Republic of Türkiye

2025-08-24T12:09:00Z

51.83.252.199: /* National Alliance */

{{Infobox country|name=Republic of Türkiye|leader_title2=Vice President|national_anthem=İstiklal Marşı|image_map=Turkey map.svg|map_width=260|largest_city=Istanbul|capital=Ankara|leader_name3=[[Numan Kurtulmuş]]|leader_title4=Chief Justice|leader_name4=[[Kadir Özkaya]]|leader_title3=Assembly Speaker|leader_name2=[[Cevdet Yılmaz]]|leader_name1=[[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]|native_name=Türkiye Cumhuriyeti|government_type=Unitary presidential republic|leader_title1=President|image_flag=Turkey flag.png|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|legislature=Grand National Assembly|area_km2=783,356|population_estimate_year=2023|population_estimate=85,372,377|official_languages=Turkish|demonym=Turkish . Turk}}
'''Turkey''', officially the '''Republic of Türkiye''', is an imperialist [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]] country that contains land in [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]. It is bordered to the east by [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Republic of Armenia|Armenia]], [[Republic of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], and [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]], to the south by [[Republic of Iraq|Iraq]], [[Syrian Arab Republic|Syria]], and the [[Mediterranean Sea]], and to the west by [[Hellenic Republic|Greece]], [[Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], and the [[Aegean Sea]].

== History ==

=== Bronze Age ===
{{Main article|Hattusa}}

=== Iron Age ===
{{Main article|Phrygia|Lydia}}

==== Persian conquest ====
{{Main article|Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE)}}

==== Macedonian conquest ====
{{Main article|Macedonia (808–168 BCE)}}

==== Roman conquest ====
{{Main article|Roman Republic (509–27 BCE)|Roman Empire (27 BCE–395 CE)}}

=== Byzantine Empire ===
{{Main article|Roman Empire (395–1453)}}

=== Ottoman Empire ===
{{Main article|Ottoman Empire (1299–1922)}}

=== Interwar Period ===
In 1923, a [[Bourgeois state|bourgeois republic]] was established after the fall of the [[Ottoman Empire (1299–1922)|Ottoman Empire]]. The new bourgeois government cracked down on communists. Workers' [[Strike action|strikes]] were suppressed with guns.<ref>{{Citation|author=A. Shnurov|title=Turkish Proletariat|page=55|quote=For example, the events on the Adana - Nusaybin railway clearly demonstrate this. During a strike on this line, which belonged to a French company, the police literally shot unarmed strikers.|trans-title=Türkiye Proletaryası|trans-lang=Turkish}}</ref> Most of the [[Communist Party of Turkey (historical)|Communist Party of Turkey]] members left for the Soviet Union as a result of the repression by the Kemalists. [[Joseph Stalin]] noted that the Kemalist revolution in Turkey contained a limited [[anti-imperialism]], but was subsequently directed against the workers and peasants.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1927|title=Talk with students of the Sun Yat-Sen University|title-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1927/05/13.htm|chapter=The sixth question|quote=A Kemalist revolution is a revolution of the top stratum, a revolution of the national merchant bourgeoisie, arising in a struggle against the foreign imperialists, and whose subsequent development is essentially directed against the peasants and workers, against the very possibility of an agrarian revolution.|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1927/05/13.htm}}</ref>

=== Cold War ===
Turkey followed a partially neutral policy until the 1940s. Its relations with the Soviet Union were good. In 1946, Turkey started to get closer to the US and later became a member of NATO<ref>{{Web citation|author=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey|url=https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey-nato-together-for-peace-and-security-since60-years.en.mfa|quote=Protocol regarding Turkey’s membership to NATO was signed on 17 October 1951. Law on the accession of Turkey to the North Atlantic Treaty was endorsed on 18 February 1952 and Turkey became a NATO member together with Greece.}}</ref> after siding with the imperialists in the [[Korean War]].

Communist influence in Turkey increased considerably after the 1960s. In 1970, [[Mahir Çayan]] and a few others, adopting [[Ernesto Guevara|Guevarist]] strategies, founded the THKP/C ([[People's Revolutionary Party-Front of Turkey]]) and launched an armed rebellion. The party was shut down in 1972 after Mahir Çayan and many others were killed in combat.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Marxists Internet Archive (Turkish)|title=Mahir Çayan (1945-1972)|url=https://www.marxists.org/turkce/cayan/}}</ref> In 1972, [[Marxist-Leninist]] student leader [[Deniz Gezmiş]] was sentenced to death and hanged to death. In 1973 [[İbrahim Kaypakkaya|Ibrahim Kaypakkaya]], a [[Maoism|Maoist]] student, founded the [[Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist|TKP/ML]] (Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist-Leninist)<ref>{{Web citation|author=Marxists Internet Archive|title=İbrahim Kaypakkaya (1949-1973)|url=https://www.marxists.org/turkce/kaypakkaya/index.htm}}</ref>, adopting the Maoist strategy and declaring Turkey a semi-feudal and semi-colony, and launched an armed rebellion. In 1973, İbrahim Kaypakkaya was tortured to death.

In the 1960s, the [[United States of America|USA]] gave Turkey PGM-19 Jupiter missiles to target the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]], [[Cuban Missile Crisis|nearly causing a nuclear war]].<ref>{{Citation|author=George L. Smith|year=1962|title=The Jupiter Missiles of Turkey|chapter=|section=|page=|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=|isbn=|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113182651/http://www.hlswilliwaw.com/Jupiters/index.htm|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref>

In 1980, the USA supported a military coup in Turkey.<ref>{{Citation|author=Mehmet Ali Birand|year=|title=September 12: 4:00 am|chapter=|section=|page=1|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=|isbn=|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=12 eylül: saat 04.00|trans-lang=Turkish}}</ref> After the coup, many communists and progressives were executed or imprisoned. Since the 1980s, Turkey has promoted [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] culture and economics.<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nNqW4vlYGpQ&ab_channel=BSM|channel=BSMTV|title=Bir 12 Eylül Vakası: Özgür Demirtaş (TR) / A 9/12 Shame: Özgür Demirtaş|date=2020/03/29}}</ref> Between 1980 and 2000, the USA gave $15 billion of weapons to Turkey as it massacred [[Kurds|Kurdish]] civilians.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|author=[[Michael Parenti]]|year=2000|title=To Kill a Nation|page=11|chapter=Hypocritical Humanitarianism|publisher=Verso|pdf=https://leftychan.net/edu/src/1614706295182-3.pdf}}</ref>

=== 21st Century ===
In 2018, Turkey invaded [[Syrian Arab Republic|Syria]] on the United States' behalf, killing 500 civilians.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=2018-03-18|title=Afrin administration: The war has moved to another stage|url=https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava/afrin-administration-the-war-has-moved-to-another-stage-25570|newspaper=ANF|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=2022-01-05}}</ref>

== Politics ==
In the first round of the 2023 presidential election, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan received 49.5% of the vote, [[Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu]] received 44.88%, and [[Sinan Oğan]] of the [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[Ancestral Alliance]] received 5.2%. Oğan supports deporting refugees and is inspired by the Statesian [[United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement|ICE]].<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|author=Ulaş Ateşçi|newspaper=[[WSWS]]|title=Turkish elections: Far-right candidate demands Erdoğan, Kılıçdaroğlu expel refugees|date=2023-05-17|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2023/05/17/tcaw-m17.html}}</ref>

On 28 May 2023, Erdoğan defeated Kılıçdaroğlu in a runoff.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=[[WSWS]]|title=Political lessons of the 2023 Turkish presidential elections|date=2023-05-31|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2023/06/01/cztj-j01.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602172752/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2023/06/01/cztj-j01.html|archive-date=2023-06-02}}</ref>

=== National Alliance ===
The National Alliance, which supported Kılıçdaroğlu, consisted of the [[Republican People's Party]] (CHP), the [[Good Party]], which split from the MHP, center-right [[Democrat Party (Turkey)|Democrat Party]], islamic [[Felicity Party]], the [[Democracy and Progress Party]], and the [[Future Party (Turkey)|Future Party]] (the latter two having split from the AKP). The [[Workers' Party of Turkey (2017)|Workers' Party of Turkey]] and Kurdish nationalist [[People's Democratic Party]] also supported Kılıçdaroğlu,<ref name=":1" /> and the [[Communist Party of Turkey (modern)|Communist Party of Turkey]] encouraged its supporters to vote for him against Erdoğan without fully supporting him.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=Türkiye’s election: What can bring down the ultra-reactionary Erdoğan regime?|date=2023-05-17|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/millions-cast-their-votes-to-elect-turkiyes-president-and-members-of-the-parliament/}}</ref> The National Alliance was dissolved in 28 May 2023.

=== People's Alliance ===
The People's Alliance, which supports Erdoğan, consists of the [[Islamism|Islamist]] [[Justice and Development Party]] (AKP), the [[Fascism|fascist]] [[National Movement Party]] (MHP), and the [[Kurds|Kurdish]] Islamist [[Free Cause Party]].<ref name=":1" />

== Human rights ==
Hundreds of women are murdered yearly in Turkey due to [[reactionary]] fundamentalist beliefs promoted by the Turkish government.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|date=2018-01-19|title=Solidarity with Kemal Okuyan, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Turkey|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/solidarity-with-kemal-okuyan-general-secretary-of-the-communist-party-of-turkey/|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714044433/https://www.liberationnews.org/solidarity-with-kemal-okuyan-general-secretary-of-the-communist-party-of-turkey/|archive-date=2019-07-14|retrieved=2022-12-24}}</ref> Following the 1980 coup, Turkey killed 40,000 Kurds and left two million homeless.<ref name=":2" />

=== Working conditions ===
As a result of the ruling [[Justice and Development Party|AKP]]'s neoliberal policies, over 2,000 people die every year in workplace accidents.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
[[Category:Asian countries]]
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Countries targeted by CIA coups]]
[[Category:Imperialist countries]]
<references />

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Republic of Türkiye