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Hồ Chí Minh

2024-08-25T06:09:01Z

27.2.131.196: add to Ho Chi Minh's early life

{{Infobox revolutionary
| name = Hồ Chí Minh
| image = File:Uncle Ho.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Portrait of comrade Ho Chi Minh
| nationality = [[Vietnam|Vietnamese]]
| birth_name = Nguyễn Sinh Cung
| birth_date = {{birth date|1890|5|19}}
| birth_place = Kim Liên, Nghệ An Province, French Indochina
| death_date = {{death date and age|1969|09|02|1890|05|19}}
| death_place = Hanoi, North Vietnam
| death_cause = Heart failure
| political_line = [[Marxism-Leninism]]<br>[[Ho Chi Minh Thought]]
}}
'''Ho Chi Minh'''<ref group="lower-alpha">Vietnamese: Hồ Chí Minh, “the one who shines”</ref> (May 19, 1890 — September 2, 1969) was a [[Vietnam|Vietnamese]] [[Revolution|revolutionary]]. He is known in Vietnam by the nickname ''Uncle Ho''.

Ho Chi Minh joined the [[Communist Party of France]] in 1920, studied in the [[Soviet Union]] in 1923, joined the [[Communist International]] in 1924, and carried out revolutionary activities in [[Republic of China|China]] from 1924 to 1927. In 1930, he founded the [[Communist Party of Indochina]], and in 1941 he initiated the establishment of the [[Vietnam Independence League]], which led the struggle against the [[France|French]] [[Colonialism|colonialists]] and [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japanese]] [[imperialism]].

Ho Chi Minh was elected [[President]] and [[Prime Minister]] of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in March 1946, Chairman of the Central Committee of the [[Vietnam Labor Party]] (now the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]]) from February 1951 to 1969, and led the war against France from 1945 to 1954, and the [[Vietnam War|war against the]] [[United States of America|United States]] in the 1960s. He died in [[Hanoi]] on September 2, 1969, at the age of 79.

Aside from being a politician, Ho was also a writer, a poet and a journalist. He wrote several books, articles and poems in French, Chinese and Vietnamese.

== Life ==

=== Early life ===
In 1890, Ho Chi Minh was born as Nguyễn Sinh Cung and raised in Kim Liên village, in the province of Nghệ An as a child of a rural teacher named [[Nguyễn Sinh Sắc]] (his father) and of a weaver named Hoàng Thị Loan (his mother). At that time, Vietnam was suffering from French colonialism steming in 1858. Despite many struggles of resistance, the French colonialists consolidated its occupation by 1884. However, many uprisings of rebels seeking to re-establish the feudal system still persisted including those of Phan Đình Phùng (1885 - 96) and of Hoàng Hoa Thám (1884 - 1913).

He was the third child in the family. The eldest sister was borned in 1884, named Nguyễn Thị Thanh and his older brother, borned in 1888 was named Nguyễn Sinh Khiêm. After his 30-year journey across the world and his subsequent return to Vietnam in 1941, he would only meet his older brother and sister one last time in 1946.

He and his family lived in the village of Hoàng Trù where his grandparents would teach [[Confucianism]] and writing to the children of the village. There, Ho Chi Minh was exposed to the Vietnamese stories, songs and fairytales.

In 1895, his father took the family to Huế by foot through the rural countryside. They would lived in an army barrack near the Governor's building as his father was preparing for an entrance examination to become a Mandarin. 3 years later, in 1898, his father would move the family to Dương Nỗ village, 7km from Huế, to teach children and Ho Chi Minh himself to write in Chinese characters. The family would live in the abandoned home of Nguyễn Sĩ Khuyến.

In 1901, as Ho Chi Minh had moved into Huế again with his mother while his father and brother had gone to Thanh Hóa to attend the entrance exam, his mother gave birth to the fourth child - Xin. Unfortunately, Xin would died due to malnutrition and his mother would soon died as well. Devastated, he would moved to Kim Liên with his grandmother for a little while. Not long after, he was informed that his father had passed the entrance exam as a ''Phó bảng'' "Junior Doctor". As per [[Confucian]] tradition, his father gave him a new name: ''Nguyễn Tất Thành''.

By now, Ho Chi Minh was attending formal classes with the scholar Vương Thúc Quý, a son of a rebel who fought the French, and then had gotten good with Chinese characters. The scholar was also regionally famous and had intellectuals visiting him, chief among them was the infamous [[Phan Bội Châu]] whom Ho Chi Minh would take inspiration from to fight for an independent Vietnam.
=== Activism in France ===
In 1911, Ho Chi Minh left Vietnam to seek for ways to achieve [[national liberation]] of his country. He traveled to France, visited various French colonies in Africa, went to the United States and many Latin American countries. He also went to England, [[German Empire (1871–1918)|Germany]] and [[Russian Empire (1721–1917)|Russia]], then finally returned to France.

Ho Chi Minh learned [[Esperanto]] between 1914 and 1917 in his visit to Britain.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[China Radio International]]|title=Ho Chi Minh kaj Esperanto|date=2006-12-27T14:53:21Z+08:00|url=http://esperanto.cri.cn/1/2006/12/27/1@51427.htm}}</ref>

In 1919, Ho Chi Minh joined the [[Socialist Party of France]] and studied social theory, the French and North-American revolutions, the [[Commune of Paris]], and the [[October Revolution]] in Russia. In June 1919, he presented a 8-point platform in the [[Paris Peace Conference]], demanding freedom from colonial interference in Vietnam.

In 1920, it was the first time Ho Chi Minh had access to Lenin's article ''Theses on the national and colonial questions'', published in the periodical ''L'Humanité'', the newspaper organ of French Socialist Party. In December of that same year, Ho Chi Mihn participated of the 18th Congress of the FSP, in which the French Communist Party was founded.

=== Vietnamese independence movement ===
In 1924, Ho Chi Minh traveled to China, in the city of Guangzhou. Along with other revolutionaries from parts of Asia, including [[Republic of China|China]], [[Korea]], [[British Raj|India]], [[Kingdom of Thailand|Thailand]], [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]], he founded the Association of Oppressed Peoples of Asia.<ref name=":0" /> In the same year, he traveled to [[Moscow]] to speak in support of [[national liberation]] at the 5th Congress of the [[Communist International (1919–1943)|Comintern]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Workers World]]|title=Malcolm X, Ho Chi Minh, ¡presente! − a WW statement|date=2023-05-19|url=https://www.workers.org/2023/05/71039/}}</ref>

In 1925, Ho Chi Minh helped develop the Association of Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth, what became the embryo of the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]].

In 1931, the Hong Kong police arrested Ho Chi Minh at the request of France.

In 1935, the first National Congress of [[Communist Party of Vietnam|CPV]] was established.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Ho Chi Minh, Pedro de Oliveira|year=2020|title=Ho Chi Minh: vida e obra do líder da libertação nacional do Vietnã|publisher=Anita Garibaldi|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=F1CE2894533FCF97DD818701AB172421|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref>

In September 1945, Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam's independence from France by simply saying, "We are free".<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2017|title=Red Star over the Third World|chapter=Preface|page=12|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecu7gb2ei65us6ip3r2ugcgkblneqcftbm456mb6bzvprkbqk55qm?filename=Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20Red%20Star%20Over%20the%20Third%20World-LeftWord%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf|city=New Delhi|publisher=LeftWord Books}}</ref>

=== Anti-French Resistance War ===

=== Resistance War against the United States ===

== See also ==

* [[:Category:Library works by Ho Chi Minh|Library works by Ho Chi Minh]]

== References ==
<references />

=== Notes ===
<references group="lower-alpha" />
[[Category:Anti-imperialists]]
[[Category:Communist leaders]]
[[Category:Marxists]]
[[Category:Esperantists]]

Socialist Republic of Vietnam

2024-08-25T04:39:47Z

27.2.131.196: add more info

{{Infobox country
| name = Socialist Republic of Vietnam
| native_name = Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam
| image_coat = Emblem of Vietnam.svg
| image_flag = Flag of Vietnam.svg
| image_map = Vietnam_Map.svg
| map_width = 220px
| capital = [[Hanoi]]
| area = 331.000km^2
| official language = Vietnamese
| largest_city = Ho Chi Minh City
|mode_of_production=[[Socialism]]| government_type = [[Marxist–Leninist]] [[socialist state]]
| established_event1 = Declaration of independence
| established_date1 = 2 September 1945
|established_event2=Liberation of Saigon|established_date2=30 April 1975|established_event3=Reunification and end of US occupation|established_date3=2 July 1976| population_estimate = 98,510,000
| population_estimate_year = 2021
|drives_on=right| leader_title1 = General Secretary
| leader_name1 = [[Tô Lâm]]
| leader_title2 = President
| leader_name2 = [[Tô Lâm]]
| leader_title3 = Vice President
| leader_name3 = [[Võ Thị Ánh Xuân]]
| leader_title4 = Prime Minister
| leader_name4 = [[Phạm Minh Chính]]
|leader_title5=Deputy Prime Minister|leader_name5=Lê Văn Thành}}
'''Vietnam''', officially the '''Socialist Republic of Vietnam''', is a country on the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia. The 2024 census counted a population of 100.3 million people.<ref>https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/category/population/</ref> The country borders [[China]] to the north and [[Cambodia]] and [[Laos]] to the west. The capital city is [[Hanoi]] while the most populous city is Ho Chi Minh City (also known by its previous name of Saigon). The Vietnamese constitution states that Vietnam "is a [[Socialist state|socialist rule of law state]] of the People, by the People, for the People".
<ref>http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC127527/</ref>

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is one of only five [[:Category:Marxist-Leninist states|Marxist–Leninist states]] in the world today (alongside [[China]], [[Laos]], [[People's Korea]] and [[Cuba]]). Since 1986, it has adopted the [[Doi Moi reforms|Đổi Mới economic reforms]], becoming a [[socialist-oriented market economy]].
==History==

=== Ancient history ===
Vietnam was ruled by China for 900 years and often had [[Peasantry|peasant]] rebellions against the Chinese. During the [[Han dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE)|Han dynasty]], the Trung sisters led a rebellion but were defeated in 43 CE.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|newspaper=Alpha History|title=Vietnamese Resistance to French Colonialism|date=2018-01-09|url=https://alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/resistance-to-french-colonialism/|retrieved=2022-05-07}}</ref>

=== French colonization ===
[[Hàm Nghi]] became emperor of Vietnam in 1884 at 12 years of age. His officials condemned French colonization, leading to the royal palace being raided by the French in 1885. Hàm Nghi fled to the forest with his regent, [[Tôn Thất Thuyết]]. After Hàm Nghi's deposition, [[French Republic|France]] signed the [[Treaty of Tientsin]] with the [[Qing dynasty (1636–1912)|Qing dynasty]], relinquishing all Chinese claims on Vietnam, and the French installed his brother [[Đồng Khánh]] as emperor. Thuyết and his supporters formed the nationalist resistance movement [[Cần Vương movement|Cần Vương]], which fought against the French with [[guerrilla warfare]]. They also attacked Vietnamese [[Christianity|Christians]]. In 1888, Hàm Nghi was captured and exiled to [[North Africa]].

[[Phan Đình Phùng]], a former royal official under Hàm Nghi, introduced military discipline with uniforms and ranks to resistance. In an attempt to intimidate him, French soldiers raided his home village and kidnapped his brother. In 1895, Phùng was defeated and his supporters were executed by the French.

In 1903, Vietnamese nationalist [[Phan Bội Châu]] joined forces with former prince [[Cường Để]], who had been deposed by the French. They unsuccessfully sought financial assistance from [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japan]] and China. While in Japan, Châu attempted to smuggle weapons to Vietnamese rebels but was exiled to [[British Hong Kong (1841–1997)|Hong Kong]]. After the 1911 [[Xinhai Revolution]] in China, he decided that [[republicanism]] was better than a restoration of the imperial monarchy.<ref name=":0" />

In 1940, after [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]] conquered France, the Vichy government continued to rule Vietnam. [[Ho Chi Minh]], [[Vo Nguyen Giap]], and others began a guerrilla struggle against the French and Japanese colonizers. In 1945, Japan took over direct control from the Vichy regime and continued to export rice during a famine that killed over 1.5 million Vietnamese people.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|author=Richard Becker|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=Vietnam’s national liberation struggle in perspective|date=2005-05-01|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/05-05-01-vietnams-national-liberation-st-html/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714154922/https://www.liberationnews.org/05-05-01-vietnams-national-liberation-st-html/|archive-date=2019-07-14|retrieved=2022-12-17}}</ref>

=== Anti-French Resistance War ===
Ho Chi Minh declared independence from France on 2 September 1945.<ref name=":2" /> [[Republic of China|Nationalist China]] occupied northern Vietnam and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|UK]] occupied the south, and they soon returned both regions to French control. In October 1946, France bombed the port of Haiphong, beginning an eight-year independence war. The U.S. provided 80% of French supplies, including 300,000 small arms and machine guns.<ref name=":02">{{Citation|author=[[Howard Zinn]]|year=1980|title=A People's History of the United States|title-url=https://www.howardzinn.org/collection/peoples-history/|chapter=The Impossible Victory: Vietnam|page=439|pdf=https://files.libcom.org/files/A%20People's%20History%20of%20the%20Unite%20-%20Howard%20Zinn.pdf|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=0060194480}}</ref> In 1946, U.S. ships sent French troops back to Vietnam in an attempt to recolonize the region. In 1954, General Vo Nguyen Giap led Vietnamese forces at the [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu]], in which the Vietnamese carried 200 heavy artillery guns through 80 km of jungle and finally defeated the French colonizers.<ref name=":2" />

=== Resistance War against the United States ===
{{Main article|Vietnam War}}
After the Anti-French Resistance War, Vietnam was divided across the 17th parallel and the United States replaced France as the colonial power. By the end of 1956, the country was supposed to hold a national election and reunify, but the United States did not allow this because they knew communist leader Hồ Chí Minh would win by at least 80%.<ref name=":1">{{News citation|author=Richard Becker|newspaper=Liberation School|title=How Vietnam defeated U.S. imperialism|date=2015-03-08|url=https://www.liberationschool.org/how-vietnam-defeated-u-s-imperialism/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203233120/https://www.liberationschool.org/how-vietnam-defeated-u-s-imperialism/|archive-date=2022-02-03|retrieved=2022-05-07}}</ref> While the north was led by Hồ Chí Minh, the south was under a [[Republic of Vietnam|US puppet dictatorship]] led by pro-Japanese collaborators [[Ngô Đình Diệm]] and [[Bảo Đại]], the latter of which had lived in the USA for several years.<ref name=":2" /> The division of the country led to the Vietnam war, in which the north fought against the south and the US. From 1960, the north was also aided by communist guerrillas in the south, called the [[Viet Minh|National Liberation Front]], but often known by the pejorative nickname of "Viet Cong." The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] targeted and killed tens of thousands of suspected guerrillas through the [[Phoenix Program]]. The southern military had high rates of desertion and frequently killed civilians, unlike the heroic communist forces.<ref name=":2" /> By 1963, the NLF had liberated most of the south,<ref name=":1" /> and U.S. president [[John F. Kennedy]] ordered Diệm to be assassinated for his incompetence.<ref name=":2" />

Kennedy himself was soon assassinated and succeeded by [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], who began bombing Vietnam and authorized a full-scale invasion.<ref name=":2" /> In 1965, the United States invaded Vietnam with over half a million soldiers. They were supported by 75,000 troops from [[Republic of Korea|South Korea]], and over 800,000 from South Vietnam serving the puppet government. Half of the US troops were tied down defending their military bases in the south from guerrillas.<ref name=":1" /> In March of 1968, American forces killed hundreds of civilians in the [[My Lai Massacre]]. The soldiers that tried to prevent the massacre were considered traitors by other soldiers and US congressmen. The United States dropped more bombs on Vietnam than all of the bombs that were used in [[Second World War|World War II]] and sprayed 21 million gallons of [[Agent Orange]], a chemical weapon, on Vietnam.<ref name=":1" /> They also destroyed two-thirds of villages in the south. U.S. troops destroyed 9,000 of the 15,000 villages in the south and badly damaged all six of the northern industrialized cities.<ref name=":2" />

The US began withdrawing in 1969, and the south was liberated on 30 April 1975.

==Politics==
Vietnam is a [[Marxism-leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] one-party socialist [[republic]]. The ruling party is the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]].

==Economy==
After reunification in 1975 Vietnam became a centrally planned economy. In the late 1980s the economy was suffering from a decline in [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] aid, the decomposition of the Eastern Bloc and the effects of the post-war embargo by the USA. In 1986, the CPV adopted a series of market reforms known as Đổi Mới which would transition the country to a [[socialist-oriented market economy]].

According to a forecast by PwC in February 2017, Vietnam may be the fastest-growing of the world's economies, with a potential annual GDP growth rate of about 5.1%, which would make its economy the 20th-largest in the world by 2050.<ref>{{News citation|date=2017-02|title=How will the global economic order change by 2050?|url=https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/world-2050/assets/pwc-the-world-in-2050-full-report-feb-2017.pdf}}</ref>

== External resources ==

=== Books ===

* [[:Category:Library works about Vietnam|All library works about Vietnam]]
* [[:Category:Library documents from Vietnam|All library works from Vietnam]]

=== Videos ===
* [https://youtu.be/bQX_F-fQS2k ''Vietnam's Path To Socialism''] by [[CPUSA]] International Department on [[YouTube]]

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Marxist-Leninist states]]
[[Category:Asian countries]]

Communist party

2024-08-24T15:37:42Z

27.2.131.196: correction to the term "communist states"

{{Communist parties}}

A '''communist party''' is a revolutionary left-wing [[political party]] that seeks to realize the social and economic goals of [[communism]]. The term ''communist party'' was popularized by the title of ''[[The Manifesto of the Communist Party]]'' (1848) by [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]]. As a [[vanguard party]], the communist party guides the political education and development of the [[Proletariat|working class (proletariat)]]. As the ruling party, the communist party exercises power through the [[dictatorship of the proletariat]] and is the highest class organization of the proletariat.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Joseph Stalin]]|year=1924|title=The Foundations of Leninism|chapter=The Party|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1924/foundations-leninism/ch08.htm|city=[[Moscow]]|publisher=Foreign Languages Publishing Press|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1924/foundations-leninism/index.htm}}</ref>

[[Vladimir Lenin]] developed the idea of the communist party as the revolutionary vanguard, when [[social democracy]] in [[Russian Empire (1721–1917)|Imperial Russia]] was divided into ideologically opposed factions, the [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] faction ("of the majority") and the [[Mensheviks|Menshevik]] faction ("of the minority"). To be politically effective, Lenin proposed a small vanguard party managed with [[democratic centralism]] which allowed centralized command of a disciplined cadre of professional revolutionaries. Once the policy was agreed upon, realizing political goals required every Bolshevik's total commitment to the agreed-upon policy.

There are a number of communist parties active in various countries across the world and a number that used to be active. They differ not only in method, but also in strict ideology and interpretation, although they are generally within the [[Marxist]] [[communism]] tradition.

== Officially ruling in Marxist-Leninist states ==
In the following countries, several communist parties either lead the ruling coalition or hold monopoly on state power as defined by their respective country's constitutions.

* [[China]] – [[Communist Party of China]] leads the [[United Front (People's Republic of China)|United Front]]
* [[Cuba]] – [[Communist Party of Cuba]]
* [[Lao People's Democratic Republic|Laos]] – [[Lao People's Revolutionary Party]] leads the [[Lao Front for National Construction]]
* [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]] – [[Workers' Party of Korea]] leads the [[Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland]]
* [[Vietnam]] – [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] leads the [[Vietnamese Fatherland Front]]
[[Category:Political parties]]
[[Category:Political organizations]]