ProleWiki - User contributions [en]

Donald Trump

2025-06-30T15:42:15Z

74.123.17.162: The article was not updated to recent events.

{{Infobox politician|image=Trump image.png|name=Donald John Trump|political_line=[[Imperialism]] [[Conservatism]] Right-wing [[populism]] [[Fascism]] |birth_date=14 June 1946|nationality=[[Statesian]]|political_party=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]|birth_place=[[Queens]], [[New York City]], [[State of New York]], [[United States of America]]}}'''Donald John Trump''' (born 14 June 1946) is a [[United States of America|Statesian]] [[Bourgeoisie|billionaire]] and serial rapist who is currently serving as President of the United States since January 20, 2025. He also served as the 45th [[President of the United States]] from 2017 to 2021. Trump is the only U.S. president to serve two non-consecutive terms since [[Grover Cleveland]].

Trump claims to be a pro-[[Proletariat|worker]] politician despite cutting taxes on billionaires and corporations.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=PSL Statement – Workers shouldn’t be fooled: Trump is a tool of the ultra-rich|date=2022-11-15|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/psl-statement-workers-shouldnt-be-fooled-trump-is-a-tool-of-the-ultra-rich/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118034739/https://www.liberationnews.org/psl-statement-workers-shouldnt-be-fooled-trump-is-a-tool-of-the-ultra-rich/|archive-date=2022-11-18|retrieved=2022-11-19}}</ref> Trump is a member of the [[America First]] movement, which believes the USA should be able to act unilaterally without limits from international law and treaties. Contrary to popular belief, the movement is not isolationist.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Bill Fletcher Jr.|newspaper=[[Monthly Review]]|title=Race Is About More Than Discrimination|date=2020-07-01|url=https://monthlyreview.org/2020/07/01/race-is-about-more-than-discrimination/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323205358/https://monthlyreview.org/2020/07/01/race-is-about-more-than-discrimination/|archive-date=2023-03-23}}</ref>

== Pre-presidency ==
In 1968, while still in college, Donald Trump started getting involved in his father's New York City real estate business.<ref name="ArtOfDeal">{{Citation|author=Donald Trump and Tony Schwartz|year=2004|title=Trump: The Art of the Deal|publisher=Ballantine Books|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=B3CD9D3C47EC1F58C3833D050C888B38}}</ref>:78, 93 In 1971, Donald Trump inherited control over the business,<ref name="ArtOfDeal"/>:93–94 and in 1973, he renamed it to the "Trump Organization."<ref name="ArtOfDeal"/>:104–105

Also in 1973, the Trump Organization was charged by the US Department of Justice (DOJ) with discrimination against [[Black (race)|black people]]. Trump and the DOJ battled in court until the DOJ agreed to drop the discrimination charges and Trump agreed to make some concessions.<ref name="ArtOfDeal"/>:98–99<ref>{{Web citation|author=Wayne Barrett and Jon Campbell|newspaper=Village Voice|title=How a Young Donald Trump Forced His Way From Avenue Z to Manhattan|date=2015-07-20|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/news/how-a-young-donald-trump-forced-his-way-from-avenue-z-to-manhattan-7380462|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905212408/http://www.villagevoice.com/news/how-a-young-donald-trump-forced-his-way-from-avenue-z-to-manhattan-7380462|archive-date=2015-09-05}}</ref>

In November 2015, Donald Trump mocked [[Serge Kovaleski]]'s [[disability]], arthrogryposis, in response to Serge stating that they never claimed many Muslims support the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/donald-trump-criticized-after-he-appears-mock-reporter-serge-kovaleski-n470016|title=Donald Trump Criticized After He Appears to Mock Reporter Serge Kovaleski}}</ref>

== First presidential term (2017–2021) ==
In 2017, Donald Trump passed a tax cut that decreased corporate taxes to only 11.3% of profits. He also made a $45 billion cut in food stamp benefits.<ref>{{News citation|author=Robert Reich|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|title=How Trump has betrayed the working class|date=2019-12-22|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/dec/22/trump-wants-to-be-champion-of-the-working-class-but-with-tax-cuts-for-the-rich-it-doesnt-add-up|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416230953/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/dec/22/trump-wants-to-be-champion-of-the-working-class-but-with-tax-cuts-for-the-rich-it-doesnt-add-up|archive-date=2022-04-16|retrieved=2022-05-20}}</ref>

The first Trump administration's nationalist and populist rhetoric bore "no relation to its actual policies."<ref name=":2" /> In 2018, Trump attended the [[World Economic Forum]] in Davos and declared "America is open for business" before an audience of global elites, in stark contrast to his nominal protectionist, anti-"globalist" rhetoric.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|author=William I. Robinson|year=2019|title=Global capitalist crisis and twenty-first century fascism: beyond the Trump hype|publisher=Science & Society, 83(2), 155–183|doi=10.1521/siso.2019.83.2.155|quote=In the regard, the ideology of 21st-century fascism rests on irrationality — a promise to deliver security and restore stability that is emotive, not rational. It is a project that does not and need not distinguish between the truth and the lie. The Trump regime’s public discourse of populism and nationalism, for example, bears no relation to its actual policies. In its first year, Trumponomics involved deregulation — the virtual smashing of the regulatory state — slashing social spending, dismantling what remained of the welfare state, privatizations, tax breaks to corporations and the rich, and an expansion of state subsidies to capital — in short, neoliberalism on steroids.

This is a distinction lost on many commentators. German monopoly capitalists turned to the Nazis to crush the powerful trade unions, socialist and communist movements. But they also turned to the Nazi state to open up vast new opportunities for accumulation and to compete, including through territorial expansion, against capitalist groups from other countries. In sharp distinction to this fusion of German national capital with the fascist state, Trumpism has sought to open up vast new opportunities for profit-making inside the United States (and around the world) for transnational capital. The Trump White House has called for transnational investors from around the world to invest in the United States, enticed by a regressive tax reform, unprecedented deregulation, and some limited tariff walls that would benefit groups from anywhere in the world that establish operations behind them. “America is open for business,” Trump declared at the 2018 meeting of the global elite gathered for the 2018 annual conclave of the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. “Now is the perfect time to bring your business, your jobs and your investments to the United States” (Bierman, 2018, A3).}}</ref>

In 2020, the United States withdrew from the [[Paris Climate Agreement]].<ref>{{News citation|author=Tyler Clevenger, Dan Lashof|newspaper=World Resources Institute|title=7 Ways the Biden Administration Can Reverse Climate Rollbacks|date=2021-01-19|url=https://www.wri.org/insights/7-ways-biden-administration-can-reverse-climate-rollbacks|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309070958/https://www.wri.org/insights/7-ways-biden-administration-can-reverse-climate-rollbacks|archive-date=2022-03-09|retrieved=2022-05-20}}</ref>

Under Trump's presidency, civilian deaths caused by the U.S. military increased greatly.<ref>{{News citation|author=Murtaza Hussain|newspaper=The Intercept|title=Civilian Deaths in U.S. Wars Are Skyrocketing Under Trump. It May Not Be Impeachable, but It’s a Crime.|date=2019-10-02|url=https://theintercept.com/2019/10/02/trump-impeachment-civilian-casualties-war/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507031915/https://theintercept.com/2019/10/02/trump-impeachment-civilian-casualties-war/|archive-date=2022-05-07|retrieved=2022-05-20}}</ref>

Trump also vastly expanded concentration camps at the US-Mexico border, where asylum-seeking immigrants are kept in inhumane conditions.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Andi Zeisler|newspaper=NBC|title=AOC was right to compare Trump's border internment camps to concentration camps|date=2019-06-19|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/aoc-was-right-compare-trump-s-border-internment-camps-concentration-ncna1019381|retrieved=30/06/2024}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=Ben Norton|newspaper=Geopolitical Economy Report|title=Weaponization of immigration policy: Ukrainians welcomed, refugees of US wars abused|date=2022-04-08|url=https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2022/04/08/immigration-policy-ukrainians-victims-us-wars/|retrieved=30/06/2024}}</ref> During his presidential term, nearly half a million children were separated from their families and kept in cages for extended periods of time.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Anna Flagg and Andrew Rodriguez Calderón|newspaper=The Marshall Project|title=500,000 Kids, 30 Million Hours: Trump’s Vast Expansion of Child Detention|date=2020-10-30|url=https://www.themarshallproject.org/2020/10/30/500-000-kids-30-million-hours-trump-s-vast-expansion-of-child-detention|retrieved=30/06/2024}}</ref>

=== Involvement in the Capitol insurrection ===
{{Main article|2021 United States Capitol insurrection}}
On 6 January 2021, near the end of his presidential term, Trump rallied his supporters to [[2021 United States Capitol insurrection|storm the United States Capitol]] in an attempt to reconsolidate his power. The attack ultimately failed and Trump's term came to a close.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWJVMoe7OY0&t Day of Rage: How Trump Supporters Took the U.S. Capitol | Visual Investigations]</ref>

According to an analysis on [[Medium]], the Capitol insurrection was a coup attempt by Trump. They argue that "6 January was an attempted coup, in the sense it was designed to trigger martial law and the suspension of the transition."<ref>[https://medium.com/mosquito-ridge/the-trump-insurrection-a-marxist-analysis-dc229c34cdc1 The Trump Insurrection: a Marxist analysis]</ref>

== Post-first presidency ==
On 8 August 2022, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] raided Trump's home in the [[State of Florida]].<ref>[https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2022/08/09/guda-a09.html FBI raids Trump estate at Mar-a-Lago]</ref> In November 2022, Trump announced he would run for president again in 2024.<ref name=":0" />

During a rally in Butler, [[Commonwealth of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]] on July 13, 2024, Donald Trump survived an assassination attempt by the 20-year-old Thomas Matthew Crooks, who was shot dead by Secret Service members just moments after. Having been grazed at his ear by one of the bullets, Trump bumped his fist in the air while being rushed off the stage as the crowd chanted U.S.A.<ref name=":1" /> One attendee of the rally died and two others were critically injured because of this attempted assassination.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Democracy Now!|title=Long Legacy of U.S. Political Violence: RNC Begins in Milwaukee in Wake of Trump Assassination Attempt|date=2024-07-15|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2024/7/15/trump_shot_john_nichols|retrieved=July 15, 2024}}</ref> [[President of the United States|President]] [[Joe Biden]] denounced the attack during an address to the nation on the following day.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|newspaper=Democracy Now!|title=FBI Seeks Motive in Trump Assassination Attempt; President Biden Calls for “Cooling Down” Rhetoric|date=2024-07-15|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2024/7/15/headlines/fbi_seeks_motive_in_trump_assassination_attempt_president_biden_calls_for_cooling_down_rhetoric|retrieved=15.07.2024}}</ref>

== Second presidential term (2025–present) ==
Donald Trump won the 2024 presidential election with 312 electoral votes against [[Kamala Harris]]' 226 electoral votes, making him the first president since Grover Cleveland to be re-elected non-consecutively.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=People|title=Donald Trump Is the Second President in History Elected to 2 Non-Consecutive Terms — Here's the Other|date=2025-1-20|url=https://people.com/donald-trump-second-president-nonconsecutive-terms-after-grover-cleveland-8735726|quote=More than a century before Donald Trump was reelected in 2024, a similarly embattled Grover Cleveland became the first ex-president to be restored to the office}}</ref> On his first day of his second term, Trump signed 26 executive orders. He rewithdrew the US from [[Paris Agreement|Paris Climate Accords]],<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Office of the Press Secretary|title=Putting America First In International Environmental Agreements|date=2025-1-20|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/putting-america-first-in-international-environmental-agreements}}</ref> then withdrew the US from [[World Health Organization|WHO]],<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Office of the Press Secretary|title=Withdrawing The United States From The World Health Organization|date=2025-1-20|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/withdrawing-the-united-states-from-the-worldhealth-organization}}</ref> and pardoned about 1,500 insurrectionists of the [[2021 United States Capitol insurrection|January 6th coup d'etat attempt]]<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=NBC News|title=Trump pardons roughly 1,500 criminal defendants charged in the Jan. 6 Capitol attack|date=2025-1-21|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/rcna187735}}</ref> (many of whom had prior convictions for sex crimes<ref>{{Web citation|author=Tom Dreisbach|newspaper=NPR|title=Criminal records of Jan. 6 rioters pardoned by Trump include rape, domestic violence|date=2025-1-30|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/01/30/nx-s1-5276336/donald-trump-jan-6-rape-assault-pardons-rioters}}</ref>). He granted a full pardon to Ross Ulbricht, who operated a dark web market website Silk Road,<ref>{{Web citation|author=Brian Doherty|newspaper=Reason.com|title=President Donald Trump pardons Silk Road founder Ross Ulbricht|date=2025-1-21|url=https://reason.com/2025/01/21/president-donald-trump-pardons-silk-road-founder-ross-ulbricht/}}</ref> and reversed an executive order issued by [[Joe Biden]] to reduce the cost of medicine.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Alexandra Gerlach|newspaper=Pharmacy Times|title=Reversal of Executive Order 14087 Raises Questions About Future Drug Pricing Reforms|date=2025-1-22|url=https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/reversal-of-executive-order-14087-raises-questions-about-future-drug-pricing-reforms}}</ref> Trump also threatened to impose 25% tariffs on [[Mexican United States|Mexico]] and [[Canada]] on February 1st, 2025.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=CNN|title=Trump threatens 25% tariffs on Mexico and Canada on Feb. 1, punting Day 1 pledge|date=2025-1-20|url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/01/20/economy/tariffs-trump-executive-order/index.html}}</ref>

Starting in January 2025, Trump began a campaign of mass deportations, which saw (among other things) [[United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement|ICE]] agents detaining legal immigrants who broke no US law,<ref>{{Web citation|author=Billal Rahman|newspaper=Newsweek|title=Multiple Legal Migrants Detained by ICE Amid Trump Blitz|date=2025-01-31|url=https://www.newsweek.com/immigration-legal-migrant-detained-ice-raids-trump-2024014}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=Alex Woodward|newspaper=Independent|title=New Jersey officials condemn ‘egregious’ ICE raid that detained U.S. citizens and military veteran|date=2025-01-24|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/ice-raid-newark-new-jersey-trump-b2685888.html}}</ref> indigenous people of the [[Navajo Nation|Navajo]] and other nations facing ICE raids,<ref>{{Web citation|author=Erin Alberty and Russell Contreras|newspaper=Axios|title=Native American tribes say ICE harassing members amid raids|date=2025-01-29|url=https://www.axios.com/2025/01/29/native-american-immigration-raids-navajo-nation}}</ref> and public schools being raided by US agents.<ref>{{Web citation|author= Adam Edelman and Daniella Silva|newspaper=NBC News|title=Public schools try to protect undocumented students from Trump immigration raids|date=2025-01-28|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/immigration/public-schools-undocumented-students-trump-immigration-raids-rcna189466}}</ref> In April 2025, when Trump was in office, the United States killed at least 80 civilians (including 5 paramedics) when bombing [[Yemen]]'s Ras Isa fuel port.<ref>{{News citation|author=Dave DeCamp|date=2025-04-17|title=US Massacres Civilian Workers and Paramedics in Attack on Yemen Fuel Port|url=https://news.antiwar.com/2025/04/17/us-massacres-civilian-workers-and-paramedics-in-attack-on-yemen-fuel-port/|newspaper=Antiwar.com}}</ref> Later, on June 22, 2025, the U.S. Army under the Trump Administration illegally bombed three supposed “nuclear sites“ in [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]], however, even if Iran does have a nuclear program, it’s likely that the strikes failed to hit any operational facility.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Natasha Bertrand|newspaper=CNN|title=Exclusive: Early US intel assessment suggests strikes on Iran did not destroy nuclear sites, sources say|date=2025-06-29|url=https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2025/06/24/politics/intel-assessment-us-strikes-iran-nuclear-sites|quote=“The US military strikes on three of Iran’s nuclear facilities last weekend did not destroy the core components of the country’s nuclear program“}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Billionaires]]
[[Category:Capitalists]]
[[Category:Criminals]]
[[Category:Imperialists]]
[[Category:Neoliberals]]
[[Category:People on Epstein flight logs]]
[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Racists]]
[[Category:Reactionaries]]
[[Category:Statesians of German descent]]
[[Category:Statesians of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Zionists]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Trump, Donald}}
[[Category:Current heads of state]]

Syrian Arab Republic (1963–2024)

2025-05-20T01:47:18Z

74.123.17.162: I have edited the article about Ba‘athist Syria to be in the past tense.

{{Infobox country|name=Syrian Arab Republic|leader_name4=Najah al-Attar|year_start=1963|year_end=2024|currency=Syrian pound|population_estimate_year=2023|population_estimate=22,933,531|motto=وَحْدَةٌ ، حُرِّيَّةٌ ، اِشْتِرَاكِيَّةٌ|englishmotto="Unity, Freedom, Socialism"|image_map=Syria map.svg|map_width=260|official_languages=Arabic|leader_name5=Hammouda Sabbagh|leader_title5=Speaker of the People's Council|leader_title4=Vice President|leader_name3=Farouk al-Sharaa|native_name=ٱلْجُمْهُورِيَّةُ ٱلْعَرَبِيَّةُ ٱلسُّورِيَّةُ|image_flag=Flag of Syria.svg|leader_title3=Vice President|leader_name2=Hussein Arnous|leader_title2=Prime Minister|leader_name1=[[Bashar al-Assad]]|leader_title1=Last President|largest_city=Damascus|image_coat=Syria COA.svg|capital=Damascus|area_km2=185,180}}

The '''Syrian Arab Republic''' was the [[Syria|Syrian]] state lasting from the 1963 [[Ba'athist]] coup until the fall of the legitimate Assad government to [[United States of America|U.S.]] backed terrorists in 2024.

It was a unitary republic consisting of 14 governorates (subdivisions) and was the last country that politically espoused Ba'athism, with [[Republic of Iraq|Iraq]]'s pre-[[Iraq War|intervention]] government having also been guided by the Ba'ath ideology. It was a member of one international organization other than the [[United Nations]], the [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] [[Non-Aligned Movement]].

== History ==
In 1963, a Ba'athist coup overthrew the government and established the Arab Republic.{{Citation needed}}

=== Israeli invasion of Golan Heights ===
The Syrian territory of the [[Golan Heights]] was invaded by [[State of Israel|Israel]] in 1967 and annexed in 1981. It is currently occupied by around 25,000 Israeli settlers.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=France 24|title=Israel unveils plan to double settlers in occupied Golan|date=2021-12-26|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211226-israel-unveils-plan-to-double-settlers-in-occupied-golan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226132414/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211226-israel-unveils-plan-to-double-settlers-in-occupied-golan|archive-date=2021-12-26|retrieved=2022-05-10}}</ref>

===Syrian Civil War===
Starting in 2011 as part of the Western-supported [[Arab Spring]], Syria descended into civil war as foreign powers began supporting proxy forces to overthrow the [[Bashar al-Assad|Assad]] government.

On 21 August 2013, a chemical weapon detonated in Ghouta and was blamed on [[Bashar al-Assad]], justifying [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]] air strikes on Syria. The allegations were first made by Prince [[Bandar bin Sultan]], then head of the [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabian]] Intelligence Service, who has previously been involved with both the [[Contras]] and the [[Mujahideen]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=David Usborne|newspaper=The Independent|title=Syria, the Saudi connection: The Prince with close ties to Washington at the heart of the push for war|date=2013-8-27|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-the-saudi-connection-the-prince-with-close-ties-to-washington-at-the-heart-of-the-push-for-war-8785049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902085302/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-the-saudi-connection-the-prince-with-close-ties-to-washington-at-the-heart-of-the-push-for-war-8785049.html|archive-date=2013-08-29|retrieved=2024-02-21|quote=It was Prince Bandar’s intelligence agency that first alerted Western allies to the alleged use of sarin gas by the Syrian regime in February.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Web citation|author=Adam Entous, Nour Malas and and Margaret Coker|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|title=A Veteran Saudi Power Player Works To Build Support to Topple Assad|date=2013-08-25|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323423804579024452583045962|retrieved=2024-02-21|quote=Some officials said they fear it carries the same risk of spinning out of control as an earlier project in which Prince Bandar was involved—the 1980s CIA program of secretly financing the Contras in Nicaragua against a leftist government.

A generation ago, Prince Bandar, in a role foreshadowing his current one on behalf of Syrian opposition, helped the CIA arm the Afghan rebels who were resisting occupation by Soviet troops.

...

As part of that, intelligence agents from Saudi Arabia, the U.S., Jordan and other allied states are working at a secret joint operations center in Jordan to train and arm handpicked Syrian rebels, according to current and former U.S. and Middle Eastern officials.

The CIA has put unspecified limits on its arming efforts. But the agency has been helping train rebels to better fight. Earlier this year it also began making salary payments to members of the Western-backed Free Syrian Army, U.S. and Arab officials said. There are now more CIA personnel at the Jordan base than Saudi personnel, according to Arab diplomats.
...

The Saudis stepped up rebel support in early 2012, at first by joining forces with Qatar and the United Arab Emirates to fund what was then the main opposition group, the Syrian National Council. Saudi Arabia quickly soured on the effort because the Council wasn't buying arms with the money, diplomats said, and began to push for directly arming the insurgents. It also began to work with Qatar through a command center in Turkey to buy and distribute arms.

But tensions grew over which rebels to supply. Both Saudi and American officials worried Qatar and Turkey were directing weapons to the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood. Qatari and Turkish officials denied they favored certain rebel groups.}}</ref> Interviews with people living at the site of the detonation however revealed that Saudi Intelligence, including bin Sultan, had been responsible for providing the chemical weapons to the rebels. Later that year, the rebels explained in an interview that they were not aware they were in possession of chemical weapons and weren't taught how to use them, resulting in the detonation of the Sarin gas by the rebel and Saudi-backed forces.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Dale Gavlak and Yahya Ababneh|newspaper=Mint Press News|title=EXCLUSIVE: Syrians In Ghouta Claim Saudi-Supplied Rebels Behind Chemical Attack|date=2013-08-29|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/syria-ghouta-claim-saudi-supplied-rebels-chemical-attack/168135/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207212634/https://www.mintpressnews.com/syria-ghouta-claim-saudi-supplied-rebels-chemical-attack/168135/|archive-date=2020-02-07|retrieved=2024-02-21|quote=“They didn’t tell us what these arms were or how to use them,” complained a female fighter named ‘K.’ “We didn’t know they were chemical weapons. We never imagined they were chemical weapons.”

“When Saudi Prince Bandar gives such weapons to people, he must give them to those who know how to handle and use them,” she warned. She, like other Syrians, do not want to use their full names for fear of retribution.

“We were very curious about these arms. And unfortunately, some of the fighters handled the weapons improperly and set off the explosions,” ‘J’ said.}}</ref>

Saudi Arabia and Prince Bandar trained Reactionary militias and insurgents in Syria's neighbor Jordan but their initiative was swiftly supplemented by the U.S who began to make payments to the anti-Assad forces. In addition to Saudi Arabia; [[State of Qatar|Qatar]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], and [[Republic of Türkiye|Turkey]] were also responsible for training insurgents and terrorists, with there being a competition between them to establish leadership over the anti-government forces.<ref name=":1" />

The U.S. has supported Islamic jihadists in their [[Operation Timber Sycamore]], not unlike [[Operation Cyclone]] in [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/24/world/middleeast/us-relies-heavily-on-saudi-money-to-support-syrian-rebels.html |date=2016-01-26|title=U.S. Relies Heavily on Saudi Money to Support Syrian Rebels|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208111529/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/24/world/middleeast/us-relies-heavily-on-saudi-money-to-support-syrian-rebels.html|archive-date=2023-02-08|author=Mark Mazzetti, Matt Apuzzo}}</ref> They have also killed at least 500 Syrian civilians in airstrikes throughout the war, including 30 when a school was bombed, and used chemical weapons such as white phosphorus. In of 2021, the military situation was favorable to the Syrian government, which had retaken most territory thanks to the legal assistance of the [[Russian Federation|Russian]] Air Force as well as assistance from Syria's ally, the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://the-levant.com/russian-air-force-takes-rebels-syria/ |date=2020-11-21|title=Russian air force takes on rebels in Syria|newspaper=The Levant|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018064708/https://the-levant.com/russian-air-force-takes-rebels-syria/|archive-date=2021-10-18}}</ref>

On 3 February 2022, U.S. forces killed 4 women and 6 children during a raid in Idlib province.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Martin Chulov, Julian Borger|date=2022-02-04|title=Islamic State leader killed during raid by US special forces in Syria|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/03/us-special-forces-kill-suspected-jihadists-in-north-west-syria-raid|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|retrieved=2022-03-11}}</ref>

The U.S. continues to occupy the resource-rich area of Northern Syria, to control its hydrocarbons and agricultural output<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.rokfin.com/post/53265/Biden-Caught-Lying-About-Occupying-Syria |title=Biden Caught Lying About Occupying Syria |author=Jimmy Dore |newspaper=Rokfin }}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=https://mate.substack.com/p/to-keep-troops-in-syria-us-leaders |title=To keep troops in Syria, US leaders are lying like in Afghanistan |author=Aaron Maté |date=September 7th 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2021/07/03/661403/US-must-stop-looting-Syria-natural-resources-fight-terrorists-instead-Lavrov |title=US must stop looting Syria's natural resources, fight terrorists instead, says Lavrov |newspaper=[[PressTV]] }}</ref> and has firebombed hundreds of acres of wheat fields. The goal of the US is to prevent the reconstruction of Syria.<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-sanctions-idUSKCN1LI06Z |title=Long reach of U.S. sanctions hits Syria reconstruction |newspaper=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> U.S. and the U.N. prop up opposition forces via the Bab al-Hawa crossing – the only U.N. approved crossing for transporting international aid into Syria. The aid have been described by [[The New York Times]] as “…a lifeline for opposition-held areas in the north.”<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=Natasha Frost, Raja Abdulrahim|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|title=The only border crossing for U.N. aid from Turkey to Syria is hobbled.|date=2023-02-07|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/07/world/europe/turkey-syria-quake-un-aid.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209032139/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/07/world/europe/turkey-syria-quake-un-aid.html|archive-date=2023-02-09|retrieved=2023-02-09}}</ref>

The U.S. imperialists were using economic warfare to cripple the Syrian economy.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Mimi al-Laham |newspaper=[[PressTV]] |url=https://twitter.com/PressTV/status/1481371739204591616 }}</ref> These [[Economic sanctions|sanctions]] might be soon circumvented with Syria's admission into [[People's Republic of China|China]]'s [[Belt and Road Initiative]].<ref>{{Web citation |date=2022-01-12 |title=Syria joins China’s Belt and Road Initiative|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/01/syria-joins-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative|newspaper=Al-Monitor}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |date=2022-01-12 |title=Syria, China sign MoU in framework of Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative|url=http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=260411 }}</ref>

==== Collapse ====
On 27 November 2024, the Syrian Salvation Government started an offensive towards Damascus and captured Aleppo.<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czr7rkzz2gmo|title=Syrian troops withdraw from Aleppo as rebels advance|website=BBC News|quote=The latest offensive has been led by an Islamist militant group known at Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) and allied factions backed by Turkey.|access-date=1 December 2024|archive-date=1 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201190704/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czr7rkzz2gmo|url-status=live}}</ref> Three days later, Hama was captured.<ref name="hamafall">{{Web citation|title=Syrian rebels capture second major city as army withdraws from Hama|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/12/05/middleeast/syria-rebels-hama-government-intl/index.html|access-date=5 December 2024|publisher=CNN|date=5 December 2024}}</ref>

Meanwhile, the Turkish occupation forces as well as the Rojava Government and the US-backed Syrian Free Army also advanced, capturing territories and cities.<ref>{{Web citation|title=Following withdrawal of Iranian-backed militias and regime forces; Kurdish forces deploy in Aleppo international airport, Nubl and Al-Zahraa and take control of checkpoints|url=https://www.syriahr.com/en/350205/|website=syriahr.com|publisher=SOHR|access-date=30 November 2024}}</ref>

On 6 December, a revolt popped up south of Damascus.<ref name="AlMonitor_Syrian_rebels_advance">{{cite Q|Q131400660|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 7 December, Homs was captured.<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-gaza-lebanon-news-7-december-2024-53419e23991cfc14a7857c82f49eb26f|title=Middle East latest: Syria's forces withdraw from Homs, a key link between the capital and coast|publisher=The Associated Press|date=7 December 2024|accessdate=7 December 2024}}</ref>

On the early hours of 8 December, rebel forces entered Damascus and declared the civil war and Assad's rule in [[Syria]] as over.<ref>{{Web citation|last=Iskandarani|first=Aya|date=8 December 2024|title=Rebels declare end of Assad rule in Syria|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/12/rebels-declare-end-assad-rule-syria|url-access=limited|access-date=8 December 2024|website=[[Al-Monitor]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|date=8 December 2024|title=Syrian rebels enter Damascus: everything we know so far|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/dec/08/syrian-rebels-enter-damascus-everything-we-know|access-date=8 December 2024|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

By the end of the day, most of the government remnants were captured, with only few Russian air and naval bases still remaining under government control.{{Citation needed}} Sputnik News announced that Assad and his family had safely arrived in Moscow.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Sputnik News|title=Syria's Assad Arrives in Moscow With His Family – Kremlin Source|date=2024-12-08|url=https://sputnikglobe.com/20241208/syrias-assad-and-his-family-arrive-in-moscow---source-1121126068.html}}</ref> This marked the end of the Assad Presidency, and the state was swiftly handed over to the rebel coalition.

==Foreign relations==
On 29 June 2022, Syria became the second country in the world to recognize the [[Donetsk People's Republic|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk People's Republic|Luhansk People's Republics]].<ref>{{Web citation |newspaper=[[Reuters]]|title=Syria recognizes independence, sovereignty of Donetsk, Luhansk -state news agency|date=2022-06-29|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-recognizes-independence-sovereignty-donetsk-luhansk-state-news-agency-2022-06-29/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629140520/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-recognizes-independence-sovereignty-donetsk-luhansk-state-news-agency-2022-06-29/|archive-date=2022-06-29|retrieved=2022-06-30}}</ref>

On 7 May 2023, at the meeting of the Council of the [[Arab League]] in Cairo, it was agreed to reinstate Syria's membership,<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Alarabiya|title=Arab foreign ministers agree to readmit Syria to the Arab League|date=2023-5-7|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/05/07/Arab-foreign-ministers-to-discuss-Syria-s-return-to-Arab-League-Sudan-conflict}}</ref> after being suspended on 16 November 2011 in the aftermath of the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Aljazeera|title=Arab League decides to suspend Syria|date=2011-11-13|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/11/13/arab-league-decides-to-suspend-syria}}</ref>

===Sanctions===
<blockquote>''See also: [[Economic sanctions#Syria]]''</blockquote>The Arab Republic suffered from heavy sanctions enforced by the United States and [[European Union]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=U.S. Department of the Treasury|title=Syria Sanctions|url=https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/financial-sanctions/sanctions-programs-and-country-information/syria-sanctions|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208015349/https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/financial-sanctions/sanctions-programs-and-country-information/syria-sanctions|archive-date=2023-02-08|retrieved=2023-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=EUR-Lex|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?scope=EURLEX&text=Syria+sanctions&lang=en&type=quick|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213022058/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?text=Syria+sanctions&lang=en&type=quick&qid=1676254858199&scope=EURLEX|archive-date=2023-02-13|retrieved=2023-02-13}}</ref>

During the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake, Syria was unable to receive direct aid due to sanctions imposed upon the country.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Aaron Maté|newspaper=[[Twitter]]|date=2023-02-08|url=https://twitter.com/aaronjmate/status/1623000443335979009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208170406/https://twitter.com/aaronjmate/status/1623000443335979009|archive-date=2023-02-08|retrieved=2023-02-09|quote=The New York Times makes it plain: “Syria is not able to receive direct aid from many countries because of sanctions.”

So — unless you’re a monstrous sadist — why not lift the sanctions?}}</ref> With the only U.N. approved entry into Syria from Turkey – generally used to provide aid to government opposition groups – being destroyed, the three other unapproved crossings remained empty of humanitarian convoys. Despite these adversities Iran was able to supply Syria with 70 tons of food, tents and medicine.<ref name=":0" />

== Ideology ==
Neo-Ba'athism (informally known as "Assadism") is a socialist ideology developed by Hafez al-Assad who along with Salah Jadid overthrew the reactionary regime that attempted to deviate Syria from its socialist goals.<ref>{{Citation|author=Ilana Kass|year=1978|title=Soviet Involvement In The Middle East|chapter=The Syrian Coup d’Etat of February 1966|chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780429306976-2/syrian-coup-etat-february-1966-ilana-kass|quote=On February 23, 1966, after a bitter internal struggle, a radically leftist faction of the Ba’th party assumed power in Syria. On March 8, 1966, Krasnaia zvezda, the press organ of the Ministry of Defense, joined Izvestiia in publishing Atasi’s statement that “Syria’s main objective is the implementation of socialism.” The Soviet press debated the significance and ramifications of the Syrian coup d’etat for another month, with the controversy ending only on the eve of the Syrian prime minister’s arrival in Moscow on April 19, 1966.|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780429306976}}</ref> However, Assad removed Jadid from power in 1970 by the "Corrective Revolution", preventing Syria from absorbing post-Stalin revisionist policies of the USSR at the time.<ref>{{Citation|author=Robert Owen Freedman|year=1991|title=Moscow and the Middle East: Soviet policy since the invasion of Afghanistan|title-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zk7AAAAIAAJ&q=mustafa+talas+red+book&pg=PA40|page=40|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=0521359767}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Ba'athist states]]
[[Category:Former Arab states]]
[[Category:History of Syria]]
[[Category:Targets of regime change operations]]