parts of the Soviet Union, increasing national conflict,<ref name=":0" /> and rejected the [[Leninism|Leninist]] concept of the [[vanguard party]].<ref name=":0222" />

In spite of Gorbachev's differences with [[Deng Xiaoping]], who disagreed with his glasnost policy and generally pro-Western stance, Gorbachev was interested in resolving the [[Sino-Soviet split]]. The two leaders signed the Sino-Soviet Joint Communiqué on May 15th of 1989 in [[Beijing]], which formally normalized relations between [[China]] and the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{Citation|year=15th May, 1989|title=Sino-Soviet Joint Communiqué|city=Beijing}}</ref>

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Anti-communists]]
[[Category:Counterrevolutionaries]]
[[Category:Soviet politicians]]
[[Category:Revisionists]]
[[Category:Wreckers]]

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

2024-06-23T06:17:11Z

157.143.11.66: Added information on British imperialism in Diego Garcia

{{Infobox country
| name = United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| native_name = Ruvaneth Unys Breten Veur hag Iwerdhon Gledh Reeriaght Unnaneysit y Vretyn Vooar as Nerin Hwoaie An Rìoghachd Aonaichte na Breatainn Mhòr agus Eirinn a Tuath Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Northren Ireland Teyrnas Unedig Prydain Fawr a Gogledd Iwerddon| image_flag = File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg
| image_map = File:United Kingdom (orthographic projection).svg
| map_width = 320px
| image_coat = British coat of arms.svg| capital = London
| largest_city = London
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[Bourgeois state|bourgeois state]]
| leader_title1 = Monarch
| leader_name1 = [[Charles Windsor]]
| leader_title2 = Prime Minister
| leader_name2 = [[Rishi Sunak]]
| sovereignty_type = Formation
|legislature=[[Parliament]]|upper_house=[[House of Lords]]|lower_house=[[House of Commons]]| established_event1 = Annexation of Wales by the Kingdom of England
| established_date1 = 1536
|established_event2=Annexation of Scotland by the Kingdom of England|established_date2=1707|established_event3=Annexation of Ireland by Great Britain|established_date3=1801|established_event4=Independence of Republic of Ireland from United Kingdom|established_date4=1922| area_km2 = 242,495
| area_rank = 78th
| population_estimate = 67,886,004
| population_estimate_year = 2020
| labour_force = 34,708,550<ref>World Bank (2020). ''[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=GB Labour force total – United Kingdom]''.</ref>
| labour_force_participation = 78.1%<ref>World Bank (2019). ''[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.ACTI.ZS?locations=GB Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate) - United Kingdom]'' </ref>
| labour_occupation = agriculture: 1.3% industry: 15.2% services: 83.5%<ref name="CIA-factbook-economy">CIA World Factbook (2020). ''[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/#Economy United Kingdom – The world factbook (economy)]''</ref>
| unemployment = 4.8%<ref>Trading economics (2021). ''[https://tradingeconomics.com/united-kingdom/unemployment-rate United Kingdom unemployment rate]''</ref>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2021
| GDP_nominal = $3.124 trillion<ref name="imf-2021">International Monetary Fund (2021). ''[https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/weo-report?c=112,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2021&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 World Economic Outlook database: April 2021]''</ref>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $46,344<ref name ="imf-2021"/>
| export_year = 2019
| export = $894.077 billion<ref>World Bank (2019). ''[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.CD?locations=GB Exports of goods and services (current US$) - United Kingdom]''</ref>
| export_commodities = cars, gas turbines, gold, crude petroleum, packaged medicines<ref name="CIA-factbook-economy"/>
| export_partners = [[United States of America|United States]] (15%), [[Federal Republic of Germany|Germany]] (10%), [[People's Republic of China|China]] (7%)<ref name="CIA-factbook-economy"/>
| import_year = 2019
| import = $924.69 billion<ref>World Bank (2019). ''[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.IMP.GNFS.CD?locations=GB Imports of goods and services (current US$) - United Kingdom]''</ref>
| import_commodities = gold, cars, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment<ref name="CIA-factbook-economy"/>
| import_partners = [[Federal Republic of Germany|Germany]] (13%), [[People's Republic of China|China]] (10%), [[Netherlands]] (7%)
| external_debt = $8.721 trillion<ref name="CIA-factbook-economy"/>
| external_debt_rank = 2nd
| Gini = 33.5%
| Gini_year = 2018
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.932
| HDI_year = 2019
| HDI_rank =
| currency = Pound sterling
| mode_of_production = [[Imperialist]] [[Capitalism]]
| currency_code = GBP
|drives_on=left|calling_code=+44|iso3166code=GB|cctld=.uk}}
The '''United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''', often shortened to the '''United Kingdom''' or '''UK''', is an [[Imperialism|imperialist]] island country located in [[Europe]]. It comprises [[England]], [[Scotland]], and [[Wales]] as well as [[Northern Ireland]] which encompasses six occupied counties belonging to the [[Republic of Ireland]]. The UK was a founding member of [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]] and [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization|SEATO]]. It has the fourth largest military budget in the world and the second most foreign military bases behind the [[United States of America]]. [[Secret Intelligence Service|MI6]], the British secret police, has connections to the [[National Security Agency|NSA]] and [[Five Eyes]].<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Australian Marxist Review]]|title=British Imperialism – A Threat to World Peace|date=2022-09-28|url=https://cpa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/AMR73_2022-09.pdf|retrieved=2022-11-27|author=Kenny Coyle}}</ref> The British Empire was a major [[Colonialism|colonial]] power and was responsible for over 160 million deaths in [[India]] alone.<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Ben Norton]]|newspaper=[[Multipolarista]]|title=British empire killed 165 million Indians in 40 years: How colonialism inspired fascism|date=2022-12-12|url=https://multipolarista.com/2022/12/12/britain-100-million-india-deaths-colonialism/|retrieved=2022-12-16}}</ref> Britain retains influence in its former empire using imperialist organisations such at [[Commonwealth of Nations|the Commonwealth]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Sara Flounders|newspaper=Workers World|title=How royalty reinforces imperialism through Commonwealth of Nations|date=2022-09-13|url=https://www.workers.org/2022/09/66639/}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Feudal Britain ===
{{Main article|Kingdom of England (927–1707)|Kingdom of Scotland (843-1707)}}

=== Great Britain ===
Following the [[Glorious Revolution|bourgeois revolution of 1688]], the number of capital crimes rose from 50 to over 200, and most of the new additions were minor property crimes. Stealing a single shilling was punishable by death. The [[bourgeoisie]] also enclosed and privatized common lands held by the [[peasantry]]. Beginning in 1717, Britain began mass deportations of (usually poor) convicts to the colonies.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=White Servants|page=77–79|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf}}</ref>

In July 1745 [[Charles Stuart]] led the last [[Jacobite Rebellions|Jacobite Rebellion]] in an attempt to restore the House of Stuart as the British Monarchs. Following defeat at the battle of Culloden, Charles fled back to [[French Republic|France]] in June 1746 ending the rebellion.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=The National Archives|title=Jacobite timeline of key events|date=2024|url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/jacobite-1745/timeline-key-events/}}</ref> Following the rebellion [[Henry Pelham]]'s [[Whig]] Government started a campaign of ethnic cleansing against the highlander population, supressing their culture and forcibly removing them from their land.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=The National|title=Scotland Back in the Day: How the brutal atrocities of the Highland Clearances changed Scotland forever|date=2016-07-19|url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/14868553.scotland-back-in-the-day-how-the-brutal-atrocities-of-the-highland-clearances-changed-scotland-forever/}}</ref>

[[Slavery]] was banned within England in 1772 but continued to exist in its colonies. Free Africans fought for the British during the [[Statesian Revolution]], but many were deported to [[Sierra Leone]] afterwards.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=Liberalism and Racial Slavery: A Unique Twin Birth|page=48–52|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf}}</ref>

England suspended habeas corpus for eight years starting in 1794.<ref name=":1222">{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=Crisis of the English and American Models|page=175|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf}}</ref>

=== Great Britain and Ireland ===
The United Kingdom suspended habeas corpus again in 1817 and committed the [[Peterloo Massacre]] in 1819. Between 1800 and 1850, it deported 1,800 dissidents to [[Commonwealth of Australia|Australia]] for political crimes, including [[Chartists]], [[Jacobinism|Jacobins]], and Irish people.<ref name=":1222" />

Motivated by a fear of the [[French Revolution]], the [[Whigs (United Kingdom)|Whig]] prime minister [[Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey|Charles Grey]] passed the [[Reform Act of 1832]], which expanded suffrage from 400,000 to 650,000. It prevented [[Landlord|landlords]] from appointing rural representatives but did not reach the universal male suffrage demanded by the Chartists. Around the same time, the UK repealed the Corn Laws, which had imposed [[Tariff|tariffs]] and set high prices for wheat. The Poor Law of 1834 worsened conditions in workhouses and abolished outside relief for the poor.<ref>{{Web citation|date=2012-06-01|title=Charles Dickens, champion of the poor|url=https://thecommunists.org/2012/06/01/news/culture/charles-dickens-champion-of-the-poor/|newspaper=[[Proletarian (newspaper)|Proletarian]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205233142/https://thecommunists.org/2012/06/01/news/culture/charles-dickens-champion-of-the-poor/|archive-date=2023-02-05}}</ref>

During the late 19th century, [[Benjamin Disraeli]], despite his pro-slavery views, expanded voting rights to sections of the [[Proletariat|working class]].<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=Liberalism and Racial Slavery: A Unique Twin Birth|page=63|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf}}</ref> His 1867 Reform Act allowed non-Anglicans (including [[Catholicism|Catholics]], [[Judaism|Jews]], and some [[Protestantism|Protestants]]) to vote.<ref name=":12">{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=Were Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century England and America Liberal?|page=117–120|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf}}</ref>

Britain participated in the [[First World War]] on the side of the Entente, fearing that [[German Empire (1871–1918)|German]] domination of Europe would threaten the security of the British Empire. Following German defeat, Britain took control of several colonies previously belonging to the Central powers. In [[Africa]], Britain secured [[Republic of Namibia|Namibia]], and [[United Republic of Tanzania|Tanzania]] from Germany whilst in the [[West Asia|Middle East]], the British received [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan|Jordan]] and [[Republic of Iraq|Iraq]] from the [[Ottoman Empire (1299–1922)|Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Lalkar|title=1914-2014: Imperialism means war|date=2023-07|url=http://www.lalkar.org/article/4217/1914-2014-imperialism-means-war|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807071838/https://www.lalkar.org/article/4217/1914-2014-imperialism-means-war|archive-date=2023-08-07}}</ref>

=== Great Britain and Northern Ireland ===
In 1939, the British made a secret agreement with [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]] to stay out Germany's spheres of influence in Eastern Europe and avoid an alliance with the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]] in exchange for Germany not attacking the British Empire.<ref name=":022332">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=Stalin and the anti-fascist war|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=187}}</ref>

Following the loss of its colonial empire, the UK was in a severe economic crisis by the early 1970s. Dockworkers and miners organized large [[Strike action|strikes]] in 1972 and 1974. The [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] government of [[James Callaghan]] applied for an [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] loan in 1976 and imposed [[austerity]] on the working people.<ref name=":2" />

[[Margaret Thatcher]] blamed [[Trade union|unions]] for the crisis and took power in 1979. She introduced mass [[Privatization|privatisation]] and strengthened monopolies while increasing imperialist aggression against Ireland. Under Thatcher's rule, [[unemployment]], [[crime]], and [[poverty]] increased. Both the [[Conservative and Unionist Party|Conservative]] and Labour parties opposed the [[1984–85 British miners' strike|1984–85 miners' strike]].<ref name=":2" />

When [[Tony Blair]] came to power in 1997, he continued many of Thatcher's policies while creating [[Social democracy|social democratic]] reforms to weaken the revolutionary movement.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|date=2023-04-15|title=Margaret Thatcher: Symbol of Capitalist Barbarism|url=http://www.idcommunism.com/2023/04/margaret-thatcher-symbol-of-capitalist-barbarism.html|newspaper=[[In Defense of Communism]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415175041/http://www.idcommunism.com/2023/04/margaret-thatcher-symbol-of-capitalist-barbarism.html|archive-date=2023-04-15|retrieved=2023-04-16|author=[[Nikos Mottas]]}}</ref>

On 23 June 2016, in a blow to global imperialism, the British people voted in favour of [[Brexit]] setting in motion a long process of negotiating its exit from the [[European Union|EU]].<ref>{{Citation|author=O'Rourke, Kevin H|year=2019|title=A short history of Brexit: from brentry to backstop|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/010f133d7e3610ec5d5051dfe960937c|chapter=Chapter Eight: Brexit}}</ref> On 31 January 2020 the ratified agreement came into affect and Britain officially left the EU after 47 years of membership, entering a transition period where the terms of the agreement were phased in.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=BBC|title=Brexit: UK leaves the European Union|date=2020-02-01|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-51333314|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321212615/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-51333314|archive-date=2020-03-14}}</ref>

== Colonialism ==
{{Main article|British Imperialism}}
The British Empire colonized parts of [[North America]], Africa, [[Asia]], and [[Oceania]] and controlled nearly 25% of the world's land area at its peak.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=Larry Holzwarth|newspaper=History Collection|title=10 Atrocities Committed by the British Empire that They Would Like to Erase from History Books|date=2018-03-17|url=https://historycollection.com/10-atrocities-committed-by-the-british-empire-that-they-would-like-to-erase-from-history-books/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616103933/https://historycollection.com/10-atrocities-committed-by-the-british-empire-that-they-would-like-to-erase-from-history-books/|archive-date=2021-06-16|retrieved=2022-05-21}}</ref>

== Politics ==
The UK is a [[Bourgeois democracy]] organised as a [[constitutional monarchy]] and a unitary [[parliamentary democracy]]. The [[Parliament]] is made up of three central elements; the [[House of Commons (UK)|House of Commons]], the [[House of Lords]] and the [[British Monarchy|Crown]]. The UK is made up of 650 constituencies, the residents of which vote in one MP, in a [[first past the post]] electoral system, to represent them in the House of Commons, the house responsible for creating legislature, and the party with the most MPs forms the government.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=UK Parliament|title=General Elections|date=2023|url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/elections-and-voting/general/|retrieved=2023-11-29}}</ref> The House of Lords and the Monarch are both unelected, the formers job is to scrutinise legislature and return it to the commons for amendments whilst the latter performs ceremonial tasks, and wastes public money.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=UK Parliament|title=The two-House system|date=2023|url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/system/|retrieved=2023-11-29}}</ref>

General elections for the House of Commons take place at most every five years but may be called earlier should the sitting government decides to call for one. Until the late 19th century, the [[Landlord|landowning]] [[aristocracy]] completely controlled the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]. In seven general elections from 1760 to 1800, less than 10% of rural seats were contested.<ref name=":12" /> From 1716 to 1911, Parliament members were elected every seven years.<ref name=":122">{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=Crisis of the English and American Models|page=136|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4}}</ref>

It was only in 2015 that a law was put in place which allowed constituents to recall their representative but this can only be activated should the MP have broken a law or rule and been suspended from parliament. Following the conditions being met, a minimum of 10% of their constituents must sign a recall petition within six weeks. If the recall petition is successful then a bi-election is called for their seat, the recalled MP may stand in this election if they wish to. There is no course of recall for an MP that governs against the wishes of their constituents, MPs are effectively unaccountable until the following general election.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=UK Parliament|title=Recall elections|date=2023|url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn05089/|retrieved=2023-11-29}}</ref>

=== Devolved governments ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Country
!Population
!Total Area
!Capital
!Parliament
!First Minister
|-
|England
|56,489,800 (2021)
|130,279 km2 (50,301 sq mi)
|[[London]]
|none
|none
|-
|Scotland
|5,436,600 (2022)
|77,933 km2 (30,090.1 sq mi)
|[[Edinburgh]]
|[[Scottish Parliament]]
|[[John Swinney]]
|-
|Wales
|3,267,501 (2022)
|20,779 km2 (8,022.82 sq mi)
|[[Cardiff]]
|[[Senedd]]
|[[Vaughan Gethingd]]
|-
|Northern Ireland
|1,903,100 (2021)
|14,130 km2 (5,455.62 sq mi)
|[[Belfast]]
|[[Northern Ireland Assembly]]
|[[Michelle O'Neill]]
|}

==== Scotland ====
Scotland is split up into 32 counties, and 59 constituencies, most of these constituencies are held by MPs for the Scottish Nationalist Party<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=UK Parliament|title=2019 General election results Scotland|date=2023|url=https://electionresults.parliament.uk/election/2019-12-12/results/Location/Country/Scotland|retrieved=2023-12-07}}</ref> who also control most seats in the Scottish parliament. The Scottish Government and Parliament were established in 1999 with its powers and duties set out in UK parliament legislation, this made Scotland the largest region of the UK to have its own parliament. There are 129 Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs), for each person in Scotland they are represented by one constituency MSP and 7 regional MSPs each elected by a bourgeois system of [[proportional representation]] called the [[Additional Member System]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Scottish Parliament|title=What's the difference between the Scottish Parliament and the Scottish Government?|date=2023|url=https://www.parliament.scot/about/how-parliament-works/difference-between-parliament-and-government|retrieved=2023-12-07}}</ref>

=== Active Political Parties ===

==== Conservative and Unionist Party ====
The Conservative party is a right-wing to far-right [[neoliberal]] party currently lead by [[Rishi Sunak]], it is the current ruling party of the United Kingdom.

==== Labour Party ====
Labour is a bourgeois social-democratic party that is a de facto neoliberal party currently lead by [[Keir Starmer]].

==== Liberal Democrats ====
The [[Liberal Democrats]] are a [[Liberalism|liberal]] party currently lead by [[Ed Davey]].

==== Scottish National Party ====
The [[Scottish National Party]] (SNP) is a [[Nationalism|nationalist]] social-democratic party that advocates for an independent Scotland. The party is currently lead by [[Humza Yousaf]].

==== Communist party of Great Britain (Marxist-Leninist) ====
The [[Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)]] (CPGB-ML) is the largest [[Marxism-leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] political party in the UK. CPGB-ML holds [[reactionary]] ideas regarding [[LGBT+|LGBT]] rights dismissing them as [[identity politics]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Proletarian|title=Why gay rights is not a class issue|date=2019-04-20|url=https://thecommunists.org/2019/04/20/news/why-gay-rights-is-not-a-class-issue/|retrieved=2023-11-22}}</ref>

==== Communist Party of Britain ====
The [[Communist Party of Britain]] (CPB) is a [[Revisionism|revisionist]] [[communist party]] currently lead by [[Robert Griffiths]].

=== Dependencies ===
[[File:United Kingdom (+overseas territories) in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg|thumb|400x400px|Locations of British Overseas Territories]]
British overseas territories are the remnants of the British Empire which the British Imperialists are yet to relinquish control of. These territories are: [[Anguilla]]; [[Bermuda]]; the [[British Indian Ocean Territory]]; the [[British Virgin Islands]]; the [[Cayman Islands]]; the [[Falkland Islands]]; [[Gibraltar]]; [[Montserrat]]; [[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]]; the [[Turks and Caicos Islands]]; the [[Pitcairn Islands]]; [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]].<ref name=":3">{{Web citation|newspaper=GOV.UK|title=United Kingdom Overseas Territories – Toponymic Information|date=2020|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/946074/UKOTs_Information_Paper.pdf}}</ref>

The British also occupy two military bases on the island of [[Republic of Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]], that remained under British control when Cyprus declared independence in 1960. The British refuses to return these bases to Cypriot sovereignty because they have use for them as outposts of imperialism in [[western Asia]].<ref name=":3" />

The British also claim a section of the uninhabited continent of [[Antarctica]] known as the [[British Antarctic Territory]]. The territory is administered from London, and scientists conduct experiments at various bases such as [[Rothera]], [[Halley VI]], and [[Signy]] Research Stations.<ref name=":3" />

In addition, the British occupy the [[Chagos Archipelago]] in the Indian Ocean, where a joint US/UK military base has been established on [[Diego Garcia]]. The native Chagossian inhabitants were forcibly expelled from their homes in the late 1960s by the British government and now live in abject poverty abroad. Although the [[United Nations]] have deemed the occupation to be illegal under international law, the British have refused to return the territory to its native inhabitants, claiming that the ruling is just an "advisory opinion".<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=BBC|title=Chagos Islands dispute: UK obliged to end control - UN|url=https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland&veaction=edit|retrieved=23/06/2024}}</ref>

=== Military ===
The UK has 145 military bases in 42 countries and territories, including five countries encircling [[People's Republic of China|China]]. The 15 British bases in [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]] are contributing the Saudi invasion of [[Republic of Yemen|Yemen]]. In 2021, the British government published a document saying it would expand its nuclear arsenal from 200 to 260 weapons, which is a violation of the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]].<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==

* [[List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom]]

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Imperialist countries]]
[[Category:Global north]]
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:European countries]]

United States of America

2024-06-22T23:22:30Z

157.143.11.66:

<blockquote>''"United States" redirects here. For other uses, see [[United States (disambiguation)]].''</blockquote>{{Infobox country
| name = United States of America
| image_flag = Flag of the United States.svg
| population_estimate_year = 2021
| population_estimate = 331,893,745
| area_km2 = 9,833,520
| established_date1 = July 4, 1776
| established_event1 = [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]]
| empire = yes
| official_languages = English (de facto)
| demonym = Statesian<ref group="lower-alpha">Inhabitants of the USA are sometimes called simply "Americans", which can cause confusion because there are many other countries in the [[Americas]]. The terms "Statesian" and "United Statesian" are based on words in other languages, such as Spanish ''estadounidense'', that refer specifically to the USA</ref> United Statesian Yankee (pejorative) American (common)
| image_map_size = 220px
| image_map = USA orthographic.svg
| leader_name3 = [[Kamala Harris]]
| native_name = ᏌᏊᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏔᏅᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎺᏰᏟ ʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia Tannapta Nunaat Amiarikami Mílahaŋska Tȟamákȟočhe Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí Gichi-mookomaan-aki
| leader_title3 = President of the Senate
| leader_name2 = [[Mike Johnson]]
| leader_title2 = Speaker of the House
| leader_name1 = [[Joe Biden]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of the United States of America|President]]
| largest_city = [[New York City]]
| image_coat = Coat of arms of the United States.svg
| capital = [[Washington, D.C.]]
| government_type = Federal corporatocratic republic
| currency = United States dollar
| mode_of_production = [[Imperialism|Imperialist capitalism]]
| event_pre = Beginning of [[Statesian Revolution|revolution]]
| date_pre = April 19, 1775
| established_event2 = Current [[Constitution of the United States|constitution]]
| established_date2 = March 4, 1789
| established_event3 = Last state admitted
| established_date3 = August 21, 1959
}}
The '''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), commonly known as the '''United States''' ('''US'''), is the most influential [[Imperialism|imperialist]] [[Capitalism|capitalist]] state in the world, accounting for 15% of global GDP (PPP)<ref>{{News citation|date=2021|title=United States' share of global gross domestic product (GDP) adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP)|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/270267/united-states-share-of-global-gross-domestic-product-gdp/|newspaper=Statista|retrieved=2022-01-25}}</ref> and the highest military spending in the world, reaching more than 50% of global military spending.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Sara Flounders|newspaper=[[Workers World]]|title=Congressional chaos – deals and trades|date=2023-01|url=https://www.workers.org/2023/01/68509/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110165054/https://www.workers.org/2023/01/68509/|archive-date=2023-01-10|retrieved=2023-01-22}}</ref> It is the third most populous country in the world, with a population of more than 330 million people.<ref>{{News citation|date=2020|title=Population, total - United States|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=US|newspaper=World Bank|retrieved=2022-01-25}}</ref> The USA has only 5% of the world's population but 28% of global carbon dioxide emissions.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Workers World]]|title=Cyclone Freddy underscores inequalities – reparations for Africa!|date=2023-03-20|url=https://www.workers.org/2023/03/69956/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322201711/https://www.workers.org/2023/03/69956/|archive-date=2023-03-22|retrieved=2023-03-30}}</ref>

A modern [[United States imperialism|empire]], the United States sit at the center of a group of [[Imperial core|imperialist Western regimes]]. The USA is the leading country of many international imperialist organizations, such as the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]], [[Organization of American States]], [[The World Bank|World Bank]], [[International Monetary Fund]], [[National Endowment for Democracy]], [[Human Rights Watch]], and others.

The pervasiveness of [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] ideology, the frequent relationship between government officials and corporate board of directors, the tendency for war, and the reach of [[Nationalism|nationalist]], [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] and [[Racism|racial chauvinist]] ideas makes the USA a [[dictatorship of the bourgeoisie]] with traits of [[fascism]].<ref>Black Panther Party (1970) [https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/workers/black-panthers/1970/dope.htm Capitalism Plus Dope Equals Genocide] </ref><ref>Fred Hampton (1969) [https://www.marxists.org/archive/hampton/1969/11/class-struggle-godamnit.htm It’s a Class Struggle, Godamnit!]</ref><ref>Minju Joson (2016) [https://web.archive.org/web/20210528023946/https://kcnawatch.org/newstream/255411/minju-joson-on-final-doom-of-u-s/ Final Doom of U.S.]</ref> Wealth distribution is extremely unequal, with the richest three Statesians owning more than the poorest 160 million combined.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Noah Kirsch|newspaper=Forbes|title=The 3 Richest Americans Hold More Wealth Than Bottom 50% Of The Country, Study Finds|date=2017-11-09|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/noahkirsch/2017/11/09/the-3-richest-americans-hold-more-wealth-than-bottom-50-of-country-study-finds/?sh=7144ebfe3cf8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121000741/https://www.forbes.com/sites/noahkirsch/2017/11/09/the-3-richest-americans-hold-more-wealth-than-bottom-50-of-country-study-finds/?sh=3e972c243cf8|archive-date=2023-01-21|retrieved=2023-01-23}}</ref>

Beginning as a [[Settler colonialism|settler-colony]] of European maritime empires, the USA became an independent country in 1776. It has achieved remarkable economic, scientific and military development through the process of imperialism, where it uses military power to ensure access for its private industries to exploit the nations of the world. The United States deliberately killed over 11 million unarmed civilians in its imperialist wars and conquests before 2000<ref name=":6">{{Citation|author=Austin Murphy|year=2000|title=The Triumph of Evil|chapter=Introduction|section=|page=22–24, 34|pdf=https://mltheory.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/austin-murphy-the-triumph-of-evil.pdf|publisher=European Press Academic Publishing|isbn=8883980026}}</ref> and another 4.5 million in the 21st century.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Patrick Martin|newspaper=[[WSWS]]|title=US wars since 2001 have killed 4.5 million people|date=2023-05-19|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2023/05/19/gmyj-m19.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519034557/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2023/05/19/gmyj-m19.html|archive-date=2023-05-19}}</ref>

Many of its methods of exploitation employed outwardly are also employed inwardly towards its own population with increasing intensity as its economy has been in steady decline since the [[Great Recession|2008 financial crisis]] and the [[COVID-19 pandemic|2020–2022 COVID-19 pandemic]].

== Nomenclature ==
The official name of the country is the United States of America, but it is often shortened to US, America, or United States; however, these names are erroneous, as other countries, such as the [[Mexican United States]], share the same wording "United States" in their name. Furthermore, the term "America" and "American" could refer to the geographic locations or inhabitants of [[North America]], [[South America]], or both.

Some of the indigenous names for the whole of North America include: ''Mishiike Minisi'', ''Anowara:kowa'', and ''Khéya Wíta''.<ref group="lower-alpha">Respectively in Anishinaabe, Kanien'kéha and Lakota. All mean "Turtle Island".</ref> "America" is often respelled as "AmeriKKKa" in reference to the pervasiveness of [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] ideology in the US. In [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]], the US is referred to as ''Shaytân-e Bozorg'',<ref group="lower-alpha">Persian: شيطان بزرگ</ref> which means "the great Satan."<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Ruhollah Khomeini|date=1979-11-05|title=America the Great Satan|url=http://emam.com/posts/view/15718/Speech|newspaper=Emam.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522133828/http://emam.com/posts/view/15718/Speech/|archive-date=2016-05-22|retrieved=2021-12-29}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Pre-colonization ===
{{Main article|History of humanity}}
[[File:US native nations.png|thumb|Indigenous nations in what is now the United States before colonization. California natives are grouped together as "California Indians" because there are too many groups to fit into the map. Numbers show US military forts.]]
[[File:USA native languages.png|thumb|Map of indigenous groups by language family]]
Human settlement in the [[America|Americas]] began between 12,500 to 27,000 years ago through different possible routes recognized by researchers. The most common and accepted theory is that humans crossed through land between Siberia and Alaska in the Beringia region at least 30,000 years ago,<ref>{{Citation|author=David J. Meltzer|year=2009|title=First peoples in a New World: colonizing Ice Age America|page=329|quote=The port of entry for America’s ﬁrst peoples was the Bering Sea region. They could, and likely did, walk across from Siberia to Alaska when expanding continental ice sheets dropped sea levels worldwide and Beringia surfaced. Crossing its Mammoth Steppe, blanketed by parkland and grazed by mammoth, horse, and bison, was possible anytime between 27,000 and 10,000 years ago. The recent genetic evidence of a possible Beringian standstill suggests the ﬁrst peoples may have been relatively isolated in this region for much of that time.|publisher=University of California Press}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=Erika Tamm, et al|year=2007|title=Beringian Standstill and spread of Native American founders|title-url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000829#pone.0000829-Pitulko1|quote=The new data suggest that the initial founders of the Americas emerged from a single source ancestral population that evolved in isolation, likely in Beringia. This scenario is consistent with the unique pattern of diversity from autosomal locus D9S1120 of a private allele in high frequency and ubiquitous in the Americas. The finding that humans were present at the Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site dated to 30,000 ybp suggests that the isolation in Beringia might have lasted up to 15,000 years. Following this isolation, the initial founders of the Americas began rapidly populating the New World from North to South America.|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000829}}</ref> when the sea levels were at a minimum, revealing a pathway which made possible to cross between the lands, and stayed there until at least 12,500 years ago,<ref>{{Citation|author=David J. Meltzer|year=2009|title=First peoples in a New World: colonizing Ice Age America|page=329|quote=In any case, it appears from the evidence at Monte Verde that the ﬁrst Americans were here by at least 12,500 BP and possibly earlier still. Certainly by 11,500 BP, Clovis Paleoindians were widespread, possibly representing a second migratory pulse to the New World, one that may have spread across the continent in less than a thousand years.|publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> when they went deep into American land.

Genetic evidence based on mitochondrial DNA suggests that the last common ancestor between central Asian and North American indigenous peoples was estimated to have diverged between 25,000 to 20,000 years ago,<ref>{{Citation|author=Goebel, Waters & O’Rourke|year=2008|title=The Late Pleistocene dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas|quote=Establishing when central Asian and Native American haplogroup lineages last shared a common ancestor has proven to be difficult. Current coalescent estimates based on variation in extant mtDNA lineages set the event at 25 to 20 ka or less than 20 ka, after the last glacial maximum (LGM), and estimates based on Y- chromosome variability suggest that divergence occurred after 22.5 ka, possibly as late as 20 to 15 ka.|doi=10.1126/science.1153569}}</ref> during the time humans were located at the Beringian region, and subhaplogroup analysis suggest that dispersion from Beringia may have occurred as early as 16,000 years ago.<ref>{{Citation|author=Goebel, Waters & O’Rourke|year=2008|title=The Late Pleistocene dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas.|doi=10.1126/science.1153569|quote=New analyses of haplogroup subclades help to resolve when modern humans subsequently spread from Beringia to the rest of the Americas. Three subclades of mtDNA subhaplogroup C1 are widely distributed among North, Central, and South Americans but absent in Asian populations, which suggests that they evolved after the central Asian–Native American split, as the first Americans were dispersing from Beringia. The estimated date of coalescence for these subclades is 16.6 to 11.2 ka, which suggests that the colonization of the Americas south of the continental ice sheets may have occurred some time during the late-glacial period, thousands of years after the initial splitting of Asian and Native American lineages.|page=}}</ref>

Around 10,500 years ago, the peoples of the eastern region of North America, developed agriculture based on corn, domestication of animals, along with hunting, fishing and gathering.<ref>{{Citation|author=Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz|year=2014|title=An indigenous peoples' history of the United States|page=15-16|quote=Domestication of plants took place around the globe in seven locales during approximately the same period, around 8500 BC. Three of the seven were in the Americas, all based on corn: the Valley of Mexico and Central America (Mesoamerica); the South-Central Andes in South America; and eastern North America. [...] During this time, many of the same human societies began domesticating animals. Only in the American continents was the parallel domestication of animals eschewed in favor of game management, a kind of animal husbandry different from that developed in Africa and Asia. In these seven areas, agriculture based "civilized" societies developed in symbiosis with hunting, fishing, and gathering peoples on their peripheries, gradually enveloping many of the latter into the realms of their civilizations, except for those in regions inhospitable to agriculture.|isbn=978-0-8070-0040-3|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=D80C34C2EDEF56A1CA68F01727416207}}</ref> The development of agriculture in the region also required complex irrigation systems and developed through extensive trade between the peoples of Central and South America.<ref>{{Citation|author=Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz|year=2014|title=An indigenous peoples' history of the United States|page=16|isbn=978-0-8070-0040-3|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=D80C34C2EDEF56A1CA68F01727416207|quote=Corn, being a summer crop, can tolerate no more than twenty to thirty days without water and even less time in high temperatures. Many of the areas where corn was the staple were arid or semiarid, so its cultivation required the design and construction of complex irrigation systems-in place at least two thousand years be fore Europeans knew the Americas existed. The proliferation of agriculture and cultigens could not have occurred without centuries of cultural and commercial interchange among the peoples of North, Central, and South America, whose traders carried seeds as well as other goods and cultural practices.}}</ref> By the 15th century, the population of the whole continent of America was about 100 million people, and about 40 million lived in North America. In comparison, the [[Europe|European]] peoples at that time amounted to around 50 million.<ref>{{Citation|author=Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz|year=2014|title=An indigenous peoples' history of the United States|page=17|isbn=978-0-8070-0040-3|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=D80C34C2EDEF56A1CA68F01727416207|quote=The total population of the hemisphere was about one hundred million at the end of the fifteenth century, with about two-fifths in North America, including Mexico. Central Mexico alone supported some thirty million people. At the same time, the population of Europe as far east as the Ural Mountains was around fifty million.}}</ref>

At the beginning of European colonization, most indigenous peoples lived in agricultural societies but others were hunters and gatherers.<ref name=":2">{{News citation|author=Dennis Etler|newspaper=[[CGTN]]|title=U.S. treatment of Native Americans is a gross human rights violation|date=2021-03-29|url=https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-03-26/U-S-treatment-of-Native-Americans-is-a-gross-human-rights-violation-YVtGCFbCJa/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219235353/https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-03-26/U-S-treatment-of-Native-Americans-is-a-gross-human-rights-violation-YVtGCFbCJa/index.html|archive-date=2022-02-19|retrieved=2022-07-01}}</ref>

=== European colonization ===
In the 17th century, settlers from Britain and Holland began to arrive in North America. Of 10,000 settlers who left from Bristol between 1654 and 1685, most were farmers and artisans and less than 15% were [[Proletariat|proletarians]]. The settlers initially enslaved both Africans and natives.<ref name=":3">{{Citation|author=[[J. Sakai]]|year=1983|title=Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat|title-url=https://readsettlers.org/text-index.html|chapter=The Heart of Whiteness|chapter-url=https://readsettlers.org/ch1.html|section=|isbn=9781629630762}}</ref>

In 1675, [[Metacomet]], also known as "King Philip," led an uprising against the settlers.<ref name=":4">{{Citation|author=J. Sakai|year=1983|title=Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat|title-url=https://readsettlers.org/text-index.html|chapter=Struggles & Alliances|chapter-url=https://readsettlers.org/ch2.html|isbn=9781629630762}}</ref>

In 1715, the settlers sold their native slaves abroad and focused on enslaving Africans. By the Revolutionary War, New Afrikans made up over 20% of the non-indigenous population, including more than half in Virginia and South Carolina.<ref name=":3" />
==== Bacon's Rebellion ====
Soon after King Philip's War, a conflict broke out in Virginia between settlers and the Susquehannock. A settler army of 1,100 surrounded the Susquehannock fort and executed five of their leaders, inspiring them to begin a guerrilla warfare campaign. In May 1676, plantation owner [[Nathaniel Bacon]] formed a vigilante group to attack the Susquehannock, against the orders of the British colonial governor. He went to an Occaneechee fort and persuaded the Occaneechee to attack the Susquehannock. After the Susquehannock were defeated, Bacon attacked the Occaneechee to steal their beaver furs, which were worth about £1,000.

After defeating the Occaneechee, Bacon turned against Governor [[William Berkeley]], whom he accused of secretly selling guns to the indigenous peoples. On June 23, 1676, he marched to Jamestown with an army of over 500 and captured the city. Loyalist forces arrived in September but Bacon soon recaptured the city and burned it down.<ref name=":4" />

==== Seven Years' War ====
During the [[Seven Years' War]], the British fought against [[Kingdom of France (987–1792)|France]] and their indigenous allies. The indigenous peoples supported the French because they traded with them but did not want to occupy their land. The British defeated the French in 1763 and France ceded the land west of the Appalachians to Britain. The natives continued a guerrilla warfare campaign against the British until they passed the Proclamation of 1763, which prevented colonists from settling west of the Appalachians.<ref name=":02">{{Citation|author=[[Howard Zinn]]|year=1980|title=A People's History of the United States|title-url=https://www.howardzinn.org/collection/peoples-history/|chapter=A Kind of Revolution|page=89–90|pdf=https://files.libcom.org/files/A%20People's%20History%20of%20the%20Unite%20-%20Howard%20Zinn.pdf|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=0060194480}}</ref>

After 1765, a crisis began between British authorities and colonists and local newspapers were pressured to censor anti-secessionist material. The [[Sons of Liberty]] attacked and rioted against loyalists.<ref name=":023">{{Citation|author=Albert Szymanski|year=1984|title=Human Rights in the Soviet Union|chapter=The Land of the Free|page=152–156|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceazdmtb2y3qq27fve5ib3gk7uv2unt6ae2xss74xmfpur7k5uhl5m?filename=Albert%20Szymanski%20-%20Human%20Rights%20in%20the%20Soviet%20Union_%20Including%20Comparisons%20with%20the%20U.S.A.-Zed%20Books%20Ltd.%20%281984%29.pdf|city=London|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|isbn=0862320186|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C597B1232D9EA6B0F3DCB438D7E15A81}}</ref>

=== Independence War ===
{{Main article|Statesian Revolution}}Between 1775 and 1778, state governments passed laws making it illegal to criticize the [[Continental Congress]], which was organizing a rebellion against the British. Eight states banished prominent loyalists and all states deprived their right to vote. Between 80,000 and 100,000 loyalists fled during the revolution, half of which moved to [[Canada]]. The percentage of colonists that fled from the Statesian Revolution (4% of the white population) was higher than those who fled the [[Russian revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] (only 1.5% of the total population).<ref name=":023" />

During the Statesian Revolution, the British tried to form an alliance with the [[Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)|Cherokee Nation]] and provided them with weapons and funding. In 1776, over 5,000 settlers from Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas invaded the Cherokee Nation. Settlers attacked the Cherokee Nation again in 1780 and 1781.

In 1777, the British formed an alliance with the Shawnee in what is now Ohio. In 1780, settlers from Virginia attacked the Shawnee in what is now southern Ohio.

In the north, the six nations of the [[Haudenosaunee Confederacy|Haudenosaunee]] took different sides in the war. The Mohawk and Senecas sided with the British, the Oneidas sided with the settlers, and the Cayuga, Onondaga, and Tuscarora were neutral. [[George Washington]] gave orders to destroy the villages of the nations that did not side with the United States. The British surrendered in 1783 and allowed Statesian settlers to expand west into the territory between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz]]|year=2014|title=An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States|chapter=Bloody Footprints|page=72–78|pdf=https://www.lcps.org/cms/lib/VA01000195/Centricity/Domain/10601/An%20Indigenous%20Peoples%20History%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Ortiz.pdf|city=Boston|publisher=Beacon Press Books|series=ReVisioning American History|title-url=}}</ref>

=== Early republic ===

==== Articles of Confederation ====

===== Shays' rebellion =====
In 1786, farmers in western Massachusetts rebelled because of [[debt]] and [[Tax|taxes]], which were four times as high as they had been under the British. Washington opposed the uprising, and [[Samuel Adams]] passed the Riot Act to crush dissent.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Chad Pearson|newspaper=[[MR Online]]|title=Sober Up Liberals: The U.S. Constitution Sucks|date=2023-07-12|url=https://mronline.org/2023/07/12/sober-up-liberals-the-u-s-constitution-sucks/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712132453/https://mronline.org/2023/07/12/sober-up-liberals-the-u-s-constitution-sucks/|archive-date=2023-07-12}}</ref>

==== Federalist Era ====
The first decades after U.S. independence were characterized by conflict between the [[Federalist Party (United States)|Federalist Party]], which favored the wealthy, and the [[Democratic-Republican Party]], which favored small farmers. [[John Adams]], George Washington's Federalist successor, passed the [[Alien and Sedition Acts]] in 1798 to enforce [[censorship]] and ban criticism of the government. The law sentenced the radical labor leader David Brown to prison in October 1798 after he put up a pole saying "Downfall to the tyrants of America."<ref name=":023" />

===== Whiskey Rebellion =====

===== Invasion of Ohio =====
In 1784, the Continental Congress deployed [[Josiah Harmar]] to the [[Northwest Territory]] to survey the land so it could be sold to settlers. The USA built its first fort, Fort Harmar, in what is now [[Ohio]] in 1785, followed by Fort Washington in modern-day Cincinnati in 1789. From there, Harmar invaded the Miami and Shawnee nations and lost almost 200 troops in four days before retreating.<ref name=":123">{{Citation|author=David Vine|year=2020|title=The United States of War|isbn=9780520972070|city=Oakland|publisher=University of California Press|lg=http://library.lol/main/191568BFAC73F009132DB00ECD0F0F05|page=|chapter=Why Are So Many Places Named Fort?}}</ref>:103–6

Mohawk leader Thayendanegea had formed an alliance of the indigenous nations in the Ohio River valley in the 1780s and received weapons from the British. Secretary of War [[Henry Knox]] organized an army of settlers from Kentucky to invade the territory of the Miami and Shawnee nations.<ref name=":8">{{Citation|author=[[Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz]]|year=2014|title=An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States|chapter=The Birth of a Nation|page=81–87|pdf=https://www.lcps.org/cms/lib/VA01000195/Centricity/Domain/10601/An%20Indigenous%20Peoples%20History%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Ortiz.pdf|city=Boston|publisher=Beacon Press Books|series=ReVisioning American History|title-url=}}</ref> Little Turtle and Blue Jacket ambushed the settler army, who destroyed 300 buildings and looted the two largest Miami towns. In 1791, they destroyed the invading army led by [[Arthur St. Clair]] at the Battle of Wabash, which was one of the largest defeats of the U.S. military in history.<ref name=":9">{{Citation|author=[[Nick Estes]], et al.|year=2021|title=Red Nation Rising|chapter=Anti-Indianism|page=22–27|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacechp4anuu3vkx7ttze5vwtbbslqpqkouqemkpa5xui27eulvyntx2?filename=Nick%20Estes%2C%20Melanie%20Yazzie%2C%20Jennifer%20Nez%20Denetdale%2C%20David%20Correia%20-%20Red%20Nation%20Rising_%20From%20Bordertown%20Violence%20to%20Native%20Liberation-PM%20Press%20%282021%29.pdf}}</ref> 637 U.S. soldiers died, and less than half of St. Clair's forces returned unharmed to Fort Washington.<ref name=":123" />:106 Anthony Wayne, who led the settlers from 1792 to 1794, destroyed food supplies and murdered native civilians. After Blue Jacket refused an ultimatum at Fort Defiance, settler forces began an extermination campaign against civilians. They defeated the Shawnee at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in August 1794.

In 1794, [[John Jay]] signed a treaty with the British that made them leave their 13 forts in the Northwest.<ref name=":123" />:108 The USA annexed southern Ohio in 1795 with the Treaty of Greenville.<ref name=":8" /> The British occupied some territory south of the Canadian border until 1796, when they withdrew and ended their support for the indigenous resistance.<ref name=":123" />:105–8

===== Quasi-War =====
Between 1798 and 1800, the USA fought undeclared naval battles with [[French Republic (1792–1804)|France]] in the Caribbean because it was seizing U.S. merchant ships. Congress was only two votes away from declaring war on France.<ref name=":1232">{{Citation|author=David Vine|year=2020|title=The United States of War|isbn=9780520972070|city=Oakland|publisher=University of California Press|lg=http://library.lol/main/191568BFAC73F009132DB00ECD0F0F05|page=|chapter=Invading Your Neighbors}}</ref>:135

==== Jeffersonian Era ====
In 1801, slave owner [[Thomas Jefferson]] came to power and replaced the Federalist government. He pardoned people convicted under the Alien and Sedition Acts but continued censorship and political repression against his own political opponents.<ref name=":023" />

In 1803, Congress approved $2,500 for Meriweather Lewis and William Clark's military expedition through the [[Louisiana Territory]] to plan the annexation of that area. Later, Zebulon Pike led expeditions in the Southwest and the Mississippi headwaters. In late 1803, the USA bought the Louisiana Territory from [[French Empire (1804–1815)|France]], which had secretly taken it from [[Kingdom of Spain|Spain]] in 1800. In 1806, Statesian and Spanish soldiers had a skirmish on the border of [[State of Texas|Texas]].<ref name=":123" />:113–8

Congress banned the international slave trade in 1808 without ending slavery within the country. In the early 19th century, the [[American Colonization Society]] emerged and attempted to [[Idealism|persuade]] slave owners to sell their slaves and send them back to Africa to spread [[Christianity]]. It sought to make the United States into a white-only country without forcibly freeing the slaves. [[State of Indiana|Indiana]], [[State of Illinois|Illinois]], [[State of Iowa|Iowa]], and [[State of Oregon|Oregon]] completely banned Black people (enslaved or free) from living in their territory.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=Liberalism and Racial Slavery: A Unique Twin Birth|page=52–57|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf}}</ref>

In 1807, the Shawnee brothers [[Tecumseh]] and Tenskwatawa began a movement for indigenous peoples to return to their pre-colonial culture. Tecumseh united the nations of the northwest and presented a program to prevent settlers from buying native land. The governor of Indiana, [[William Henry Harrison]], bribed some Delaware, Miami, and Potawatomi to give up their land in 1809. In 1810, he moved south to bring the Muskogees, Choctaws, and Chickasaws into the alliance. In November 1811, Statesian troops attacked Tenskwatawa at Prophetstown and killed 200 natives. After the attack, Kickapoos, Winnebagos, Potawatomis, and Creeks obtained British weapons from Canada to fight the settlers.<ref name=":8" />

===== War of 1812 =====
{{Main article|War of 1812}}
The United States declared war on [[Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922)|Britain]] in 1812 because of its connections to Tecumseh's [[Anti-colonialism|anticolonial]] movement. Indigenous forces liberated Michigan and forced thousands of settlers out of Illinois and Indiana, but the USA killed Tecumseh at the Battle of Thames in 1813, destroying the resistance.<ref name=":8" />

===== Barbary Wars =====
The Berber states of North Africa (Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis) demanded taxes from ships traveling through their waters and captured ships if they refused to pay. Between 1801 and 1805, Jefferson sent the Navy to fight them and occupy Tripoli. In 1815, only ten days after the War of 1812 ended, [[James Madison]] told Congress to declare war again. The Navy quickly captured two warships from Algiers and forced them to end tribute payments.<ref name=":1232" />:133–4

==== Era of Good Feelings ====

=== Jacksonian Era ===
[[File:USA settler expansion.png|thumb|338x338px|United States occupation of native land from 1783 to 1893]]
After the war against the British Empire, the fledgling United States expanded westward with Thomas Jefferson (the third in [[List of Presidents of the United States|a long line of Presidents]]) referring to the country as an "empire of liberty." As Nancy Isenberg elucidates in her book ''White Trash: The 400-Year Untold History of Class in America'': "The Louisiana Territory, as he envisioned it, would encourage agriculture and forestall the growth of manufacturing and urban poverty—that was his formula for liberty. It was not [[Benjamin Franklin|Franklin]]'s “happy mediocrity” (a compression of classes across an endless stretch of unsettled land), but a nation of farmers large and small. This difference is not nominal: Franklin and [[Thomas Paine|Paine]] used Pennsylvania as their model, while Jefferson saw America’s future—and the contours of its [[Class society|class system]]—through the prism of Virginia."<ref>{{Citation|author=Nancy Isenberg|year=2016|title=White trash: the 400-year untold history of class in America|publisher=Viking|isbn=9780670785971|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=858AE1D454C3854355613E1824C318ED|page=92}}</ref>

Around 1800, as the lands further to the west were opened up to the fledgling United States, the young state saw the land as a way to appease its population and strengthen its power in the world. As Nancy Isenberg further explains: "By 1800, one-fifth of the American population had resettled on its 'frontier,' the territory between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi. Effective regulation of this mass migration was well beyond the limited powers of the federal government. Even so, officials understood that the country’s future depended on controlling this vast territory. Financial matters were involved too. Government sale of these lands was needed to reduce the nation’s war debts. Besides, the lands were hardly empty, and the potential for violent conflicts with Native Americans was ever present, as white migrants settled on lands they did not own. National greatness depended as much as anything upon the class of settlers that was advancing into the new territories."<ref>{{Citation|author=Nancy Isenberg|year=2016|title=White trash: the 400-year untold history of class in America|publisher=Viking|isbn=9780670785971|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=858AE1D454C3854355613E1824C318ED|page=110}}</ref>

After the Statesian Revolution, the United States began a genocidal policy of "[[Indian Removal Act|Indian Removal]]" to clear the land between the Mississippi River and the Appalachians for settlers. In 1790, most of the settler population lived within 50 miles of the Atlantic Ocean. From 1800 to 1830, the number of white settlers west of the Appalachians grew from 700,000 to 4.5 million. Between 1820 and 1844, the number of Native Americans living east of the Mississippi dropped from 120,000 to under 30,000. President [[Thomas Jefferson]] bought the Louisiana Territory from [[French Republic (1792–1804)|France]] in 1803, doubling the size of the United States and extending the frontier to the Rocky Mountains.<ref name=":5">{{Citation|author=Howard Zinn|year=1980|title=A People's History of the United States|title-url=https://www.howardzinn.org/collection/peoples-history/|chapter=As Long as Grass Grows or Water Runs|page=124–129|pdf=https://files.libcom.org/files/A%20People's%20History%20of%20the%20Unite%20-%20Howard%20Zinn.pdf}}</ref>

Through a series of treaties from 1814 to 1824, settlers took control of most of [[Alabama]] and [[Florida]] as well as parts of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Commonwealth of Kentucky|Kentucky]], [[Mississippi]], [[North Carolina]], and [[State of Tennessee|Tennessee]]. Future president [[Andrew Jackson]] relied on bribery and threats to make native leaders sign these treaties. In 1818, he began raids into [[Governorate of Florida (1783–1821)|Spanish Florida]] and destroyed Seminole villages until [[Kingdom of Spain (1813–1873)|Spain]] surrendered the territory to the United States in 1819.<ref name=":5" />

==== Trail of Tears ====
[[File:A map of the process of Indian Removal in the US, 1830–1838. Oklahoma is depicted in light yellow-green..png|thumb|Map of the five nations deported to Oklahoma under the Indian Removal Act]]
Presidents Andrew Jackson and [[Martin Van Buren]] forced 70,000 Native Americans to move west across the Mississippi River. Secretary of War [[Lewis Cass]] promised in 1825 that the United States would never try to take indigenous land west of the Mississippi.<ref name=":5" />

Half of the 16,000 Cherokees died during the march. The Muskogees and Seminoles suffered similar death rates and about 15% of the Choctaws and Chickasaws died on the way to Oklahoma.'''<ref name=":82">{{Citation|author=[[Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz]]|year=2014|title=An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States|chapter=Andrew Jackson's White Republic|page=112–113|pdf=https://www.lcps.org/cms/lib/VA01000195/Centricity/Domain/10601/An%20Indigenous%20Peoples%20History%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Ortiz.pdf|city=Boston|publisher=Beacon Press Books|series=ReVisioning American History|title-url=}}</ref>'''

==== Invasion of Mexico ====
{{Main article|Mexican–Statesian War}}
[[File:Mexican cession map.png|thumb|232x232px|Territories occupied by the USA in 1848 in red. The USA bought more territory in 1853.]]
After the Mexican government banned slavery in 1829, US-backed settlers in Texas rebelled to form the Republic of Texas in 1836, which the United States annexed in 1845. The United States invaded Mexico in 1846, beginning in Veracruz. They occupied Mexico City in 1848 and did not leave until Mexico surrendered [[Aztlán|its northern territories]] to the USA. After the annexation, U.S. cavalry troops attacked the Apaches led by [[Mangas Coloradas]], destroying crops and villages and murdering civilians.'''<ref name=":822">{{Citation|author=[[Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz]]|year=2014|title=An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States|chapter=Sea to Shining Sea|page=123–132|pdf=https://www.lcps.org/cms/lib/VA01000195/Centricity/Domain/10601/An%20Indigenous%20Peoples%20History%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Ortiz.pdf|city=Boston|publisher=Beacon Press Books|series=ReVisioning American History|title-url=}}</ref>'''

==== Abolitionist movement ====
In 1805, [[South Carolina]] passed laws that allowed executing people who supported or encouraged slave rebellions. [[State of Georgia|Georgia]] passed a similar law around the same time.<ref name=":10" />

By 1830, following the abolition of slavery in much of Latin America, the United States was effectively in a cold war with [[Republic of Haiti|Haiti]]. [[State of South Carolina|South Carolina]] banned Africans from Haiti and other French colonies from entering the country in order to limit the spread of abolitionism.<ref name=":122">{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=Crisis of the English and American Models|page=|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf}}</ref>:151

In 1836, Andrew Jackson allowed the postmaster general to censor any newspapers critical of slavery. The [[United States Congress#House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] banned examining antislavery petitions.<ref name=":10">{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=Were Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century England and America Liberal?|page=102|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf}}</ref>

==== Slave rebellions and enslaved Africans ====
[[Peasantry|Yeoman farmers]], who did not own slave labor, made up the majority of whites. They sometimes believed in the institution of slavery but also occasionally challenged the goals of the planter elite, especially on the western frontier of the U.S, where they advocated for the gradual abolition of slavery. Due to the dominance of cotton in the south, and yeoman farmers there saw, how detrimental it was to their own survival to compete with the slave owning elite, working from dawn until dusk on with their own hands on their own lands. Poor white farms gained more voting rights in the 1830s and 1840s and sought to influence state legislatures about their political and economic concerns. Even then, trouble arose for elite slave owners with nations around the world from Europe to South America abolishing slavery, as the abolition movement picked up steam, an example of which, Britain's emancipation of <nowiki>''</nowiki>all slaves<nowiki>''</nowiki> in 1834, so elite white farmers came up with a system that was to ensure the institution of slavery was to be intact forever. With the three-fifths compromise, giving elite whites political power in congress, white elite planters also consolidated power, by making loans to those in need, hiring poor whites for work, as well as using resources to transport crops of yeoman farmers to the market. Even if some yeoman farmers didn't participate in the institution of slavery, they had major incentives not to end it because white settler colonial elites had made white society dependent upon themselves. White settler-colonialism, and its justification for the institution for slavery, was a political and economic move, to coerce, and influence those in slavery, and those who didn't contribute to slavery as much as actual slave owners, to disprove the evils, and horrors of slavery and to justify its evil to end it. The white settler elite created the idea of white supremacy to uphold white society together under elitist control. The idea that all whites were equal and superior towards black African slaves, was not in question due to the lower, and poor white farmers, who either did or did not support the idea of white supremacy, not having any benefits to opposing the idea of it, since the elite white farmers did in fact keep the yeoman poor farmers alive, and sustainable. Two justifying phrases include those that explain slavery, as a <nowiki>''</nowiki>necessary evil<nowiki>''</nowiki> or a <nowiki>''</nowiki>positive good<nowiki>''</nowiki>. [[John C. Calhoun]] noted that:

<nowiki>''</nowiki>I hold that in the present state of civilization, where two races of different origin, and distinguished by color, and other physical differences, as well as intellectual, are brought together, the relation now existing in the slaveholding States between the two, is, instead of an evil, a good - positive good... There never has yet existed a wealthy and civilized society in which one portion of the community did not, in point of fact, live on the labor of the other. Broad and general as is this assertion, it is fully borne out by history... I fearlessly assert that the existing relation between the two races in the South, against which these blind fanatics are waging war, forms the most solid and durable foundation on which to rear free and stable political institutions.<nowiki>''</nowiki>

Explaining the <nowiki>''inherent'', and ''moral'', as well as, ''necessary''</nowiki>, domination of the white race over the black, race bound southern society together. The planter elite and forged a unbreakable tie with the lower white classes and established a stronghold on southern culture.{{Citation needed}}

===== Nat Turner's rebellion =====
The largest slave rebellion in the United States happened near New Orleans in 1811. 400 or 500 armed slaves overthrew the plantation owner and began liberating slaves from other plantations. The U.S. army crushed the uprising, immediately killing 66 rebels and executing 16 later.

In 1822, [[Denmark Vesey]] planned to start a large rebellion in Charleston, [[South Carolina]], which was the sixth largest city in the USA. When authorities found out, they hanged Vesey and 34 others. The trial record was destroyed soon after.

Nat Turner's Rebellion, was an organized slave revolt in Virginia, led by an enslaved worker named Nat Turner. Being a spiritual individual he believed that god had chosen him for a mission. In obedience to that vision, Turner and his followers began by killing his masters in Southhampton county and then headed to other plantations to do the same. In the end Turner and his followers had killed 57 white people and the next day the Virginia Militia encountered the rebels and squashed the rebellion. Turner and 55 others believed to be his conspirators were hanged. And as a result of this, Virginia planters panicked, and unleashed terror on an estimated 200 of their enslaved workers, beating all of them and killing many.<ref name=":024">{{Citation|author=[[Howard Zinn]]|year=1980|title=A People's History of the United States|title-url=https://www.howardzinn.org/collection/peoples-history/|chapter=Slavery without Submission, Emancipation without Freedom|page=165–166|pdf=https://files.libcom.org/files/A%20People's%20History%20of%20the%20Unite%20-%20Howard%20Zinn.pdf|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=0060194480}}</ref>

===== John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry =====
[[John Brown]] tried to start a slave rebellion in Virginia in 1859. He failed and was executed by hanging.<ref name=":122" />

=== Civil War era ===
{{Main article|Statesian Civil War}}
[[File:Statesian civil war map.svg|thumb|United States in blue and Confederacy in red. Light blue states remained in the Union but allowed slavery.]]
In January 1861, several slave states seceded from the USA to form the [[Confederate States of America (1861–1865)|Confederate States of America]]. They seized an army base at Fort Sumter in April, beginning a war against the United States. In addition the the Union Army, the Confederacy also fought against [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] units of indigenous peoples and former slaves in Kansas.<ref name=":03">{{Citation|author=[[Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz]]|year=2014|title=An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States|chapter="Indian Country"|pdf=https://www.lcps.org/cms/lib/VA01000195/Centricity/Domain/10601/An%20Indigenous%20Peoples%20History%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Ortiz.pdf|city=Boston, Massachusetts|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=9780807000403|page=}}</ref>:133–6

==== Reconstruction ====
After the defeat of the Confederacy, [[United States Congress|Congress]] passed a series of laws putting the south under military rule. The army prevented former Confederates from voting and organized an anti-secessionist electorate. They elected delegates to create new state constitutions so their states could rejoin the USA. The army enfranchised almost 700,000 Black people and prevented 200,000 Confederates from voting. Most Confederate leaders were only jailed for short periods or not at all, and only one, Henry Wirz, was executed.

President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] declared martial law in nine counties of [[South Carolina]] to combat the [[Ku Klux Klan]] and arrested 500 to 600 people. In 1872, an amnesty act restored voting rights to most Confederates and only kept the top 300 or 400 disenfranchised. Many former slave owners fled to [[Federative Republic of Brazil#Empire era (1822–1889)|Brazil]] or [[Cuba]].<ref name=":0232">{{Citation|author=Albert Szymanski|year=1984|title=Human Rights in the Soviet Union|chapter=The Land of the Free|page=160–161|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceazdmtb2y3qq27fve5ib3gk7uv2unt6ae2xss74xmfpur7k5uhl5m?filename=Albert%20Szymanski%20-%20Human%20Rights%20in%20the%20Soviet%20Union_%20Including%20Comparisons%20with%20the%20U.S.A.-Zed%20Books%20Ltd.%20%281984%29.pdf|city=London|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|isbn=0862320186|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C597B1232D9EA6B0F3DCB438D7E15A81}}</ref> Reconstruction ended in 1877, leading to the creation of a white supremacist dictatorship in the south.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=The West and the Barbarians|page=222|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf}}</ref>

=== Westward expansion ===
[[File:Western US wars map.png|thumb|Map of military bases and battles against indigenous nations between 1860 and 1890]]The U.S. Army fought 943 battles and skirmishes against native peoples between 1865 and 1898. Settlers reduced the native population in California from 150,000 in 1845 to 18,000 in 1890.<ref name=":12322">{{Citation|author=David Vine|year=2020|title=The United States of War|isbn=9780520972070|city=Oakland|publisher=University of California Press|lg=http://library.lol/main/191568BFAC73F009132DB00ECD0F0F05|page=157–66|chapter=The Permanent Indian Frontier}}</ref>

The Arapaho, Arikara, Assiniboine, Cheyenne, Crow, Gros Ventre, Mandan, and [[Lakota people|Sioux]] signed a treaty with the United States that reserved them to certain areas of land in exchange for the government paying them goods for ten years. It allowed the government to build roads and forts on their reservations. Despite the promise of goods, many natives were starving by 1853.

The Dakota people of [[Minnesota]] were starving by 1862 and began a revolt against the settlers. The Union crushed them and hanged 38 in the largest mass execution in U.S. history. [[John Chivington]]'s volunteers killed 133 Cheyennes and Arapahos on the Sand Creek reservation. Colonel [[Patrick Connor]] massacred the Shoshone, Bannock, and Ute in [[Nevada]] and [[Utah]]. [[James Carleton]] fought against [[Cochise]], the leader of the [[Apache|Apaches]], in Arizona. He enlisted [[Kit Carson]], who forced 8,000 [[Navajo]] people to march 300 miles to a concentration camp in the [[New Mexico]] desert. A quarter of them starved to death.<ref name=":03" />:136–9

[[Black Kettle]] (''Mo'ôhtavetoo'o'') of the Cheyenne survived the Sand Creek massacre and was forced into Indian Territory (now Oklahoma). The Army killed civilians in response to a guerrilla resistance. Black Kettle rode out unarmed to meet with [[George Custer]], and Custer ordered his soldiers to shoot him even though he was flying a white flag.<ref name=":03" />:145–6 In 1874, the Army attacked Arapahos, Cheyennes, Comanches, and Kiowas in northern Texas and destroyed their supplies, forcing them onto reservations.<ref name=":12322" />

In 1877, [[Chief Joseph]] (''Hinmatóowyalahtq̓it'') of the [[Nez Perce]] led 800 civilians out of Idaho and towards the Canadian border. They held out for four months while 2,000 soldiers pursued them. In 1878, [[Little Wolf]] (''Ó'kôhómôxháahketa'') and [[Dull Knife]] (''Vóóhéhéve'') led more than 3,000 Cheyenne out of Oklahoma and back to their homeland in [[Montana]] and [[Wyoming]]. The military caught them and put them on a reservation that included only part of their homeland.<ref name=":03" />:149–50

The Lakota and Cheyenne, led by [[Crazy Horse]] (''Tȟašúŋke Witkó'') and [[Sitting Bull]] (''Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake''), killed Custer and defeated his entire Seventh Cavalry at Little Bighorn in 1876. A year later, the USA captured Crazy Horse and killed him when he tried to escape.<ref name=":03" />:151–2 In response, the Army began a ruthless campaign that ended with the Wounded Knee massacre of 1890, killing up to 300 unarmed and starving people. With the decline of the resistance, the number of forts dropped from 187 to 118.<ref name=":12322" />

By 1879, dozens of native nations were confined to Indian Territory.<ref name=":12322" /> [[Geronimo]] (''Goyaałé'') of the Apache nation led a resistance war against the U.S. colonizers from 1850 to 1886.<ref name=":9" /> He surrendered as a prisoner of war, and the Army sent him and his nation to Fort Sill in Indian Territory.<ref name=":03" />:150–51

===Rise as global empire===
Between the end of the Civil War and the invasion of Cuba in 1898, the United States expanded its army from 25,000 to almost 300,000 troops.<ref name=":83">{{Citation|author=[[Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz]]|year=2014|title=An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States|chapter=US Triumphalism and Peacetime Colonialism|page=164|pdf=https://www.lcps.org/cms/lib/VA01000195/Centricity/Domain/10601/An%20Indigenous%20Peoples%20History%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Ortiz.pdf|city=Boston|publisher=Beacon Press Books|series=ReVisioning American History|title-url=}}</ref>

The USA began an attack against the workers' movement following the [[Haymarket affair]] of 1886 and executed four [[Anarchism|anarchists]], including two who had not been involved in the incident. Soon after, the police raided the houses of dissidents throughout Chicago and destroyed foreign language newspapers. Leaders of the [[Noble Order of the Knights of Labor|Knights of Labor]] from multiple states were also arrested.

Starting in 1892, states began to declare martial law in order to suppress [[Strike action|strikes]]. In 1903, 1,000 troops invaded the town of Cripple Creek, Colorado, arrested 600 strikers, and held them in prison for weeks without trial.<ref name=":0233">{{Citation|author=Albert Szymanski|year=1984|title=Human Rights in the Soviet Union|chapter=The Land of the Free|page=|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceazdmtb2y3qq27fve5ib3gk7uv2unt6ae2xss74xmfpur7k5uhl5m?filename=Albert%20Szymanski%20-%20Human%20Rights%20in%20the%20Soviet%20Union_%20Including%20Comparisons%20with%20the%20U.S.A.-Zed%20Books%20Ltd.%20%281984%29.pdf|city=London|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|isbn=0862320186|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C597B1232D9EA6B0F3DCB438D7E15A81}}</ref>

==== Austronesian genocide ====
By the end of the 19th century, the United States would find itself as a predominant imperialist power in the world, invading countries such as the [[Philippines]] in a brutal war for control. [[J. Sakai]] recounts that, "U.S. Brig. Gen. James Bell, upon returning to the U.S. in 1901, said that his men had killed one out of every six Filipinos on the main island of Luzon (that would be some one million deaths just there). It is certain that at least 200,000 Filipinos died in the genocidal conquest. In Samar province, where the patriotic resistance to the U.S. invaders was extremely persistent, U.S. Gen. Jacob Smith ordered his troops to shoot every Filipino man, woman or child they could find 'over ten' (years of age)."<ref>Sakai 2014, p. 111</ref>

The United States would expand beyond its continental borders with the colonialist acquisition of lands such as [[Hawaii]], the Philippines, [[Guam]], etc. With the attack on several of these territories by the [[Japanese empire]], most notably at Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt would downplay the colonialist additions to the American empire, such as the Philippines, and give more emphasis to the U.S. territory of Hawaii (which was not yet a state during this time). From Daniel Immerwahr's ''How To Hide An Empire: A History of the Greater United States'':<blockquote>"Why did Roosevelt demote the Philippines? We don't know, but it's not hard to guess. Roosevelt was trying to tell a clear story: Japan had attacked the United States. But he faced a problem. ''Were'' Japan's targets considered 'the United States'? Legally, yes, they were indisputably U.S. territory. But would the public see them that way? What if Roosevelt's audience didn't care that Japan had attacked the Philippines or Guam? Polls taken slightly before the attack show that few in the continental United States supported a military defense of those remote territories.

Consider how similar events played out more recently. On August 7, 1998, al-Qaeda launched simultaneous attacks on U.S. embassies in Nairobi, [[Republic of Kenya|Kenya]], and Dar es Salaam, [[United Republic of Tanzania|Tanzania]]. Hundreds died (mostly Africans), and thousands were wounded. But though those embassies were outposts of the United States, there was little public sense that the country ''itself'' had been harmed. It would take another set of simultaneous attacks three years later, on New York City and Washington, D.C., to provoke an all-out war."<ref>{{Citation|author=Daniel Immerwahr|year=2019|title=How to hide an empire: a history of the greater United States|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=9780374172145|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9D70A450044495E0D851721E77D5C8A1|page=6}}</ref></blockquote>While an embassy is different from a territory, as the book concedes, a similar logic was at play. And as Immerwahr says, Hawaii had more Americans and was closer to statehood. However, as Immerwahr explains, even Roosevelt felt the need to say that the "American island of Oahu" was attacked and that "very many American lives" had been lost. As Immerwahr says in explaining the nationalism implicit in Roosevelt's speech after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor: "An ''American'' island, where ''American'' lives were lost - that was the point he was trying to make. If the Philippines was being rounded down to foreign, [[Hawaii|Hawai'i]] was being rounded up to 'American.'"<ref>{{Citation|author=Daniel Immerwahr|year=2019|title=How to hide an empire: a history of the greater United States|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=9780374172145|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9D70A450044495E0D851721E77D5C8A1|page=7}}</ref>

==== First World War ====
{{Main article|First World War}}The [[Socialist Party of America]] and [[Industrial Workers of the World]] opposed U.S. involvement in the First World War. In May 1918, the USA passed the [[Sedition Act]], banning opposition to the war, and arrested New York SPA leader [[Benjamin Gitlow]]. Arizona, California, Montana, New York, and West Virginia passed laws banning left-wing activism. 27 farmers from South Dakota were sent to prison for petitioning against the war. Between 1917 and 1923, 33 states banned the use of red flags. In April 1918, 113 IWW members were convicted of over 10,000 offenses. [[Bill Haywood|Big Bill Haywood]], who was sentenced to 20 years in prison, escaped to the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]]. In addition to socialists, the United States suppressed pro-[[Republic of Ireland|Irish]] publications that criticized the British Empire. [[Eugene V. Debs|Eugene Debs]], who was imprisoned following an anti-war speech in June 1918, ran for president in 1920 and received over a million votes.<ref name=":0233" />:161–70

===== Invasion of Russia =====
In December 1917, the United States authorized aid to anti-communist forces in southern [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991)|Russia]] and the Caucasus.<ref>{{Citation|author=David S. Foglesong|year=1995|title=America's Secret War against Bolshevism|title-url=https://b-ok.cc/book/5475068/86442c|chapter=The British Connection|page=76|pdf=https://bunker2.zlibcdn.com/dtoken/16089e3f7980a233801443d893d96559/Americas%20Secret%20War%20Against%20Bolshevism%20U.S.%20Intervention%20in%20the%20Russian%20Civil%20War%2C%201917-1920%20%28David%20S.%20Foglesong%29%20%28z-lib.org%29.pdf|publisher=University of North Carolina Press}}</ref> At the end of the First World War, [[Woodrow Wilson]] sent 15,000 troops to western and eastern Russia to fight the Bolsheviks and limit the power of Japan. The USA occupied Vladivostok from August 1918 to April 1920.<ref name=":02222">{{Citation|author=David Vine|year=2020|title=The United States of War|chapter=The Military Opens Doors|page=218|city=Oakland|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520972070|lg=http://library.lol/main/191568BFAC73F009132DB00ECD0F0F05}}</ref>

===== Palmer Raids =====
On January 2, 1920, federal agents led by [[A. Mitchell Palmer]] arrested over 4,000 dissidents in 33 cities across 23 states. Between 1917 and 1921, they deported 900 leftists. During this same period, the KKK and [[American Legion]] attacked leftists and trade unionists. Membership of the newly founded [[Communist Party of the United States of America|CPUSA]] dropped from 70,000 to 12,000, the SPA from 110,000 to 10,000, and the IWW from over 100,000 to under 10,000.<ref name=":0233" />:169–72

==== Great Depression ====
{{Main article|Great Depression}}Political repression weakened after 1923 but resumed following the economic collapse of 1929. Ben Boloff, a [[Russian Empire (1721–1917)|Russian]] immigrant and CPUSa member, was arrested in 1930 and sentenced to ten years in prison. [[Dirk De Jonge]], leader of the Oregon Communist Party, was sentenced to seven years in prison in 1934. Patterson, [[New Jersey]], banned all labour meetings and pro-worker protests.<ref name=":0233" />:172–73

===== New Deal =====

==== Second World War ====
{{Main article|Second World War}}Because the CPUSA initially stayed neutral in the Second World War, the United States arrested some of its members, including General Secretary [[Earl Browder]]. The [[Smith Act]], passed in 1940, criminalized opposition to the U.S. government or war effort and was used against [[Socialist Workers Party (United States)|Trotskyists]] as well as [[German American Bund|Nazis]]. After the entry of the USSR into the war, the CPUSA changed its line, and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] pardoned Browder.<ref name=":0233" />

In September 1940, the USA gave 50 old destroyers to the UK in exchange for taking control of British bases in the [[Americas]]. The bases were located in eight British colonies: [[Antigua and Barbuda|Antigua]], the [[Commonwealth of The Bahamas|Bahamas]], [[Bermuda]], [[Co-operative Republic of Guyana|Guiana]], [[Jamaica]], [[Newfoundland]], and [[Saint Lucia]], and [[Republic of Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]].<ref name=":0222">{{Citation|author=David Vine|year=2020|title=The United States of War|chapter=Reopening the Frontier|page=|city=Oakland|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520972070|lg=http://library.lol/main/191568BFAC73F009132DB00ECD0F0F05}}</ref>:223–4 Only nine of the destroyers actually worked. The USA also used the [[Lend-Lease]] program to give military aid to at least thirty countries, starting with the UK. [[Republic of China|China]], [[Hellenic Republic|Greece]], [[Kingdom of Norway|Norway]], and the Soviet Union later joined the program.<ref name=":0222" />:235–7

The U.S. government forced 112,000 [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japanese]] people living west of the Mississippi River into concentration camps in remote areas, giving them only two days to two weeks of warning. The camps were surrounded by barbed wire and guard towers and did not allow Japanese culture and language. The army confined and isolated strikers.<ref name=":0233" />:173–75

After the defeat of Japan, the United States resurrected its former enemy to be used as a satellite state against [[socialism]].<ref name=":110">{{Citation|author=Stephen Gowans|year=2018|title=Patriots, Traitors and Empires: The Story of Korea’s Struggle for Freedom|chapter=Suppressing a Worldwide Movement for Liberty|page=105–107|pdf=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaced4iiga4ngtxusr2civjxewbili5jne2sbpefbx2s3im2kphattzc?filename=Stephen%20Gowans%20-%20Patriots%2C%20Traitors%20and%20Empires_%20The%20Story%20of%20Korea%E2%80%99s%20Struggle%20for%20Freedom-Baraka%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf|city=Montreal|publisher=Baraka Books|isbn=9781771861427|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=8435F6FF91279531705764823FDC2A7F}}</ref> The USA became the most powerful empire in history and controlled both ends of Eurasia from Japan to the Britain.<ref name=":022222">{{Citation|author=David Vine|year=2020|title=The United States of War|chapter=Normalizing Occupation|page=301|city=Oakland|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520972070|lg=http://library.lol/main/191568BFAC73F009132DB00ECD0F0F05}}</ref>

=== Cold War ===

==== Red Scare ====
{{Main article|Second Red Scare}}

==== Invasion of Korea ====
{{Main article|Fatherland Liberation War}}

==== Civil Rights movement and counterculture ====
By 1972, more than 500 municipalities had created political police squads to target radicals. Los Angeles had 167 political agents (1970), New York had 361 (1972), and Chicago had over 1,000 (1969). The New York police had files on 1.2 million political dissidents. The government actively spied on over 250,000 Statesians in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] created a list of dissidents who would immediately be arrested or investigated in the event of a [[Proletarian revolution|national emergency]]. This list included [[Black nationalism|black nationalists]], [[Anarchism|anarchists]], and [[Students for a Democratic Society|SDS]] members. The FBI sabotaged [[Marxism|Marxist]] and black nationalist movements by planting information claiming their members were informants and infiltrated the SDS with [[Agent provocateur|agent provocateurs]].<ref name=":0233" />:187–88

==== Invasion of Vietnam ====
{{Main article|Vietnam War}}

==== War on Drugs ====

===21st century===

==== Internal crises ====
The US is embroiled in crisis as its middle class (the [[Petty bourgeoisie|petit bourgeoisie]]) is increasingly impoverished.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/the-state-of-americas-middle-class-in-eight-charts/ The State of America’s Middle Class in Eight Charts] PBS Frontline by Jason M. Breslow and Evan Wexler on July 9th, 2013</ref><ref>[https://americansystemnow.com/deindustrialization-is-killing-america/ Deindustrialization is Killing America]</ref> This is due to the capitalist class deciding to offshore well-paying industrial jobs to lower-income countries,<ref>[https://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2019/08/a-new-assessment-of-the-role-of-offshoring-in-the-decline-in-us-manufacturing-employment.html A New Assessment of the Role of Offshoring in the Decline in US Manufacturing Employment] on Naked Capitalism by Yves Smith on Aug 16, 2019</ref> as well expansionary monetary policy<ref>[https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202104/1220364.shtml US’ excessive money-printing prompts de-dollarization] on [[Global Times]] by Ma Jingjing published on April 6th, 2021 </ref> which enriches the bourgeoisie through asset price inflation,<ref>[https://fee.org/articles/the-cantillon-effect-because-of-inflation-we-re-financing-the-financiers/ The Cantillon Effect: Because of Inflation, We’re Financing the Financiers] on Fee.org by Jessica Schultz on Oct 28, 2018</ref> and deepens the crisis among the poor by weakening their purchasing power.

As a result of this ongoing crisis of capitalism, populist movements have risen to challenge the rule of "the elites." [[Occupy Wall Street]] was a popular movement against the financial elites in 2011. During the 2016 presidential election, the corporate-owned media attacked both the left-wing populist [[Bernie Sanders]], as well as the right-wing populist [[Donald Trump]]. The Democratic Party's strategy to "elevate Trump" to make the Republican ticket look unsavory ended up backfiring and resulting in Trump's victory.

With the economic hardships of the 2020's, a growing number of Americans, often of younger ages, have begun to lose faith in capitalism.<ref>{{News citation|author=Laura Wronski|newspaper=SurveyMoney|title=Axios{{!}}Momentive Poll: Capitalism and Socialism|date=2021-6-11|url=https://www.surveymonkey.com/curiosity/axios-capitalism-update/|retrieved=2022-6-11}}</ref> While many of these discontent people have achieved [[consciousness]] in how many problems (constant wars, [[homelessness]], [[Climate change|global warming]], etc.) in society can ultimately be traced back to capitalism, and have therefore aligned themselves with [[Marxism|Marxist]] or otherwise [[socialist]] ideologies, there are many other malcontent people who have taken to the far-right. A trend that is present especially among the middle-class, there has been an increase in the popularity of populist and xenophobic groups, as well as an increasing [[Fascism|fascistization]] of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] (one of the two ruling parties in the Statesian government).<ref>{{Citation|author=Marc-André Argentino, Blyth Crawford, Florence Keen, Hannah Rose|year=2021|title=Far-From-Gone:The Evolutionof Extremism in the First 100 Daysof the Biden Administration|title-url=https://icsr.info/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/ICSR-Report-Far-From-Gone-The-Evolution-of-Extremism-in-the-First-100-Days-of-the-Biden-Administration.pdf|chapter=3. The 6 January Insurrectionists: Narratives and Motivations|section=Discontent with Presidential Election Results|page=63-72|pdf=https://icsr.info/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/ICSR-Report-Far-From-Gone-The-Evolution-of-Extremism-in-the-First-100-Days-of-the-Biden-Administration.pdf|city=London|publisher=International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation|trans-lang=English}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|author=Alison Durkee|newspaper=Forbes|title=More Than Half Of Republicans Believe Voter Fraud Claims And Most Still Support Trump, Poll Finds|date=2021-4-5|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisondurkee/2021/04/05/more-than-half-of-republicans-believe-voter-fraud-claims-and-most-still-support-trump-poll-finds/?sh=7edebb081b3f|retrieved=2022-6-10}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=Dr. Robert A. Pape|year=2021|title=UNDERSTANDING AMERICAN DOMESTIC TERRORISM|title-url=https://d3qi0qp55mx5f5.cloudfront.net/cpost/i/docs/americas_insurrectionists_online_2021_04_06.pdf?mtime=1617807009|chapter=STUDY 1:WHO ARE THE INSURRECTIONISTS AND WHERE DID THEY COME FROM|section=MANY BUSINESS OWNERS/WHITECOLLAR|page=6-9|pdf=https://d3qi0qp55mx5f5.cloudfront.net/cpost/i/docs/americas_insurrectionists_online_2021_04_06.pdf?mtime=1617807009|city=The University of Chicago|publisher=Chicago Project on Security and Threats|trans-lang=English}}</ref>

===== Mass shootings and racism =====

====External losses====
The American empire has been on the decline since the 21st century and possibly earlier. This is a slow process that will take years to complete however. One major factor of this decline is the United States' incapacity to respond to the [[People's Republic of China]]'s [[Belt and Road Initiative]], as more countries are moving towards the PRC and away from the USA for trade and loans.

If a superpower is measured through objective metrics such as scientific output (number of research papers per year),<ref>https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20206/</ref> exports & other trade metrics,<ref>https://www.statista.com/statistics/264623/leading-export-countries-worldwide/<nowiki/>archive: https://archive.ph/dKloW</ref> GDP,<ref>https://www.indexmundi.com/g/r.aspx?t=10&v=65 - GDP adapted to purchasing power parity (PPP)</ref> then these metrics show the US is on the decline and has been for several years. In subjective metrics, a superpower's hegemony is measured in its soft power (putting compradors in power abroad to ensure collaboration), its cultural exports (media, entertainment, software), and generally its respect in the world. In these trends too we see the USA declining. They have been unable for some time to ensure compradors in other countries, and are becoming less respected in the eyes of the international community (see list below). The United States' cultural export is still high, but even at home people are increasingly moving away from domestic entertainment, though it remains to be seen if this will be a lasting trend.

Other losses that the American empire has had to endure in the 21st century include, in chronological order:

* The [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks]] completely blindsided intelligence and security agencies and showed a very big weakness in the imperial apparatus; it was not as invincible as it thought.
* A smear campaign originated in the US media in January 2019 when [[Venezuela|Venezuelan]] president [[Nicolás Maduro]] was reelected. US News organisations started reporting about a supposed humanitarian crisis in the country, owing to Maduro's allegedly "disastrous" policies. Two weeks later, president of the Assembly [[Juan Guaidó|Juan Guaido]] proclaimed himself president of Venezuela as he contested Maduro's results under the guise that he was not allowed to run for office a third time as per the constitution. Juan Guaido, who enjoyed very little support at home and was a nobody, was nonetheless instantly recognized as the legitimate president of Venezuela by the United States and other countries and organisations ([[Canada]], [[European Union]]...). An attempted [[Colour revolution|color revolution]] then was planned in Venezuela, but went nowhere. Guaido was then slowly phased out of the public eye in the international community, though he continues to make noise in Venezuela. Maduro remains the president of Venezuela.
* In late 2019, [[Plurinational State of Bolivia|Bolivian]] president [[Evo Morales]] was reelected at his position. The election results were immediately contested by the [[Organization of American States|Organisation of American States]], a US-led organisation for the purpose of securing imperialism on the American continent. While these allegations proved to be false, Morales went in exile for over six months while [[Jeanine Áñez|Jeanine Añez]], a far-right [[comprador]] politician, was placed as an interim. After delaying new elections twice, Añez finally relented and took a huge blow when [[Luis Arce]], from the same party as Morales was elected. Añez is now in prison awaiting trial on various charges including terrorism, sedition, and leading a coup against the government.
* In January 2020, the United States ordered the assassination of [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iranian]] general [[Qasem Soleimani]] while on visit in Baghdad, [[Iraq]]. Later that month, Iran retaliated by launching an attack on a US military base in Iraq on a scale never seen before. The US did not retaliate against this attack in any way.
* In August 2021, the United States, after 20 years of occupation in [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004–2021)|Afghanistan]] to prevent the [[Taliban]] from controlling the state, did exactly the opposite and let the Taliban seize the Afghan state.

It is important to compare this list to earlier imperialist ventures of the United States who, for example, considered South America their "backyard" for most of the 20th century and successfully pulled-off coups and regime changes unimpeded in the region. While the Empire also took losses in the 20th century (the invasion of Vietnam, the Bay of Pigs invasion, etc.), it must only contextualised by looking at the general trends and how these losses are rapidly adding up.

== Genocide of indigenous peoples ==
<blockquote>''See also: [[List of atrocities commited by the United States of America#Genocide%20of%20indigenous%20peoples%20of%20the%20United%20States|List of atrocities committed by the United States of America#Genocide of indigenous peoples of the United States]]''</blockquote>
Over 90% of the indigenous population of North America was killed due to colonization, and some have estimated that no more than 2% of the pre-[[Christopher Columbus|Columbian]] population survived and settlers killed over 18 million indigenous people. From 1641 to the late 18th century, legislation existed that rewarded settlers for killing indigenous peoples, with extra rewards for the scalps of boys.<ref name=":6" />

In 1871, Congress banned native nations from creating treaties and put them under the control of the federal government. Settlers and the Army killed tens of millions of buffalo, the economic base of the Plains, leaving only a few hundred alive by the 1880s.<ref name=":03" />:142

By the late 19th century, the native population had been decimated and the survivors were forced into concentration camps. Native children were forced into boarding schools and prevented from speaking their native languages.<ref name=":2" /> Several hundred children died in these schools.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=CGTN|title=U.S. govt finds burial sites at 53 Native American boarding schools|date=2022-05-13|url=https://news.cgtn.com/news/2022-05-13/U-S-govt-finds-burial-sites-at-53-Native-American-boarding-schools-19ZRXTgFIC4/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513073029/https://news.cgtn.com/news/2022-05-13/U-S-govt-finds-burial-sites-at-53-Native-American-boarding-schools-19ZRXTgFIC4/index.html|archive-date=2022-05-13|retrieved=2022-07-01}}</ref> The federal government also set up an educational system to "kill the Indian and save the man" by eliminating Native American religious and cultural traditions.<ref name=":11">{{Citation|author=Jeffrey Ostler|year=2015|title=Empire’s Twin: U.S. Anti-Imperialism from the Founding Era to the Age of Terrorism|chapter=“Native Americans against Empire and Colonial Rule,”|page=53|city=Ithaca, New York|publisher=Cornell University Press}}</ref> These policies were deliberately designed to bring about the extinction of Native American people and their customs.<ref name=":11" /> By 1900, only 190,000 Native Americans in the United States remained alive compared to five million at the beginning of colonization.<ref name=":2" />

[[United States Congress|Congress]] passed House Concurrent Resolution 108 in 1953, terminating tribes in [[State of California|California]], Florida, [[State of New York|New York]], and Texas. Over 100 nations were terminated between 1953 and 1964 and 1.3 million acres of native land were privatized. In 1955, the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] created offices to relocate natives to cities to be assimilated. They relocated 750,000 natives into cities, where they often experienced severe poverty. By 2010, 78% of natives lived off of reservations.<ref name=":9" />

Many Native Americans are restricted to reservations in remote areas and live in poverty.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|newspaper=[[CGTN]]|title=Native Americans: The invisible minority in the U.S.|date=2021-05-19|url=https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-05-19/Native-Americans-The-invisible-minority-in-the-U-S--10l6zrdhLMY/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520001321/https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-05-19/Native-Americans-The-invisible-minority-in-the-U-S--10l6zrdhLMY/index.html|archive-date=2021-05-20|retrieved=2022-07-01}}</ref> Overall, Native Americans are twice as likely to be in poverty.<ref name=":1">{{News citation|author=Xin Ping|newspaper=[[CGTN]]|title=Surviving in oblivion: Who cast a miserable shadow over the Native Americans?|date=2022-01-06|url=https://news.cgtn.com/news/2022-01-06/Who-cast-a-miserable-shadow-over-the-Native-Americans--16BqNXMyp3i/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107052329/https://news.cgtn.com/news/2022-01-06/Who-cast-a-miserable-shadow-over-the-Native-Americans--16BqNXMyp3i/index.html|archive-date=2022-01-07|retrieved=2022-07-01}}</ref> They do not have access to the natural resources of the reservations, which are owned by corporations and mining companies. Indigenous peoples have the worst health and educational outcomes and the highest level of suicide<ref name=":0" /> and indigenous women are 2.5 times more likely to be sexually assaulted.<ref name=":1" /> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Native American communities were disproportionately affected, with the highest rate of infection and death.<ref name=":2" />

==Government==
{{Main article|Government of the United States of America}}
[[File:US Plutocracy Flag.jpg|alt=U.S. flag restyled to illustrate the plutocratic and corporatist nature of the political system|thumb|U.S. flag restyled to illustrate the plutocratic and corporatist nature of the political system; the 50 stars which represent each state have been replaced with the logos of large monopolistic corporations. ]]
[[File:US government diagram.png|thumb|Connections between the capitalist [[ruling class]] and the U.S. government]]
[[File:US tax pie chart.png|thumb|The US spends 37% of its income [[tax]] revenue on war.]]
The US political system is a ''de facto'' plutocracy, a government entirely controlled by the wealthy.<ref>{{Web citation|author=TOM MCKAY|newspaper=MIC|title=Princeton Concludes What Kind of Government America Really Has, and It's Not a Democracy|date=2016-4-16|url=https://www.mic.com/articles/87719/princeton-concludes-what-kind-of-government-america-really-has-and-it-s-not-a-democracy|retrieved=2022-8-30}}</ref> The richest three Statesians have more money than the poorest 160 million combined.<ref>{{News citation|author=Tom Kertscher|newspaper=PolitiFact|title='The wealthiest three families now own more wealth than the bottom half of the country.'|date=2019-07-03|url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2019/jul/03/bernie-sanders/bernie-sanders-target-saying-3-richest-have-much-w/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126234218/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2019/jul/03/bernie-sanders/bernie-sanders-target-saying-3-richest-have-much-w/|archive-date=2022-01-26|retrieved=2022-05-01}}</ref> Public support for the U.S. government is very low, with only 2% of Statesians believing the government almost always does what is right and only 19% believing it mostly does the right thing. 7% of Statesians have confidence in Congress, 23% have confidence in the presidency, and 25% have confidence in the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Ben Norton]]|newspaper=[[Multipolarista]]|title=Polls show almost no one trusts US media, after decades of war propaganda and lies|date=2022-07-30|url=https://multipolarista.com/2022/07/30/trust-us-media-war-propaganda/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806143950/https://multipolarista.com/2022/07/30/trust-us-media-war-propaganda/|archive-date=2022-08-06|retrieved=2022-08-07}}</ref> Protests are illegal without permits from the government, and police often attack protestors with clubs and chemical weapons. It is illegal for protestors to wear helmets or gas masks to protect themselves.<ref name=":05">{{Citation|author=Austin Murphy|year=2000|title=The Triumph of Evil|chapter=A Detailed Autopsy of the Collapse of the Superior System in the Divided Germany|page=141|pdf=https://mltheory.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/austin-murphy-the-triumph-of-evil.pdf|city=Fucecchio|publisher=European Press Academic Publishing|isbn=8883980026}}</ref>

The US is also a ''de facto'' [[one-party state]],<ref>{{Citation|author=Mark J. Green|year=1982|title=Winning Back America|title-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oa3VExRT2s8C&q=%22Yes,+we+have+one+party+here.+But+so+does+America.+Except,+with+typical+extravagance,+they+have+two+of+them.%22&dq=%22Yes,+we+have+one+party+here.+But+so+does+America.+Except,+with+typical+extravagance,+they+have+two+of+them.%22&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiI5N6FrafqAhXoHbkGHehvD1UQ6AEwAXoECAAQAg|quote='Yes, we have one party here. But so does America. Except, with typical extravagance, they have two of them!'|publisher=Bantam Books|isbn=9780553226300}}</ref> with aesthetical differences between its two main parties, the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] and the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]], but both parties follow common policies, especially abroad. The ruling capitalist oligarchy has two factions: the Democratic Party which is center-right<ref>[http://www.thebreezepaper.com/news-blog/2020/12/18/like-it-or-not-the-democratic-party-is-a-right-wing-party Like it or Not, the Democratic Party is a Right-Wing Party]</ref> and is controlled by the monopolistic managerial [[bourgeoisie]] who seeks to maintain the stability of the imperialist system by being less [[reactionary]] on inconsequential social issues, and the Republican Party, which is more reactionary and backwards when it comes to social issues<ref>[https://www.salon.com/2019/07/05/how-did-the-republican-party-become-so-conservative/ How did the Republican Party become so conservative?]</ref> and tends to pander to the [[Petty bourgeoisie|petit bourgeoisie]] in their effort to deepen the exploitation of labor.

The election system further solidifies this duopoly with its "First Past the Post" system, resulting in citizens having to choose "the lesser of two evils." The two political parties stir up public debate around their small disagreements to create a facade of democracy, but bipartisan agreement reigns on questions of foreign policy (imperialism, war, attacking socialist countries) as well as domestic policies such as prioritizing funding for police repression over social programs such as free housing, higher education, healthcare, etc.

Given the presence of campaign donations and lobbying (legalized [[corruption]]), the billionaires who buy off politicians to serve their will are sometimes referred to as the "donor class".<ref name="NYT-19980719">{{Web citation|journalist=Bob Herbert|date=1998-07-19|title=The Donor Class|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/19/opinion/in-america-the-donor-class.html|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>

In his autobiographical account of taking on monopolistic corporations as president, President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] recounted:<blockquote>…we had come to the stage where for our people what was needed was a real democracy; and of all forms of tyranny the least attractive and the most vulgar is the tyranny of mere wealth, the tyranny of a plutocracy.<ref>{{Web citation|title=Roosevelt, Theodore. 1913. An Autobiography: XII. The Big Stick and the Square Deal|url=http://www.bartleby.com/55/12.html}}</ref></blockquote>Despite various anti-monopoly countermeasures (anti-trust legislation, etc.) the underlying system of capitalism and the desire to accumulate more surplus value and increase profitability continues to result in monopolistic formations within the US economy. These monopolies are more powerful than the public state apparatus, and by most approximations can be considered the same object. According to fascist dictator [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]], the merging of corporate power and state power is the definition of fascism.<ref>"Fascism should more appropriately be called corporatism because it is a merger of state and corporate power." --Benito Mussolini. (from Encyclopedia Italiana, Giovanni Gentile, editor)</ref>

==Foreign policy==
[[File:US military bases.png|thumb|Map of Statesian military bases around the world.]]
The United States has long seen itself as a very special nation, playing a uniquely noble role on the world stage. While other nations are said to be guided by vulgar self-interest, the United States is supposedly different; the primary goal of American foreign policy is, according to the [[United States Department of State|State Department]]’s website, to “promote and demonstrate democratic values and advance a free, peaceful, and prosperous world.” Despite these imperialist lies, the United States has been at war for more than 90% of its existence<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Sabir Shah|date=2020-01-09|title=The US Has Been at war 225 out of 243 years since 1776|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/595752-the-us-has-been-at-war-225-out-of-243-years-since-1776|newspaper=The News|retrieved=2022-03-11}}</ref> and has over 800 military bases in foreign countries, compared to 30 for the rest of the world combined.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=David Vine|title=Where in the World Is the U.S. Military?|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/06/us-military-bases-around-the-world-119321/|newspaper=Politico|retrieved=2022-03-11}}</ref>

===Foreign aid and human rights===
The US has a horrific foreign aid record. It seems that American aid is quite a good predictor of human rights abuses, and that this trend goes back decades; according to a 1981 study in the journal ''Comparative Politics,'' US aid is “clearly distributed disproportionately to countries with repressive governments… this distribution represented a pattern and not merely one or a few isolated cases.” Indeed, it is quite easy to find examples of the United States supporting vicious repressive regimes (such as [[Pinochet]]'s Chile, the Shah of Iran, and the military junta of [[El Salvador]]).

Similarly, a 1984 study in the ''Journal of Peace Research'' looked at human rights and US aid under Nixon, Ford, and Carter. The authors found that “under Presidents Nixon and Ford foreign assistance was directly related to levels of human rights violations, i.e. more aid flowed to regimes with higher levels of violation, while under President Carter no clear statistical pattern emerged.” They therefore conclude that “the Carter administration did not implement a policy of human rights which actually guided the disposition of military and economic assistance.” In other words, the US attitude towards human rights seems to vary from outright hostility (under more conservative administrations) to mere indifference (under more liberal ones).

More recent studies have painted a similarly bleak picture. A 2008 book by Rhonda Callaway and Elizabeth Matthews found that “both United States economic and military aid have detrimental effects on security rights of the citizens in recipient states.” They note that these results “provide support for those critical of the US foreign assistance program.” The most recent research has continued to back up these conclusions. A 2016 study in the ''Quarterly Journal of Political Science'' sampled 150 countries from 1972 to 2008, finding that “US aid harms political rights, fosters other forms of state repression (measured along multiple dimensions), and strengthens authoritarian governance. [...] These findings counter the publicly stated objectives of the US government to foster political liberalization abroad via bilateral economic assistance.”

All-in-all, it seems that aid from the United States has a deleterious impact on the human rights situation in recipient nations. It provides military and economic aid to repressive regimes, arming and propping up some of the most vicious dictators on the planet, all in service of its own interests.

[[Alan MacLeod]] of [[MintPress News]] has compiled a thread of times the US military has deliberately bombed hospitals.<ref>@AlanRMacLeod on Twitter: [https://twitter.com/AlanRMacLeod/status/1501981269701373952?s=20&t=4ljxQ0O7WUzqg7tpOHEnHw <nowiki>"A short history of the United States deliberately bombing hospitals [Thread]"</nowiki>] ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220310190033/https://twitter.com/AlanRMacLeod/status/1501981269701373952 (Archived)]''</ref>

===War on Terror===
Lest we think that the harm of US foreign policy stops at providing aid to dictators, the United States has also carried out a great deal of violence all on its own. To demonstrate the enormous death toll of US military intervention and invasion, let's take a look at the post-9/11 "War on Terror," including the invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan (among others).

According to a 2019 report from Brown University's Costs of War project, "between 770,000 and 801,000 people have died" in what the report refers to as "America's post-9/11 wars." This tally does not include so-called "indirect deaths," such as those resulting from displacement and the destruction of crucial infrastructure (e.g. water and sanitation systems). In a 2019 article for the ''Hill,'' David Vine (Professor of Anthropology at American University) writes that "total deaths during the post-2001 U.S. wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Pakistan and Yemen [are] likely to reach 3.1 million or more — around 200 times the number of U.S. dead."<ref>The Hill | Reckoning With the Costs of War: It's Time to Take Responsibility</ref> Others have come to similar conclusions. According to a 2018 report from the ''Intercept:''<blockquote>In addition to those killed by direct acts [of] violence, the number of indirect deaths — those resulting from disease, displacement, and the loss of critical infrastructure — is believed to be several times higher, running into the millions.<ref>The Intercept | The Assassination Complex: The Drone Papers</ref></blockquote>These death tolls are backed up by earlier research. A 2009 article from the MIT Center for International Studies, which looked ''only'' at Iraq, found that "we have, at present, between 800,000 and 1.3 million 'excess deaths' in this war as we approach its six-year anniversary." Keep in mind that this is only one of the invaded countries, and that this article was authored in 2009 (more than a decade ago). The current death tolls, when factoring in all nations (as well as the decade of subsequent warfare), are likely many times higher.

The United States government has engaged in a concerted effort to hide the civilian cost of its Middle Eastern wars. According to a 2017 report from the ''New York Times'', the actual rate of civilian causalities inflicted by coalition forces in the Middle East is "more than 31 times that acknowledged by the coalition. It is at such a distance from official claims that, in terms of civilian deaths, this may be the least transparent war in recent American history."

In point of fact, US forces often kill more people than the terrorists they are supposedly there to fight; a 2019 article in the ''New York Times'' reports that "more civilians are being killed by Afghan government and American forces than by the Taliban and other insurgents, according to a [United Nations] report on Wednesday."<ref>The New York Times | U.S. and Afghan Forces Killed More Civilians Than Taliban Did, Report Finds</ref> This is not even mentioning the US drone program, which was detailed in a 2013 report from the ''Intercept.'' To make matters worse, civilian casualties from US wars have been increasing dramatically since Donald Trump took office, according to a 2018 article from the ''Washington Post.''

While it must be noted that the United States did not personally kill all of the millions of people mentioned above, it still bears a heavy burden for these deaths, having initiated the invasions, and started the entire conflict. In the same way that we hold Hitler responsible for the deaths of WWII (since he was the one who started it), so too should we hold the United States responsible for the deaths listed above. For more information on the civilian cost of US intervention, I recommend ''The Deaths of Others: The Fate of Civilians in America's Wars'', a study authored by John Tirman, director of the MIT Center for International Studies.

===Regime change===
The United States has a long history of overthrowing governments it doesn't like, typically then replacing them with brutal dictatorships. There are many, ''many'' examples of this, ranging from Jacobo Arbenz in [[Republic of Guatemala|Guatemala]], to Mohammad Mosaddegh in [[Iran]] (a coup for which the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] actually admitted responsibility in 2013).

====Chile====
In 1973 the United States helped to overthrow the elected socialist government of [[Salvador Allende]] in [[Chile]], replacing it with the right-wing dictatorship of [[Augusto Pinochet]]. Peter Kornbluh, the director of the National Security Archive's Chile Documentation Project, said the following of Chile:<blockquote>“To see on a piece of paper, for example, the president of the United States ordering the C.I.A. to preemptively overthrow a democratically elected president in Chile is stunning,” Mr. Kornbluh said. “The importance of having these documents in the museum is for the new generations of Chileans to actually see them.”<ref>The New York Times (2017) [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/14/world/americas/chile-coup-cia-museum.html Documenting U.S. Role in Democracy’s Fall and Dictator’s Rise in Chile]</ref></blockquote>As if this were not enough, in a 2014 interview with the ''Atlantic,'' Jack Devine (a former CIA agent who was in Chile at the time of the coup) confirmed that the Nixon administration was directly instructing the CIA to support the coup. According to declassified documents, Nixon had previously ordered Henry Kissinger to "make the economy scream," in an effort to rally support for the right-wing forces. The United States also attempted to prevent Allende from being inaugurated after his election, and provided support for state-terrorist campaigns after the coup. Now that the US role has been established, let's look at what Pinochet did once in power.

To begin with, Pinochet killed, tortured, and "disappeared" tens of thousands of people. According to a 2011 article from the BBC, the "total of recognized victims" numbers over 40,000, including more than 3,000 who were killed or forcibly disappeared. The rest were kidnapped, tortured, exiled, or some combination of the above. Pinochet was one of the most vicious dictators in the history of Latin America, and the United States played a direct role in propping up his regime.<ref>BBC | Chile Recognizes 9,800 More Victims of Pinochet's Rule</ref>

In addition, Pinochet introduced hard-line neoliberal reforms, which did immense damage to Chile's economy. A good study on this was published in 1990 in the journal ''Critical Sociology''. The authors note that growth rates under Pinochet were remarkably unimpressive:<blockquote>The Pinochet model produced growth rates well below the Chilean average established over the 1950-72 period. The average yearly GDP rate of growth in the latter period was 3.9 percent, while the Pinochet regime averaged 1.4 percent over the 1974-83 period... overall growth throughout the 1980s has been far from miraculous: GDP per capita grew at a 1.2 percent average rate between 1980 and 1989, below the 1.7 percent average yearly rate for 1950-72.<ref>Critical Sociology | The Chilean "Economic Miracle": An Empirical Critique</ref></blockquote>In addition, the authors charge Pinochet with "creating a great deal of poverty," noting that unemployment "rose dramatically after the coup," while real wages fell. At the same time, social expenditures were reduced, and "infectious diseases readily associated with poverty, overcrowding, poor hygiene, and inadequate sanitation underwent explosive growth." This assessment is echoed by a study in the ''International Development Planning Review'', which found that "the radical neoliberal policies and structural adjustment of the 1970s and 1980s during the Pinochet regime had severe negative effects on the poor and middle class."<ref>International Development Planning Review | Land of Miracles? A Critical Analysis of Poverty Reduction Strategies in Chile, 1975-2005</ref> The poverty rate itself increased dramatically; according to a report from the North American Congress on Latin America:<blockquote>The number of poor Chileans doubled during the Pinochet regime. By 1989, 44% of Chileans lived in poverty.<ref>NACLA | In Pursuit of "Growth With Equity": The Limits of Chile's Free-Market Social Reforms</ref></blockquote>In addition, it seems that Pinochet's privatizations also helped to create enormous corruption. According to a study in the ''Journal of Economic History,'' "firms were sold underpriced to politically connected buyers." This had predictable consequences:<blockquote>These newly private firms benefited financially from the Pinochet regime. Once democracy arrived, they formed connections with the new government, financed political campaigns, and were more likely to appear in the [[Panama papers|Panama Papers]]. These findings reveal how dictatorships can influence young democracies using privatization reforms.<ref>Journal of Economic History | The Privatization Origins of Political Corporations: Evidence from the Pinochet Regime</ref></blockquote>

=== Neocolonialism ===
The United States has begun the process of looting [[Ukraine]] by forcing the country into enormous debt in exchange for weapons. The USA is once again applying the same lend-lease program it used to facilitate the transfer of the British Empire to Statesian hands in the aftermath of World War II.<ref>{{Web citation|author=United States Congress|newspaper=Congress.gov|title=Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act of 2022|date=2022-05-09|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/3522/text|retrieved=2023-01-25|quote=for fiscal years 2022 and 2023, the President may authorize the United States Government to lend or lease defense articles to the Government of Ukraine or to governments of Eastern European countries impacted by the Russian Federation's invasion of Ukraine to help bolster those countries' defense capabilities and protect their civilian populations from potential invasion or ongoing aggression by the armed forces of the Government of the Russian Federation.}}</ref>

==Domestic policy==

=== Education ===
The U.S. education system promotes [[anti-communism]] and [[racism]] and denies or apologizes for U.S. war crimes. By law, teachers are not allowed to go against Western capitalist ideology.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Red Patriot]]|title=Anti-Communism in the American Classroom|date=2022-06-28|url=https://redpat.org/2022/06/anti-communism-in-the-american-classroom/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628162757/https://redpat.org/2022/06/anti-communism-in-the-american-classroom/|archive-date=2022-06-28|retrieved=2022-08-27}}</ref> Due to extreme inequality in educational funding, about 130 million Statesians, or 50% of the adult population, have low literacy and are unable to read above 6th grade level.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Emily Schmidt|newspaper=APM Research Lab|title=Reading the Numbers: 130 Million American Adults Have Low Literacy Skills, But Funding Differs Drastically By State|date=2022-03-16|url=https://www.apmresearchlab.org/10x-adult-literacy|retrieved=2023-03-28}}</ref>

===Poverty===
According to a study from the Brookings Institute:<blockquote>53 million Americans between the ages of 18 to 64—accounting for 44% of all workers—qualify as “low-wage.” Their median hourly wages are $10.22, and median annual earnings are about $18,000.<ref>Brookings Institute | Low-Wage Work is More Prevalent Than You Think, and There Aren't Enough Good Jobs to Go Around</ref></blockquote>Almost ''half'' of the American workforce is officially "low-wage," and that's only if we use an ''extremely'' low standard (below minimum wage, in some states). This is especially horrifying when we remember how many deaths can be directly linked to poverty and deprivation in the United States. According to a study from Columbia University:<blockquote>Overall, 4.5% of U.S. deaths were found to be attributable to poverty... the number of deaths the researchers calculated as attributable to low education (245,000) is comparable to the number caused by heart attacks (192,898), which was the leading cause of U.S. deaths in 2000. The number of deaths attributable to racial segregation (176,000) is comparable to the number from cerebrovascular disease (167,661), the third leading cause of death in 2000, and the number attributable to low social support (162,000) compares to deaths from lung cancer (155,521).<ref>Columbia University | How Many US Deaths Are Caused by Poverty, Lack of Education, and Other Social Factors?</ref></blockquote>Hundreds of thousands of people are dying every year because of poverty, deprivation, and lack of access to social services. Almost half of people 55 or older have no retirement savings.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Gao|title=Retirement Security: Most Households Approaching Retirement Have Low Savings, an Update|date=2019-05-26|url=https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-19-442r|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414181743/https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-19-442r|archive-date=2022-04-14|retrieved=2022-07-01}}</ref>

===Healthcare===
The U.S. healthcare system is among the most dysfunctional institutions imaginable, with the highest costs in the world, and some of the worst outcomes of any advanced country.<ref>{{News citation|author=Roosa Tikkanen, Melinda K. Abrams|newspaper=The Commonwealth Fund|title=U.S. Health Care from a Global Perspective, 2019: Higher Spending, Worse Outcomes?|date=2020-01-30|url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2020/jan/us-health-care-global-perspective-2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424201656/https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2020/jan/us-health-care-global-perspective-2019|archive-date=2022-04-24|retrieved=2022-05-01}}</ref> That being said, there are still those who deny the necessity of completely overhauling the system, and as such, it is useful to take some time and go over the essential facts of the matter. As always, all sources will be listed at the end.

The United States ranks at the very bottom of the developed world in terms of preventable deaths. Annual deaths could be reduced by 101,000 if the U.S. had a health care system as good as other comparable countries.<ref>Reuters | US Worst in Preventable Death Ranking of Industrialized Countries</ref>

====Health outcomes====

The USA ranks near the bottom of the developed world in most essential health outcomes. A 2020 paper from the American College of Physicians (published in the ''Annals of Internal Medicine)'' reports that "despite higher spending, the United States generally has less favorable outcomes than other countries." Let's take infant mortality, for example. According to a 2016 study from the American Economic Association:<blockquote>The United States has higher infant mortality than peer countries... The US disadvantage persists after adjusting for potential differential reporting of births near the threshold of viability.</blockquote>The ACP paper confirms that the United States' poor infant mortality ranking persists "even after adjustment for reporting differences." According to the AEA, this subpar performance "is driven by poor birth outcomes among lower socioeconomic status individuals." As if this wasn't bad enough, maternal mortality is also shockingly high in the USA. According to an article from NPR (reporting on data from the CDC):<blockquote>More American women are dying of pregnancy-related complications than any other developed country. Only in the U.S. has the rate of women who die been rising.<ref>NPR | U.S. Has the Worst Rate of Maternal Deaths in the Developed World</ref></blockquote>To make matters worse, there is evidence that the official statistics actually leave out a great number of deaths, meaning that the actual rate is probably much higher. According to an article from ProPublica, "the new rate, while capturing just how poorly the U.S. ranks among other countries, is actually a significant underestimate of the problem."<ref>ProPublica | The New U.S. Maternal Mortality Rate Fails to Capture Many Deaths</ref> This only makes the issue even more horrifying.

In addition, healthcare-amenable mortality is generally higher in the United States than in peer countries. According to the American College of Physicians:<blockquote>The United States has a higher mortality rate for medical conditions for which there are recognized health care interventions than Germany, the Netherlands, Japan, France, and Australia.</blockquote>A 2017 study in the ''Lancet'' looked at global amendable mortality, finding that the United States ranked 35th in the world in overall performance. In a press release following the publication of the paper, Dr. Christopher Murray (the study's lead author) said the following:<blockquote>What we have found about health care access and quality is disturbing. Having a strong economy does not guarantee good health care. Having great medical technology doesn’t either. We know this because people are not getting the care that should be expected for diseases with established treatment. [...] America’s ranking is an embarrassment, especially considering the US spends more than $9,000 per person on health care annually, more than any other country. Anyone with a stake in the current health care debate, including elected officials at the federal, state, and local levels, should take a look at where the US is falling short.<ref>The Lancet | Healthcare Access and Quality Index Based on Mortality from Causes Amenable to Personal Health Care</ref></blockquote>While many people acclaim the US health system for its advanced technology, it is clear that this does no good if people cannot actually access the care they need. All-in-all, it clear that outcomes in the American healthcare system are extremely subpar, especially when one takes into account the ludicrously high cost. On that note, let's discuss cost and expenditures.

====Cost and expenditures====

The United States spends more per-capita on healthcare than any other country on Earth. According to the aforementioned study from the American College of Physicians:<blockquote>The United States spends far more per capita on health care than other wealthy countries, and spending is increasing at an unsustainable rate. [...] The pricing of health care goods and services is substantially higher in the United States than in other developed nations. A 2003 analysis of OECD data showed that health care utilization in the United States did not exceed that of other countries, and price was the key driver of spending differences.</blockquote>Much of this excessive cost is due to the enormous inefficiency and bureaucracy of the Statesian system. There is a massive amount of administrative spending in the US, which is due primarily to the fragmented multi-payer nature of the healthcare system. According to the ACP:<blockquote>In large part owing to its pluralistic financing system, the United States spends more on administration of health care than peer countries. One study estimated that in 2012, the United States spent $471 billion on billing and insurance-related costs—$375 billion (80%) more than in a “simplified financing system,” such as Canada's single-payer model. Another study concluded that administrative costs were 31% of total U.S. health care expenditures, nearly double those of Canada.</blockquote>These findings are validated by a study in the ''Journal of the American Medical Association'', which said the following:<blockquote>The fragmented financing system is one of the principal explanations for the high cost of medical care in the United States. A careful consolidation of financing into some form of single-payer system is probably the only feasible solution.<ref>Journal of the American Medical Association | Health Care Spending in the United States and Other High-Income Countries</ref></blockquote>Another study from the same journal says the following:<blockquote>The United States spent approximately twice as much as other high-income countries on medical care, yet utilization rates in the United States were largely similar to those in other nations. Prices of labor and goods, including pharmaceuticals, and administrative costs appeared to be the major drivers of the difference in overall cost between the United States and other high-income countries.</blockquote>According to a 2020 study in the ''Lancet'' (conducted at Yale Medical School), a single-payer system would save an enormous amount of money and (more importantly) lives:<blockquote>Taking into account both the costs of coverage expansion and the savings that would be achieved through the Medicare for All Act, we calculate that a single-payer, universal health-care system is likely to lead to a 13% savings in national health-care expenditure, equivalent to more than US $450 billion annually (based on the value of the US$ in 2017). [...] Furthermore, we estimate that ensuring health-care access for all Americans would save more than 68 000 lives and 1.73 million life-years every year compared with the status quo.<ref>The Lancet | Improving the Prognosis of Health Care in the USA</ref></blockquote>Claims that a single-payer system would be unaffordable are entirely baseless, and contradicted by the overwhelming mass of evidence. A 2020 meta-analysis in ''PLOS Medicine'' found "a high degree of analytic consensus for the fiscal feasibility of a single-payer approach in the US." As they put it:<blockquote>There is near-consensus in these analyses that single-payer would reduce health expenditures while providing high-quality insurance to all US residents. To achieve net savings, single-payer plans rely on simplified billing and negotiated drug price reductions, as well as global budgets to control spending growth over time. Replacing private insurers with a public system is expected to achieve lower net healthcare costs.<ref>PLOS Medicine | Projected Costs of Single-Payer Healthcare Financing in the United States: A Systematic Review of Economic Analyses</ref></blockquote>
====Access to care and lack of insurance====

To make matters worse, a large chunk of the Statesian population is uninsured, and many are forced to go without the care that they need. According to the ACP:<blockquote>The United States is the only wealthy industrialized nation without universal health coverage, a crucial component to ensuring quality health care for all without financial burden that causes delay or avoidance of necessary medical care... nearly 30 million remain uninsured, millions more are underinsured, and the number of uninsured persons is expected to grow.</blockquote>The high rate of uninsured people is extremely troubling, especially seeing as a lack of insurance is associated with increased risk of mortality. A 2009 study in the ''American Journal of Public Health'' said the following on the matter:<blockquote>Uninsurance is associated with mortality. [...] Lack of health insurance is associated with as many as 44 789 deaths per year in the United States, more than those caused by kidney disease.</blockquote>A 2017 study in the ''Annals of Internal Medicine'' validated these findings, saying:<blockquote>The evidence strengthens confidence in the Institute of Medicine's conclusion that health insurance saves lives: The odds of dying among the insured relative to the uninsured is 0.71 to 0.97.<ref>Annals of Internal Medicine | The Relationship of Health Insurance and Mortality: Is Lack of Insurance Deadly?</ref></blockquote>The high costs of US medical care cause a great deal of financial strain for patients. According to a 2019 study in the ''Journal of General Internal Medicine'' (carried out by the American Cancer Society), "medical financial hardship is common among adults in the USA, with nearly 140 million adults reporting hardship in the past year. Among those aged 18–64 years, more than half report problems with medical bills or medical debt; stress or worry; or forgoing or delaying health care due to cost." A 2019 Gallup poll found that 25% of Americans say that they or a family member have put off treatment for a "serious illness" in the past year because of cost, with a further 8% saying they or a family member has put off treatment for a "less serious illness" in the past year.<ref>Gallup Poll | More Americans Delaying Medical Treatment Due to Cost</ref>

Overall, there is strong evidence that the United States' lack of universal healthcare causes tens of thousands of deaths every year, and financial ruin for many more.[[File:1 out of 5 incarcerated people in the world is incarcerated in the US.png|thumb|1 out of 5 incarcerated people in the world is incarcerated in the US.]]

=== Incarceration ===
According to the Prison Policy Initiative (PPI), not only does the U.S. have the highest incarceration rate in the world; every single U.S. state incarcerates more people per capita than virtually any country on earth. States like New York and Massachusetts "appear progressive in their incarceration rates compared to states like Louisiana, but compared to the rest of the world, every U.S. state relies too heavily on prisons and jails to respond to crime." PPI adds in their 2021 report that "incarceration has become the nation’s default response to crime, with 70 percent of convictions resulting in confinement — far more than other developed nations with comparable crime rates."<ref>Emily Widra and Tiana Herring. September 2021. [https://www.prisonpolicy.org/global/2021.html “States of Incarceration: The Global Context 2021.”] Prison Policy Initiative. [https://web.archive.org/web/2/https://www.prisonpolicy.org/global/2021.html Archived] 2022-08-26.</ref>

Beyond the millions of people in the U.S. who are incarcerated, tens of millions more are dealing with the "collateral consequences" of punishment. Many cannot vote or get a driver's license, face barriers to employment, and are prohibited from living with the families who want them back because they have a criminal record.<ref>[https://www.prisonpolicy.org/collateral.html “Collateral Consequences.”] Prison Policy Initiative.</ref>
[[File:Incarceration in US states compared to incarceration in countries..png|thumb|Incarceration and "violent crime" rates of individual US states compared to incarceration and "violent crime" rates of individual countries, as determined by the Prison Policy Initiative in a 2021 report.]]
The U.S. doesn’t have one singular criminal justice system. Instead, it has thousands of federal, state, local, and tribal systems. Together, these systems hold almost 2 million people (as of 2022) in 1,566 state prisons, 102 federal prisons, 2,850 local jails, 1,510 juvenile correctional facilities, 186 immigration detention facilities, and 82 Indian country jails, as well as in military prisons, civil commitment centers, state psychiatric hospitals, and prisons in the U.S. territories.<ref name=":7">Wendy Sawyer and Peter Wagner. [https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2022.html "Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2022."] Prison Policy Initiative. March 14, 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/2/https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2022.html Archived] 2022-08-31.</ref>

The PPI notes that "local jails often receive short shrift in larger discussions about criminal justice, but they play a critical role as 'incarceration's front door' and have a far greater impact than the daily population suggests. [...] In a typical year, about 600,000 people enter ''prison'' gates, but people go to ''jail'' over 10 million times each year. Jail churn is particularly high because most people in jails have not been convicted. Some have just been arrested and will make bail within hours or days, while many others are too poor to make bail and remain behind bars until their trial." The PPI further notes that at least 1 in 4 people who go to jail will be arrested again within the same year, often those dealing with poverty, mental illness, and substance use disorders, whose problems only worsen with incarceration.<ref name=":7" />

==See also==

*[[United States imperialism]]
*[[Manifest Destiny]]
*[[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]]
*[[:Category:USA states|USA states (category)]]

== Further reading ==

* [[:Category:Library documents from the United States of America|All library works about the United States]]
* [[:Category:Library documents from the United States of America|All library works from the United States]]

=== History ===

* [[Library:Endless Holocausts: Mass Death in the History of the United States Empire|''Endless Holocausts: Mass Death in the History of the United States Empire'']]
* [[Library:Killing Hope|''Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions since World War II'']]

=== Communist movement ===

* ''[[Library:Black Bolshevik|Black Bolshevik]]''

== References ==
<references /><ref>{{Citation|author=John C. Calhoun|year=1837|title=''Slavery as a positive good''|pdf=https://allenbolar.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/calhoun-slavery-a-positive-good.pdf|city=U.S House of Representative}}</ref>

==Notes==
<references group="lower-alpha" />
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Global north]]
[[Category:Imperialist countries]]
[[Category:United States of America]]
[[Category:Genocide]]
[[Category:North American countries]]
[[Category:Settler-colonial states]]