ProleWiki - User contributions [en]

Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain

2024-01-24T06:39:34Z

Al-Andalusian: Slightly adjusted wording and added link to the 'Unidad y Lucha' website

{{Infobox political party|name=Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain|native_name=Partido Comunista de los Pueblos de España|logo=PCPE logo.png|founded=13 January 1984|abbreviation=PCPE|general_secretary=Julio Díaz|newspaper=[https://www.unidadylucha.es Unidad y Lucha]|youth_wing=[[Juventud Comunista de los Pueblos de España]]|political_orientation=[[Marxism-Leninism]]|website=https://pcpe.es|twitter=PCPE_Comunista|youtube=@PCPE_Comunista}}{{Communist Parties}}
The '''Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain''' (Spanish: ''Partido Comunista de los Pueblos de España'', '''PCPE''') is a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]]<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=PCPE|title=Sobre el PCPE|date=2014-5-9|url=https://pcpe.es/sobre-el-pcpe/|retrieved=2023-2-28|quote=El nuevo PC. continuador de la historia revolucionaria de los y las comunistas en España, y del Movimiento Comunista Internacional (MCI), aprueba su programa inspirado en los principios emanados de la III internacional, Marxista-Leninista e Internacionalista Proletaria, [...]}}</ref> [[communist party]] in [[Kingdom of Spain|Spain]] that was founded in January 1984<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=PCPE|title=Sobre el PCPE|date=2014-5-9|url=https://pcpe.es/sobre-el-pcpe/|retrieved=2023-2-28|quote=El Partido Comunista de los Pueblos de España (PCPE) fue fundado en el Congreso de Unidad de los Comunistas, celebrado en Madrid los días 13, 14 y 15 de enero de 1984.}}</ref> as a split from the [[Communist Party of Spain]] due to it allegedly embracing [[eurocommunism]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=PCPE|title=Sobre el PCPE|date=2014-5-9|url=https://pcpe.es/sobre-el-pcpe/|retrieved=2023-2-28|quote=[...] tiene como objetivo inmediato superar el deterioro político, orgánico e ideológico producido por el eurocomunismo al renunciar al Leninismo y al Internacionalismo, y anular al histórico PCE como una herramienta útil para enfrentarse al capitalismo en su fase superior, el Imperialismo.}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain

2024-01-11T08:27:37Z

Al-Andalusian: Added some stuff to the infobox

{{Infobox political party|name=Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain|native_name=Partido Comunista de los Pueblos de España|logo=PCPE logo.png|founded=13 January 1984|abbreviation=PCPE|general_secretary=Julio Díaz|newspaper=Unidad y Lucha|youth_wing=[[Juventud Comunista de los Pueblos de España]]|political_orientation=[[Marxism-Leninism]]|website=https://pcpe.es|twitter=PCPE_Comunista|youtube=@PCPE_Comunista}}{{Communist Parties}}
The '''Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain''' (Spanish: ''Partido Comunista de los Pueblos de España'', '''PCPE''') is a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]]<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=PCPE|title=Sobre el PCPE|date=2014-5-9|url=https://pcpe.es/sobre-el-pcpe/|retrieved=2023-2-28|quote=El nuevo PC. continuador de la historia revolucionaria de los y las comunistas en España, y del Movimiento Comunista Internacional (MCI), aprueba su programa inspirado en los principios emanados de la III internacional, Marxista-Leninista e Internacionalista Proletaria, [...]}}</ref> [[communist party]] in [[Kingdom of Spain|Spain]] that was founded in January 1984<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=PCPE|title=Sobre el PCPE|date=2014-5-9|url=https://pcpe.es/sobre-el-pcpe/|retrieved=2023-2-28|quote=El Partido Comunista de los Pueblos de España (PCPE) fue fundado en el Congreso de Unidad de los Comunistas, celebrado en Madrid los días 13, 14 y 15 de enero de 1984.}}</ref> due to the [[Communist Party of Spain]] allegedly embracing [[eurocommunism]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=PCPE|title=Sobre el PCPE|date=2014-5-9|url=https://pcpe.es/sobre-el-pcpe/|retrieved=2023-2-28|quote=[...] tiene como objetivo inmediato superar el deterioro político, orgánico e ideológico producido por el eurocomunismo al renunciar al Leninismo y al Internacionalismo, y anular al histórico PCE como una herramienta útil para enfrentarse al capitalismo en su fase superior, el Imperialismo.}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

Israel-Gaza war and genocide

2024-01-11T07:38:49Z

Al-Andalusian: Fixed that the word 'towards' was written twice.

{{Message box/currentevent}}
[[File:Palestinian resistance groups.png|thumb|Diagram of ten resistance groups involved in the uprising]]
[[File:Palestinian resistance fighter crossing over the gaza border oct 7 2023.png|thumb|Resistance fighter crossing over the border fence on a paraglider, 7 October 2023.]]'''Operation''' '''Flood of Al-Aqsa''' (Arabic: '''Tufan Al-Aqsa, طوفان الأقصى''') is a major, unprecedented incursion into [[Israel|occupied Palestine]] conducted by the [[Palestinian resistance]] operating out of [[Gaza strip|Gaza]], beginning 7 October 2023. As of 31 October, [[Israel Defense Forces|the occupier]] has murdered at least 14,000 Palestinians,<ref name=":6">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=A Pause Is Just That: A Pause — We Demand a Permanent Ceasefire!|date=2023-11-23|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/a-pause-is-just-that-a-pause-we-demand-a-permanent-ceasefire/|retrieved=2023-11-22}}</ref> including 3,542 children, since the beginning of the rebellion.<ref name=":5">{{Web citation|author=Joyce Chediac|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=Refuting Israel’s lies about its invasion of Gaza|date=2023-10-31|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/exposing-israels-lies-about-its-invasion-of-gaza/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031202308/https://www.liberationnews.org/exposing-israels-lies-about-its-invasion-of-gaza/|archive-date=2023-10-31}}</ref>

On 28 October, the united resistance groups released a statement from Beirut, [[Lebanese Republic|Lebanon]] saying that, "This heroic epic is the battle of the entire [[State of Palestine|Palestinian]] people, which they are waging in defense of their land, their sanctities, their existence, and their right to freedom, against a barbaric enemy that [[Genocide|does not spare any of our people]] from its crimes. It targets hospitals, mosques, churches, universities, and ambulances, and cuts off electricity, water, fuel, the Internet, and cellular communications for our besieged people."<ref>{{Web citation|author=Resistance News Network|newspaper=Telegram|title=Statement issued by the Palestinian forces|date=2023-10-28|url=https://t.me/PalestineResist/17054|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101015337/https://t.me/PalestineResist/17054|archive-date=2023-11-01}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{Main article|Palestinian genocide}}
After, [[Islamic Resistance Movement|Hamas]] won the 2006 election in Gaza, the [[United States of America|USA]] and the Zionist Entity [[Economic sanctions|sanctioned]] Gaza and tried to overthrow Hamas in 2008.

In 2018, during the [[Great March of Return]], Zionist snipers shot at unarmed Palestinian protestors, killing 223 and wounding several thousand.<ref name=":5" />

== Timeline of events ==

=== Palestinian counteroffensive ===
[[File:Palestinian resistance fighters driving through the border fence 7 oct 2023.png|thumb|Resistance fighters driving motorcycles through the border fence, 7 October 2023]]
[[File:Gaza in ruins.png|thumb|Gaza after the Zionist bombings]]
On Saturday morning, 7 October 2023, the joint [[State of Palestine|Palestinian]] resistance in Gaza (Hamas, [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine|PFLP]], [[Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine|DFLP]], [[Islamic Jihad]]) started firing rockets at the [[Settler colonialism|illegal settlements]] outside of Gaza. The [[Iron Dome]], the Zionist Entity's anti-missile defense system, failed to intercept more rockets than usual. Rocket fire continued to support the operation the entire day, with the resistance reporting that they fired more than 5,000 rockets by noon alone.

At the same time, resistance units penetrated through the border fence surrounding the Gaza strip. Methods to get through the fence included the use of paragliders. In a video, a hole can be seen cut in the fence with motorcycle units being conveyed through.

Afterwards, the resistance units moved into several settlements surrounding the Gaza strip, including Asqalan (Ashkelon), Erez and Sderot. Up to 15 settlements have reportedly been taken over.

The units quickly moved to neutralize the [[Israel Defense Forces|IOF]] presence in these towns, including rapid incursions into barracks, where most occupation soldiers were taken out before they even realized what was happening.

Videos on social media show Palestinian fighters walking freely through the streets of liberated towns,<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=@Marxozoic|newspaper=Twitter|title=This is unprecedented in Palestinian history. Palestinian Resistance fighters stroll through the Israeli settlement of Sderot.|date=2023-10-07|url=https://twitter.com/Marxozoic/status/1710535137056915757}}</ref> indicating they were successfully taken over and all occupation driven out in some way.

In response, the occupier has called on the reservists and declared a state of war, but did not name the recipient of that declaration.<ref>{{Web citation|author=News Desk|newspaper=The Cradle|title=We are at war: Netanyahu|date=2023-10-07|url=https://new.thecradle.co/articles/we-are-at-war-netanyahu|archive-url=https://archive.ph/xAhsA}}</ref> The occupier also ordered air strikes over Gaza in retaliation, which is considered a [[war crime]] as it is [[collective punishment]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=International Committee of the Red Cross|title=Collective punishments|url=https://casebook.icrc.org/a_to_z/glossary/collective-punishments}}</ref> Under [[international law]], the Zionist Entity is considered an occupier and may not attack into Gaza but only defend against operations.

Clashes continued between the resistance and the occupation army for the rest of the day and into the night, but the bulk of the operation (as extrapolated from videos released by the resistance) happened in the early morning.

On the morning of 8 October 2023, it was reported that [[Hezbollah]] in Lebanon had attacked military positions and settlements in the north of occupied Palestine, notably striking at a radar station in support of the Palestinian resistance. Clashes followed on both sides of the border during the day. In response, the occupier diverted troops to the border with Lebanon in preparation for an incursion from Hezbollah.

On the night of the same day, "Israel" requested [[United States of America|US]] help as they were completely overwhelmed by the operation. In response, the United States diverted one of their aircraft carriers towards Palestine.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Tara Copp|newspaper=Time|title=The U.S. Will Send a Carrier Strike Group in Support of Israel|date=2023-10-08|url=https://time.com/6321835/united-states-carrier-strike-group-israel-support/}}</ref>

By 9 October, it was reported by various sources that the resistance was able to move so far east that they were only 10 kilometers away from the West Bank. However, these reports are not yet entirely confirmed and it is important to note that in guerrilla operations such as this one, territory is often exchanged as the point is not to hold on to it but traverse it as needed.

It seems the taking of hostages and elimination of military assets were the main objective of the operation as by 10 October, resistance groups had gone back to Gaza, from where they endured the response of the Zionist entity for over a week.

=== Zionist attacks on Gaza ===
On 11 October, "Israel" cut off the water supply and electricity to Gaza. Following that announcement, they announced they would cut the Internet on 14 October, thereby preventing Palestinians from relaying stories and videos of the massacre they have been experiencing since 8 October to the world.

On 12 October, "Israel" dropped leaflets over Gaza to make Palestinians aware of a humanitarian corridor (a route that would supposedly not be targeted by bombs so that civilians can safely leave) to Egypt. Several hundred civilians took this road, only to be bombed by the occupier once they were all congregated in the same area. The following day, the occupier tried the same tactic again, giving the 1.1 million Palestinians living in the north of Gaza 24 hours to move south. This constitutes forcible population displacement, and is simply impossible logistically in such a small time frame.

Since 14 October, the Zionist entity has been going back and forth on a possible land invasion of Gaza, reminiscent of the ones that happened in 2005 and 2014. [[Hezbollah]] has announced they would invade "Israel" if an invasion happened, and [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]] announced a "surprise" would await the Zionist entity if it tried to invade Gaza, but without giving more details.

On October 17th, "Israel" bombed the Al-Ahli hospital in Gaza, killing hundreds of people<ref>{{Web citation|author=Nidal Al-Mughrabi|newspaper=Reuters|title=In deadly day for Gaza, hospital strike kills hundreds|date=2023-10-17|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/least-500-victims-israeli-air-strike-hospital-gaza-health-ministry-2023-10-17/}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Al Jazeera|title=Video investigation: What hit al-Ahli Hospital in Gaza?|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/19/what-hit-ahli-hospital-in-gaza}}</ref> (the hospital's cancer treatment center had also been bombed by "Israel” three days prior).<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Anglican Communion News Service|title=Anglican-run al-Ahli Arab Hospital in Gaza damaged by Israeli rocket fire as war continues|date=2023-10-16|url=https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2023/10/anglican-run-al-ahli-arab-hospital-in-gaza-damaged-by-israeli-rocket-fire-as-conflict-continues.aspx}}</ref> Quickly, media sources were forced to retract confirmation of “Israel’s” guilt due to their subsequent denial. The same day, the official Israeli Twitter account posted a video which allegedly confirmed their narrative, only to delete it shortly after,<ref>{{Web citation|author=Amanda Yee|newspaper=Liberation News|title=Debunking Israel’s lies about the bombing of Al-Ahli Arab Hospital in Gaza|date=2023-10-20|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/debunking-israels-lies-about-the-bombing-of-al-ahli-arab-hospital-in-gaza/}}</ref> since the timestamp of the video was a half hour before the hospital exploded.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Ali Abunimah|newspaper=Electronic Intifada|title=Israel’s spin about hospital massacre quickly comes apart|date=2023-10-17|url=https://electronicintifada.net/blogs/ali-abunimah/israels-spin-about-hospital-massacre-quickly-comes-apart|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018024645/https://electronicintifada.net/blogs/ali-abunimah/israels-spin-about-hospital-massacre-quickly-comes-apart}}</ref> "Israel" also claimed to have intercepted a Hamas audio recording where it was admitted that the PIJ was responsible, however, United Kingdom broadcaster Channel 4 News reported that sound analysis showed the two voices had been recorded independently and edited together.<ref>https://twitter.com/channel4news/status/1715437877604049094?s=46&t=nmyaANcQLrkBcVGMFvkgbA</ref> On October 22nd, the analysis of a group called "GeoConfirmed," initially cited as proof "Israel's" innocence,<ref>{{Web citation|author=Jesse O’Neill|newspaper=New York Post|title=Here’s all of the evidence that shows Hamas was responsible for hospital explosion|date=2023-10-18|url=https://nypost.com/2023/10/18/all-of-the-evidence-that-shows-hamas-was-responsible-for-hospital-explosion/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023175634/https://nypost.com/2023/10/18/all-of-the-evidence-that-shows-hamas-was-responsible-for-hospital-explosion/}}</ref> was retracted upon being disproven.<ref>https://twitter.com/GeoConfirmed/status/1716123222142550167</ref> It is also worth noting that "Israel" has a history of falsely attributing their attacks to the "Islamic Jihad."<ref>{{Web citation|author=Yumna Patel|newspaper=Mondoweiss|title=After initially blaming Palestinians, Israel admits to airstrike that killed 5 children in Gaza|date=2022-08-17|url=https://mondoweiss.net/2022/08/after-initially-blaming-palestinians-israel-admits-to-airstrike-that-killed-5-children-in-gaza/}}</ref>

On October 31st and November 1st, "Israel" conducted air raids across the Jabalia refugee camp, killing at least fifty people, but with no confirmed death count.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Al Jazeera|title=Israel bombards Jabalia refugee camp for second straight day|date=2023-11-01|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/1/israel-bombs-jabalia-refugee-camp-for-second-day-palestinian-officials-say}}</ref>

=== Ceasefire ===
In late November, the resistance achieved a four-day ceasefire and freed 150 political prisoners from Zionist imprisonment.<ref name=":6" /> The ceasefire was later extended to seven days.<ref name=":7">{{Web citation|author=Robert Inlakesh|newspaper=[[MintPress News]]|title=Did Hamas Carry Out Mass Rapes on October 7?|date=2023-12-11|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/did-hamas-carry-out-mass-rapes-on-october-7/286436/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215235522/https://www.mintpressnews.com/did-hamas-carry-out-mass-rapes-on-october-7/286436/|archive-date=2023-12-15}}</ref>

== Results ==
<blockquote>''This event is still ongoing.''</blockquote>"Israeli" public broadcaster ''Kan News'' said that the operation came as a complete surprise to the IOF.

Media initially reported that over 35 prisoners of war had been captured by the resistance, with videos shared on social media showing some of them being taken back to Gaza. The final number of prisoners was later brought up to over 150.

Prisoners were mainly IOF soldiers of varying grades and notably include Brigadier-General Nimrod Aloni, who was the architect of the bombing campaigns against Gaza.

At the same time, [[Settler colonialism|settlers]] were filmed scrambling to leave.<ref>{{Web citation|author=@Mango_Press_|newspaper=Twitter|title=Settlers run! #Palestine|date=2023-10-07|url=https://twitter.com/Mango_Press_/status/1710553010890281396}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=@ME_Observer_|newspaper=Twitter|title=Foreign squatters flee to the airport|date=2023-10-07|url=https://twitter.com/ME_Observer_/status/1710545747454673066}}</ref> According to [[Mango Press]], an estimated 1 million settlers are preparing to leave the country, with many still waiting at airports into the night of 7 October.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Mango Press|title=Telegram post|date=2023-10-07|url=https://t.me/mangopress/15679}}</ref>

Gaza resistance groups also indicated they had seized military equipment, including vehicles, from the barracks.

With IOF presence removed from the fence keeping Gaza locked in, Palestinians started destroying sections of it with bulldozers.<ref>{{Web citation|author=@prolewiki|newspaper=Twitter|title=Gaza is taking down the fence.|date=2023-10-07|url=https://twitter.com/prolewiki/status/1710597521662267470}}</ref>

The provisional death toll from the occupier's side, as reported by its own [[Bourgeois media|media]], currently amounts to over 1000.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Gaza News+|title=Telegram post|date=2023-10-09|url=https://t.me/GazaNewsPlus/3444|quote=Translated from French: "... 1008 settlers and occupation soldiers eliminated ..."}}</ref>

The provisional death toll for Palestine currently amounts to at least 7,028 martyrs in Gaza, according to the Gaza Ministry of Health.<ref name=":4">{{Web citation|newspaper=Middle East Eye|title=Israel-Palestine: Names released of 7,028 Palestinians killed after Biden questions death toll|date=2023-10-26|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-death-toll-names-killed-released-biden-questions|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028151618/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-death-toll-names-killed-released-biden-questions|archive-date=|retrieved=2023-10-28}}</ref> Most of them were killed by indiscriminate bombing by the Zionist Entity which has been going on almost nonstop since 8 October as illegal retaliation and a form of collective punishment from "Israel" on the civilians of Gaza. The relentless bombing has also already made several victims in the occupier's own population detained as prisoners in Gaza.

== Media response ==
[[File:BBC Zionist propaganda.png|thumb|Bourgeois media uses different wording when reporting deaths on opposing sides.]]
Within hours from the beginning of the operation, the [[Bourgeois media|mainstream media]] in conjunction with the [[Zionism|Zionist]] government launched a massive [[atrocity propaganda]] campaign to attribute a number of fabricated crimes to the Resistance fighters.<ref name=":7" />

A [[Grayzone]] investigation uncovered that the claim had originated from an IOF reserve soldier who was described as "a fanatical settler leader who incited riots by demanding a Palestinian town be 'wiped out.'"<ref>{{Web citation|author=Max Blumenthal and Alexander Rubinstein|newspaper=The Grayzone|title=Source of dubious ‘beheaded babies’ claim is Israeli settler leader who incited riots to ‘wipe out’ Palestinian village|date=2023-10-11|url=https://thegrayzone.com/2023/10/11/beheaded-israeli-babies-settler-wipe-out-palestinian/}}</ref>

It should be noted that for the entirety of its history, the Palestinian resistance has never been proven to have committed sexual assault and carried out beheadings or even wanton executions against civilian populations or even IOF soldiers. One interview conducted by an "Israeli" news station with a woman who had an encounter with Hamas soldiers during the operation related that she and her family were not harmed in any way by Hamas in their two hours of contact before the fighters left.<ref>{{Web citation|author=@prolewiki|title=Interview|date=10-10-23|url=https://twitter.com/prolewiki/status/1711783373142659299}}</ref> In another interview conducted on 13 October, the interviewee revealed she had been released from Gaza alongside her neighbor's children and that a separate group of resistance fighters who saw them as they walked back home made no attempts to restrict their movement or harass them. She also stated that when was initially taken, she was given time to put on clothes as a sign of respect.<ref name=":2">{{YouTube citation|url=https://youtu.be/DJkZXrrDQ00?si=DKDkkBUNahirsAlG&t=450|channel=Richard Medhurst|title=Debunking Israel’s Myth About Hamas and the 40 Babies|date=10-15-23}}</ref> She was just one of several groups of women and children released by the Resistance fighters. Hamas also released a compilation of videos showing their fighters treating "Israeli" children kindly during the operation, with one child even smiling while talking to the fighter.<ref name=":2" /> On 15 October, yet another interview of an "Israeli", Yasmin Porat by ''Haboker Hazeh'' (“This Morning”), provided another example of the Resistance fighters' humane treatment of the captives. Telling the Zionist radio station, that “They did not abuse us. They treated us very humanely,”. She instead blamed the IOF's callous conduct for the deaths of her fellow captives, having arrived with a hail of gunfire and mortal shells, and even firing 2 tank shells into the house where the captives had been held.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Ali Abunimah and David Sheen|newspaper=The Electronic Intifada|title=Israeli forces shot their own civilians, kibbutz survivor says|date=10-16-23|url=https://electronicintifada.net/content/israeli-forces-shot-their-own-civilians-kibbutz-survivor-says/38861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016190643/https://electronicintifada.net/content/israeli-forces-shot-their-own-civilians-kibbutz-survivor-says/38861|archive-date=10-16-23|retrieved=10-16-23|quote=fierce gun battle that consisted of “tens and hundreds and thousands of bullets and mortars flying in the air,”

Golan presses: “So our forces may have shot them?”

“Undoubtedly,” the former captive responds, and adds, “They eliminated everyone, including the hostages because there was very, very heavy crossfire.”

“After insane crossfire, two tank shells were shot into the house. It’s a small kibbutz house, nothing big,” Porat explains.}}</ref>

On 13 October, [[Reuters]] announced that one of their own journalist, Issam Abdallah, had been killed in Lebanon but cynically did not dare name "Israel" as his killer.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Reuters|newspaper=Reuters|title=Reuters journalist killed in Lebanon in missile fire from direction of Israel|date=2023-10-14|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/reuters-videographer-killed-southern-lebanon-2023-10-13/}}</ref> On the same date, the [[Huffpost]] revealed that the US State Department had sent internal messages discouraging its diplomats from utilizing language urging cessation of hostilities. High level officials did not want such phrases as “de-escalation/ceasefire,” “end to violence/bloodshed” and “restoring calm," to be used, showing that the country had little desire to restrain the Zionist Entity and instead providing the space and time for it's crimes.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Akbar Shahid Ahmed|newspaper=Huffpost|title=Stunning State Department Memo Warns Diplomats: No Gaza 'De-Escalation' Talk|date=10-13-23|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/state-department-internal-emails-gaza-israel_n_65296395e4b0a304ff6ff95d?d_id=6508792&ncid_tag=tweetlnkushpmg00000067&utm_medium=Social&utm_source=Twitter&utm_campaign=us_main|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015194649/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/state-department-internal-emails-gaza-israel_n_65296395e4b0a304ff6ff95d?d_id=6508792&ncid_tag=tweetlnkushpmg00000067|archive-date=10-15-23}}</ref>

In one instance [[Isaac Herzog]], President of the Zionist Entity, deemed all citizens of Gaza to be collectively responsible for the attacks the Palestinian Resistance carried out against the Occupation.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Paul Blumenthal|newspaper=Huffpost|title=Israeli President Suggests That Civilians In Gaza Are Legitimate Targets|date=10-13-23|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/israel-gaza-isaac-herzog_n_65295ee8e4b03ea0c004e2a8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015145659/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/israel-gaza-isaac-herzog_n_65295ee8e4b03ea0c004e2a8|archive-date=10-15-23|retrieved=10-16-23|quote=“It is an entire nation out there that is responsible,” Herzog said at a press conference on Friday. “It is not true this rhetoric about civilians not being aware, not involved. It’s absolutely not true. They could have risen up. They could have fought against that evil regime which took over Gaza in a coup d’etat.”}}</ref> Danny Ayalon, former deputy foreign minister and current foreign policy adviser for Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], echoed proposed to [[Genocide|ethnically cleanse]] Gaza by deporting all its residents to the Sinai desert.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|author=Ben Norton|newspaper=Geopolitical Economy Report|title=US opposes peace as Israel ethnically cleanses Palestinians, waging war on ‘entire nation’ of Gaza|date=10-15-23|url=https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/10/15/us-israel-ethnic-cleansing-gaza/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015212803/https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/10/15/us-israel-ethnic-cleansing-gaza/|archive-date=10-15-23|quote=There is a huge expense, almost endless space in the Sinai desert, just on the other side of Gaza.

An unnamed EU diplomat told the Times, “We may be about to see massive ethnic cleansing” – a clear indication that Western capitals know exactly what Israel is doing.

“Our fear is that we’ll pay a heavy price in the global south because of this conflict”, an anonymous EU official confessed to the newspaper.}}</ref> Similarly, the [[Financial Times]] reported that [[European Union|EU]] diplomats, much like the Statesians, also realize the impending ethnic cleansing about to take place in Occupied Palestine at the hands of the Zionist Entity, and are worried that presence of high level Statesian and EU officials, such as US Secretary of State Antony Blinken and European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen showing support for "Israel" will destroy the credibility of the [[Imperial core|Imperial Cores]] in [[Global North and South|Global South]] countries. <ref name=":1" />

On 14 October, [[CGTN]] correspondent in central Gaza [[Noor Harazeen]] reported the IOF bombardment of central and southern Gaza resulting in numerous civilian casualties, despite the IOF falsely claiming to limit their military action to the north.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Reporter Noor Harazeen|newspaper=CGTN|title=CGTN correspondent breaks down in tears while reporting in Gaza|date=10-14-23|url=https://twitter.com/CGTNOfficial/status/1713229280874803382|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015015136/https://twitter.com/CGTNOfficial/status/1713229280874803382|archive-date=10-15-23|retrieved=10-15-23}}</ref> In a similar vein, the [[BBC]] also reported after multiple videos emerged that convoys of civilians fleeing northern Gaza en route to the south were assaulted by the IOF despite assurances made of safe passage. In one instance, at least 12 people were shown deceased, mostly women and children, "some of whom appear to be as young as two to five years old."<ref>{{Web citation|author=Paul Brown & Jemimah Herd|newspaper=BBC|title=Strike on civilian convoy fleeing Gaza: What we know from verified video|date=10-14-23|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67114281|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014232458/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67114281|archive-date=10-14-23|retrieved=10-15-23}}</ref> The Associated Press also confirmed that strikes on the humanitarian corridor had happened.<ref>{{Web citation|author=ISABEL DEBRE, EDITH M. LEDERER and WAFAA SHURAFA|newspaper=AP|title=Palestinians flee northern Gaza after Israel orders 1 million to evacuate as ground attack looms|date=10-13-23|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-war-c8b4fc20e4fd2ef381d5edb7e9e8308c|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015162746/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-war-c8b4fc20e4fd2ef381d5edb7e9e8308c|archive-date=10-13-23|quote=Two witnesses reported a strike on fleeing cars near the town of Deir el-Balah, south of the evacuation zone and in the area Israel told people to flee to. Fayza Hamoudi said she and her family were driving from their home in the north when the strike hit some distance ahead on the road and two vehicles burst into flames. A witness from another car on the road gave a similar account.}}</ref>

=== Atrocity propaganda ===
[[File:Zionist headlines.png|thumb|Western newspapers falsely claiming that Hamas killed babies]]
Zionist media alleged that Hamas, the foremost member group of the Resistance, fired unprovoked into a crowd of civilians holding a rave party a mere two miles away (3.2km) from Gaza. However, recordings have emerged showing that the Zionist Entity's police force and other armed personal were shooting at Hamas from within the crowd and the presence of what looks to be a Merkava tank.<ref>{{Web citation|author=@AnkushP61449364|newspaper=Twitter|title=Hamas attached (sic) on concert Real footage|date=2023-10-10|url=https://twitter.com/ankushp61449364/status/1711676102220124467?s=46}}</ref>

==== Beheading ====
An even more grievous example of the atrocity propaganda on display was the claim that Hamas had indiscriminately and bloodily murdered anyone in their path, with some outlets such as ''The West Australian'' or ''i24 News'', who broke the "story", going as far as to claim that IOF soldiers had seen "beheaded mothers and babies [by Hamas]"<ref>{{Web citation|author=Nicole Zedek|newspaper=i24 news|title='It smells of death here': Surveying the atrocities committed by Hamas in Kfar Aza|date=2023-10-10|url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel-at-war/1696938010-it-smells-of-death-here-surveying-the-scenes-of-atrocities-in-kfar-aza|archive-url=https://archive.ph/82Ikw}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=Troy de Ruyter|newspaper=The West Australian|title=Israel war live coverage: Mums, babies beheaded; first Aussie victim Galit Carbone confirmed; Gaza under fire|date=10-10-23|url=https://thewest.com.au/news/world/israel-war-live-coverage-mums-and-babies-beheaded-as-hamas-horror-shock-world-c-12167697|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011005337/https://thewest.com.au/news/world/israel-war-live-coverage-mums-and-babies-beheaded-as-hamas-horror-shock-world-c-12167697|quote=The sight of the beheaded mothers and babies so affected Israeli soldiers that they could be seen crying.}}</ref>—only to be contradicted by an official statement from the IOF itself.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Turgut Alp Boyraz|newspaper=Anadolu Ajansi|title=Israeli army says it does not have 'confirmation' about allegations that ‘Hamas beheaded babies’|date=10-10-23|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israeli-army-says-it-does-not-have-confirmation-about-allegations-that-hamas-beheaded-babies-/3014787|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011055337/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israeli-army-says-it-does-not-have-confirmation-about-allegations-that-hamas-beheaded-babies-/3014787|archive-date=10-11-23|quote=When Anadolu contacted the Israeli army spokesperson unit over the phone and asked about the allegations, she said "We have seen the news, but we do not have any details or confirmation about that."}}</ref> [[United States of America|US]] President [[Biden]] amplified the claim in a press statement made at the White House, claiming that he had seen "confirmed pictures of terrorists beheading children", even after the IOF had denied the claims.<ref name=":3">{{Web citation|author=Mikhail Klimentov, Maegan Vazquez and Toluse Olorunnipa|newspaper=Washington Post|title=Netanyahu says ‘every Hamas member is a dead man’ in televised speech|date=2023-10-11|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/11/israel-hamas-war-updates-gaza-attack/#link-SIA4LEH6CVAGFEXIJ4556IMXRI|quote=“I’ve been doing this a long time,” Biden said at the White House. “I never really thought that I would see, have confirmed pictures of terrorists beheading children.” A White House spokesperson later clarified that U.S. officials and the president have not seen pictures or confirmed such reports independently.}}</ref> Shortly after Biden's statement, a White House spokesperson retracted Biden's statement, revealing that nobody had actually seen such pictures or confirmed the reports.<ref name=":3" />

Other Western media outlets, including [[Cable News Network|CNN]], [[Fox News Channel|Fox News]], and [[The New York Post|''The'' ''New York Post'']], repeated i24 News's claim that Hamas beheaded 40 babies. The only source for the claim was David Ben Zion, who incited race riots against Palestinians and called them "animals."<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Alan MacLeod]]|newspaper=[[MintPress News]]|title=Propaganda Blitz: How mainstream media is pushing fake Palestine stories|date=2023-10-13|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/propaganda-blitz-how-mainstream-media-is-pushing-fake-palestine-stories/285992/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023190907/https://www.mintpressnews.com/propaganda-blitz-how-mainstream-media-is-pushing-fake-palestine-stories/285992/|archive-date=2023-10-23}}</ref>

==== Rape ====
At the same time, imperialist propagandists blamed Palestinians for the attack, furthermore alleging that Hamas had engaged in mass rape<ref>{{Web citation|author=Jonah Goldberg|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|title=Column: Who’s to blame for the Hamas attack on Israel? That debate is already going off the rails|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009201037/https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-10-09/israel-hamas-attacks-failure-security-surveillance-blame|archive-date=2023-10-09|quote=If Gaza is a prison, it’s in part because it is run by a prison gang in the form of Hamas, which brutalizes and exploits Palestinian inmates. Also, if the moment inmates escape from a prison they go on a murder, kidnapping and rape spree, many reasonable people might assume the prison exists for good reason. But again, however brutal you might think Israel’s Gaza policy might be, the murderers still chose to murder, the rapists chose to rape. If you deny them that agency, you’re the one calling them unthinking animals.}}</ref> before the lack of evidence forced some media outlets into retracting parts of their claim.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Jonah Goldberg|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|title=Column: Who’s to blame for the Hamas attack on Israel? That debate is already going off the rails|date=10-9-2023|url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-10-09/israel-hamas-attacks-failure-security-surveillance-blame|quote=For the record:

6:12 p.m. Oct. 9, 2023

An earlier version of this column mentioned rape in the attacks, but such reports have not been substantiated.}}</ref> A specific claim of rape and murder concerned a German-"Israeli" national by the name of Shani Louk, who was present at the rave and was allegedly seen in a video being transported in the back of a pickup truck. It was later revealed by her own mother that she was still alive and being treated at a hospital in Gaza.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Giulia Carbonaro|newspaper=Newsweek|title=Shani Louk Is Still Alive, Mother Reveals|date=10-10-23|url=https://www.newsweek.com/shani-louk-still-alive-mother-reveals-1833453?utm_medium=Social&utm_source=Twitter#Echobox=1696946587|archive-date=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010202626/https://www.newsweek.com/shani-louk-still-alive-mother-reveals-1833453?utm_medium=Social&utm_source=Twitter}}</ref>

The main source for these allegations the Israeli Minister of Women's Empowerment, [[May Golan]], who is openly "proud to be a [[Racism|racist]]" and led anti-Black race riots in Tel Aviv.<ref name=":7" />

== Further reading ==

* [[:Category:Palestinian resistance reading list|Palestinian resistance reading list]]

== References ==
<references />

PCOE

2023-04-27T15:14:08Z

Al-Andalusian: Made redirect for 'Spanish Communist Workers' Party (1973)'

#REDIRECT[[Spanish Communist Workers' Party (1973)]]

PCPE

2023-04-27T15:12:59Z

Al-Andalusian: Made redirect to 'Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain'

#REDIRECT [[Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain]]

Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain

2023-04-27T14:19:39Z

Al-Andalusian: Changed "ReferencesReferences" to References, idk how that happened

{{Infobox political party|name=Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain|native_name=Partido Comunista de los Pueblos de España|logo=PCPE logo.png|founded=1984|political_orientation=[[Marxism-Leninism]]|website=https://pcpe.es|twitter=PCPE_Comunista}}{{Communist Parties}}
The '''Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain''' (Spanish: ''Partido Comunista de los Pueblos de España'', '''PCPE''') is a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]]<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=PCPE|title=Sobre el PCPE|date=2014-5-9|url=https://pcpe.es/sobre-el-pcpe/|retrieved=2023-2-28|quote=El nuevo PC. continuador de la historia revolucionaria de los y las comunistas en España, y del Movimiento Comunista Internacional (MCI), aprueba su programa inspirado en los principios emanados de la III internacional, Marxista-Leninista e Internacionalista Proletaria, [...]}}</ref> [[communist party]] in [[Kingdom of Spain|Spain]] that was founded in January 1984<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=PCPE|title=Sobre el PCPE|date=2014-5-9|url=https://pcpe.es/sobre-el-pcpe/|retrieved=2023-2-28|quote=El Partido Comunista de los Pueblos de España (PCPE) fue fundado en el Congreso de Unidad de los Comunistas, celebrado en Madrid los días 13, 14 y 15 de enero de 1984.}}</ref> due to the [[Communist Party of Spain]] allegedly embracing [[eurocommunism]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=PCPE|title=Sobre el PCPE|date=2014-5-9|url=https://pcpe.es/sobre-el-pcpe/|retrieved=2023-2-28|quote=[...] tiene como objetivo inmediato superar el deterioro político, orgánico e ideológico producido por el eurocomunismo al renunciar al Leninismo y al Internacionalismo, y anular al histórico PCE como una herramienta útil para enfrentarse al capitalismo en su fase superior, el Imperialismo.}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

Spanish Communist Workers' Party (1973)

2023-03-29T12:36:34Z

Al-Andalusian: Added abbreviation to Infobox and removed 'Anti-Imperialism' from political orientation as 'Marxism-Leninism' makes it redundant

{{Infobox political party|name=Spanish Communist Workers' Party|native_name=Partido Comunista Obrero Español|logo=PCOE logo.jpg|founded=1973|abbreviation=PCOE|website=https://pcoe.net|political_orientation=[[Marxism-Leninism]]|founder=Enrique Lister|youtube=@PCOEEstatal|twitter=PCOE_estatal}}
{{Communist parties}}

The '''Spanish Communist Workers Party''' (Spanish: ''Partido Comunista Obrero Español'', '''PCOE''') is a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] political party in [[Kingdom of Spain|Spain]] founded in 1973 by [[Enrique Lister]] as a split from the [[Communist Party of Spain]] due to it allegedly embracing [[eurocommunism]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Francisco Barjas|newspaper=PCOE|title=Entrevista de tribuna comunista al PCOE|date=2012-03-26|url=https://pcoe.net/militancia/entrevista-de-tribuna-comunista-al-pcoe/|quote=Pero no es hasta la traición de Santiago Carrillo y la cúpula dirigente del PCE con el abandono del marxismo leninismo y sus preceptos orgánicos, abrazando el eurocomunismo, el que un grupo de militante encabezados por el histórico dirigente Enrique Lister, asumiesen la creación del PCOE en 1973.}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Communist parties]]

File:Al-Andalusian Puppies.jpeg

2023-03-12T11:53:14Z

Al-Andalusian: The picture of a group of puppies used as pfp by Al-Andalusian.

== Summary ==
The picture of a group of puppies used as pfp by Al-Andalusian.

Template:Communist parties

2023-02-28T17:40:53Z

Al-Andalusian: Added PCOE (Spain)

{{Sidebar with collapsible lists
|name = Communist parties
|listtitlestyle = border-bottom:1px solid #c20000; background:transparent; text-align:center;
|pretitle = Part of a [[:Category:Communist parties|series]] on
|title = [[Communist party|Communist parties]]
|imagestyle = padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;
|titlestyle = font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;
|expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}

|list1name = Africa
|list1title = Africa
|list1class = hlist
|list1 =
* [[Algerian Party for Democracy and Socialism|Algeria]]
* [[Communist Party of Benin|Benin]]
* [[Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party|Burkina Faso]]
* [[Egyptian Communist Party|Egypt]]
* [[Communist Party of Lesotho|Lesotho]]
* [[Libyan Communist Party|Libya]]
* [[Congress Party for the Independence of Madagascar|Madagascar]]
* [[Communist Party of Namibia (2009)|Namibia]]
* [[Democratic Way|Morocco]]
* ''[[Communist Party of Réunion|Réunion]]''
* [[Party of Independence and Labour|Senegal]]
* South Africa
** [[Economic Freedom Fighters|EFF]]
** [[South African Communist Party|SACP]]
* [[Communist Party of South Sudan|South Sudan]]
* [[Sudanese Communist Party|Sudan]]
* [[Swaziland Communist Party|Swaziland]]
* [[Workers' Party (Tunisia)|Tunisia]]
* [[Revolutionary Communist Party of Ivory Coast|Ivory Coast]]


|list2name = Americas
|list2title = Americas
|list2class = hlist
|list2 =
* Argentina
** [[Communist Party of Argentina|PCA]]
** [[Communist Party of Argentina (Extraordinary Congress)|PCCE]]
** [[Revolutionary Communist Party of Argentina|PCRA]]
* [[Communist Party of Bolivia|Bolivia]]
* Brazil
** [[Brazilian Communist Party|PCB]]
** [[Revolutionary_Communist_Party_(Brazil)|PCR]]
** [[Popular_Unity_for_Socialism | PU]]
* [[Socialism in Canada|Canada]]
** [[Communist Party of Canada|CPC]]
** [[Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)|CPC-ML]]
** [[Revolutionary Communist Party of Canada |PCR-RCP]]
* Chile
** [[Communist Party of Chile|PCCh]]
** [[Chilean Communist Party (Proletarian Action)|PC(AP)]]
* Colombia
** [[Colombian Communist Party|PCC]]
** [[Communist Party of Colombia (Marxist–Leninist)|PC de C (M–L)]]
* [[Communist Party of Cuba|Cuba]]
* [[Communist Party of Labour|Dominican Republic]]
* Ecuador
**[[Communist Party of Ecuador|PCE]]
**[[Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador|PCMLE]]
* Mexico
** [[Communist Party of Mexico (2011)|PC]]
** [[Popular Socialist Party (Mexico)|PPS]]
** [[Popular Socialist Party of Mexico|PPSM]]
** [[Communist Party of Mexico (Marxist–Leninist)|PCMML]]
* Panama
** [[People's Party of Panama|PPP]]
** [[Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) of Panama|PC(ml)P]]
* [[Paraguayan Communist Party|Paraguay]]
* Peru
** [[Peruvian Communist Party|PCP]]
** [[Communist Party of Peru – Red Fatherland|PCdelP–PR]]
* [[Communist Party of Uruguay|Uruguay]]
* United States
** [[Communist Party USA|CPUSA]]
** [[Workers World Party|WWP]]
** [[Party for Socialism and Liberation|PSL]]
** [[Revolutionary Communist Party, USA|RCPUSA]]
** [[American Party of Labor|APL]]
** [[Progressive Labor Party (United States)|PLP]]
** [[Party of Communists USA|PCUSA]]
** [[People's Revolutionary Party|PRP]]
* Venezuela
** [[Communist Party of Venezuela|PCV]]
** [[Marxist–Leninist_Communist_Party_of_Venezuela|PCMLV]]


|list3name = Asia
|list3title = Asia
|list3class = hlist
|list3 =
* [[Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]
* [[National Liberation Front – Bahrain|Bahrain]]
* Bangladesh
** [[Communist Party of Bangladesh|CPB]]
** [[Workers Party of Bangladesh|WPB]]
* [[Communist Party of Burma|Burma]]
* [[Communist Party of China|China (PRC)]]
* India
** [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
** [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
** [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|CPI(Mst)]]
** [[Maoist Communist Party of Manipur|MCPM]]
* Iran
** [[Communist Party of Iran|CPI]]
** [[Tudeh Party of Iran|Tudeh]]
** [[Labour Party of Iran|Toufan]]
* [[Iraqi Communist Party|Iraq]]
* [[Maki (political party)|Israel]]
* [[Japanese Communist Party|Japan]]
* [[Jordanian Communist Party|Jordan]]
* Kazakhstan
** [[Communist Party of Kazakhstan|CPK]]
** [[Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan|CPPK]]
* [[Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyzstan]]
* [[Lao People's Revolutionary Party|Laos]]
* [[Lebanese Communist Party|Lebanon]]
* Nepal
** [[Nepal Communist Party|NCP]]
** [[Nepal Workers Peasants Party|NWPP]]
** [[Rastriya Janamorcha|RaJaMo]]
** [[Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (2002)|CPN(M-L)]]
** [[Communist Party of Nepal (2013)|CPN]]
** [[Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) (2006)|CPN (Marxist)]]
* [[Communist Party of Pakistan|Pakistan]]
* [[Palestinian People's Party|Palestine]]
* Philippines
** [[Communist Party of the Philippines|CPP]]
** [[Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930|PKP-1930]]
* [[Communist Party of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]
* Syria
** [[Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)|SCP (Bakdash)]]
** [[Syrian Communist Party (Unified)|SCP (Unified)]]
* [[Communist Party of Tajikistan|Tajikistan]]
* [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Vietnam]]
'''Former parties'''
* Cambodia
** [[Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party|KPRP]]
** [[Communist Party of Kampuchea|CPK]]
* [[Communist Party of Indonesia|Indonesia]]
* [[Communist Party of Korea|Korea]]
* [[Malayan Communist Party|Malaya and Singapore]]
**[[Communist Party of Malaya/Marxist–Leninist|Marxist–Leninist]]
**[[Communist Party of Malaya/Revolutionary Faction|Revolutionary Faction]]
* [[Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930|Philippines]]
* [[Communist Party in Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]]
* ''[[North Kalimantan Communist Party|Sarawak]]''
* ''[[Taiwanese Communist Party|Taiwan]]''
* [[Communist Party of Thailand|Thailand]]


|list4name = Europe
|list4title = Europe
|list4class = hlist
|list4 =
* [[Communist Party of Albania (1991)|Albania]]
* [[Armenian Communist Party|Armenia]]
* Austria
** [[Communist Party of Austria|KPÖ]]
** [[Party of Labour of Austria|PdA]]
** [[Communist Initiative|KI]]
* [[Azerbaijan Communist Party (1993)|Azerbaijan]]
* [[Communist Party of Belarus|Belarus]]
* Belgium
** [[Workers' Party of Belgium|PvdA/PTB]]
** [[Communist Party (Flanders)|KP]]
** [[Communist Party (Wallonia)|PC]]
* [[Workers' Communist Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
* Bulgaria
** [[Communist Party of Bulgaria|KPB]]
** [[Union of Communists in Bulgaria|SKB]]
* [[Socialist Labour Party of Croatia|Croatia]]
* [[Progressive Party of Working People|Cyprus]]
* [[Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia|Czech Republic]]
* Denmark
** [[Communist Party of Denmark|DKP]]
** [[Communist Party in Denmark|KPiD]]
** [[Workers' Communist Party (Denmark)|APK]]
* [[Communist Party of Estonia (1990)|Estonia]]
* [[Communist Party of Finland (1994)|Finland]]
* France
** [[French Communist Party|PCF]]
** [[Workers' Communist Party of France|PCOF]]
** [[Pole of Communist Revival in France|PRCF]]
** [[Communist Revolutionary Party of France|PCRF]]
* [[Unified Communist Party of Georgia|Georgia]]
* Germany
** [[Communist Party of Germany (1990)|KPD]]
** [[German Communist Party|DKP]]
** [[Marxist–Leninist Party of Germany|MLPD]]
* Greece
** [[Communist Party of Greece|ΚΚΕ]]
** [[Communist Organization of Greece|ΚΟΕ]]
** [[Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece 1918–55|Anasintaxi]]
* Hungary
** [[Hungarian Workers' Party|Munkáspárt]]
** [[Workers' Party of Hungary 2006|Munkáspárt 2006]]
* Ireland
** [[Communist Party of Ireland|CPI]]
** [[Workers' Party of Ireland|WPI]]
* Italy
** [[Communist Party (Italy)|PC]]
** [[Communist Refoundation Party|PRC]]
* [[Socialist Party of Latvia|Latvia]]
* [[Socialist People's Front|Lithuania]]
* [[Communist Party of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]]
* [[Communist Party of Malta|Malta]]
* [[Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova|Moldova]]
* [[New Communist Party of the Netherlands|Netherlands]]
* Norway
** [[Communist Party of Norway|NKP]]
** [[Marxist–Leninist Group Revolution |MLGR]]
** [[Red Party (Norway)|R]]
* [[Polish Communist Party (2002)|Poland]]
* Portugal
** [[Portuguese Communist Party|PCP]]
** [[Portuguese Workers' Communist Party|PCTP]]
* [[Communist Party (Nepeceriști)|Romania]]
* Russia
** [[Communists of Russia|KR]]
** [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation|CPRF]]
** [[Communist Party of Social Justice|CPSJ]]
** [[Party of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat|PDP]]
** [[Russian Communist Workers' Party of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|RCWP-CPSU]]
** [[Russian Maoist Party|RMP]]
** [[Russian United Labour Front|RULF]]
* [[Sammarinese Communist Refoundation|San Marino]]
* [[New Communist Party of Yugoslavia|Serbia]]
* [[Communist Party of Slovakia|Slovakia]]
* Spain
** [[Communist Party of Spain|PCE]]
** [[Communists of Catalonia|CC]]
** [[Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain|PCPE]]
** [[Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) |PCE (M–L)]]
** [[Communist Party of the Workers of Spain|PCTE]]
** [[Spanish Communist Workers' Party (1973)|PCOE]]
* Sweden
** [[Communist Party (Sweden)|KP]]
** [[Communist Party of Sweden (1995)|SKP]]
* Switzerland
** [[Communist Party (Switzerland)|Communist Party (Switzerland)]]
** [[Swiss Party of Labour|PdA]]
* Turkey
** [[Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front|DHKP/C]]
** [[Labour Party (Turkey)|EMEP]]
** [[People's Communist Party of Turkey|HTKP]]
** [[Communist Revolution Movement/Leninist (Turkey)|KDH/L]]
** [[Communist Party of Kurdistan|KKP]]
** [[Communist Party (Turkey, 2014)|TKP]]
** [[Maoist Communist Party (Turkey)|MKP]]
** [[Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkey)|MLKP]]
** [[Revolutionary Communist Party of Turkey|TDKP]]
** [[Communist Labour Party of Turkey|TKEP]]
** [[Communist Labour Party of Turkey/Leninist|TKEP/L]]
** [[Communist Workers Party of Turkey|TKIP]]
** [[Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist|TKP/ML]]
* Ukraine
** [[Communist Party of Ukraine|KPU]]
** [[Union of Communists of Ukraine|SKU]]
* United Kingdom
** [[Communist Party of Britain|CPB]]
** [[Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)|CPB-ML]]
** [[Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)|CPGB-ML]]
** [[Communist Party of Great Britain (Provisional Central Committee)|CPGB-PCC]]
** [[Communist Party of Scotland|CPS]]
** [[New Communist Party of Britain|NCPB]]
** [[Revolutionary Communist Group (UK)|RCG]]
** [[Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)|RCPB-ML]]
'''Former parties'''
* [[Party of Labour of Albania|Albania]]
* [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]]
* [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany|East Germany]]
* Italy
** [[Italian Communist Party|PCI]]
** [[Party of Italian Communists|PdCI]]
* [[Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization|Macedonia]]
* [[Communist Party of the Netherlands|Netherlands]]
* [[Polish United Workers' Party|Poland]]
* [[Romanian Communist Party|Romania]]
* [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet Union]]
* [[Communist Party of Turkey (historical)|Turkey]]
* [[Communist Party of Great Britain|United Kingdom]]
* [[Communist Party of Germany|West Germany]]
* [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]


|list5name = Oceania
|list5title = Oceania
|list5class = hlist
|list5 =
* Australia
** [[Communist Party of Australia (current)|CPA]]
** [[Communist Party of Australia (Marxist–Leninist)|CPA(ML)]]
** [[Australian Communist Party (2019)|ACP]]
** [[Socialist Alliance (Australia)|Socialist Alliance]]
** [[Socialist Alternative (Australia)|Socialist Alternative]]
** [[Victorian Socialists]]
* New Zealand
** [[Communist League (New Zealand)|CL]]
** [[Organisation for Marxist Unity – New Zealand|OMU]]
** [[Socialist Party of Aotearoa|SPA]]
'''Former parties'''
* Australia
** [[Communist Alliance]]
** [[Communist Party of Australia|CPA]]
** [[Democratic Socialist Perspective|DSP]]
** [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (Australia)|RSP]]
** [[Victorian Socialist Party]]
* New Zealand
** [[Communist Party of New Zealand|CPNZ]]
** [[Socialist Unity Party of New Zealand|SUP]]
** [[Communist League (New Zealand)|CL]]


|list6name = related
|list6title = Related topics
|list6class = hlist
|list6 =
* [[Communism]] ([[History of communism|history]])
* [[Democratic centralism]]
* [[Marxism–Leninism]]

}}
[[Category:Communist parties]]

Spanish Communist Workers' Party (1973)

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Al-Andalusian: Added the 'Communist parties' template

{{Infobox political party|name=Spanish Communist Workers' Party|native_name=Partido Comunista Obrero Español|logo=PCOE logo.jpg|founded=1973|website=https://pcoe.net|political_orientation=[[Marxism-Leninism]] [[Anti-imperialism]]|founder=Enrique Lister|youtube=@PCOEEstatal|twitter=PCOE_estatal}}
{{Communist parties}}

The '''Spanish Communist Workers Party''' (Spanish: ''Partido Comunista Obrero Español'', '''PCOE''') is a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] political party in [[Kingdom of Spain|Spain]] founded in 1973 by [[Enrique Lister]] as a split from the [[Communist Party of Spain]] due to it allegedly embracing [[eurocommunism]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Francisco Barjas|newspaper=PCOE|title=Entrevista de tribuna comunista al PCOE|date=2012-03-26|url=https://pcoe.net/militancia/entrevista-de-tribuna-comunista-al-pcoe/|quote=Pero no es hasta la traición de Santiago Carrillo y la cúpula dirigente del PCE con el abandono del marxismo leninismo y sus preceptos orgánicos, abrazando el eurocomunismo, el que un grupo de militante encabezados por el histórico dirigente Enrique Lister, asumiesen la creación del PCOE en 1973.}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Communist parties]]

Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain

2023-02-28T17:23:36Z

Al-Andalusian: Added basic information

File:PCPE logo.png

2023-02-28T16:54:20Z

Al-Andalusian: Logo of the PCPE (Communist Party in Spain)

== Summary ==
Logo of the PCPE (Communist Party in Spain)

Spanish Communist Workers' Party (1973)

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Al-Andalusian: Page created with basic information

{{Infobox political party|name=Spanish Communist Workers' Party|native_name=Partido Comunista Obrero Español|logo=PCOE logo.jpg|founded=1973|website=https://pcoe.net|political_orientation=[[Marxism-Leninism]] [[Anti-imperialism]]|founder=Enrique Lister|youtube=@PCOEEstatal|twitter=PCOE_estatal}}

The '''Spanish Communist Workers Party''' (Spanish: ''Partido Comunista Obrero Español'', '''PCOE''') is a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] political party in [[Kingdom of Spain|Spain]] founded in 1973 by [[Enrique Lister]] as a split from the [[Communist Party of Spain]] due to it allegedly embracing [[eurocommunism]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Francisco Barjas|newspaper=PCOE|title=Entrevista de tribuna comunista al PCOE|date=2012-03-26|url=https://pcoe.net/militancia/entrevista-de-tribuna-comunista-al-pcoe/|quote=Pero no es hasta la traición de Santiago Carrillo y la cúpula dirigente del PCE con el abandono del marxismo leninismo y sus preceptos orgánicos, abrazando el eurocomunismo, el que un grupo de militante encabezados por el histórico dirigente Enrique Lister, asumiesen la creación del PCOE en 1973.}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Communist parties]]

File:PCOE logo.jpg

2023-02-27T23:54:33Z

Al-Andalusian: The logo of the Spanish Communist Worker's Party.

== Summary ==
The logo of the Spanish Communist Worker's Party.

Joseph Stalin

2023-02-21T22:13:25Z

Al-Andalusian: Added quote to 3rd reference and changed it from an article citation inside a regular citation to directly an article citation

{{Infobox revolutionary
| name = Josef Stalin
| native_name = Иосиф Сталин იოსებ სტალინი
| image = File:Iosif_Stalin.jpg
| image_size = 225px
| caption = Portrait of comrade Stalin
| nationality = Georgian
| birth_name = Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1878|12|21}}
| birth_place = Gori, Tiflis Governorate, Russian Empire (present-day [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1953|3|5|1878|12|18}}
| death_place = Moscow, [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
| death_cause = Cerebral hemorrhage
| political_line = [[Marxism-Leninism]]
}}
'''Iósif Vissariónovich Dzhugashvili''' (21 December 1878 – 5 March 1953), better known as '''Joseph Stalin''', was a Georgian revolutionary, [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] theorist, and the democratically elected<ref>{{Citation|author=Glover Furr|year=2019|title=Stalin and the Struggle for Democratic Reform|title-url=http://marxism.halkcephesi.net/Grover%20Furr/stalin_1.htm|quote=This article outlines Joseph Stalin's attempts, from the 1930s until his death, to democratize the government of the Soviet Union.|pdf=https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/clogic/article/download/191861/188830/218717|trans-lang=English}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=Pat Sloan|year=1937|title=Soviet Democracy|title-url=https://mltheory.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/pat-sloan-soviet-democracy-victor-gollancz-1937.pdf|section=Democracy and Dictatorship|page=9|pdf=|isbn=9781092297394|trans-lang=English}}</ref> leader of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]], being the [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary of Central Committee of Communist Party of Soviet Union]] from the 3 April 1922 to the 16th October 1952. He played a central role in the revolutionary activities of the [[Bolsheviks|bolshevik party]] and later served as the head of the Soviet Union during the great period of [[collectivization]] and industrialization which lifted the USSR to superpower status by the late 1930s. Stalin has a complicated history and equally complicated public image largely from the result of decades of [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] propaganda. In the common history of the west he is considered a dictator, however the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] admitted to there being collective leadership during his time in office.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Central Intelligence Agency|title=Comments in the Change in Soviet Leadership|date=2008-02-26|url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A006000360009-0.pdf|quote=Even in Stalin's time there was collective leadership. The western idea of a dictator within the communist setup is exaggerated. Misunderstandings on that subject are caused by lack of comprehension of the real nature and organization of the Communist power structure.}}</ref>

== Pre-revolution ==

=== Early life ===

Iósif Vissariónovich Dzhugashvili was born on 21 December, 1878<ref group="lower-alpha">Although some historians claim he was born in 18th December, his birthday was officially celebrated on 21st December.</ref> in Gori<ref group="lower-alpha">The city of Gori was part of the Tiflis Governorate, which was one of the administrative divisions of the [[Russian Empire]].</ref>, a city of the [[Russian Empire (1721–1917)|Russian Empire]], in the family of a craftsman, later a worker of a shoe factory. Like his parents, Stalin was an ethnic [[Georgia|Georgian]], and he grew up speaking the Georgian language. Both his father and his mother came from a family of serfs.<ref>{{Citation|author=Ian Grey|year=1979|title=Stalin, man of history|chapter=|section=|page=9|quote=Vissarion, his father, came from the village of Didi-Lilo, near Tiflis, where his parents, like their forebears, had been peasant serfs. For Vissarion emancipation meant that he was free to follow his trade as a cobbler. Around 1870 he moved to Gori, where in 1874 he married Ekaterina Georgievna Geladze, daughter of a serf family from a nearby village. She was about eighteen years of age, some five years younger than her husband. They were humble working people, poor and illiterate.|pdf=|city=|publisher=|isbn=|doi=|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=A341F7377CB157DD7730A9A416CDC302|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref>

Stalin's revolutionary activities can be traced to his time as a student after 1894, when he joined the Orthodox Theological Seminary in Tiflis.<ref>{{Citation|author=Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute|year=1949|title=Joseph Stalin: a political biography|page=5|quote=In the autumn of 1888 Stalin entered the church school in Gori, from which, in 1894, he passed to the Orthodox Theological Seminary in Tiflis.

This was a period when, with the development of industrial capitalism and the attendant growth of the working-class movement, Marxism had begun to spread widely throughout Russia. The St. Petersburg League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class, founded and led by Lenin, had given a powerful stimulus to the Social-Democratic movement all over the country.|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=26C959185500A43A5CFF3947ECEF2FCB}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|year=1931|title=[[Library:Stalin interview with Emil Ludwig|Stalin interview with Emil Ludwig]]|quote=I joined the revolutionary movement at the age of fifteen, when I became connected with certain illegal groups of Russian Marxists in Transcaucasia. These groups exerted a great influence on me and instilled in me a taste for illegal Marxian literature.}}</ref> In 1896 and 1897, Stalin was a part of Marxist study groups in the seminary, and in August 1898, he formally joined the Tiflis branch of the [[Russian Social Democratic Labor Party]] (RSDLP) and began to conduct [[propaganda]] work among the workers in the Tiflis railway workshops. An avid reader, he read ''[[Capital, vol. I|Capital]]'' and the ''[[Manifesto of the communist party]]'', written by [[Marx|Karl Marx]], subsequently taking a profound interest in [[Marxism]]. At that time, he became acquainted with some of [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]]'s articles criticizing the [[Narodniks]] and the "Legal Marxists".<ref>{{Citation|author=Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute|year=1945|title=Joseph Stalin: a short biography|page=5|quote=Jn 1896 and 1897, Stalin conduoled Marxist study circles in the seminary, and in August 1898 he formally enrolled as a member of the Tiflis Branch of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. [...]

Stalin worked hard to broaden his knowledge. He studied Capital, the Communist Manifesto and other works of Marx and Engels. He acquainted himself with Lenin's polemical writings against Narodism, "Legal Marxism" and "Economism." His theoretical interests were extremely broad. He studied philosophy, political economy, history and natural science. He read widely in the classics. He thus trained himself to he an educated Marxist. Even at this early date Lenin's writings made a deep impression on him. "I must meet him al all costs," one of Stalin's friends. reports him to have said. after reading an article by Tulin (Lenin).|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=034C4C1A4DBC437BC939DCF13A1D9EBD}}</ref> In 1899, Stalin was expelled from the seminary for the propaganda of Marxism, and he went to an illegal position and became a professional revolutionary.

=== Revolutionary activities ===
While organizing in the [[Caucasus]], Stalin exposed the [[Mensheviks]] as [[Liberalism|liberal]] [[Reformism|reformists]]. He met Lenin in person for the first time at a [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Bolshevik]] conference in Tampere, [[Grand Duchy of Finland (1809–1917)|Finland]] in 1905.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks in the Period of the Russo-Japanese War and the First Russian Revolution|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm}}</ref> In 1912, the party elected Stalin to the Central Committee even though he was in exile at the time.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks in the Period of the Stolypin Reaction. The Bolsheviks Constitute Themselves an Independent Marxist Party|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch04.htm}}</ref> In 1912, Stalin helped found the newspaper ''Pravda''.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party during the New Rise of the Working Class Movement before the First Imperialist War|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch05.htm}}</ref>

After the [[February Revolution]], Stalin returned from exile in [[Siberia]]. He called for an overthrow of the [[Russian Republic (1917–1918)|provisional government]] and opposed the [[Imperialism|imperialist]] [[First World War]]. At a party conference in April 1917, he argued with [[Nikolai Bukharin|Bukharin]] and [[Georgy Pyatakov|Pyatakov]], who did not support the right of [[Nation|nations]] to [[self-determination]]. In September, Stalin opposed participating in the [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] [[Provisional Council of the Russian Republic|Provisional Council]] and called for a revolution instead.

On 29 October 1917, the Central Committee elected Stalin as head of the Party Center to direct the [[Russian revolution of 1917|October Revolution]].<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Period of Preparation and Realization of the October Socialist Revolution|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch07.htm}}</ref>

== Post-revolution ==

=== Civil War ===
In summer 1919, the Central Committee sent Stalin, [[Kliment Voroshilov|Voroshilov]], [[Sergo Orjonikidze|Orjonikidze]], and [[Semyon Budyonny|Budyonny]] to the southern front, where he organized an attack against [[Anton Denikin]] from the [[Donbass]]. The [[Workers' and Peasants' Red Army|Red Army]] defeated Denikin in October 1919 and liberated all of [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1991)|Ukraine]] by early 1920.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Period of Foreign Military Intervention and Civil War|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch08.htm}}</ref>

=== Creation of the U.S.S.R. ===
After the defeat of the interventionists and the [[Russian Civil War|civil war]], when in connection with the transition to a peaceful economic construction of the anti-party groups launched a struggle against the party line developed by Lenin, Stalin defended the [[Leninist]] line and fought against anti-party groups and factions ([[Trotskyism|Trotskyists]], "workers' opposition"). At the X Congress of the Party (1921) Stalin presented "The Report on the next tasks of the Party in the [[national question]]". After the 11th Party Congress (1922) the Plenum of the Party Central Committee elected Joseph Stalin as the Secretary General of the Central Committee.

Under the leadership of V. I. Lenin, the Party during this period carried out extensive work on the creation of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]]. Lenin believed that the USSR should be a voluntary union of equal and sovereign [[Soviet republic|union republics]]. On this question, Stalin at first took the wrong stand, putting forward the project of so-called "autonomization", i.e., the entry into the RSFSR of other Soviet republics on the rights of autonomous units. V. I. Lenin strongly opposed this proposal, criticized Stalin's mistakes in conducting the national policy, his partiality to the manifestations of great-power [[chauvinism]]. The Leninist principles were accepted by the Central Committee and formed the basis of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The report on the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922) was made at the 1st Congress of Soviets of the USSR by the order of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) by I.V. Stalin in view of Lenin's illness.

After Lenin's death, the Communist Party, under the leadership of the Central Committee, firmly and confidently led the Soviet people along the path of implementation of Lenin's precepts, on the path of building socialism. At this time, Stalin made a number of works that were of great importance in the protection and propaganda of Leninism and in the ideological defeat of the currents hostile to Leninism. In this respect, a great role was played by Stalin's work "On the Foundations of Leninism" (1924), which set forth the basic issues of Leninism and disclosed the new things that Lenin contributed to Marxism. The defense by I. V. Stalin, together with other leaders of the Party, of the Leninist theory of the possibility of the victory of socialism initially [[Socialism in one country|in one, separate country]], and of the possibility of the victory of socialism in the USSR in the capitalist encirclement, was of particular importance in the struggle against the Trotskyists.

=== 14th Party Congress ===
Based on the instructions of V. Lenin, who developed a scientifically sound program for building socialism in the USSR, the party set a course for the [[socialist industrialization]] of the country. This line was set out in the political report of the Central Committee at the XIV Party Congress (1925), made by Stalin. The report emphasized that the essence of [[industrialization]] was the priority development of [[heavy industry]], and first of all the [[mechanical engineering]], the fundamental difference of socialist industrialization, which was inextricably linked with the improvement of the working people's material condition, from the capitalist one, which was held by means of colonial seizure, robbery and ruthless exploitation of the working people.

In early 1926 he published a book of Stalin "Toward Leninism", which was criticized opportunistic views of [[Grigory Zinoviev|Zinovievites]], who were descending to the ideological positions of Trotskyism and wanted wanted the Soviet Union to stay mostly [[Agriculture|agricultural]] and import its industry from [[Capitalism|capitalist]] countries.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Period of Transition to the Peaceful Work of Economic Restoration|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch09.htm}}</ref> At the 15th Party Conference (November 1926) Stalin made a report "On the Social Democratic bias in our party" and at the VII Extended Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International (December 1926) with the report "About the Social Democratic bias in our party again". Both these reports played an important role in rallying the party ranks under the banner of Leninist ideas and in exposing the Trotskyites, their capitulation to capitalism and their disorganizing activities.

=== Collectivization ===
Based on the successes of socialist industrialization and guided by Lenin's [[cooperative plan]], the 15th Congress of the CPSU (b) (1927) put forward [[collectivization]] of the [[agriculture]] as the most important task of the Party and Soviet people. These questions were covered in the political report of the Central Committee of the Party, made at the Congress by I. V. Stalin. During this period, an anti-party group of [[Opportunism|right-wing opportunists]]—[[Bukharin]], [[Alexei Rykov|Rykov]], [[Mikhail Tomsky|Tomsky]] and others—openly opposed the general line of the Party. In the reports of Stalin "On the industrialization of the country and the right deviation in the CPSU (b)" (1928), "On the right - the deviation in the CPSU (b)" (1929), etc. exposed the line of the right opportunists, which expressed the ideology of the [[kulak]], rich peasant class.

In 1930, Stalin released the ''Pravda'' article "Dizzy with Success," criticizing people who were overenthusiastic about [[collectivization]] and forced [[Peasantry|peasants]] onto collective farms. This issue was most severe in [[Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Transcaucasia]] and Central Asia, where collectivization was not scheduled to finish until 1933.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Struggle for the Collectivization of Agriculture|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch11.htm}}</ref>

At the XVI Congress of the CPSU(b) (1930) and XVII Congress of the CPSU(b) (1934) Stalin made reports on the work of the Central Committee of the Party. During this period, the Communist Party and the Soviet state carried out an all-out offensive of socialism against the [[Capitalism|capitalist]] elements. Under the conditions of a tense international situation, the country overcame enormous difficulties in order to put an end to the technical and economic backwardness within the shortest historical period. In pursuing a course of priority and predominant development of heavy industry, the Party made decisive progress in the socialist industrialization of the country and the collectivization of agriculture.

=== 1936 Constitution and later ===
Stalin helped draft the [[1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union]], which the Eighth Congress of Soviets approved in November 1936.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Struggle to Complete the Building of the Socialist Society. Introduction of the New Constitution|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch12.htm}}</ref> This constitution remained in effect until 1977.

In 1938 Stalin wrote his work "On dialectical and historical materialism", which gives a brief coverage of the foundations of Marxist-Leninist philosophy and shows its importance for the practical work of the Party.

In March 1939 the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks was held. In the report of the Central Committee at the Congress Stalin outlined the program developed by the Central Committee of the struggle of the party and the Soviet people for the completion of building a socialist society in the gradual transition from socialism to communism.

=== Second World War ===
Joseph Stalin became [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars]] in 1941, a position he would hold until his death.<ref>{{Citation|author=Samuel Totten, Paul Bartrop|year=2008|title=Dictionary of Genocide: A–L|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313346422}}</ref> At the beginning of the [[Second World War|Great Patriotic War]] of the Soviet Union Joseph Stalin was appointed Chairman of the State Defense Committee, People's Commissar of Defense, and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR, and remained in these positions until the victorious end of the war. The great victory over the [[Adolf Hitler|Hitlerite]] coalition was won by the Soviet people under the leadership of the Communist Party and its Central Committee, headed by Stalin.

However, on the eve of the Great Patriotic War he misjudged the international situation. Overestimating the value of the Soviet-German non-aggression treaty Stalin did not believe the information about direct preparation of German troops to invade the USSR. He rejected all the suggestions about the necessity to put the Soviet frontier districts on alert. It was one of the reasons why for the Soviet troops in the western regions the attack of Hitlerite armies was sudden. Soviet troops, covering the state border, made heroic resistance to the invaders, but being insufficiently prepared to repulse the attack and forced to fight in a very unfavorable situation, they suffered heavy losses in men and equipment, which led to a sharp change in the balance of forces in favor of the enemy.

During the war the Party and the government organized military production on a large scale in the eastern regions of the country. Thanks to the great advantages of the socialist system, the presence of highly developed industry, and the dedication of the people of the Soviet Union in the short term managed to create an advantage over the enemy in the quantity and quality of weapons; to disrupt the Nazi plans for "lightning war", to ensure a turning point in the war and to prepare the conditions for the defeat of Hitler's invaders. The Communist Party and its Central Committee were the organizing and guiding force of the heroic nationwide struggle against the Nazi invaders. The Communist Party united and directed the activity of all party, Soviet, economic, social organizations and military bodies. The members of the Central Committee of the Party, prominent Soviet military leaders, local party and Soviet organizations unfolded a huge organizational, political, economic and military work. Thanks to the resilience and heroism of the Soviet soldiers, the activities of the outstanding commanders of the Soviet Army were prepared and successfully conducted unprecedented in their scale, skill and courage of the plan the military operations that led to total victory over the enemy.

During the war Joseph Stalin as a head of the Soviet government took part in the conferences of the leaders of the three powers - the USSR, the USA and Great Britain - in Teheran (1943), in Yalta and Berlin (1945). During these years I.V. Stalin maintained everyday correspondence with the presidents of the USA and the prime-ministers of Great Britain, in which he insistently fought for strengthening of anti-Hitler coalition, consistently defended the national interests of the peoples of the countries which were subject to Hitlerite aggression.

=== Postwar ===
In the postwar period I. V. Stalin published his works "Marxism and questions of linguistics" (1950) and "Economic problems of socialism in the USSR" (1952), which considers important questions of Marxist-Leninist theory. "The Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR" had a great influence on the development of some positions in the political economy of socialism. I.V. Stalin stressed the objective character of economic laws in socialism; based on the classical Marxism-Leninism statements, he formulated the main economic law of socialism, the law of systematic and proportional development of national economy; noted the importance of priority growth of means of production for the expanded socialist reproduction. At the same time, the work contains a number of erroneous and controversial positions (e.g.: assertion that commodity circulation begins to hinder the development of productive forces of the country and the gradual transition to product exchange is necessary; underestimation of the law of value in production, especially with regard to means of production; the statement about inevitability of reduction of the volume of capitalist production after World War II and about inevitability of wars between capitalist countries in the current conditions).

In October 1952 the 19th Congress of the CPSU was held. At the closing session of the Congress Stalin made a speech. The Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, which took place after the Congress, elected Joseph Stalin a member of the Presidium of the Central Committee and Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Outstanding work of Stalin was highly appreciated by the Soviet Union. Stalin's outstanding activities were highly appreciated by the Soviet government. He was awarded the ranks of a Hero of Socialist Labor (1939), a Hero of the Soviet Union (1945) and Generalissimo of the Soviet Union (1945). He was awarded with three Orders of Lenin, the Order of Victory, the Order of the Red Banner, Suvorov of the 1st degree and medals.

On March, 5, 1953 after a serious hemorrhagic stroke Stalin died.

== Common myths ==

===Antisemitism===

While anti-semitism has been a historical tool of the [[Far-right politics|far-right]] and [[Fascism|fascists]] in particular, "judeo-bolshevism" and "cultural bolshevism" being classic fascist conspiracy theories linking the comminist movement with the anti-semetic beliefs of jewish cabals plotting world domination or ethnic domination, some historians still claim that Stalin too was an [[Anti-Semitism|anti-Semite]]. While [[Russian Empire (1721–1917)|Russia]] has had a long and troubled history with [[Mikhail Bakunin|anti-Semitism]] pre-revolution, there is no evidence that Stalin held these views himself. The below letter from Stalin opposes this notion.

{{Quote|In answer to your inquiry:

National and racial chauvinism is a vestige of the misanthropic customs characteristic of the period of cannibalism. Anti-semitism, as an extreme form of racial chauvinism, is the most dangerous vestige of cannibalism.

Anti-semitism is of advantage to the exploiters as a lightning conductor that deflects the blows aimed by the working people at [[capitalism]]. Anti-semitism is dangerous for the working people as being a false path that leads them off the right road and lands them in the jungle. Hence Communists, as consistent internationalists, cannot but be irreconcilable, sworn enemies of anti-semitism.

In the U.S.S.R. anti-semitism is punishable with the utmost severity of the law as a phenomenon deeply hostile to the Soviet system. Under U.S.S.R. law active anti-semites are liable to the death penalty.|J. Stalin|Reply to an inquiry of the Jewish News Agency in the United States {{Refn|Stalin: ''Reply to an inquiry of the Jewish News Agency in the United States'' [https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1931/01/12.htm MIA link]}}}}

=== Personality cult ===
While there is no doubt that Stalin was a revered figure in the USSR, there is no evidence to suggest he made any active efforts to build up a [[cult of personality]] around himself. In fact, in 1938 he requested the destruction of a book that portrayed him too positively and stated that the theory of "heroes" was an [[Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries|SR]] and not a [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Bolshevik]] theory.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1938|title=Letter on Publications for Children Directed to the Central Committee of the All Union Communist Youth|title-url=https://mltheory.wordpress.com/2014/06/24/stalin-on-the-cult-of-personality/|city=London|publisher=Red Star Press|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1938/02/16.htm}}</ref>

== Popular support ==
In a poll made in 2019, 70% of [[Russian Federation|Russians]] said they had a positive view of Stalin's role in history. This was a 12 percentage point increase from 58% in 2015.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=[[In Defense of Communism]]|title=Anticommunism Fails: 70% of Russians have a positive opinion on Joseph Stalin|date=2019-04-17|url=http://www.idcommunism.com/2019/04/anticommunism-fails-70-of-russians-have-positive-view-on-joseph-stalin.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629093512/https://www.idcommunism.com/2019/04/anticommunism-fails-70-of-russians-have-positive-view-on-joseph-stalin.html|archive-date=2021-06-29}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

=== Notes ===
<references group="lower-alpha" />
[[Category:Joseph Stalin]]
[[Category:Marxist theorists]]
[[Category:Former heads of state]]
[[Category:Targets of bourgeois media]]
[[Category:Communist leaders]]

Joseph Stalin

2023-02-21T22:08:22Z

Al-Andalusian: Adjusted the main section a little bit

{{Infobox revolutionary
| name = Josef Stalin
| native_name = Иосиф Сталин იოსებ სტალინი
| image = File:Iosif_Stalin.jpg
| image_size = 225px
| caption = Portrait of comrade Stalin
| nationality = Georgian
| birth_name = Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1878|12|21}}
| birth_place = Gori, Tiflis Governorate, Russian Empire (present-day [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1953|3|5|1878|12|18}}
| death_place = Moscow, [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
| death_cause = Cerebral hemorrhage
| political_line = [[Marxism-Leninism]]
}}
'''Iósif Vissariónovich Dzhugashvili''' (21 December 1878 – 5 March 1953), better known as '''Joseph Stalin''', was a Georgian revolutionary, [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] theorist, and the democratically elected<ref>{{Citation|author=Glover Furr|year=2019|title=Stalin and the Struggle for Democratic Reform|title-url=http://marxism.halkcephesi.net/Grover%20Furr/stalin_1.htm|quote=This article outlines Joseph Stalin's attempts, from the 1930s until his death, to democratize the government of the Soviet Union.|pdf=https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/clogic/article/download/191861/188830/218717|trans-lang=English}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=Pat Sloan|year=1937|title=Soviet Democracy|title-url=https://mltheory.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/pat-sloan-soviet-democracy-victor-gollancz-1937.pdf|section=Democracy and Dictatorship|page=9|pdf=|isbn=9781092297394|trans-lang=English}}</ref> leader of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]], being the [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary of Central Committee of Communist Party of Soviet Union]] from the 3 April 1922 to the 16th October 1952. He played a central role in the revolutionary activities of the [[Bolsheviks|bolshevik party]] and later served as the head of the Soviet Union during the great period of [[collectivization]] and industrialization which lifted the USSR to superpower status by the late 1930s. Stalin has a complicated history and equally complicated public image largely from the result of decades of [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] propaganda. In the common history of the west he is considered a dictator, however the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] admitted to there being collective leadership during his time in office.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Central Intelligence Agency|title=Comments on the Change in Soviet Leadership|date=2008-02-26|url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A006000360009-0.pdf}}</ref>

== Pre-revolution ==

=== Early life ===

Iósif Vissariónovich Dzhugashvili was born on 21 December, 1878<ref group="lower-alpha">Although some historians claim he was born in 18th December, his birthday was officially celebrated on 21st December.</ref> in Gori<ref group="lower-alpha">The city of Gori was part of the Tiflis Governorate, which was one of the administrative divisions of the [[Russian Empire]].</ref>, a city of the [[Russian Empire (1721–1917)|Russian Empire]], in the family of a craftsman, later a worker of a shoe factory. Like his parents, Stalin was an ethnic [[Georgia|Georgian]], and he grew up speaking the Georgian language. Both his father and his mother came from a family of serfs.<ref>{{Citation|author=Ian Grey|year=1979|title=Stalin, man of history|chapter=|section=|page=9|quote=Vissarion, his father, came from the village of Didi-Lilo, near Tiflis, where his parents, like their forebears, had been peasant serfs. For Vissarion emancipation meant that he was free to follow his trade as a cobbler. Around 1870 he moved to Gori, where in 1874 he married Ekaterina Georgievna Geladze, daughter of a serf family from a nearby village. She was about eighteen years of age, some five years younger than her husband. They were humble working people, poor and illiterate.|pdf=|city=|publisher=|isbn=|doi=|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=A341F7377CB157DD7730A9A416CDC302|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref>

Stalin's revolutionary activities can be traced to his time as a student after 1894, when he joined the Orthodox Theological Seminary in Tiflis.<ref>{{Citation|author=Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute|year=1949|title=Joseph Stalin: a political biography|page=5|quote=In the autumn of 1888 Stalin entered the church school in Gori, from which, in 1894, he passed to the Orthodox Theological Seminary in Tiflis.

This was a period when, with the development of industrial capitalism and the attendant growth of the working-class movement, Marxism had begun to spread widely throughout Russia. The St. Petersburg League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class, founded and led by Lenin, had given a powerful stimulus to the Social-Democratic movement all over the country.|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=26C959185500A43A5CFF3947ECEF2FCB}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|year=1931|title=[[Library:Stalin interview with Emil Ludwig|Stalin interview with Emil Ludwig]]|quote=I joined the revolutionary movement at the age of fifteen, when I became connected with certain illegal groups of Russian Marxists in Transcaucasia. These groups exerted a great influence on me and instilled in me a taste for illegal Marxian literature.}}</ref> In 1896 and 1897, Stalin was a part of Marxist study groups in the seminary, and in August 1898, he formally joined the Tiflis branch of the [[Russian Social Democratic Labor Party]] (RSDLP) and began to conduct [[propaganda]] work among the workers in the Tiflis railway workshops. An avid reader, he read ''[[Capital, vol. I|Capital]]'' and the ''[[Manifesto of the communist party]]'', written by [[Marx|Karl Marx]], subsequently taking a profound interest in [[Marxism]]. At that time, he became acquainted with some of [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]]'s articles criticizing the [[Narodniks]] and the "Legal Marxists".<ref>{{Citation|author=Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute|year=1945|title=Joseph Stalin: a short biography|page=5|quote=Jn 1896 and 1897, Stalin conduoled Marxist study circles in the seminary, and in August 1898 he formally enrolled as a member of the Tiflis Branch of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. [...]

Stalin worked hard to broaden his knowledge. He studied Capital, the Communist Manifesto and other works of Marx and Engels. He acquainted himself with Lenin's polemical writings against Narodism, "Legal Marxism" and "Economism." His theoretical interests were extremely broad. He studied philosophy, political economy, history and natural science. He read widely in the classics. He thus trained himself to he an educated Marxist. Even at this early date Lenin's writings made a deep impression on him. "I must meet him al all costs," one of Stalin's friends. reports him to have said. after reading an article by Tulin (Lenin).|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=034C4C1A4DBC437BC939DCF13A1D9EBD}}</ref> In 1899, Stalin was expelled from the seminary for the propaganda of Marxism, and he went to an illegal position and became a professional revolutionary.

=== Revolutionary activities ===
While organizing in the [[Caucasus]], Stalin exposed the [[Mensheviks]] as [[Liberalism|liberal]] [[Reformism|reformists]]. He met Lenin in person for the first time at a [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Bolshevik]] conference in Tampere, [[Grand Duchy of Finland (1809–1917)|Finland]] in 1905.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks in the Period of the Russo-Japanese War and the First Russian Revolution|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm}}</ref> In 1912, the party elected Stalin to the Central Committee even though he was in exile at the time.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks in the Period of the Stolypin Reaction. The Bolsheviks Constitute Themselves an Independent Marxist Party|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch04.htm}}</ref> In 1912, Stalin helped found the newspaper ''Pravda''.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party during the New Rise of the Working Class Movement before the First Imperialist War|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch05.htm}}</ref>

After the [[February Revolution]], Stalin returned from exile in [[Siberia]]. He called for an overthrow of the [[Russian Republic (1917–1918)|provisional government]] and opposed the [[Imperialism|imperialist]] [[First World War]]. At a party conference in April 1917, he argued with [[Nikolai Bukharin|Bukharin]] and [[Georgy Pyatakov|Pyatakov]], who did not support the right of [[Nation|nations]] to [[self-determination]]. In September, Stalin opposed participating in the [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] [[Provisional Council of the Russian Republic|Provisional Council]] and called for a revolution instead.

On 29 October 1917, the Central Committee elected Stalin as head of the Party Center to direct the [[Russian revolution of 1917|October Revolution]].<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Period of Preparation and Realization of the October Socialist Revolution|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch07.htm}}</ref>

== Post-revolution ==

=== Civil War ===
In summer 1919, the Central Committee sent Stalin, [[Kliment Voroshilov|Voroshilov]], [[Sergo Orjonikidze|Orjonikidze]], and [[Semyon Budyonny|Budyonny]] to the southern front, where he organized an attack against [[Anton Denikin]] from the [[Donbass]]. The [[Workers' and Peasants' Red Army|Red Army]] defeated Denikin in October 1919 and liberated all of [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1991)|Ukraine]] by early 1920.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Period of Foreign Military Intervention and Civil War|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch08.htm}}</ref>

=== Creation of the U.S.S.R. ===
After the defeat of the interventionists and the [[Russian Civil War|civil war]], when in connection with the transition to a peaceful economic construction of the anti-party groups launched a struggle against the party line developed by Lenin, Stalin defended the [[Leninist]] line and fought against anti-party groups and factions ([[Trotskyism|Trotskyists]], "workers' opposition"). At the X Congress of the Party (1921) Stalin presented "The Report on the next tasks of the Party in the [[national question]]". After the 11th Party Congress (1922) the Plenum of the Party Central Committee elected Joseph Stalin as the Secretary General of the Central Committee.

Under the leadership of V. I. Lenin, the Party during this period carried out extensive work on the creation of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]]. Lenin believed that the USSR should be a voluntary union of equal and sovereign [[Soviet republic|union republics]]. On this question, Stalin at first took the wrong stand, putting forward the project of so-called "autonomization", i.e., the entry into the RSFSR of other Soviet republics on the rights of autonomous units. V. I. Lenin strongly opposed this proposal, criticized Stalin's mistakes in conducting the national policy, his partiality to the manifestations of great-power [[chauvinism]]. The Leninist principles were accepted by the Central Committee and formed the basis of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The report on the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922) was made at the 1st Congress of Soviets of the USSR by the order of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) by I.V. Stalin in view of Lenin's illness.

After Lenin's death, the Communist Party, under the leadership of the Central Committee, firmly and confidently led the Soviet people along the path of implementation of Lenin's precepts, on the path of building socialism. At this time, Stalin made a number of works that were of great importance in the protection and propaganda of Leninism and in the ideological defeat of the currents hostile to Leninism. In this respect, a great role was played by Stalin's work "On the Foundations of Leninism" (1924), which set forth the basic issues of Leninism and disclosed the new things that Lenin contributed to Marxism. The defense by I. V. Stalin, together with other leaders of the Party, of the Leninist theory of the possibility of the victory of socialism initially [[Socialism in one country|in one, separate country]], and of the possibility of the victory of socialism in the USSR in the capitalist encirclement, was of particular importance in the struggle against the Trotskyists.

=== 14th Party Congress ===
Based on the instructions of V. Lenin, who developed a scientifically sound program for building socialism in the USSR, the party set a course for the [[socialist industrialization]] of the country. This line was set out in the political report of the Central Committee at the XIV Party Congress (1925), made by Stalin. The report emphasized that the essence of [[industrialization]] was the priority development of [[heavy industry]], and first of all the [[mechanical engineering]], the fundamental difference of socialist industrialization, which was inextricably linked with the improvement of the working people's material condition, from the capitalist one, which was held by means of colonial seizure, robbery and ruthless exploitation of the working people.

In early 1926 he published a book of Stalin "Toward Leninism", which was criticized opportunistic views of [[Grigory Zinoviev|Zinovievites]], who were descending to the ideological positions of Trotskyism and wanted wanted the Soviet Union to stay mostly [[Agriculture|agricultural]] and import its industry from [[Capitalism|capitalist]] countries.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Period of Transition to the Peaceful Work of Economic Restoration|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch09.htm}}</ref> At the 15th Party Conference (November 1926) Stalin made a report "On the Social Democratic bias in our party" and at the VII Extended Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International (December 1926) with the report "About the Social Democratic bias in our party again". Both these reports played an important role in rallying the party ranks under the banner of Leninist ideas and in exposing the Trotskyites, their capitulation to capitalism and their disorganizing activities.

=== Collectivization ===
Based on the successes of socialist industrialization and guided by Lenin's [[cooperative plan]], the 15th Congress of the CPSU (b) (1927) put forward [[collectivization]] of the [[agriculture]] as the most important task of the Party and Soviet people. These questions were covered in the political report of the Central Committee of the Party, made at the Congress by I. V. Stalin. During this period, an anti-party group of [[Opportunism|right-wing opportunists]]—[[Bukharin]], [[Alexei Rykov|Rykov]], [[Mikhail Tomsky|Tomsky]] and others—openly opposed the general line of the Party. In the reports of Stalin "On the industrialization of the country and the right deviation in the CPSU (b)" (1928), "On the right - the deviation in the CPSU (b)" (1929), etc. exposed the line of the right opportunists, which expressed the ideology of the [[kulak]], rich peasant class.

In 1930, Stalin released the ''Pravda'' article "Dizzy with Success," criticizing people who were overenthusiastic about [[collectivization]] and forced [[Peasantry|peasants]] onto collective farms. This issue was most severe in [[Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Transcaucasia]] and Central Asia, where collectivization was not scheduled to finish until 1933.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Struggle for the Collectivization of Agriculture|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch11.htm}}</ref>

At the XVI Congress of the CPSU(b) (1930) and XVII Congress of the CPSU(b) (1934) Stalin made reports on the work of the Central Committee of the Party. During this period, the Communist Party and the Soviet state carried out an all-out offensive of socialism against the [[Capitalism|capitalist]] elements. Under the conditions of a tense international situation, the country overcame enormous difficulties in order to put an end to the technical and economic backwardness within the shortest historical period. In pursuing a course of priority and predominant development of heavy industry, the Party made decisive progress in the socialist industrialization of the country and the collectivization of agriculture.

=== 1936 Constitution and later ===
Stalin helped draft the [[1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union]], which the Eighth Congress of Soviets approved in November 1936.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Struggle to Complete the Building of the Socialist Society. Introduction of the New Constitution|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch12.htm}}</ref> This constitution remained in effect until 1977.

In 1938 Stalin wrote his work "On dialectical and historical materialism", which gives a brief coverage of the foundations of Marxist-Leninist philosophy and shows its importance for the practical work of the Party.

In March 1939 the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks was held. In the report of the Central Committee at the Congress Stalin outlined the program developed by the Central Committee of the struggle of the party and the Soviet people for the completion of building a socialist society in the gradual transition from socialism to communism.

=== Second World War ===
Joseph Stalin became [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars]] in 1941, a position he would hold until his death.<ref>{{Citation|author=Samuel Totten, Paul Bartrop|year=2008|title=Dictionary of Genocide: A–L|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313346422}}</ref> At the beginning of the [[Second World War|Great Patriotic War]] of the Soviet Union Joseph Stalin was appointed Chairman of the State Defense Committee, People's Commissar of Defense, and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR, and remained in these positions until the victorious end of the war. The great victory over the [[Adolf Hitler|Hitlerite]] coalition was won by the Soviet people under the leadership of the Communist Party and its Central Committee, headed by Stalin.

However, on the eve of the Great Patriotic War he misjudged the international situation. Overestimating the value of the Soviet-German non-aggression treaty Stalin did not believe the information about direct preparation of German troops to invade the USSR. He rejected all the suggestions about the necessity to put the Soviet frontier districts on alert. It was one of the reasons why for the Soviet troops in the western regions the attack of Hitlerite armies was sudden. Soviet troops, covering the state border, made heroic resistance to the invaders, but being insufficiently prepared to repulse the attack and forced to fight in a very unfavorable situation, they suffered heavy losses in men and equipment, which led to a sharp change in the balance of forces in favor of the enemy.

During the war the Party and the government organized military production on a large scale in the eastern regions of the country. Thanks to the great advantages of the socialist system, the presence of highly developed industry, and the dedication of the people of the Soviet Union in the short term managed to create an advantage over the enemy in the quantity and quality of weapons; to disrupt the Nazi plans for "lightning war", to ensure a turning point in the war and to prepare the conditions for the defeat of Hitler's invaders. The Communist Party and its Central Committee were the organizing and guiding force of the heroic nationwide struggle against the Nazi invaders. The Communist Party united and directed the activity of all party, Soviet, economic, social organizations and military bodies. The members of the Central Committee of the Party, prominent Soviet military leaders, local party and Soviet organizations unfolded a huge organizational, political, economic and military work. Thanks to the resilience and heroism of the Soviet soldiers, the activities of the outstanding commanders of the Soviet Army were prepared and successfully conducted unprecedented in their scale, skill and courage of the plan the military operations that led to total victory over the enemy.

During the war Joseph Stalin as a head of the Soviet government took part in the conferences of the leaders of the three powers - the USSR, the USA and Great Britain - in Teheran (1943), in Yalta and Berlin (1945). During these years I.V. Stalin maintained everyday correspondence with the presidents of the USA and the prime-ministers of Great Britain, in which he insistently fought for strengthening of anti-Hitler coalition, consistently defended the national interests of the peoples of the countries which were subject to Hitlerite aggression.

=== Postwar ===
In the postwar period I. V. Stalin published his works "Marxism and questions of linguistics" (1950) and "Economic problems of socialism in the USSR" (1952), which considers important questions of Marxist-Leninist theory. "The Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR" had a great influence on the development of some positions in the political economy of socialism. I.V. Stalin stressed the objective character of economic laws in socialism; based on the classical Marxism-Leninism statements, he formulated the main economic law of socialism, the law of systematic and proportional development of national economy; noted the importance of priority growth of means of production for the expanded socialist reproduction. At the same time, the work contains a number of erroneous and controversial positions (e.g.: assertion that commodity circulation begins to hinder the development of productive forces of the country and the gradual transition to product exchange is necessary; underestimation of the law of value in production, especially with regard to means of production; the statement about inevitability of reduction of the volume of capitalist production after World War II and about inevitability of wars between capitalist countries in the current conditions).

In October 1952 the 19th Congress of the CPSU was held. At the closing session of the Congress Stalin made a speech. The Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, which took place after the Congress, elected Joseph Stalin a member of the Presidium of the Central Committee and Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Outstanding work of Stalin was highly appreciated by the Soviet Union. Stalin's outstanding activities were highly appreciated by the Soviet government. He was awarded the ranks of a Hero of Socialist Labor (1939), a Hero of the Soviet Union (1945) and Generalissimo of the Soviet Union (1945). He was awarded with three Orders of Lenin, the Order of Victory, the Order of the Red Banner, Suvorov of the 1st degree and medals.

On March, 5, 1953 after a serious hemorrhagic stroke Stalin died.

== Common myths ==

===Antisemitism===

While anti-semitism has been a historical tool of the [[Far-right politics|far-right]] and [[Fascism|fascists]] in particular, "judeo-bolshevism" and "cultural bolshevism" being classic fascist conspiracy theories linking the comminist movement with the anti-semetic beliefs of jewish cabals plotting world domination or ethnic domination, some historians still claim that Stalin too was an [[Anti-Semitism|anti-Semite]]. While [[Russian Empire (1721–1917)|Russia]] has had a long and troubled history with [[Mikhail Bakunin|anti-Semitism]] pre-revolution, there is no evidence that Stalin held these views himself. The below letter from Stalin opposes this notion.

{{Quote|In answer to your inquiry:

National and racial chauvinism is a vestige of the misanthropic customs characteristic of the period of cannibalism. Anti-semitism, as an extreme form of racial chauvinism, is the most dangerous vestige of cannibalism.

Anti-semitism is of advantage to the exploiters as a lightning conductor that deflects the blows aimed by the working people at [[capitalism]]. Anti-semitism is dangerous for the working people as being a false path that leads them off the right road and lands them in the jungle. Hence Communists, as consistent internationalists, cannot but be irreconcilable, sworn enemies of anti-semitism.

In the U.S.S.R. anti-semitism is punishable with the utmost severity of the law as a phenomenon deeply hostile to the Soviet system. Under U.S.S.R. law active anti-semites are liable to the death penalty.|J. Stalin|Reply to an inquiry of the Jewish News Agency in the United States {{Refn|Stalin: ''Reply to an inquiry of the Jewish News Agency in the United States'' [https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1931/01/12.htm MIA link]}}}}

=== Personality cult ===
While there is no doubt that Stalin was a revered figure in the USSR, there is no evidence to suggest he made any active efforts to build up a [[cult of personality]] around himself. In fact, in 1938 he requested the destruction of a book that portrayed him too positively and stated that the theory of "heroes" was an [[Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries|SR]] and not a [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Bolshevik]] theory.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1938|title=Letter on Publications for Children Directed to the Central Committee of the All Union Communist Youth|title-url=https://mltheory.wordpress.com/2014/06/24/stalin-on-the-cult-of-personality/|city=London|publisher=Red Star Press|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1938/02/16.htm}}</ref>

== Popular support ==
In a poll made in 2019, 70% of [[Russian Federation|Russians]] said they had a positive view of Stalin's role in history. This was a 12 percentage point increase from 58% in 2015.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=[[In Defense of Communism]]|title=Anticommunism Fails: 70% of Russians have a positive opinion on Joseph Stalin|date=2019-04-17|url=http://www.idcommunism.com/2019/04/anticommunism-fails-70-of-russians-have-positive-view-on-joseph-stalin.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629093512/https://www.idcommunism.com/2019/04/anticommunism-fails-70-of-russians-have-positive-view-on-joseph-stalin.html|archive-date=2021-06-29}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

=== Notes ===
<references group="lower-alpha" />
[[Category:Joseph Stalin]]
[[Category:Marxist theorists]]
[[Category:Former heads of state]]
[[Category:Targets of bourgeois media]]
[[Category:Communist leaders]]

Joseph Stalin

2023-02-21T21:58:29Z

Al-Andalusian: Fixed typo and adjusted reference 2.

{{Infobox revolutionary
| name = Josef Stalin
| native_name = Иосиф Сталин იოსებ სტალინი
| image = File:Iosif_Stalin.jpg
| image_size = 225px
| caption = Portrait of comrade Stalin
| nationality = Georgian
| birth_name = Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1878|12|21}}
| birth_place = Gori, Tiflis Governorate, Russian Empire (present-day [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1953|3|5|1878|12|18}}
| death_place = Moscow, [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
| death_cause = Cerebral hemorrhage
| political_line = [[Marxism-Leninism]]
}}
'''Iósif Vissariónovich Dzhugashvili''' (21 December 1878 – 5 March 1953), better known as '''Joseph Stalin''', was a Georgian revolutionary, [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] theorist, and the democratically elected<ref>{{Citation|author=Glover Furr|year=2019|title=Stalin and the Struggle for Democratic Reform|title-url=http://marxism.halkcephesi.net/Grover%20Furr/stalin_1.htm|quote=This article outlines Joseph Stalin's attempts, from the 1930s until his death, to democratize the government of the Soviet Union.|pdf=https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/clogic/article/download/191861/188830/218717|trans-lang=English}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=Pat Sloan|year=1937|title=Soviet Democracy|title-url=https://mltheory.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/pat-sloan-soviet-democracy-victor-gollancz-1937.pdf|section=Democracy and Dictatorship|page=9|pdf=|isbn=9781092297394|trans-lang=English}}</ref> leader of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]], being the [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary of Central Committee of Communist Party of Soviet Union]] from the 3 April 1922 to the 16th October 1952. He played a central role in the revolutionary activities of the [[Bolsheviks|bolshevik party]] and later served as the head of the Soviet Union during the great period of [[collectivization]] and industrialization which lifted the USSR to superpower status by the late 1930s. Stalin has a complicated history and equally complicated public image largely the result of decades of [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] propaganda. In the common history of the west he is considered a dictator and authoritarian, despite clear evidence to the contrary, as even the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] admitted to there being collective leadership during his time in office.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Central Intelligence Agency|title=Comments on the Change in Soviet Leadership|date=2008-02-26|url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A006000360009-0.pdf}}</ref>

== Pre-revolution ==

=== Early life ===

Iósif Vissariónovich Dzhugashvili was born on 21 December, 1878<ref group="lower-alpha">Although some historians claim he was born in 18th December, his birthday was officially celebrated on 21st December.</ref> in Gori<ref group="lower-alpha">The city of Gori was part of the Tiflis Governorate, which was one of the administrative divisions of the [[Russian Empire]].</ref>, a city of the [[Russian Empire (1721–1917)|Russian Empire]], in the family of a craftsman, later a worker of a shoe factory. Like his parents, Stalin was an ethnic [[Georgia|Georgian]], and he grew up speaking the Georgian language. Both his father and his mother came from a family of serfs.<ref>{{Citation|author=Ian Grey|year=1979|title=Stalin, man of history|chapter=|section=|page=9|quote=Vissarion, his father, came from the village of Didi-Lilo, near Tiflis, where his parents, like their forebears, had been peasant serfs. For Vissarion emancipation meant that he was free to follow his trade as a cobbler. Around 1870 he moved to Gori, where in 1874 he married Ekaterina Georgievna Geladze, daughter of a serf family from a nearby village. She was about eighteen years of age, some five years younger than her husband. They were humble working people, poor and illiterate.|pdf=|city=|publisher=|isbn=|doi=|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=A341F7377CB157DD7730A9A416CDC302|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref>

Stalin's revolutionary activities can be traced to his time as a student after 1894, when he joined the Orthodox Theological Seminary in Tiflis.<ref>{{Citation|author=Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute|year=1949|title=Joseph Stalin: a political biography|page=5|quote=In the autumn of 1888 Stalin entered the church school in Gori, from which, in 1894, he passed to the Orthodox Theological Seminary in Tiflis.

This was a period when, with the development of industrial capitalism and the attendant growth of the working-class movement, Marxism had begun to spread widely throughout Russia. The St. Petersburg League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class, founded and led by Lenin, had given a powerful stimulus to the Social-Democratic movement all over the country.|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=26C959185500A43A5CFF3947ECEF2FCB}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|year=1931|title=[[Library:Stalin interview with Emil Ludwig|Stalin interview with Emil Ludwig]]|quote=I joined the revolutionary movement at the age of fifteen, when I became connected with certain illegal groups of Russian Marxists in Transcaucasia. These groups exerted a great influence on me and instilled in me a taste for illegal Marxian literature.}}</ref> In 1896 and 1897, Stalin was a part of Marxist study groups in the seminary, and in August 1898, he formally joined the Tiflis branch of the [[Russian Social Democratic Labor Party]] (RSDLP) and began to conduct [[propaganda]] work among the workers in the Tiflis railway workshops. An avid reader, he read ''[[Capital, vol. I|Capital]]'' and the ''[[Manifesto of the communist party]]'', written by [[Marx|Karl Marx]], subsequently taking a profound interest in [[Marxism]]. At that time, he became acquainted with some of [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]]'s articles criticizing the [[Narodniks]] and the "Legal Marxists".<ref>{{Citation|author=Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute|year=1945|title=Joseph Stalin: a short biography|page=5|quote=Jn 1896 and 1897, Stalin conduoled Marxist study circles in the seminary, and in August 1898 he formally enrolled as a member of the Tiflis Branch of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. [...]

Stalin worked hard to broaden his knowledge. He studied Capital, the Communist Manifesto and other works of Marx and Engels. He acquainted himself with Lenin's polemical writings against Narodism, "Legal Marxism" and "Economism." His theoretical interests were extremely broad. He studied philosophy, political economy, history and natural science. He read widely in the classics. He thus trained himself to he an educated Marxist. Even at this early date Lenin's writings made a deep impression on him. "I must meet him al all costs," one of Stalin's friends. reports him to have said. after reading an article by Tulin (Lenin).|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=034C4C1A4DBC437BC939DCF13A1D9EBD}}</ref> In 1899, Stalin was expelled from the seminary for the propaganda of Marxism, and he went to an illegal position and became a professional revolutionary.

=== Revolutionary activities ===
While organizing in the [[Caucasus]], Stalin exposed the [[Mensheviks]] as [[Liberalism|liberal]] [[Reformism|reformists]]. He met Lenin in person for the first time at a [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Bolshevik]] conference in Tampere, [[Grand Duchy of Finland (1809–1917)|Finland]] in 1905.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks in the Period of the Russo-Japanese War and the First Russian Revolution|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm}}</ref> In 1912, the party elected Stalin to the Central Committee even though he was in exile at the time.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks in the Period of the Stolypin Reaction. The Bolsheviks Constitute Themselves an Independent Marxist Party|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch04.htm}}</ref> In 1912, Stalin helped found the newspaper ''Pravda''.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party during the New Rise of the Working Class Movement before the First Imperialist War|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch05.htm}}</ref>

After the [[February Revolution]], Stalin returned from exile in [[Siberia]]. He called for an overthrow of the [[Russian Republic (1917–1918)|provisional government]] and opposed the [[Imperialism|imperialist]] [[First World War]]. At a party conference in April 1917, he argued with [[Nikolai Bukharin|Bukharin]] and [[Georgy Pyatakov|Pyatakov]], who did not support the right of [[Nation|nations]] to [[self-determination]]. In September, Stalin opposed participating in the [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] [[Provisional Council of the Russian Republic|Provisional Council]] and called for a revolution instead.

On 29 October 1917, the Central Committee elected Stalin as head of the Party Center to direct the [[Russian revolution of 1917|October Revolution]].<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Period of Preparation and Realization of the October Socialist Revolution|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch07.htm}}</ref>

== Post-revolution ==

=== Civil War ===
In summer 1919, the Central Committee sent Stalin, [[Kliment Voroshilov|Voroshilov]], [[Sergo Orjonikidze|Orjonikidze]], and [[Semyon Budyonny|Budyonny]] to the southern front, where he organized an attack against [[Anton Denikin]] from the [[Donbass]]. The [[Workers' and Peasants' Red Army|Red Army]] defeated Denikin in October 1919 and liberated all of [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1991)|Ukraine]] by early 1920.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Period of Foreign Military Intervention and Civil War|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch08.htm}}</ref>

=== Creation of the U.S.S.R. ===
After the defeat of the interventionists and the [[Russian Civil War|civil war]], when in connection with the transition to a peaceful economic construction of the anti-party groups launched a struggle against the party line developed by Lenin, Stalin defended the [[Leninist]] line and fought against anti-party groups and factions ([[Trotskyism|Trotskyists]], "workers' opposition"). At the X Congress of the Party (1921) Stalin presented "The Report on the next tasks of the Party in the [[national question]]". After the 11th Party Congress (1922) the Plenum of the Party Central Committee elected Joseph Stalin as the Secretary General of the Central Committee.

Under the leadership of V. I. Lenin, the Party during this period carried out extensive work on the creation of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]]. Lenin believed that the USSR should be a voluntary union of equal and sovereign [[Soviet republic|union republics]]. On this question, Stalin at first took the wrong stand, putting forward the project of so-called "autonomization", i.e., the entry into the RSFSR of other Soviet republics on the rights of autonomous units. V. I. Lenin strongly opposed this proposal, criticized Stalin's mistakes in conducting the national policy, his partiality to the manifestations of great-power [[chauvinism]]. The Leninist principles were accepted by the Central Committee and formed the basis of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The report on the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922) was made at the 1st Congress of Soviets of the USSR by the order of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) by I.V. Stalin in view of Lenin's illness.

After Lenin's death, the Communist Party, under the leadership of the Central Committee, firmly and confidently led the Soviet people along the path of implementation of Lenin's precepts, on the path of building socialism. At this time, Stalin made a number of works that were of great importance in the protection and propaganda of Leninism and in the ideological defeat of the currents hostile to Leninism. In this respect, a great role was played by Stalin's work "On the Foundations of Leninism" (1924), which set forth the basic issues of Leninism and disclosed the new things that Lenin contributed to Marxism. The defense by I. V. Stalin, together with other leaders of the Party, of the Leninist theory of the possibility of the victory of socialism initially [[Socialism in one country|in one, separate country]], and of the possibility of the victory of socialism in the USSR in the capitalist encirclement, was of particular importance in the struggle against the Trotskyists.

=== 14th Party Congress ===
Based on the instructions of V. Lenin, who developed a scientifically sound program for building socialism in the USSR, the party set a course for the [[socialist industrialization]] of the country. This line was set out in the political report of the Central Committee at the XIV Party Congress (1925), made by Stalin. The report emphasized that the essence of [[industrialization]] was the priority development of [[heavy industry]], and first of all the [[mechanical engineering]], the fundamental difference of socialist industrialization, which was inextricably linked with the improvement of the working people's material condition, from the capitalist one, which was held by means of colonial seizure, robbery and ruthless exploitation of the working people.

In early 1926 he published a book of Stalin "Toward Leninism", which was criticized opportunistic views of [[Grigory Zinoviev|Zinovievites]], who were descending to the ideological positions of Trotskyism and wanted wanted the Soviet Union to stay mostly [[Agriculture|agricultural]] and import its industry from [[Capitalism|capitalist]] countries.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Period of Transition to the Peaceful Work of Economic Restoration|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch09.htm}}</ref> At the 15th Party Conference (November 1926) Stalin made a report "On the Social Democratic bias in our party" and at the VII Extended Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International (December 1926) with the report "About the Social Democratic bias in our party again". Both these reports played an important role in rallying the party ranks under the banner of Leninist ideas and in exposing the Trotskyites, their capitulation to capitalism and their disorganizing activities.

=== Collectivization ===
Based on the successes of socialist industrialization and guided by Lenin's [[cooperative plan]], the 15th Congress of the CPSU (b) (1927) put forward [[collectivization]] of the [[agriculture]] as the most important task of the Party and Soviet people. These questions were covered in the political report of the Central Committee of the Party, made at the Congress by I. V. Stalin. During this period, an anti-party group of [[Opportunism|right-wing opportunists]]—[[Bukharin]], [[Alexei Rykov|Rykov]], [[Mikhail Tomsky|Tomsky]] and others—openly opposed the general line of the Party. In the reports of Stalin "On the industrialization of the country and the right deviation in the CPSU (b)" (1928), "On the right - the deviation in the CPSU (b)" (1929), etc. exposed the line of the right opportunists, which expressed the ideology of the [[kulak]], rich peasant class.

In 1930, Stalin released the ''Pravda'' article "Dizzy with Success," criticizing people who were overenthusiastic about [[collectivization]] and forced [[Peasantry|peasants]] onto collective farms. This issue was most severe in [[Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Transcaucasia]] and Central Asia, where collectivization was not scheduled to finish until 1933.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Struggle for the Collectivization of Agriculture|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch11.htm}}</ref>

At the XVI Congress of the CPSU(b) (1930) and XVII Congress of the CPSU(b) (1934) Stalin made reports on the work of the Central Committee of the Party. During this period, the Communist Party and the Soviet state carried out an all-out offensive of socialism against the [[Capitalism|capitalist]] elements. Under the conditions of a tense international situation, the country overcame enormous difficulties in order to put an end to the technical and economic backwardness within the shortest historical period. In pursuing a course of priority and predominant development of heavy industry, the Party made decisive progress in the socialist industrialization of the country and the collectivization of agriculture.

=== 1936 Constitution and later ===
Stalin helped draft the [[1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union]], which the Eighth Congress of Soviets approved in November 1936.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Struggle to Complete the Building of the Socialist Society. Introduction of the New Constitution|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch12.htm}}</ref> This constitution remained in effect until 1977.

In 1938 Stalin wrote his work "On dialectical and historical materialism", which gives a brief coverage of the foundations of Marxist-Leninist philosophy and shows its importance for the practical work of the Party.

In March 1939 the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks was held. In the report of the Central Committee at the Congress Stalin outlined the program developed by the Central Committee of the struggle of the party and the Soviet people for the completion of building a socialist society in the gradual transition from socialism to communism.

=== Second World War ===
Joseph Stalin became [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars]] in 1941, a position he would hold until his death.<ref>{{Citation|author=Samuel Totten, Paul Bartrop|year=2008|title=Dictionary of Genocide: A–L|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313346422}}</ref> At the beginning of the [[Second World War|Great Patriotic War]] of the Soviet Union Joseph Stalin was appointed Chairman of the State Defense Committee, People's Commissar of Defense, and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR, and remained in these positions until the victorious end of the war. The great victory over the [[Adolf Hitler|Hitlerite]] coalition was won by the Soviet people under the leadership of the Communist Party and its Central Committee, headed by Stalin.

However, on the eve of the Great Patriotic War he misjudged the international situation. Overestimating the value of the Soviet-German non-aggression treaty Stalin did not believe the information about direct preparation of German troops to invade the USSR. He rejected all the suggestions about the necessity to put the Soviet frontier districts on alert. It was one of the reasons why for the Soviet troops in the western regions the attack of Hitlerite armies was sudden. Soviet troops, covering the state border, made heroic resistance to the invaders, but being insufficiently prepared to repulse the attack and forced to fight in a very unfavorable situation, they suffered heavy losses in men and equipment, which led to a sharp change in the balance of forces in favor of the enemy.

During the war the Party and the government organized military production on a large scale in the eastern regions of the country. Thanks to the great advantages of the socialist system, the presence of highly developed industry, and the dedication of the people of the Soviet Union in the short term managed to create an advantage over the enemy in the quantity and quality of weapons; to disrupt the Nazi plans for "lightning war", to ensure a turning point in the war and to prepare the conditions for the defeat of Hitler's invaders. The Communist Party and its Central Committee were the organizing and guiding force of the heroic nationwide struggle against the Nazi invaders. The Communist Party united and directed the activity of all party, Soviet, economic, social organizations and military bodies. The members of the Central Committee of the Party, prominent Soviet military leaders, local party and Soviet organizations unfolded a huge organizational, political, economic and military work. Thanks to the resilience and heroism of the Soviet soldiers, the activities of the outstanding commanders of the Soviet Army were prepared and successfully conducted unprecedented in their scale, skill and courage of the plan the military operations that led to total victory over the enemy.

During the war Joseph Stalin as a head of the Soviet government took part in the conferences of the leaders of the three powers - the USSR, the USA and Great Britain - in Teheran (1943), in Yalta and Berlin (1945). During these years I.V. Stalin maintained everyday correspondence with the presidents of the USA and the prime-ministers of Great Britain, in which he insistently fought for strengthening of anti-Hitler coalition, consistently defended the national interests of the peoples of the countries which were subject to Hitlerite aggression.

=== Postwar ===
In the postwar period I. V. Stalin published his works "Marxism and questions of linguistics" (1950) and "Economic problems of socialism in the USSR" (1952), which considers important questions of Marxist-Leninist theory. "The Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR" had a great influence on the development of some positions in the political economy of socialism. I.V. Stalin stressed the objective character of economic laws in socialism; based on the classical Marxism-Leninism statements, he formulated the main economic law of socialism, the law of systematic and proportional development of national economy; noted the importance of priority growth of means of production for the expanded socialist reproduction. At the same time, the work contains a number of erroneous and controversial positions (e.g.: assertion that commodity circulation begins to hinder the development of productive forces of the country and the gradual transition to product exchange is necessary; underestimation of the law of value in production, especially with regard to means of production; the statement about inevitability of reduction of the volume of capitalist production after World War II and about inevitability of wars between capitalist countries in the current conditions).

In October 1952 the 19th Congress of the CPSU was held. At the closing session of the Congress Stalin made a speech. The Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, which took place after the Congress, elected Joseph Stalin a member of the Presidium of the Central Committee and Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Outstanding work of Stalin was highly appreciated by the Soviet Union. Stalin's outstanding activities were highly appreciated by the Soviet government. He was awarded the ranks of a Hero of Socialist Labor (1939), a Hero of the Soviet Union (1945) and Generalissimo of the Soviet Union (1945). He was awarded with three Orders of Lenin, the Order of Victory, the Order of the Red Banner, Suvorov of the 1st degree and medals.

On March, 5, 1953 after a serious hemorrhagic stroke Stalin died.

== Common myths ==

===Antisemitism===

While anti-semitism has been a historical tool of the [[Far-right politics|far-right]] and [[Fascism|fascists]] in particular, "judeo-bolshevism" and "cultural bolshevism" being classic fascist conspiracy theories linking the comminist movement with the anti-semetic beliefs of jewish cabals plotting world domination or ethnic domination, some historians still claim that Stalin too was an [[Anti-Semitism|anti-Semite]]. While [[Russian Empire (1721–1917)|Russia]] has had a long and troubled history with [[Mikhail Bakunin|anti-Semitism]] pre-revolution, there is no evidence that Stalin held these views himself. The below letter from Stalin opposes this notion.

{{Quote|In answer to your inquiry:

National and racial chauvinism is a vestige of the misanthropic customs characteristic of the period of cannibalism. Anti-semitism, as an extreme form of racial chauvinism, is the most dangerous vestige of cannibalism.

Anti-semitism is of advantage to the exploiters as a lightning conductor that deflects the blows aimed by the working people at [[capitalism]]. Anti-semitism is dangerous for the working people as being a false path that leads them off the right road and lands them in the jungle. Hence Communists, as consistent internationalists, cannot but be irreconcilable, sworn enemies of anti-semitism.

In the U.S.S.R. anti-semitism is punishable with the utmost severity of the law as a phenomenon deeply hostile to the Soviet system. Under U.S.S.R. law active anti-semites are liable to the death penalty.|J. Stalin|Reply to an inquiry of the Jewish News Agency in the United States {{Refn|Stalin: ''Reply to an inquiry of the Jewish News Agency in the United States'' [https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1931/01/12.htm MIA link]}}}}

=== Personality cult ===
While there is no doubt that Stalin was a revered figure in the USSR, there is no evidence to suggest he made any active efforts to build up a [[cult of personality]] around himself. In fact, in 1938 he requested the destruction of a book that portrayed him too positively and stated that the theory of "heroes" was an [[Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries|SR]] and not a [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Bolshevik]] theory.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1938|title=Letter on Publications for Children Directed to the Central Committee of the All Union Communist Youth|title-url=https://mltheory.wordpress.com/2014/06/24/stalin-on-the-cult-of-personality/|city=London|publisher=Red Star Press|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1938/02/16.htm}}</ref>

== Popular support ==
In a poll made in 2019, 70% of [[Russian Federation|Russians]] said they had a positive view of Stalin's role in history. This was a 12 percentage point increase from 58% in 2015.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=[[In Defense of Communism]]|title=Anticommunism Fails: 70% of Russians have a positive opinion on Joseph Stalin|date=2019-04-17|url=http://www.idcommunism.com/2019/04/anticommunism-fails-70-of-russians-have-positive-view-on-joseph-stalin.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629093512/https://www.idcommunism.com/2019/04/anticommunism-fails-70-of-russians-have-positive-view-on-joseph-stalin.html|archive-date=2021-06-29}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

=== Notes ===
<references group="lower-alpha" />
[[Category:Joseph Stalin]]
[[Category:Marxist theorists]]
[[Category:Former heads of state]]
[[Category:Targets of bourgeois media]]
[[Category:Communist leaders]]

State

2023-02-20T00:07:42Z

Al-Andalusian: Removed repeated link

In political theory, the '''state''' is a tool of oppression by one [[social class]] over another.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Friedrich Engels]]|year=1891|title=Introduction to Karl Marx's "Civil war in France"|quote=And people think they have taken quite an extraordinary bold step forward when they have rid themselves of belief in hereditary monarchy and swear by the democratic republic. In reality, however, '''the state is nothing but a machine for the oppression of one class by another,''' and indeed in the democratic republic no less than in the monarchy; and at best an evil inherited by the proletariat after its victorious struggle for class supremacy, whose worst sides the proletariat, just like the Commune, cannot avoid having to lop off at the earliest possible moment, until such time as a new generation, reared in new and free social conditions, will be able to throw the entire lumber of the state on the scrap-heap.|mia=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1871/civil-war-france/postscript.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=[[Vladimir Lenin]]|year=1918|title=[[Library:The_state_and_revolution|The state and revolution]]|chapter=Class society and the state|section=[[Library:The_state_and_revolution#The_state:_a_product_of_the_irreconcilability_of_class_antagonisms|The state: a product of the irreconcilability of class antagonisms]]|quote=This expresses with perfect clarity the basic idea of Marxism with regard to the historical role and the meaning of the state. The state is a product and a manifestation of the irreconcilability of class antagonisms. The state arises where, when and insofar as class antagonism objectively cannot be reconciled. And, conversely, the existence of the state proves that the class antagonisms are irreconcilable.}}</ref> It is a product of the [[class struggle]], created naturally as classes emerge in human history, to ensure the power of the [[ruling class]] can be protected.

Therefore, the state is a creation of [[material conditions]] and it follows then that it has not always existed and will not always exist as material conditions transform.

== Definition ==
The state is a product of a society at a certain stage of development, when the [[means of production]] are sufficiently advanced for classes to emerge. For most of human history, societies were stateless as the material conditions did not allow for social classes to emerge and for one to subjugate the other; chiefly because there was very little [[surplus value]] to appropriate from the workers.

As the state seeks to assert the supremacy of one class over another, it functions to solve fundamentally opposed class interests. For example, it is in the interest of the [[bourgeoisie]] to exploit as much surplus value from the [[proletariat]] as possible (increasing their profits), and it is in the interest of the proletariat to surrender as little surplus value as possible (increasing their wages). The state functions as a tool of reconciliation of the contradiction, though it can never solve it (as it would require the abolition of [[class society]] entirely).

The state encompasses more than the sociological life and lives in all aspects of its citizens. The police, the military, the political system, the [[mode of production]], the laws that are adopted and the institutions that follow from those laws... all are part of the state and serve to assert the will of the ruling class. Schooling for example, which has generally been made obligatory to some extent during the industrial revolution, serves a need to the mode of production: passing information over text is much more efficient when running a factory than over voice. Therefore, all workers are expected to be able to read (instructions on their machines, new directives from the directors, etc). Yet, if schooling is important to perpetuating the mode of production (which benefits the ruling class), it is the government that pays the costs. The state therefore perpetuates the ruling class' needs and ideals.

== Stateless societies ==
There exist today still stateless societies, in the form of tribes in some parts of the world. In these societies, there is no concept of [[private property]] or [[personal property]] to the extent we see in capitalist societies. The means of production are shared between all members, and the surplus value from the resulting production is mostly shared equally between all. The Namal people of Vanuatu, for example, craft their hunting weapons for the benefit of the collective, which the men and children will use as a group for their daily hunts in the surrounding forest. The resulting catch from the hunt is then cooked in the village and shared equally according to everyone's needs. This stateless, classless, and moneyless form of organization is known as [[primitive communism]].

== Dictatorship of the Bourgeoisie ==
In Marxist theory, the question is then not what to do with the state, but what collective is in control the state. One of these possible groups is the bourgeoisie. As [[capitalism]] develops from [[feudalism]], a [[bourgeois revolution]]; the militant replacement of the feudal nobility in favor of the capitalists as the ruling class of society, will take place. After this revolution, a [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|Dictatorship of the Bourgeoisie]] will form. A bourgeois dictatorship will often develop ideas of "natural rights", "popular consent", and other idealistic notions in order to maintain their power, and make their plutocracy (the rule of the rich) look like a democracy (the rule of the [[Proletariat|majority]]). However, as capitalism begins to develop, it will, overtime, result in the economy being ruled by fewer-and-fewer hands, and creating a more [[Exploitation|exploitative]] system for the workers.

Commonly, when a bourgeois dictatorship is nearing its end due to the growing power of the [[Communist party|worker movements]], the ruling class will resort to extreme measures to maintain their wealth and power - that is - [[fascism]], which includes the total consolidation of capital into the hands of the few, and forceful obliteration of any resistance from the proletariat.

== Dictatorship of the Proletariat ==
When capitalism reaches its breaking point, a [[proletarian revolution]] will happen. This leads to the [[Dictatorship of the proletariat|Dictatorship of the Proletariat]], where the proletariat as a class (and not as individuals necessarily) control the state so as to oppress the bourgeoisie, much like the bourgeoisie has been oppressing the proletariat for centuries.

== Withering away of the state ==
The state will naturally wither away as contradictions are resolved. If there is no need for a certain branch of the state to operate, that is if there is no basis in the material conditions, then it will not exist. This is naturally exemplified in capitalist society, for example as the ministries of colonies were dissolved after the colonial period, to name just one. If all contradictions in society are resolved, then it follows that the state itself will dissolve over time, ultimately resulting in a stateless society free from oppression and exploitation.

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Political terminology]]
[[Category:Marxist terminology]]

State

2023-02-19T23:50:24Z

Al-Andalusian: Added some links and fixed a typo

In political theory, the '''state''' is a tool of oppression by one [[social class]] over another.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Friedrich Engels]]|year=1891|title=Introduction to Karl Marx's "Civil war in France"|quote=And people think they have taken quite an extraordinary bold step forward when they have rid themselves of belief in hereditary monarchy and swear by the democratic republic. In reality, however, '''the state is nothing but a machine for the oppression of one class by another,''' and indeed in the democratic republic no less than in the monarchy; and at best an evil inherited by the proletariat after its victorious struggle for class supremacy, whose worst sides the proletariat, just like the Commune, cannot avoid having to lop off at the earliest possible moment, until such time as a new generation, reared in new and free social conditions, will be able to throw the entire lumber of the state on the scrap-heap.|mia=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1871/civil-war-france/postscript.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=[[Vladimir Lenin]]|year=1918|title=[[Library:The_state_and_revolution|The state and revolution]]|chapter=Class society and the state|section=[[Library:The_state_and_revolution#The_state:_a_product_of_the_irreconcilability_of_class_antagonisms|The state: a product of the irreconcilability of class antagonisms]]|quote=This expresses with perfect clarity the basic idea of Marxism with regard to the historical role and the meaning of the state. The state is a product and a manifestation of the irreconcilability of class antagonisms. The state arises where, when and insofar as class antagonism objectively cannot be reconciled. And, conversely, the existence of the state proves that the class antagonisms are irreconcilable.}}</ref> It is a product of the [[class struggle]], created naturally as classes emerge in human history, to ensure the power of the [[ruling class]] can be protected.

Therefore, the state is a creation of [[material conditions]] and it follows then that it has not always existed and will not always exist as material conditions transform.

== Definition ==
The state is a product of a society at a certain stage of development, when the [[means of production]] are sufficiently advanced for classes to emerge. For most of human history, societies were stateless as the material conditions did not allow for social classes to emerge and for one to subjugate the other; chiefly because there was very little [[surplus value]] to appropriate from the workers.

As the state seeks to assert the supremacy of one class over another, it functions to solve fundamentally opposed class interests. For example, it is in the interest of the [[bourgeoisie]] to exploit as much surplus value from the [[proletariat]] as possible (increasing their profits), and it is in the interest of the proletariat to surrender as little surplus value as possible (increasing their wages). The state functions as a tool of reconciliation of the contradiction, though it can never solve it (as it would require the abolition of [[class society]] entirely).

The state encompasses more than the sociological life and lives in all aspects of its citizens. The police, the military, the political system, the [[mode of production]], the laws that are adopted and the institutions that follow from those laws... all are part of the state and serve to assert the will of the ruling class. Schooling for example, which has generally been made obligatory to some extent during the industrial revolution, serves a need to the mode of production: passing information over text is much more efficient when running a factory than over voice. Therefore, all workers are expected to be able to read (instructions on their machines, new directives from the directors, etc). Yet, if schooling is important to perpetuating the mode of production (which benefits the ruling class), it is the government that pays the costs. The state therefore perpetuates the ruling class' needs and ideals.

== Stateless societies ==
There exist today still stateless societies, in the form of tribes in some parts of the world. In these societies, there is no concept of [[private property]] or [[personal property]] to the extent we see in capitalist societies. The means of production are shared between all members, and the surplus value from the resulting production is mostly shared equally between all. The Namal people of Vanuatu, for example, craft their hunting weapons for the benefit of the collective, which the men and children will use as a group for their daily hunts in the surrounding forest. The resulting catch from the hunt is then cooked in the village and shared equally according to everyone's needs. This stateless, classless, and moneyless form of organization is known as [[primitive communism]].

== Dictatorship of the Bourgeoisie ==
In Marxist theory, the question is then not what to do with the state, but what collective is in control the state. One of these possible groups is the [[Bourgeoisie]]. As [[capitalism]] develops from [[feudalism]], a [[bourgeois revolution]]; the militant replacement of the feudal nobility in favor of the capitalists as the ruling class of society, will take place. After this revolution, a [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|Dictatorship of the Bourgeoisie]] will form. A bourgeois dictatorship will often develop ideas of "natural rights", "popular consent", and other idealistic notions in order to maintain their power, and make their plutocracy (the rule of the rich) look like a democracy (the rule of the [[Proletariat|majority]]). However, as capitalism begins to develop, it will, overtime, result in the economy being ruled by fewer-and-fewer hands, and creating a more [[Exploitation|exploitative]] system for the workers.

Commonly, when a bourgeois dictatorship is nearing its end due to the growing power of the [[Communist party|worker movements]], the ruling class will resort to extreme measures to maintain their wealth and power - that is - [[fascism]], which includes the total consolidation of capital into the hands of the few, and forceful obliteration of any resistance from the proletariat.

== Dictatorship of the Proletariat ==
When capitalism reaches its breaking point, a [[proletarian revolution]] will happen. This leads to the [[Dictatorship of the proletariat|Dictatorship of the Proletariat]], where the proletariat as a class (and not as individuals necessarily) control the state so as to oppress the bourgeoisie, much like the bourgeoisie has been oppressing the proletariat for centuries.

== Withering away of the state ==
The state will naturally wither away as contradictions are resolved. If there is no need for a certain branch of the state to operate, that is if there is no basis in the material conditions, then it will not exist. This is naturally exemplified in capitalist society, for example as the ministries of colonies were dissolved after the colonial period, to name just one. If all contradictions in society are resolved, then it follows that the state itself will dissolve over time, ultimately resulting in a stateless society free from oppression and exploitation.

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Political terminology]]
[[Category:Marxist terminology]]

Capitalism

2023-02-01T00:03:16Z

Al-Andalusian: Fixed typo

[[File:Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.png|thumb|308px|right|A [[Industrial Workers of the World|IWW]] poster critiquing Capitalism by showing the class system]]'''Capitalism''' is a [[mode of production]] and social system characterized by [[Private property|private ownership]] of the [[means of production]] and [[exploitation]] of [[Wage-slavery|wage labor]]. In this system, most of the materials and equipment necessary for economic activity are owned and controlled by private companies and wealthy individuals, while the majority of people own little of such means of production, and must therefore sell their labour for the owners in order to make a living.

The rise of capitalism from the 16th century onward is associated with a decline in wages to below subsistence, a deterioration in human stature, and an upturn in premature mortality. Before capitalism, [[extreme poverty]] was very uncommon in world history, except perhaps in cases of natural disasters. Wherever capitalism developed, either through [[colonialism]] or through forced expropriation of land, it created mass poverty and general deterioration of [[Working class|working people]]'s livelihoods.<ref>{{Citation|author=Dylan Sullivan & Jason Hickel|year=2023|title=Capitalism and extreme poverty: A global analysis of real wages, human height, and mortality since the long 16th century|title-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X22002169#!|doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106026|series=World Development|volume=161}}</ref>

== Main aspects ==
The main aspects of capitalism are listed below:

* Most of the means of production are owned by a minority of the population, called capitalists (or the [[bourgeoisie]])
* The majority of people are legally free but obligated to work for a wage or salary in order to buy [[Commodity|commodities]] to fulfill their necessities
* Market hegemony: The majority of the products of people's labour are sold, and most of the things one consumes are obtained by buying them. This contrasts with earlier forms of economy, where most of the products of the individual or family were consumed within the same family; or where the product was distributed according to rules of custom, eg. feudal dues, or the tithe. In capitalism, besides the basic fact that products are now so often exchanged, there is also the feature that the exchange is usually for [[money]]: barter is now rare.
* Advantage of capitalists: Because of their greater wealth and social position, capitalists have a degree of power over the workers which enables them to:
** control the production process, including what is produced and how it is produced;
** take part of the product for themselves although they do not necessarily work (they appropriates [[surplus-value]]).
* Pervasiveness of competition: Individual capitalists operate in an environment of competition with other capitalists producing the same commodity or a substitute, and fighting for markets or loans. This forces capitalists to, among other things, adopt new techniques and practices which will cut costs, and to attempt to increase its size so that it can dominate its competitors as well as achieve [[economies of scale]].<ref>David Schweickart, Capitalism or Worker Control?, pp 4-5:
<blockquote>
`But first a word about the key term. What is this "capitalism" about which our discussion will pivot? I shall understand capitalism to be a socioeconomic system characterized by three sets of institutions. First, the means of production are for the most part privately owned – by individuals directly or through the mediation of corporations. Secondly, the bulk of the economic activity is directed toward the production of goods and services for sale on a free market. Prices are determined largely without governmental interference by producer-consumer interaction. Third, labor-power is a commodity. That is, a large percentage of the workforce sell their capacity to labour to those who can provide them with tools, raw materials, and a place to work.

`To be capitalist, a society must feature all three sets of institutions: private property,* a market, and wage-labor. Many societies have existed, and do exist, which exhibit one or two of these characteristics, but not all three. For example, a feudal society consisting of self-sufficient estates worked by serfs has private property, but neither a market nor wage-labor. A society of small farmers and artisans – Colonial New England, say – is not capitalist, for despite private property and a market, there is little wage-labor. On the other hand, all noncommunist industrial nations today are capitalist. The presence of an elaborate welfare apparatus, a number of nationalized industries, and/or a ruling party self-labelled socialist does not render a society noncapitalist. So long as the bulk of the enterprises are privately owned, worked by hired labor, and produce goods for sale on the market, a society is capitalist.'

( * `I shall adopt the Marxian terminology, which distinguishes between private property – factories, farmland, productive machinery – and personal property – consumer goods purchased for their own sake, not for the sake of making money.')
</blockquote></ref>

== History ==

=== Primitive accumulation ===

In the context of Marxist [[historical materialism]], as [[serfdom]] and the small commodity production of artisans and craftsmen in feudal times was increasingly superseded by the emerging merchant class, increasing [[productive forces]] allowed for a change in property relations that led to the displacement of the [[feudal]] [[aristocracy]] as the dominant economic class in favor of the [[bourgeoisie]]. This occurred by means of several [[Bourgeois revolution|bourgeois revolutions]]. In this context, historical materialism considers capitalism to be a progressive development compared to [[feudalism]].{{Quote|The progressive historical role of capitalism may be summed up in two brief propositions: increase in the productive forces of social labour, and the socialisation of that labour.|Lenin|The Development of Capitalism in Russia {{Refn|Lenin. [[Library:The Development of Capitalism in Russia|''The Development of Capitalism in Russia'']]: [[Library:The Development of Capitalism in Russia#The Mission of Capitalism|''The Mission of Capitalism'']]|name=|group=note}}}}

=== Pre-monopoly capitalism ===

=== Imperialism and monopoly capitalism ===

== Differences of definition ==
The definition of capitalism in [[scientific socialism]] is different from the one used by its adherents themselves. Liberals and pro-capitalist ideologues define capitalism as a combination of [[Free market|free market systems]], [[private property]], free competition and voluntary exchange.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism#Characteristics (Retrieved 25 December 2020)</ref> This and similar definitions carry limitations that prevent capitalism's adherents from analyzing it in a holistic manner. The lengths taken by the [[bourgeoisie]] to justify the system and their profits include the denial of atrocities like the [[Bengal Famine]] or the Pinochet regime as 'not real capitalism'.
== Contradictions ==
The fundamental contradiction of capitalism is that between the social character of production and the private capitalist form of appropriating the product of labor. <ref group="note">Workers in commodity-producing industries provide their labor as a collective force, and that is the social character of production. The bourgeoisie privately expropriate the product of collective labor.</ref> This contradiction expresses the profound antagonism between wage labor and capital, between the developing productive forces and the capitalist relations of production which shackle them. As the modern productive forces, based on large mechanized industry, develop, production becomes more and more concentrated, the social division of labor progresses, leading to a widening and intensification of the economic links between the various enterprises and branches of the economy.

There are also a number of secondary contradictions within the capitalist class and wage-earning class. Due to markets, there are Industrial Capitalists, Finance Capitalists, Merchant Capitalists and Rural capitalists. Each at odds with the other to appropriate as much surplus-value as possible. Whereas workers contradictions stem from false consciousness due to sexism and racism. These contradictions are exploited by the capitalist class to divide and conquer workers.

During the production of each commodity, there is, directly or indirectly, participation of enterprises of different branches of production and hundreds of thousands to millions of workers, grouped in the capitalist enterprises. The process of production and work, through the development of [[productive forces]] is increasingly socialized. However, both production and its results do not belong to those who are really its creators — the workers — but to private persons, to the capitalists, who use the social wealth for profit, and not in the interest of society as a whole.

== Governments under capitalism ==
Under capitalism, the law is placed firmly "in the service of capital."<ref>Pistor 2019, p. xi</ref> As Professor of Comparative Law at Columbia Law School Katharina Pistor further elucidates: "Through its courts, bailiffs, and police forces, states enforce not only their own commands, but also private property rights and the binding commitments private parties make to one another. This does not mean that state power is omnipresent. As long as the threat of coercive law enforcement is sufficiently credible, voluntary compliance can be achieved without mobilizing it in every case."<ref>Pistor 2019, pp. 17 - 18</ref>

==Levels of analysis==
Capitalism can be thought about using three levels of abstraction:

#'''Highly abstract.''' This can be called the theory of a purely capitalist mode of production, or of the `inner logic of capital', `capital's deep structures', etc.<ref>Robert Albritton, ''Economics Transformed,'' footnote, p 5.</ref> One assumes that all goods and services are exchanged in markets; there is no mixture with other modes of production such as feudalism, independent artisanal production, or socialism; and there is no government intervention into the economy. Here one attempts to understand the most basic tendencies of the system, looking at categories such as commodity, value, surplus-value, etc. and their interrelations in a somewhat mathematical fashion.
#'''Mid-level analysis.''' Here one considers the effects of incomplete commodification (that is, not all goods and services are exchanged in markets), mixture of modes, and political and ideological practices. This can produce theories of different sub-types of capitalism. These are sometimes regarded as occupying different eras, for example the following series is sometimes given: merchant capitalism (ca. 1500-1800); liberalism or industrial capitalism (ca. 1800-1900); recent capitalism, variously called imperialism, monopoly capitalism, or finance capitalism (ca. 1900-now). Examples of things which can distinguish sub-types from one another are: the growth of productive power through leading industries, the forms of leading capital, social position of workers, and the economic policies and structure of the world market at a given time.<ref>Makoto Itoh, ''Basic Theory," p. 66.</ref>
#'''Concrete''' (non-abstract). Sometimes called `empirical' or `conjunctural' analysis. Looks at actual events. Here a broad range of non-economic factors may be brought into consideration. The consequences of history's many accidents comes into view.
The Japanese school of Marxist economics founded by Kozo Uno has been particularly concerned to elaborate the middle level of analysis, which is nascent but not much developed in Marx's own works.

According to the Marxist economist Makoto Itoh,
<blockquote>
The fundamental aims of the revolutionary socialist movement, which are usually expressed in the basic programmes, must be grounded on the basic principles of a capitalist economy, whereas the more concrete strategies and tactics must utilise the more concrete studies of world capitalism and individual countries at the levels of stages [mid-level] theory and of empirical analyses. (''Basic Theory ...,'' p 66)
</blockquote>

== References ==

=== Notes ===
<references group="note"/>

=== Citations ===
<references />

=== Bibliography ===

====== Print sources ======
* Gingrich, "Marx on Social Class". University professor's handout.
* Itoh, Makoto, 1988. ''The Basic Theory of Capitalism''. Makoto Itoh is a Marxian economist belonging to the Japanese Uno school.
* Marx, Karl, and Fredereick Engels, 1848. ''The Communist Manifesto''. Available free at Marxist Internet Archive and http://www.marx2mao.com
* Meiksins Wood, Ellen, 1995. ''Democracy Against Capitalism''.
* Pistor, Katharina (2019). [https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691178974/the-code-of-capital The Code of Capital: How the Law Creates Wealth and Inequality]. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691189439.
* Schweickart, David, 1980. ''Capitalism or Worker Control?''. A point-by-point exposition of the advantages of a worker self-managed economy with market exchange and governmental control of new investment, over capitalism. Not Marxist-Leninist, but still a useful anticapitalist text.

[[Category:Modes of production]]
[[Category:Capitalism]]

Bourgeoisie

2022-12-08T19:16:11Z

Al-Andalusian: fixed minor spelling mistakes

[[File:Porky.png|thumb|182x182px|Depiction of a capitalist as a pig from a 1920 [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991)|Soviet]] poster]]
The '''bourgeoisie''' is the [[ruling class]] in [[Capitalism|capitalist]] society; it owns the [[means of production]] and has a decisive influence on production. It lives off of [[surplus value]] which it obtains by exploiting the [[labour power]] of the [[proletariat]].<ref name="GSE">[http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Bourgeoisie "Bourgeoisie"]. ''The Great Soviet Encyclopedia,'' 3rd Edition (1970-1979).</ref>

(In contemporary language, "[[capitalist]]" is synonymous with "bourgeoisie", and "[[working class]]" with "proletariat".)

==History==
===Formation===
In the period of [[feudalism]] in the countries of Western [[Europe]], "bourgeois" meant the inhabitants of the cities, or ''burghs''.

At the end of the 15th century the development of the trades and of commodity production enabled the first elements of the bourgeoisie to elevate themselves above the general urban population.
{{Quote|From the serfs of the Middle Ages sprang the chartered burghers of the earliest towns. From these burgesses the first elements of the bourgeoisie were developed| K. Marx and F. Engels|Communist Manifesto, “”<ref>The reference from ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'' is: “Manifest Kommunisticheskoi partii.” In K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 4, p. 425
</ref>.}}
The bourgeois class was made up of traders, usurers, the wealthiest guild masters, and some leading elements of the countryside.

As industry, trade, and navigation developed, the bourgeoisie gradually concentrated in its hands ever-increasing wealth. The rise of the bourgeoisie coincided with the era of [[Primitive accumulation of capital|primary (or "primitive") accumulation]] of [[capital]], which involved the expropriation of land and [[instruments of production]] from the broad masses of people and which relied heavily on colonial pillage and seizure. During this era, the conditions were created for the birth and development of the [[capitalist mode of production]] — a mass of wage workers free of personal dependence and means of production was created, and large sums of money capital were concentrated in the hands of the bourgeoisie.

The discovery (1492) and colonization of [[America]], the discovery of a sea route to [[India]] around Africa (1498), and the expansion of trade with the colonies created a new field of activity for the incipient bourgeoisie. Guild production could no longer satisfy the growing demand for goods. The manufactory came to replace the handicraft shops, as did large-scale machine industry later, as a result of the industrial revolution that began in [[England]] in the mid-18th century and spread to Europe and North America. A new class entered the historical arena—the proletariat, which is the antagonist and gravedigger of the bourgeois class.

===Struggle against feudalism===
The development of capitalist production made it essential for the bourgeoisie that the political domination of the feudal lords be eliminated. Striving to put an end to the feudal fragmentation that hindered the development of trade and industry, the bourgeoisie headed, in its own class interests, the movement of the masses of the people against feudalism. The bourgeoisie came to power as a result of the bourgeois and bourgeois democratic revolutions that occurred in the countries of Western Europe and North America during the 16th to 18th centuries and in a number of other countries later on.

In the struggle against feudalism, the bourgeoisie played a historically [[progressive]] role. Under its leadership the dominance of feudal relationships was liquidated by the dictates of the objective laws of the development of productive forces. The bourgeois revolutions proceeded under the banner of the ideas of the Enlightenment; they furthered the progress of science and technology. The age-old isolation of small-scale production was destroyed; there was collectivization of labor, which as a result increased in productivity. With the development of industry the bourgeoisie subordinated the countryside to the domination of the city. It created national markets and bound all the parts of the globe into one world market through economic ties.
{{Quote|The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce one hundred years, has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together. Subjection of Nature’s forces to man, machinery, application of chemistry to industry and agriculture, steam-navigation, railways, electric telegraphs, clearing of whole continents for cultivation, canalization of rivers, whole populations conjured as if out of the ground—what earlier century had even a presentiment that such productive forces slumbered in the lap of social labor?|Karl Marx and Frederick Engels|Communist Manifesto}}

===Rise of capitalism===
The rates of formation of the bourgeoisie and the degree of its influence were different in different countries: “While a rich and powerful bourgeoisie was forming in England from the 17th century and in [[France]] from the 18th century, in [[Germany]] it is possible to speak of the bourgeoisie only from the beginning of the 19th century”.<ref>F. Engels, ibid., p. 48</ref>

[[Vladimir Lenin|V. I. Lenin]] distinguished three historical epochs in the development of the bourgeoisie as a class. The first (to 1871) was the epoch of the rise and formation of the bourgeoisie, “the epoch of the rise of the bourgeoisie, of its triumph”.<ref name=Poln>Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 26, p. 143</ref> The second (1871-1914) was the epoch of the complete domination and the beginning of the decline of the bourgeoisie, “the epoch of transition from its progressive character toward reactionary and even ultrareactionary finance capital”.<ref name=Poln/> The third (from 1914) was “the epoch of [[imperialism]] and imperialist upheavals as well as of upheavals stemming from the nature of imperialism, ” when the bourgeoisie, “from a rising and progressive class has turned into a declining, decadent, internally dead, and [[reactionary]] class”<ref>ibid., pp. 143, 145-46</ref>.

During the period when capitalism was on the rise, the bourgeoisie of England—“the workshop of the world”—held the leading position. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, the aggressive imperialist bourgeoisie of Germany began to move into first place in Europe. However, by this time the monopolistic bourgeoisie of the [[USA]], the greatest international exploiter and chief bulwark of international reaction in the contemporary era, began to gain strength rapidly.

Competition leads to profound changes in the arrangement of forces within the bourgeois class; as a result, the highest strata of the bourgeoisie begin to play a decisive role in capitalist society. The bourgeoisie is subdivided into the industrial, commercial, banking, and rural bourgeoisies as a function of the sphere in which capital is applied. A struggle goes on between individual capitalists and layers of the bourgeoisie over the distribution of surplus value; however, the bourgeoisie acts as a single class of exploiters in opposition to the proletariat and toiling people in general.

With the development of capitalism, the contradiction between the social character of production and the private form of appropriation sharpened. The concentration of production and its growing scope was accompanied by the centralization of capital and the concentration of vast resources in the hands of, and under the control of, the ever-narrower upper strata of the bourgeois class. This process was accelerated by periodic crises of overproduction. By the early 20th century, on the basis of the processes of concentration and centralization of capital and production, free competition was becoming [[monopoly]]. The monopolistic bourgeoisie took shape as the ruling stratum of bourgeois society.

Concentration and centralization of capital ruined small, middle, and some upper capitalists. The proportion of the bourgeoisie in the gainfully employed population and the population at large of the capitalist countries decreased. In the USA, for example, in 1870 owners of enterprises and proprietors of firms (along with petit bourgeois, managers, and high officials) made up 30 percent of the employed population; by 1910 the figure was 23 percent; and in 1950 their proportion was 15.9 percent. In Great Britain, entrepreneurs made up 8.1 percent of the gainfully employed population in 1851; in 1951, they were only 2.04 percent. On the whole, the big bourgeoisie amounted to approximately 1-3 percent of the gainfully employed population in highly developed capitalist countries in the mid-20th century.

==Financial oligarchy==
Imperialism carries with it profound changes in the structure and arrangement of forces within the bourgeois class. Finance capital, a qualitatively new form of capital, becomes dominant. Finance capital is personified in the financial oligarchy, which, relying on its combined economic power, seizes the key positions in the economy and takes possession of most of the national wealth of a country.

One of the most important features of the financial oligarchy is its control over a vast mass of other people’s capital and over the monetary means of the society through the development of the joint stock form of capital and credit institutions (banks, insurance companies, and savings banks). This control brings unprecedented monopoly superprofits. The domination of the financial oligarchy becomes still stronger as monopoly capitalism develops into state monopoly capitalism. It becomes capable of controlling not only the capital of other people, accumulated in the form of shares and other securities, but also a sizable portion of the means of the state budget, through which the fulfillment of state orders is financed.

Even within the bourgeoisie itself, a financial oligarchy is an extremely narrow circle of people, a small group of millionaires and billionaires who have seized for themselves the overwhelming portion of the national wealth of the capitalist countries. In the 1960’s, 1 percent of the property owners in the USA amassed 59 percent and 1 percent of the property owners in Britain amassed 56 percent of all capital. Directly affiliated with the financial oligarchy are the leadership of the ruling government machinery, the party political elite of the bourgeois parties and sometimes the reformist parties, and the upper military caste. This is the direct consequence of the interlacing and interlocking of the monopolies and the state.

Monopoly capital engenders the specific social layer of managers of capitalist enterprises. With the increasing importance of the function of production management and its growing scale, the reinforcement of processes of specialization and collectivization of production, the development of state monopoly capitalism, and the exacerbation of competition among the monopolies, the role of the technocracy grows. A distinctive social differentiation takes place within the technocracy. Its upper stratum merges with the financial oligarchy.

Monopolies cannot reorganize the entire capitalist economy. “Pure imperialism, without the fundamental basis of capitalism has never existed, does not exist anywhere, and never will exist.”<ref>Lenin, ibid., vol. 38, p. 151.</ref> Rushing into the most profitable branches of industry, monopoly capital leaves a relatively broad field of activity for the non-monopolistic bourgeoisie in the other branches. Many of these branches are not ripe for mass standardized production because of their technical economic characteristics, and in some the creation of large enterprises is not always economically justified (trade, everyday repairs and services, maintenance, and so forth). Moreover, some branches of production that service the large monopolies are the property of the state, local authorities, and municipalities. Through the system of monopoly prices, the financial oligarchy extracts a portion of the surplus value created in these enterprises without spending its own capital.

The reactionary role of the bourgeoisie is manifested with particular clarity under the conditions of state monopoly capitalism, which “joins the power of the monopolies with the power of the state in a single mechanism for the purpose of enriching the monopolies, suppressing the workers’ movement and national liberation struggle, saving the capitalist system, and unleashing aggressive wars” (Program of the CPSU, 1969, pp. 26-27). The most aggressive groupings of the bourgeoisie attempt to find an escape from the contradictions of imperialism in the militarization of the economy. They unleashed the first and second world wars and during the [[cold war]] threatened to plunge the world into another military catastrophe, using the means of mass annihilation and destruction. The situation as of the late 1970s was that the monopolist bourgeoisie was carrying out an aggressive foreign policy directed against the socialist countries and the national liberation movement and a reactionary domestic policy aim at to suppressing the struggle through strikes of the working class and the democratic movement of the broad masses. Neofascist parties had becoming active in some imperialist countries. The main ideological and political weapon of the monopolistic bourgeoisie was and continues to be anticommunism.

==The national bourgeoisie under colonialism and neocolonialism==
In a number of countries where tribal relations and vestiges of slavery and feudalism persist, the [[national bourgeoisie]] can still play a progressive role to a certain extent. This was demonstrated by the experience of the historical development of the countries of Asia and Africa which, after World War II (1939-45), cast off their colonial fetters and embarked on the path of independent development, continuing the struggle for the consolidation of their state sovereignty and for economic self-dependence. In some of the developing countries, the national bourgeoisie became the ruling class, endowed with political power and the corresponding economic privileges. Basing itself on state power, it was able to counterpose national interests and its own class interests to international monopoly capital. But, while taking certain steps to frustrate the [[Neocolonialism|neocolonialist]] schemes of the imperialist monopolies, the national bourgeoisie simultaneously falls back on the aid of the imperialist monopolies in the area of economic development and in the struggle to strengthen its own class rule. The inconstant and contradictory nature of the class position of the national bourgeoisie is also linked to the intensifying processes of intraclass differentiation—that is, economic stratification and a change in its social aspect. As a result of external and internal influences, the development of the bourgeoisie becomes ever more complex and contradictory. In some countries, the general weakening of imperialism results in the contraction of the economic and social base of bourgeois national enterprise; in other countries, where imperialism has managed to strengthen its positions, the national bourgeoisie joins ranks with the forces of reaction.

{{Quote|Social differentiation develops in the countries that have liberated themselves. The conflict sharpens between the working class, peasantry, and other democratic forces, including patriotic-minded strata of the petit bourgeoisie, and, on the other hand, imperialism and the forces of internal reaction, and those elements of the national bourgeoisie that are inclined more and more to make a deal with imperialism|Official Soviet source|Mezhdunarodnoe Soveshchanie kommunisticheskikh i rabochikh partii: Dokumenty i materialy| Moscow, 1969, pp. 311-12.}}

==The Bourgeoisie ''circa'' 1984==
(''from'' A Dictionary of Scientific Communism)

The concentration and centralisation of production have ruined a lot of small, middle and some big capitalists, thus reducing the proportion of bourgeoisie in the gainfully employed population and the entire population in the capitalist countries. The bourgeoisie makes up less than 1 per cent of the employed population in the developed capitalist countries. Having turned from an erstwhile rather numerous class into a superconcentrated, scanty, ruling elite, bourgeoisie has strengthened its economic and political positions in society. As different forms of state-monopoly capitalism developed and the scientific and technological revolution advanced, bourgeoisie became stratified. Small capitalists constitute a stratum—the biggest in number and the smallest in power—of owners of small industrial and commercial firms and service enterprises, as well as the agricultural bourgeoisie, exploiting a small number of [[wage labour|wage-labourers]] (from 4 to 50). Some ruined small capitalists join the [[petty bourgeoisie]], who live by their own labour, or become employees. The middle bourgeoisie includes owners of bigger enterprises (employing from 50 to 500 workers). The big bourgeoisie employs thousands of wage workers, while the scanty monopoly bourgeoisie—the tycoons of trusts, corporations and banks—in fact exploit the toiling people not only of their countries, but of other countries too. The leading position within the state-monopoly bourgeoisie is held by the financial oligarchy—the proprietors of major industrial, bank, insurance, transport and commercial monopolies. This part of the bourgeoisie holds the key positions in the economic and political life of the capitalist countries. In fact, it determines the domestic and foreign policy of the capitalist states in its own interests and is mainly to blame for the social hardships of the working people. Many small, middle and some big capitalists have virtually become subcontractors of monopolies and have lost their independence. All this, coupled with the unequal distribution of profits, increases the gap between the interests of the 21 monopoly bourgeoisie and those of the non-monopoly bourgeoisie The financial oligarchy and the monopolistic top layer, which on many issues loses the support of small and middle capitalists, join ranks with, or often even include in their ranks, big landowners, latifundistas, managers, bourgeois politicians, party and trade-union bosses, high government officials, representatives of the army, police and the secret service (the military clique). A number of countries are witnessing the growth of the military-industrial complex, i. e. the alliance between military-industrial monopolies, reactionary top brass circles and the state bureaucracy. The present-day monopoly bourgeoisie makes increasingly broad use of the state in its own class interests along with the methods of programming and forecasting production, the state funding of scientific and technological progress, military production, and imperialist integration. Yet all of this does not make it possible for bourgeoisie to control the forces of anarchy on the capitalist market, or to keep the deepening contradictions at bay. The decay of bourgeoisie is manifest in the growth of [[parasitism]], [[corruption]], moral degradation, and political adventurism, bordering on [[criminality]] within its ranks. The social gulf between the monopoly bourgeoisie and the mass of the toiling people is becoming ever wider and deeper.<ref>[http://leninist.biz/en/1984/DOSC288/Bourgeoisie ''Bourgeoisie'']   [dead link] ''A Dictionary of Scientific Communism''</ref>

==Downfall of the bourgeoisie==
History has confirmed the prognosis of Marx regarding the inevitability of the degeneration and downfall of bourgeois civilization under the weight of the crimes it has committed. This follows from the economic essence of capitalism, the fundamental law of which is the production of surplus value. Marx pointed out that there is no crime capital would not commit in order to increase its profits. The most complete and villainous manifestation of the criminal nature of bourgeois rule was embodied in fascism and the system it created of the mass extermination of people, based on genocide and a revival of slavery. The most reactionary strata of monopoly capital urge the use of fascist methods. Through the creation of so-called military-industrial complexes, they strive for total militarization and the suppression of all democratic liberties. The maniacs of militarism threaten humanity with annihilation through rocket and nuclear war.

The class whose goal and calling in life is the production of profit for its own enrichment is doomed to decay. Amorality, corruption, and gangsterism flourish in the social life of the most developed capitalist countries. In the end, the material ideal of the “society of consumption” advanced by bourgeois economists and sociologists is reduced to the establishment of “satisfied slavery, ” which leads to spiritual impoverishment and the decay of morals. Contemporary bourgeois culture brings the disintegration of literature and art and the renunciation of the realistic depiction of reality; it is used to propagate hatred of mankind and immorality.

The working class and its communist vanguard emerge as the bearers of the ideas of social progress, which express the best hopes of humanity; they rally the peoples of the world in the struggle against imperialism.

{{Quote|The struggle against imperialism, ” states the Document of the International Conference of Communist and Workers’ Parties (June 1969), “is a long, stubborn, and difficult one. Sharp class battles are inevitable in the future. It is necessary to intensify the offensive against the positions of imperialism and domestic reaction. The victory of the revolutionary and progressive forces is inevitable.|Official Soviet source|Mezhdunarodnoe Soveshchanie kommunisticheskikh i rabochikh partii: Dokumenty i materialy| Moscow, 1969, p. 330.}}

==Modern Examples==
The Chairman and CEO of McDonald's, as well as the board of directors and major shareholders of the company, are bourgeoisie. This is because they own the [[private property]] that is the McDonald's buildings and cooking equipment, and hire workers to produce and sell burgers for them. The workers are not bourgeoisie, as they do not own any of the buildings or equipment, even if they might have some small share of MCD stock.

A [[landlord]] using a house or land to rent to individuals or businesses is considered bourgeoisie. This is distinct from a person who owns multiple houses, but who does not give any of them out for rent. This is because the landlord extracts capital through the property - money, which can then be used to buy more houses, which will then accumulate more capital, and so-on.

A home-owner who hires a contractor to do work on their property (such as landscapers, plumbers, etc.) are '''not''' bourgeoisie. This is because they are not extracting capital from e.g. the landscaper. However, a capitalist landscaping company is - as while a person might pay the landscaper a fee, they are actually giving the money to the company, and not the worker. The owners of the company then decide how to compensate the worker, usually taking the major cut for themselves. The home-owner is simply paying for a service.

A small-time business owner, such as an individual or family that owns a business or 1 rental property are considered bourgeoisie. However, they are what is known as petite - or 'petty' - bourgeoisie. Because they generally do not posses political power on the same scale as the 'major' bourgeoisie (as e.g. shown by the contrast between the owners of ExxonMobil lobbying for war vs a small family in a local take-out place trying to make ends meet), Marxists often do not hold as major antagonisms towards them. They are, however, still often [[exploitation|exploiting]] the labor of other workers, (or potentially their own or that of their family), and as such, are welcomed to become class-traitors in order to liberate themselves and their workers.

==References==
{{reflist}}

====Bibliography from ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia''====
*Marx, K., and F. Engels. “Manifest Kommunisticheskoi partii.” In K. Marx and F. *Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 4.
*Marx, K. “Kapital, ” vols. 1, 2, and 3. Ibid., vols. 23, 24, and 25.
*Marx, K. “Naemnyi trud i kapital.” Ibid., vol. 6.
*Marx, K. “Burzhuaziia i kontrrevoliutsiia.” Ibid., vol. 6.
*Marx, K. “Klassovaia bor’ba vo Frantsii s 1848 po 1850 g.” Ibid., vol. 7.
*Engels, F. “Polozhenie rabochego klassa v Anglii.” Ibid., vol. 2.
*Engels, F. “Revoliutsiia i kontrrevoliutsiia v Germanii.” Ibid., vol. 8.
*Lenin, V. I. “Po povodu tak nazyvaemogo voprosa o rynkakh.” In Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 1.
*Lenin, V. I. “Razvitie kapitalizma v Rossii.” Ibid., vol. 3.
*Lenin, V. I. “Mezhdunarodnyi sotsialisticheskii kongress v Shtutgarte.” Ibid., vol. 16.
*Lenin, V. I. “Voinstvuiushchii militarizm i antimilitaristskaia taktika sotsial-demokratii.” Ibid., vol. 17.
*Lenin, V. I. “Imperializm, kak vysshaia stadiia kapitalizma.” Ibid., vol. 27.
*Lenin, V. I. “Imperializm i raskol sotsializma.” Ibid., vol. 30.
*Lenin, V. I. “O zadachakh proletariata v dannoi revoliutsii.” Ibid., vol. 31.
*Lenin, V. I. “Detskaia bolezn’ ‘levizny’ v kommunizme.” Ibid., vol. 41.
*Lenin, V. I. “Proletarskaia revoliutsiia i renegat Kautskii.” Ibid., vol. 37. Ch. “Chto takoe internatsionalizm?” Pages 291-305.
*Lenin, V. I. “ ‘levom’ rebiachestve i o melkoburzhuaznosti.” Ibid., vol. 36.
*Programmnye dokumenty bor’by za mir, demokratiiu i sotsializm. Moscow, 1964.
*Programma i Ustav KPSS. Moscow, 1964.
*Brezhnev, L. I. Otchetnyi doklad TsK KPSS XXIII s” ezdu Kommunisticheskoi partii Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moscow, 1966. Part 1, secs. 2 and 3.
*Mezhdunarodnoe revoliuisionnoe dvizhenie rabochego klassa, 3rd ed. Moscow, 1966. Chs. 2, 5, 8.
*Mezhdunarodnoe soveshchanie kommunisticheskikh i rabochikh partii …, Moskva, 5-17 iiunia 1969 g. Moscow, 1969.
*Gollan, J. Politicheskaia sistema Velikobritanii. Moscow, 1955. (Translated from English.)
*Gorodskie srednie sloi sovremennogo kapitalisticheskogo obshchestva. Moscow, 1963.
*Imperialisticheskoe gosudarstvo i kapitalisticheskoe khoziaistvo. Moscow, 1963.
*Politicheskaia zhizn’ SShA. Moscow, 1966.
*Stroitel’stvo kommunizma i mirovoi revoliutsionnyi protsess. Moscow, 1966.
*Guttsman, W. L. The British Political Elite. London, 1963.
*Sampson, A. Anatomy of Britain Today. London, 1965.
*[[Paul Baran| Baran, P. A.]], and [[Paul Sweezy| P. M. Sweezy]]. [[''Monopoly Capital|''Monopoly Capital: An Essay on the American Economic and Social Order'']]. New York-London, 1966.
*Millar, R. The New Classes: The New Pattern of British Life. London, 1966.
*Galbraith, J. K. The New Industrial State. Boston, 1967.
*In Russian translation:
**Novoe industrial’noe obshchestvo. Moscow, 1970.

[[Category:Social class]] [[Category:History]]

[[es:Burguesía]]
[[Category:Marxist terminology]]
[[Category:Capitalism]]