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Holocaust

2026-03-08T23:32:46Z

84.67.211.221: Spelling error

The '''Holocaust''' refers to the systematic extermination of approximately six million [[Jews]] by the [[Nazi regime]] and its allies during the years of 1933 to 1945, as well as the millions more murdered under Nazi persecution. Although the genocide started in 1941, the event is generally considered by scholars to have begun when [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] was elected Chancellor in 1933. It was one of the most heinous acts of [[genocide]] in human history. In total, over eleven million people were systematically murdered, the majority of which were Jewish, but also included Roma and Sinti people, [[LGBT+|LGBTQ+ people]], [[Slavs]], [[the disabled]], and political opponents of the Nazis. The Shoah is often used to refer exclusively to Jewish victims of the Holocaust.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Laqueur|first=Walter|author=Walter Laqueur|year=2001|title=The Holocaust Encyclopedia|title-url=https://archive.org/details/holocaustencyclo0000unse/page/n823/mode/2up|pdf=https://archive.org/details/holocaustencyclo0000unse/page/n823/mode/2up|city=Yale|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300084323}}</ref>

The Holocaust was the result of the [[fascist]] and [[racist]] ideologies of the Nazi regime, which came to power in [[Germany]] in 1933. The Nazis believed in the concept of [[Aryan]] racial purity and the idea that Jews were an inferior race. They implemented policies of persecution and discrimination against Jews and other minority groups, which ultimately led to their extermination in [[Nazi concentration camps|death camps all across Europe]].

The Holocaust had a profound impact on the Jewish people, leading to the displacement and dispossession of millions of individuals and the destruction of entire communities. The trauma of the Holocaust continues to be felt by Jewish people and their descendants to this day. In the decades since, the victims of the Holocaust have been commemorated, particularly on [[Holocaust Rememberence Day]], to spread awareness against antisemetism and all forms of bigotry.<ref>https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n05/487/96/pdf/n0548796.pdf?OpenElement</ref>

== Holocaust and Imperialism ==
The Holocaust can also be understood in the context of [[imperialism]] and [[Capitalism|capitalist]] [[exploitation]]. The [[National Socialist German Workers' Party|Nazis]]' aggressive [[Settler colonialism|expansionist policies]] and their exploitation of occupied territories for economic gain were key factors in the Holocaust. The [[Slavery|forced labor]] of [[concentration camp]] prisoners, the confiscation of Jewish property, and the looting of Jewish businesses all served to enrich the German economy and the Nazi regime. This is known as the theory of [[imperialism]] in which capitalist countries exploit the resources and [[Labor|labour]] of their occupied territories for their own gain.<ref>Lenin, V.I. (1916). Imperialism, the highest stage of capitalism. New York: International Publishers.</ref>

== Timeline ==
Even before coming to power, [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] and his followers had promoted antisemitism and blamed Judaism for the rise of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]]. In ''Mein Kampf'', written in 1926, Hitler claimed that Jews had killed 30 million people in the Soviet Union.

The Nazis began the industrial-scale genocide of Jews in the summer of 1941 after suffering heavy losses to the [[Workers' and Peasants' Red Army|Red Army]]. They adopted the Final Solution at the Wannsee Conference in January 1942. Germany killed most of the poor Jews in Europe while many [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] Jews escaped to the [[United States of America|United States]].<ref name=":0223323">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=Stalin and the anti-fascist war|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=228–229}}</ref>

As well as the mass murder of the Jews, the Nazis also commited genocide against millions more. This included 3.3 million [[Soviet]] [[Prisoners of War]], 1.8 million Non-Jewish Poles, the Romani people, [[Serbian|Serb]] civillians, people with disabilities, Political opponents, including many [[Socialism|socialists]], Jehovah's Witnesses, LGBTQ+ people, and [[people of colour]], such as [[Black]] Germans. Lots of Germans were also murdered while being accused of being "professional criminals" and "asocials" Furthermore, [[socialists]], [[communists]], and [[trade unionists]] were all targeted by the Nazis, many of whom were some of the first victims of the Nazis after Hitler came to power.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Nazism]]
[[Category:Genocide]]
[[Category:The Holocaust]]

British East India Company

2026-03-08T23:29:52Z

84.67.211.221: We should not use the name that imperialist call it.

{{Infobox company|name=East India Company|founding_date=1600|defunct=1874}}

'''The British East India Company''' (1600–1874) was a chartered joint-stock corporation that functioned as both a commercial monopoly and a colonial apparatus of the English, and later British, ruling class. Established under royal charter by Elizabeth I,<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=H. V. Bowen|year=2005|title=The Business of Empire: The East India Company and Imperial Britain, 1756–1833|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780511495724}}</ref> it was granted exclusive rights to trade in the East Indies and gradually expanded its operations from commerce to outright territorial control.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=Tirthankar Roy|year=2012|title=The East India Company: The World's Most Powerful Corporation|publisher=2012}}</ref> Through a combination of military conquest, political manipulation, and the co-optation of local elites, the Company transformed vast areas of South Asia into profit-generating colonies for the British bourgeoisie. Its economic activity was rooted in the extraction of surplus value from Indian peasants, artisans, and laborers through monopolization of trade, land revenue exploitation, and forced restructuring of local economies to serve British industrial needs. Functioning as a private state with its own army and bureaucracy, the Company played a central role in dismantling pre-colonial economies, intensifying famines, and laying the foundations for the direct colonial rule of the [[British Raj (1858–1947)|British Raj]] after 1858.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|author=K. N. Chaudhuri|year=1978|title=The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780511563263}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=Om Prakash|year=1998|title=European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139053358}}</ref> A similar company known as the Dutch East India company settled parts of India but mainly focused on Indonesia.<ref name=":2" />
==Economics==
The British East India Company’s economic role was inseparable from the rise of British imperialism and the early phase of global capitalism. While nominally a commercial trading corporation, the Company developed into a militarized apparatus for the extraction of surplus value from South Asia, redirecting wealth from the colonies to the British ruling class.<ref name=":0" /> At its core, the Company operated on a system of monopoly capitalism granted by royal charter, giving it exclusive rights to trade in specified regions. This allowed it to eliminate indigenous merchant competition and impose terms of exchange favorable only to Britain. Manufactured goods from Britain—produced under the wage-labor system of industrial capitalism—were dumped into Indian markets, displacing local craftspeople. In turn, Indian raw materials such as cotton, indigo, silk, saltpeter, and opium were purchased at artificially depressed prices and exported to feed Britain’s industrial expansion and global trade networks. Following the 1765 Treaty of Allahabad, which gave the Company diwani rights to collect revenue in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa, the Company fused mercantile and territorial exploitation. The zamindari revenue system was weaponized to force peasants into cash-crop production for export rather than subsistence farming. This restructuring of agriculture destroyed food security, leading to recurrent famines such as the Bengal Famine of 1770, in which millions died while Company warehouses exported grain abroad. The Company’s opium trade exemplified its role in imperialist commodity circuits. Opium grown in India was sold in China, creating a flow of silver back to Britain, even as the resulting addiction crisis was enforced by military power in the Opium Wars. This triangular trade integrated India into a global capitalist system where value was siphoned from colonized labor and funneled into British capital accumulation. The fiscal regime of the Company prioritized extraction over reinvestment. Revenue collected from India financed the Company’s private army, administrative costs, and shareholder dividends in London. Little was returned to local economies beyond the infrastructure needed to maintain extraction—roads for troop movements, ports for exports, and bureaucratic offices for tax collection. The East India Company thus functioned as a prototype of the imperialist corporation: combining military force, monopoly rights, and financial capital to reorganize colonial economies around the needs of the imperial center. Its operations in India represent one of the clearest examples of primitive accumulation as described by Marx, in which wealth was violently seized from pre-capitalist societies to fuel the growth of industrial capitalism in the metropole.<ref name=":1" />
==Political aspect==
{{Infobox country|name=Company Raj|capital=Calcutta|mode_of_production=Capitalism|government_type=Colonial State|date_start=1600|event_start=First Outposts|event2=Battle of Plassey|date_event2=1757|event3=Treaty of Allahabad|date_event3=1765|event4=Anglo-Mysore Wars|date_event4=1799|event5=Anglo-Maratha Wars begin|date_event5=1772|event6=Anglo-Maratha Wars end|date_event6=1818|event7=Anglo-Sikh Wars start|date_event7=1845|event8=Anglo-Sikh Wars end|date_event8=1849|event9=Sepoy Rebellion|date_event9=1857|event10=Direct British Control of India and the Goverment of India act|date_event10=1858|event_end=Establishment of the British Raj|date_end=1858|p1=[[Mughal Empire]]|s1=[[British Raj]]|p2=[[Maratha empire]]|p3=[[Sikh empire]]|p4=Dutch India|p5=[[Austrian Empire]]|p6=[[Qing Dynasty]]|flag_s1=British Raj ensign.svg|s2=[[British Celyon]] (however this did spend a short time as part of the British Raj)}}
By the mid-18th century, the British East India Company had transitioned from a commercial enterprise into a de facto colonial state, ruling large parts of the Indian subcontinent directly and indirectly. This period, often referred to as the '''Company Raj''' (1757–1858), combined military conquest, political manipulation, and administrative restructuring to bring diverse regions under British capitalist control. The political framework of Company Raj was designed to maintain imperial dominance while minimizing administrative costs. The Company divided its territories into Presidencies—the Bengal Presidency (headquartered in Calcutta), the Madras Presidency (Madras/Chennai), and the Bombay Presidency (Bombay/Mumbai)—each governed by a British-appointed Governor under the oversight of the Governor-General. These presidencies became the primary organs for enforcing British law, collecting revenue, and facilitating the export-oriented economy. The presidencies were further subdivided into provinces, districts, and subdistricts, with a chain of British and Indian officials tasked with ensuring tax extraction and social control. Beyond directly administered territories, the Company maintained a subsidiary alliance system and princely states under indirect rule. Local rulers, while retaining nominal authority, were bound by treaties obligating them to maintain British-approved armies, cede control over foreign relations, and pay tribute or accept Company military “protection.” This system fragmented pre-existing political unity, ensuring that regional rulers acted as agents of British imperial interests rather than as independent sovereigns.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== First War of Independence ==
First War of Independence of 1857—known in colonial narratives as the “Indian Mutiny”—was the largest anti-colonial uprising against the British East India Company. Rooted in decades of exploitation, racial discrimination, and the destruction of local economies, the revolt was sparked by the grievances of Indian soldiers (''sepoys'') in the Company’s army. Immediate triggers included the introduction of rifle cartridges allegedly greased with cow and pig fat—offensive to both Hindu and Muslim religious practices—and the increasing disregard for sepoy welfare. However, the rebellion’s causes were far deeper. The Company’s aggressive annexations, such as those enforced under the ''Doctrine of Lapse'', the imposition of ruinous land revenue systems, and the deliberate restructuring of agriculture for export crops had displaced millions of peasants and artisans. Many princely states, landowners, and dispossessed nobles saw the revolt as an opportunity to resist British encroachment. The uprising began in Meerut in May 1857 and quickly spread to Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Jhansi, and large swathes of northern and central India. It united disparate forces—sepoys, peasants, zamindars, urban artisans, and deposed rulers—in a broad, though uncoordinated, struggle against Company rule. The rebellion was met with brutal repression: mass executions, village burnings, and systematic atrocities designed to terrorize the population back into submission. By 1858, the revolt had been crushed, but its consequences were transformative. The British Crown formally dissolved the East India Company in terms of territorial holdings, bringing India under direct colonial rule as the British Raj. The administrative, military, and political structures forged in the Company Raj were retained, but with tighter imperial control and more overt racial segregation, ensuring that the exploitation of India’s people and resources continued under a new colonial regime. The actual company itself fully dissolved during the 1870's as per the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873.<ref name=":1" />
==References==
[[Category:History of India]]

Holocaust

2026-03-08T21:27:40Z

84.67.211.221: The Holocaust should be used to describe all 11 million of the victims systematically murdered by the Nazis, while Shoah refers exclusively the six million majority of Jewish victims. The attempt to erase the other victims of the Holocaust is somethi

The '''Holocaust''' refers to the systematic extermination of approximately six million [[Jews]] by the [[Nazi regime]] and its allies during the years of 1933 to 1945, as well as the millions more murdered under Nazi persecution. Although the genocide started in 1941, the event is generally considered by scholars to have begun when [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] was elected Chancellor in 1933. It was one of the most heinous acts of [[genocide]] in human history. In total, over eleven million people were systematically murdered, the majority of which were Jewish, but also included [[Roma and Siniti people]], [[LGBT+|LGBTQ+ people]], [[Slavs]], [[the disabled]], and political opponents of the Nazis. The Shoah is often used to refer exclusively to Jewish victims of the Holocaust.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Laqueur|first=Walter|author=Walter Laqueur|year=2001|title=The Holocaust Encyclopedia|title-url=https://archive.org/details/holocaustencyclo0000unse/page/n823/mode/2up|pdf=https://archive.org/details/holocaustencyclo0000unse/page/n823/mode/2up|city=Yale|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300084323}}</ref>

The Holocaust was the result of the [[fascist]] and [[racist]] ideologies of the Nazi regime, which came to power in [[Germany]] in 1933. The Nazis believed in the concept of [[Aryan]] racial purity and the idea that Jews were an inferior race. They implemented policies of persecution and discrimination against Jews and other minority groups, which ultimately led to their extermination in [[Nazi concentration camps|death camps all across Europe]].

The Holocaust had a profound impact on the Jewish people, leading to the displacement and dispossession of millions of individuals and the destruction of entire communities. The trauma of the Holocaust continues to be felt by Jewish people and their descendants to this day. In the decades since, the victims of the Holocaust have been commemorated, particularly on [[Holocaust Rememberence Day]], to spread awareness against antisemetism and all forms of bigotry.<ref>https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n05/487/96/pdf/n0548796.pdf?OpenElement</ref>

== Holocaust and Imperialism ==
The Holocaust can also be understood in the context of [[imperialism]] and [[Capitalism|capitalist]] [[exploitation]]. The [[National Socialist German Workers' Party|Nazis]]' aggressive [[Settler colonialism|expansionist policies]] and their exploitation of occupied territories for economic gain were key factors in the Holocaust. The [[Slavery|forced labor]] of [[concentration camp]] prisoners, the confiscation of Jewish property, and the looting of Jewish businesses all served to enrich the German economy and the Nazi regime. This is known as the theory of [[imperialism]] in which capitalist countries exploit the resources and [[Labor|labour]] of their occupied territories for their own gain.<ref>Lenin, V.I. (1916). Imperialism, the highest stage of capitalism. New York: International Publishers.</ref>

== Timeline ==
Even before coming to power, [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] and his followers had promoted antisemitism and blamed Judaism for the rise of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]]. In ''Mein Kampf'', written in 1926, Hitler claimed that Jews had killed 30 million people in the Soviet Union.

The Nazis began the industrial-scale genocide of Jews in the summer of 1941 after suffering heavy losses to the [[Workers' and Peasants' Red Army|Red Army]]. They adopted the Final Solution at the Wannsee Conference in January 1942. Germany killed most of the poor Jews in Europe while many [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] Jews escaped to the [[United States of America|United States]].<ref name=":0223323">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=Stalin and the anti-fascist war|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=228–229}}</ref>

As well as the mass murder of the Jews, the Nazis also commited genocide against millions more. This included 3.3 million [[Soviet]] [[Prisoners of War]], 1.8 million Non-Jewish Poles, the Romani people, [[Serbian|Serb]] civillians, people with disabilities, Political opponents, including many [[Socialism|socialists]], Jehovah's Witnesses, LGBTQ+ people, and [[people of colour]], such as [[Black]] Germans. Lots of Germans were also murdered while being accused of being "professional criminals" and "asocials" Furthermore, [[socialists]], [[communists]], and [[trade unionists]] were all targeted by the Nazis, many of whom were some of the first victims of the Nazis after Hitler came to power.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Nazism]]
[[Category:Genocide]]
[[Category:The Holocaust]]