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Alberto Fujimori

2025-02-12T16:54:29Z

BE Comrade: /* =Reactions to the Coup */ fixed typo

{{Message box/Externalarticlecleanup}}{{Infobox politician
|name=Alberto Kenya Fujimori Inomoto
|native_name=藤森謙也 |birth_date={{birth date|1938|07|28}}
|birth_place=[[Miraflores]], [[Lima]], [[Peru]]
|death_date=11 September 2024 (age 86)|death_place=Lima, Peru|nationality=Peruvian|political_orientation=[[Anti-communism]]<br>[[Fascism]] ([[Fujimorism]])<br>[[Neoliberalism]]<br>[[Social conservativism]]|political_party=[[Change 90]] (1990–1998)<br>[[Sí Cumple]] (1988–2010)<br>[[People's New Party]] (2007–2013)<br>[[Popular Force]] (2024)|image=Visit of Alberto Fujimori, President of Peru, to the CEC (cropped).jpg}}

'''Alberto Kenya Fujimori Inomoto'''<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.infogob.com.pe/Politico/ficha.aspx?IdPolitico=3862454&IdTab=1 |title=General Data |website=Infogob |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425045445/http://www.infogob.com.pe/Politico/ficha.aspx?IdPolitico=3862454&IdTab=1 |archive-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> (28 July 1938 – 11 September 2024)<ref name="birth">{{Web citation |url=http://www2.caretas.pe/1475/fujimori/fujimori.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411060346/http://www2.caretas.pe/1475/fujimori/fujimori.htm |archive-date=11 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/302308-fujimori-saco-dni-con-fecha-falsa-sobre-su-nacimiento/|title=Fujimori sacó DNI con fecha falsa sobre su nacimiento|last=LR|first=Redacción|date=22 May 2019|website=larepublica.pe|language=es|access-date=12 August 2019}}</ref> was a [[Republic of Peru|Peruvian]] former politician, professor and engineer who was President of Peru from 28 July 1990 until 22 November 2000, though ''de facto'' leadership was reportedly held by head of the National Intelligence Service (Peru), Vladimiro Montesinos.<ref name=":8" /> He was frequently described as a [[dictator]].<ref name=Multi1/><ref>Charles D. Kenney, 2004 ''Fujimori's Coup and the Breakdown of Democracy in Latin America'' (Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies) University of Notre Dame Press ISBN 0-268-03171-1</ref> His government was permeated by a network of corruption organized by his associate Montesinos.<ref>Julio F. Carrion (ed.) 2006 ''The Fujimori Legacy: The Rise of Electoral Authoritarianism in Peru''. Pennsylvania State University Press ISBN 0-271-02748-7</ref><ref>Catherine M. Conaghan 2005 ''Fujimori's Peru: Deception in the Public Sphere'' (Pitt Latin American Series) University of Pittsburgh Press ISBN 0-8229-4259-3</ref><ref>Esteban Cuya, [http://www.derechos.org/diml/doc/cuya4.html La dictadura de Fujimori: marionetismo, corrupción y violaciones de los derechos humanos], Centro de Derechos Humanos de Nuremberg, July 1999. Retrieved 22 October 2006.</ref><ref name="Multi1">{{Citation|title=Peruvian precedent: the Fujimori conviction and the ongoing struggle for justice|page=6|quote=Peru's vibrant human rights community, which fought tirelessly to confront impunity, end the Fujimori dictatorship|doi=10.1080/10714839.2010.11722203|volume=43|last1=Burt|first1=Jo-Marie|last2=Youngers|first2=Coletta A.|journal=North American Congress on Latin America: NACLA Report on the Americas|date=2010|issue=2|s2cid=157981443}}

* {{Citation|title=Inter-American Court of Human Rights – presidential pardon – anti-impunity – conventionality control|quote=the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (Court) ordered Peru to review the presidential pardon granted to former president and dictator Alberto Fujimori|doi=10.1017/ajil.2019.28|volume=113|last1=Contesse|first1=Jorge|journal=American Journal of International Law|date=July 2019|issue=3|pages=568|s2cid=199175644|doi-access=free}}
* {{Citation|title=La fiesta del Chivo, novel and film: on the transition to democracy in Latin America|quote=the dictator Fujimori fled|doi=10.1353/lar.2016.0035|volume=51|last1=Dzero|first1=Irina|journal=Latin American Research Review|date=Summer 2016|issue=3|pages=85–100|s2cid=152210483}}
* {{Citation|title=Assessing Fujimori's Peru|quote=Fujimori's rule as a dictator lasted for nearly ten years|volume=7|last1=Brickner|first1=Rachel K.|journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs|date=2006|issue=2|pages=160}}
* {{Citation|title=The legacy of dictatorship for democratic parties in Latin America|quote=in Peru the first dictatorial support party was created by General Manuel Odria ... and the second completely different one by President Alberto Fujimori|publisher=German Institute for Global and Area Studies|doi=10.1177/1866802X1600800101|volume=8|last1=Frantz|first1=Erica|last2=Geddes|first2=Barbara|journal=GIGA Journal of Politics in Latin America|date=April 2016|issue=1|pages=3–32|s2cid=55466885|doi-access=free}}
* {{Citation|title=Why Asia and Latin America?|quote=former Peruvian dictator Alberto Fujimori often dressed as a samurai and as an Inca as part of his campaign publicity|doi=10.5749/vergstudglobasia.3.2.0001|volume=3|last1=Lesser|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Hu-DeHart|first2=Evelyn|last3=Lopez-Calvo|first3=Ignacio|journal=University of Minnesota Press|Verge: Studies in Global Asias|date=Fall 2017|issue=2|pages=1|s2cid=166028670}}
* {{Web citation|title=Leftist teacher takes on dictator's daughter as Peru picks new president|date=2021-06-03|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/03/peru-presidential-election-pedro-castillo-keiko-fujimori|last1=Collyns|first1=Dan|access-date=6 June 2021|work=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> He was sentenced to 25 years in prison for human rights abuses in 2009, but was released early in 2023.

A Peruvian of [[Japan|Japanese]] descent,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1065667.stm Fujimori secures Japanese haven], BBC News, 12 December 2000. Retrieved 29 December 2007.</ref> Fujimori studied to be an agricultural engineer and later obtain a master's degree in mathematics. From 1984 to 1989 he served as rector of the National Agrarian University before winning the presidency in the 1990 Peruvian general election.

==1992 Peruvian CIA-backed coup==

Sometimes known as the ''Fujimorazo'',<ref>{{Web citation|title=El "fujimorazo" y otros casos en América Latina que se comparan con la sentencia del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia de Venezuela sobre la Asamblea Nacional|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-39457700|date=1 April 2017|work=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|title="Fujimorazo" y el golpe de Bordaberry: cómo fueron los antecedentes del "Madurazo" en Sudamérica|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2017/03/30/fujimorazo-y-el-golpe-de-bordaberry-como-fueron-los-antecedentes-del-madurazo-en-sudamerica/|date=30 March 2017|work=Infobae}}</ref>, a 'self-coup' (''autogolpe'') was performed in Peru in 1992 after Alberto Fujimori dissolved the Congress as well as the judiciary and assumed full legislative and judicial powers. With the collaboration of the military, the Fujimori government subsequently began to implement objectives of the Green Plan (''Plan Verde'') following the coup.

====Background====

Under the military government of Juan Velasco Alvarado, Peru's debt increased greatly due to excessive borrowing and the 1970s energy crisis.<ref>{{Citation|author=Hal Brands|year=2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|page=471–490|publisher=Taylor & Francis|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|series=Diplomacy & Statecraft|volume=21}}</ref> The economic policy of President Alan García distanced Peru from international markets further, resulting in lower foreign investment in the country.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|date=2 June 2010|title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people|url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/|archive-date=18 April 2019|access-date=2019-04-18|website=Council on Hemispheric Affairs|language=en-US|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Under García, Peru experienced extreme [[inflation]] and increased confrontations with the guerrilla group [[Shining Path]], leading the country towards high levels of instability.<ref name=":4">{{Citation|author=Jo-Marie Burt|year=1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|page=35–41|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the "Plan Verde," outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.|publisher=Taylor & Francis|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|series=NACLA Report on the Americas|volume=32}}</ref>

Much of Peru was controlled by the [[Maoism|Maoist]] insurgent group Sendero Luminoso ("[[Shining Path]]"), who was engaged in a struggle that had devolved into terrorism due to the [[Abimael Guzmán]]-led gross misreading of [[Mao Zedong|Mao]], and to a lesser extent the competing [[Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement]] (MRTA) also had political sway. (This article will focus on the Shining Path.) In 1989, 25% of Peru's district and provincial councils opted not to hold elections, owing to a persistent campaign of assassination, over the course of which over 100 officials had been killed by the Shining Path in that year alone. That same year, more than one-third of Peru's courts lacked a justice of the peace due to Shining Path intimidation. [[Labor union]] leaders and military officials were also assassinated throughout the 1980s.<ref name= "Freeman">Freeman, Michael. ''Freedom Or Security: The Consequences for Democracies Using Emergency Powers''. 2003, p. 150.</ref>
[[File:Zones registering Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) activity.svg.png|thumb|Areas where Shining Path was active in Peru.]]

By the early 1990s, some parts of the country were under the control of the Maoists, in territories known as "zonas liberadas" ("liberated zones"), where inhabitants lived under the rule of these groups and paid them taxes.<ref>Freeman, Michael. ''Freedom Or Security: The Consequences for Democracies Using Emergency Powers''. 2003, p. 148.</ref> When the Shining Path arrived in Lima, it organized "paros armados" ("armed strikes"), which were enforced by killings and other forms of violence. The leadership of the Shining Path largely consisted of university students and teachers.<ref>Freeman, Michael. ''Freedom Or Security: The Consequences for Democracies Using Emergency Powers''. 2003, p. 159.</ref> Two previous governments, those of Fernando Belaúnde Terry and Alan García, at first neglected the threat posed by the Shining Path, then launched an unsuccessful military campaign to eradicate it, undermining public faith in the state and precipitating an exodus of elites.<ref>"By the time Fujimori was elected you had a population in the cities, and particularly in [[Lima]], that was living in fear." [https://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2006/falloffujimori/special_goldman.html The Fall of Fujimori: Peru's war on terror] 6 July 2006</ref>

In October 1989, Plan Verde, a clandestine military operation, was developed by the armed forces of Peru during the internal conflict in Peru; it involved the [[genocide]] of impoverished and [[indigenous]] Peruvians, the control or censorship of media in the nation and the establishment of a [[neoliberalism|neoliberal]] economy in Peru.<ref name="CANbio2">{{Citation|author=Pierre Gaussens|year=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|page=180+|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|series=Canadian Journal of Bioethics|volume=3}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Citation|date=12 July 1993|title=El "Plan Verde" Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|journal=Oiga|volume=647}}</ref> Initially a coup d'état was included in the plan, though this was opposed by Anthony C. E. Quainton, the United States Ambassador to Peru.<ref name=":10">{{Citation|author=William Avilés|year=2009|title=Despite Insurgency: Reducing Military Prerogatives in Colombia and Peru|page=57–85|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2009.00040.x|series=Latin American Politics and Society|volume=51}}</ref> Military planners also decided against the coup as they expected a neoliberal candidate to be elected in the 1990 Peruvian general election.<ref name=":10" /> Rendón writes that the United States supported Fujimori because of his relationship with Vladimiro Montesinos, a former Peruvian intelligence officer who was charged with spying on the Peruvian military for the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].<ref name="Alfredo">{{Citation|author=Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt|title=The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2006|isbn=9780739113585|pages=114–118|chapter=Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru|quote=important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the 'Plan Verde,' and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the 'Plan Verde.'}}</ref><ref name="REND12">{{Citation|author=Silvio Rendón|year=2013|title=La intervención de los Estados Unidos en el Perú|page=145–150|publisher=Editorial Sur|isbn=9786124574139}}</ref> Summarizing alleged support for Fujimori's candidacy from the United States, Rendón writes, "If Vargas Llosa with liberal democracy was very polarizing and a danger to American interests in the region, Fujimori with authoritarianism was very consensual and more in line with American interests in Peru and the region".<ref name="REND12" />

The Plan Verde called for the "[[genocide|total extermination]]" of "culturally backward and economically impoverished groups" determined by the Peruvian military in [[Plan Verde]],<ref name="CANbio">{{Citation|author=Pierre Gaussens|year=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|page=180+|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|series=Canadian Journal of Bioethics|volume=3}}</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref name="LAgolpe2">{{Citation|author=Maxwell A. Cameron|year=1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|page=228–230|quote=The Plan Verde bore a striking resemblance to the government outlined by Fujimori in his speech on 5 April 1992. It called for a market economy within a framework of a 'directed democracy' that would be led by the armed forces after they dissolved the legislature and executive. ... The authors of the Plan Verde also stated that relations with the USA revolved more around the issue of drug trafficking than democracy and human rights, and thus made the fight against drug trafficking the number two strategic goal|publisher=Taylor & Francis|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|series=Third World Quarterly|volume=19}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Citation|last1=Back|first1=Michele|url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/|title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú|last2=Zavala|first2=Virginia|publisher=Routledge|year=2018|pages=286–291|quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups|access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref> from 1996 to 2000, the Fujimori government oversaw a massive [[Compulsory sterilization|forced sterilization]] campaign known as the National Program for Reproductive Health and Family Planning (PNSRPF). According to Back and Zavala, the plan was an example of ethnocide as it targeted indigenous and rural women.<ref name=":5" /> The [[United Nations]] and other international aid agencies supported this campaign. [[USAID]] provided funding and training until it was exposed by objections by churches and human rights groups.<ref>{{Web citation|url=http://www.insightnewstv.com/d68/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106001745/http://www.insightnewstv.com/d68/|url-status=dead|title=Insight News TV | Peru: Fujimori's Forced Sterilization Campaign|archive-date=6 January 2011}}</ref> The Nippon Foundation, headed by Ayako Sono, a Japanese novelist and personal friend of Fujimori, supported it as well.<ref>{{Web citation|url=http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=20466|title=Missing Page Redirect|website=www.cwnews.com}}</ref><ref>[http://zenit.org/article-2233?l=english Peru Plans a Hot Line to Battle Forced-Sterilizations] The ZENET Lima. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090118210937/http://zenit.org/article-2233?l=english Archived] 2001-09-02</ref> In the four-year Plan Verde period, over 215,000 people, mostly women, entirely [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous]], were forced or threatened into sterilization and 16,547 men were forced to undergo vasectomies during these years, most of them without a proper anesthetist, in contrast to 80,385 sterilizations and 2,795 vasectomies over the previous three years.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=BBC|title=Mass sterilization scandal shocks Peru|date=2002-07-24|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2148793.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410103431/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2148793.stm|archive-date=2017-04-10}}</ref>

Upon winning election, and before inauguration, Fujimori was shown the Plan Verde. With the compliance of Fujimori, plans for a coup as designed in Plan Verde were prepared over a two-year period prior to April 1992.<ref name="Alfredo" /><ref name="LAgolpe1">{{Citation|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=Third World Quarterly|publisher=Taylor & Francis|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433 |quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimori after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> Fujimori and his military handlers had planned for a coup during his preceding two years in office.<ref name="LAgolpe1" /><ref name="Alfredo" /><ref name=":63"/> The armed forces finalized plans on 18 June 1990 involving multiple scenarios for a coup to be executed on 27 July 1990, the day prior to Fujimori's inauguration.<ref name=":63">{{Citation |date=12 July 1993 |title=El "Plan Verde" Historia de una traición |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde |journal=Oiga |volume=647}}</ref> The magazine noted that in one of the scenarios, titled "''Negotiation and agreement with Fujimori. Bases of negotiation: concept of directed Democracy and Market Economy''", Fujimori was to be directed on accepting the military's plan at least twenty-four hours before his inauguration.<ref name=":63"/> Rospigliosi states "an understanding was established between Fujimori, Montesinos and some of the military officers" involved in Plan Verde prior to Fujimori's inauguration.<ref name=":10" />

Fujimori abandoned the economic platform he promoted during his campaign, adopting more aggressive neoliberal policies than those espoused by his competitor in the election.<ref name="gouge32">Gouge, Thomas. ''Exodus from Capitalism: The End of Inflation and Debt''. 2003, page 363.</ref> During his first term in office, Fujimori enacted wide-ranging neoliberal reforms, known as "''Fujishock''". This program bore little resemblance to his campaign platform and was in fact more drastic than anything Vargas Llosa had proposed.<ref name="gouge3">Gouge, Thomas. ''Exodus from Capitalism: The End of Inflation and Debt''. 2003, p. 363.</ref> Hernando de Soto, the founder of one of the first neoliberal organizations in Latin America, [[Institute for Liberty and Democracy]] (ILD), began to receive assistance from [[Ronald Reagan]]'s administration, with the [[National Endowment for Democracy]]'s Center for International Private Enterprise (CIPE) providing his ILD with funding and education for advertising campaigns.<ref name=":2134">{{Citation |last=Pee |first=Robert |title=The Reagan Administration, the Cold War, and the Transition to Democracy Promotion |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2018 |isbn=978-3319963815 |pages=178–180}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Citation |last=Pee |first=Robert |title=The Reagan Administration, the Cold War, and the Transition to Democracy Promotion |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2018 |isbn=978-3319963815 |pages=168–187}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Citation |last=Mitchell |first=Timothy |date=2005 |title=The work of economics: how a discipline makes its world |journal=European Journal of Sociology |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=299–310 |doi=10.1017/S000397560500010X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Between 1988 and 1995, de Soto and the ILD were mainly responsible for some four hundred initiatives, laws, and regulations that led to significant changes in Peru's economic system.<ref name=":132">{{Web citation |last1=Brooke |first1=James |last2=Times |first2=Special To the New York |date=1990-11-27 |title=A Peruvian Is Laying Out Another Path |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/27/world/a-peruvian-is-laying-out-another-path.html |access-date=2020-09-26 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>[http://www.theglobalist.com/AuthorBiography.aspx?AuthorId=32 The Globalist | Biography of Hernando de Soto] [https://web.archive.org/web/20060911100830/http://www.theglobalist.com/AuthorBiography.aspx?AuthorId=32 Archived]</ref> Under Fujimori, de Soto served as "the President's personal representative", with ''The New York Times'' describing de Soto as an "overseas salesman" for Fujimori in 1990, writing that he had represented the government when meeting with creditors and United States representatives.<ref name=":132"/> Others dubbed de Soto as the "informal president" for Fujimori.<ref name=":2134"/>The IMF was content with Peru's measures, and guaranteed loan funding for Peru.<ref name="gouge">Gouge, Thomas. ''Exodus from Capitalism: The End of Inflation and Debt''. 2003, p. 364.</ref> Inflation rapidly began to fall and foreign investment capital flooded in.<ref name="gouge" />

In Fujimori's first term of office, over 3,000 Peruvians were killed in political murders.<ref>{{Citation|author=Heritage, Andrew|year=2002|title=Financial Times, World Desk Reference|page=462–465|isbn=9780789488053}}</ref> American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) and Vargas Llosa's party, the Democratic Front (FREDEMO), remained in control of both chambers of Congress of the Republic of Peru, the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, hampering the enactment of economic reform. The Congress – which consisted mainly of opposition parties – granted Fujimori legislative power on fifteen separate occasions, which allowed him to enact 158 laws.<ref>{{Citation|last=Degregori|first=Carlos Iván|title=La década de la antipolítica: auge y huida de Alberto Fujimori y Vladimiro Montesinos|publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos|year=2000|isbn=9972510433|pages=28}}</ref> However, the Congress resisted Fujimori's efforts to adopt policies advocated by the International Monetary Fund and World Bank, especially [[austerity]] measures. Fujimori also had difficulty combatting the [[Maoism|Maoist]] [[Shining Path]] ({{lang-es|Sendero Luminoso}}) guerrilla organization due largely to what he perceived as intransigence and obstructionism in Congress.

In response to the political deadlock, Fujimori, with the support of the military, on 5 April 1992, carried out a self-coup,<ref>{{Citation|title=Fujimori's coup and the breakdown of democracy in Latin America |last=Kenney|first=Charles D. |url=http://www.bibliovault.org/BV.book.epl?BookId=5885 |year=2004 |publisher=University of Notre Dame Press |isbn=0-268-03171-1}}</ref> also known as the ''autogolpe'' (auto-coup) or ''Fujigolpe'' (Fuji-coup) in Peru. Congress was shut down by the military, the constitution was suspended and the judiciary was.<ref>Levitsky, Steven "Fujimori and Post-Party Politics in Peru", ''Journal of Democracy''. 10(3):78</ref> Without political obstacles, the military was able to implement the objectives outlined in Plan Verde<ref name="Alfredo" /><ref name="LAgolpe1" /><ref name=":63"/> while Fujimori served as a figurehead leader to project an image that Peru was supporting a [[liberal democracy]].<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> Montesinos would go on to adopt the actual function of Peru's government.<ref name=":9" />

On the night of Sunday April, 5, 1992, Fujimori appeared on television and announced that he was "temporarily dissolving" the Congress of the Republic and "reorganizing" the Judicial Branch of the government. He then ordered the Peruvian Army to drive a tank to the steps of Congress to shut it down. When a group of senators attempted to hold session, tear gas was deployed against them. Fujimori issued Decree Law 25418, which dissolved the Congress, gave the Executive Branch all legislative powers, suspended much of the Constitution of Peru, and gave the president the power to enact full legislative and judicial powers, such as the "application of drastic punishments" towards "terrorists". He served as a figurehead president under Montesinos and the Peruvian Armed Forces. Fujimori called for elections of a new congress that was later named the Democratic Constitutional Congress (''Congreso Constituyente Democrático''); Fujimori later received a majority in this new congress, which later drafted the 1993 Constitution. Fujimori also set about curtailing the independence of the judiciary and constitutional rights with a declaration of a state of emergency and curfews, as well as enacting controversial "severe emergency laws" to deal with terrorism.<ref name=":8">
{{Citation|title=How to Subvert Democracy: Montesinos in Peru|page=69|quote=In the 1990s, Peru was run ... by its secret-police chief, Vladimiro Montesinos Torres.|doi=10.1257/0895330042632690|volume=18|last1=McMillan|first1=John|last2=Zoido|first2=Pablo|journal=The Journal of Economic Perspectives|date=Autumn 2004|issue=4|s2cid=219372153|doi-access=free}}

* {{Web citation|title=Ideas & Trends: In His Words; Unmasking the Killers in Peru Won't Bring Democracy Back to Life|date=1994-03-27|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/27/weekinreview/ideas-trends-in-his-words-unmasking-the-killers-in-peru-wont.html|quote=The coup of April 5, 1992, carried out by high-ranking military felons who used the President of the Republic himself as their figurehead, had as one of its stated objectives a guaranteed free hand for the armed forces in the anti-subversion campaign, the same armed forces for whom the democratic system – a critical Congress, an independent judiciary, a free press – constituted an intolerable obstacle.|last=Llosa|first=Mario Vargas|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|access-date=2023-03-24|issn=0362-4331}}
* {{Web citation|title=Spymaster|date=August 2002|url=https://www.journeyman.tv/film_documents/1368/transcript/|quote=Lester: Though few questioned it , Montesinos was a novel choice. Peru's army had banished him for selling secrets to America's CIA, but he'd prospered as a defence lawyer – for accused drug traffickers. ... Lester: Did Fujmori control Montesinos or did Montesinos control Fujimori? ... [Michael] Shifter: As information comes out, it seems increasingly clear that Montesinos was the power in Peru.|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=29 March 2023|language=en}}
* {{Web citation|title=Fujimori in OAS talks PERU CRISIS UNCERTAINTY DEEPENS AFTER RETURN OF EX-SPY CHIEF|date=26 October 2000|quote=Mr Montesinos ... and his military faction, ... for the moment, has chosen to keep Mr Fujimori as its civilian figurehead|last1=Keller|first1=Paul|agency=Financial Times}}
* {{Web citation|title=THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN THE ANDES|date=2001|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/Crisis%20Dem%20Gov%20Rpt%20on%20Amer%202.pdf|quote=Alberto Fujimori,... as later events would seem to confirm—merely the figurehead of a regime governed for all practical purposes by the Intelligence Service and the leadership of the armed forces|website=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars|access-date=25 March 2023}}
* {{Web citation|title=Questions And Answers: Mario Vargas Llosa|date=9 January 2001|url=https://www.newsweek.com/questions-and-answers-mario-vargas-llosa-150783|quote=Fujimori became a kind of, well, a figurehead|access-date=25 March 2023|work=Newsweek|language=en}}
</ref><ref name=":9">{{Citation |last1=Calderón Bentin |first1=Sebastián |date=January 2018 |title=The Politics of Illusion: The Collapse of the Fujimori Regime in Peru |journal=Theatre Survey |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=84–107 |doi= 10.1017/S0040557417000503|s2cid=233360593 |access-date=|doi-access=free }}</ref> and would reportedly adopt Plan Verde – a plan that involved the genocide of impoverished and indigenous Peruvians, the control or censorship of media in the nation and the establishment of a neoliberal economy controlled by a military junta.<ref name=":17">{{Citation |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima, Peru |pages=46–47}}</ref><ref name="CANbio2" /><ref name=":42">{{Citation |last=Burt |first=Jo-Marie |date=September–October 1998 |title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru |journal=NACLA Report on the Americas |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=35–41 |doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657 |quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the "Plan Verde," outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}</ref><ref name="Alfredo" /><ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.congreso.gob.pe/ntley/Imagenes/Leyes/25418.pdf |title=Decree Law 25418 |access-date=2008-02-02 |archive-date=2008-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529063430/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/ntley/Imagenes/Leyes/25418.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Following the coup, Peruvian newspapers, radio and television stations were occupied by the military beginning at 10:30 pm on 5 April and remained for forty hours until 7 April, limiting initial response from domestic media.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Wood|first=David|date=2000|title=The Peruvian Press under Recent Authoritarian Regimes, with Special Reference to the self-coup of President Fujimori|journal=Bulletin of Latin American Research|volume=19|issue=1|pages=17–32|doi=10.1111/j.1470-9856.2000.tb00090.x }}</ref> During the period, only the Fujimori government was granted to communicate with the public and all newspapers were printed under military observation and contained similar content; every publication was ordered to not include the word "coup".<ref name=":0" />

Insurgent activity was in decline by the end of 1992,<ref>Stern, Steve J. ''Shining and Other Paths: War and Society in Peru, 1980–1995''. 1998, p. 307.</ref> but Fujimori would take credit for this abatement, claiming that his campaign had largely eliminated the insurgent threat. After the 1992 auto-coup, the intelligence work of the DIRCOTE (National Counter-Terrorism Directorate) led to the capture of the leaders from MRTA and the Shining Path, including notorious Shining Path leader [[Abimael Guzmán]]. Guzmán's capture was a political coup for Fujimori, who used it to great effect in the press; in an interview with documentarian Ellen Perry, Fujimori even notes that he specially ordered Guzmán's prison jumpsuit to be white with black stripes, to enhance the image of his capture in the media.<ref>Ellen Perry's ''The Fall of Fujimori''.</ref>

International business colluded with the government in "[[privatization]]".<ref name="manz">Manzetti, Luigi. ''Privatization South American Style''. 1999, p. 235.</ref><ref>{{Web citation |date=21 November 2000 |title=Fujimori Resigns |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/fujimori-resigns-1.1116883 |access-date=2023-03-25 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref> The [[privatization]] campaign involved selling off of hundreds of [[state-owned enterprises]], and replacing the country's troubled currency, the Peruvian inti, with the Peruvian nuevo sol.<ref>{{Citation|author=Benson, Sara and Hellander, Paul and Wlodarski, Rafael|year=2007|title=Lonely Planet|page=37–38}}</ref> Fujimori eliminated [[price controls]], drastically reduced government [[subsidies]] and government employment, eliminated all [[exchange controls]], and also reduced restrictions on investment, imports, and [[capital]].<ref name="manz" /> [[Tariff]]s were simplified, the [[minimum wage]] was quadrupled, and the government established a $400 million poverty relief fund.<ref name="manz" /> The latter seemed to anticipate the economic agony to come: the price of electricity quintupled, water prices rose eightfold, and gasoline prices 3,000%.<ref name="gouge3" /><ref name="manz" /> Subsequent analysis has said that the description of Fujimori's economic achievements as a "Peruvian miracle" was exaggerated and that inequality in Peru persisted following his tenure.<ref name=":32">{{Citation|author=Mijail Mitrovic|year=2021|title=At the fabric of history: Peru's political struggle under (and against) the pandemic|page=431–446|doi=10.1007/s10624-021-09634-5|series=Dialectical Anthropology|volume=45}}</ref> According to Peruvian sociologist and political analyst Fernando Rospigliosi, Peru's business elites held relationships with the military planners, with Rospigliosi writing that businesses "probably provided the economic ideas which [the military] agreed with, the necessity of a liberal economic program as well as the installment of an authoritarian government which would impose order".<ref name=":10" /> Rospigliosi also states that "an understanding was established between Fujimori, Montesinos and some of the military officers" involved in Plan Verde prior to Fujimori's inauguration.<ref name=":10" />

The economist Hernando de Soto, with the assistance and funding of the [[Atlas Network]], created the [[Institute for Liberty and Democracy]] (ILD), one of the first neoliberal organizations in Latin America<ref name=":14" /> – served informally as Fujimori's "personal representative" for the first three years of his government and recommended a "shock" to Peru's economy, stating "This society is collapsing, without a doubt, ... But the problems here are so entrenched that you have to have a collapse before you can implement fundamental changes in the political system".<ref name=":21">{{Citation|last=Pee|first=Robert|title=The Reagan Administration, the Cold War, and the Transition to Democracy Promotion|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2018|isbn=9783319963815|pages=178–180}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Web citation|last1=Brooke|first1=James|last2=Times|first2=Special To the New York|date=1990-11-27|title=A Peruvian Is Laying Out Another Path|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/27/world/a-peruvian-is-laying-out-another-path.html|access-date=2020-09-26|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> De Soto convinced Fujimori to travel to New York City in a meeting organized by the Peruvian Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, secretary general of the United Nations, where they met with the heads of the [[International Monetary Fund]], the [[World Bank]], and the [[Inter-American Development Bank]], who convinced Fujimori to follow the guidelines for economic policy set by the international financial institutions.<ref name=":21" /><ref>{{Web citation|last=Times|first=Paul Lewis and Special To the New York|date=July 1990|title=New Peru Leader in Accord on Debt|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/01/world/new-peru-leader-in-accord-on-debt.html|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> The policies included a 300 percent tax increase, unregulated prices and privatizing two-hundred and fifty state-owned entities.<ref name=":21" />

One of those responsible for maintaining an image of apparent honesty and government approval was Vladimiro Montesinos, head of the National Intelligence Service (SIN), who systematically bribed politicians, judges and the media. That criminal network also involved authorities of his government; furthermore, due to privatisation and the arrival of foreign capital, companies close to the Ministry of Economy were allowed to use state money for public works tenders, as in the cases of AeroPerú, JJC Contratistas Generales (of the Camet Dickmann family) and the Banco de Crédito del Perú. Although in 1999 the opposition made a public denunciation that ended in the resignation of five ministers, this network was later revealed in 2000, just before the president resigned, when the Swiss embassy in Peru informed the then Minister of Justice Alberto Bustamante and the attorney general José Ugaz of more than 40 million dollars coming from Montesinos, in which he was denounced for "illicit enrichment to the detriment of the Peruvian state".<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://www.desco.org.pe/corrupcion-mas-alla-de-la-ley-serie-peru-hoy-n%C2%BA-36-junio-2020|title=Corrupción, más allá de la ley. Serie Perú Hoy Nº 36 / Junio 2020|newspaper=Desco |accessdate=11 March 2023}}</ref>

With FREDEMO dissolved and APRA leader Alan García exiled to [[Colombia]], Fujimori sought to legitimize his position. He called elections for a Democratic Constitutional Congress, to serve as a legislature and as a constituent assembly. The American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) and Popular Action of Peru attempted a boycott of this election, but the Christian People's Party of Peru (PPC, not to be confused with PCP, Partido Comunista del Peru, or "Peruvian Communist Party") and many left-leaning parties participated in this election. Fujimori supporters won a majority of the seats in this body and drafted a new Constitution of Peru in 1993. In a 1993 constitutional referendum, the coup and the Constitution of 1993 were approved by a margin of less than five percent.<ref name="DD">[http://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=pe011993 Peru, 31 October 1993: Constitution] Direct Democracy </ref>

The 1993 Constitution allowed Fujimori to run for a second term, and in April 1995, at the height of his popularity, Fujimori easily won reelection with almost two-thirds of the vote. His major opponent, former Secretary-General of the United Nations Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, won only 21 percent of the vote. Fujimori's supporters won comfortable majority in the newly unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru. One of the first acts of the new congress was to declare an amnesty for all members of the Peruvian Armed Forces or police accused or convicted of human rights abuses between 1980 and 1995.<ref>{{Web citation|url=http://lum.cultura.pe/cdi/documento/fujimori-signs-amnesty-law-fujimori-firma-ley-de-amnist%C3%ADa|title=Fujimori signs amnesty law|publisher=Peruvian Ministry of Culture|access-date=27 December 2017|author=National Security Archive|date=15 June 1995}}</ref>

The 1995 election was the turning point in Fujimori's career. Peruvians began to be more concerned about freedom of speech and the press. However, before he was sworn in for a second term, Fujimori stripped two universities of their autonomy and reshuffled the national electoral board. This led his opponents to call him "Chinochet," a reference to his previous nickname and to [[Chile]]an dictator [[Augusto Pinochet]].<ref>{{Citation |title=The World Today Series: Latin America 2010 |last=Buckman |first=Robert T. |year=2010 |publisher=Stryker-Post Publications |location=Harpers Ferry, West Virginia |isbn=978-1-935264-12-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/latinamerica201000robe }}</ref> Modeling his rule after Pinochet, Fujimori reportedly enjoyed this nickname.<ref>{{Web citation |date=2 May 2014 |title=Periodista peruano: A Fujimori le gustaba que lo llamaran "Chinochet" |url=https://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/mundo/peru/alberto-fujimori/periodista-peruano-a-fujimori-le-gustaba-que-lo-llamaran-chinochet/2014-05-02/192054.html |work=Radio Cooperativa|language=es |access-date=30 November 2018 }}</ref>

The 1993 constitution limited a presidency to two terms. Shortly after Fujimori began his second term, his supporters in Congress passed a law of "authentic interpretation" which effectively allowed him to run for another term in 2000. A 1998 effort to repeal this law by referendum failed.<ref>{{Citation|author=David R. Mares|year=2001 |title=Violent Peace: Militarized Interstate Bargaining in Latin America|url=https://archive.org/details/violentpeace00mare|url-access=limited|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/violentpeace00mare/page/n176 161]}}</ref> In late 1999, Fujimori announced that he would run for a third term. Peruvian electoral bodies, which were politically sympathetic to Fujimori, accepted his argument that the two-term restriction did not apply to him, as it was enacted while he was already in office.<ref>Clifford Krauss, [https://www.nytimes.com/library/world/americas/122899peru-fujimori.html Peru's Chief to Seek 3rd Term, Capping a Long Legal Battle], ''New York Times'', 28 December 1999. Retrieved 26 September 2006.</ref>

Exit polls showed Fujimori fell short of the 50% required to avoid an electoral runoff, but the first official results showed him with 49.6% of the vote, just short of outright victory. Eventually, Fujimori was credited with 49.89%—20,000 votes short of avoiding a runoff. Despite reports of numerous irregularities, the international observers recognized an adjusted victory of Fujimori. His primary opponent, [[Alejandro Toledo]], called for his supporters to spoil their ballots in the runoff by writing "No to fraud!" on them (voting is mandatory in Peru). International observers pulled out of the country after Fujimori refused to delay the runoff.

In the runoff, Fujimori won with 51.1% of the total votes. While votes for Toledo declined from 37.0% of the total votes cast in the first round to 17.7% of the votes in the second round, invalid votes jumped from 8.1% of the total votes cast in the first round to 31.1% of total votes in the second round.<ref name=N1>{{Citation|author=Nohlen, D|author-link=Dieter Nohlen|year=2005|title=Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume II|page=454|isbn=978-0-19-928358-3}}</ref> The large percentage of invalid votes in this election suggests that many Peruvians took Toledo's advice and spoiled their ballots.

Although Fujimori won the runoff with only a bare majority (but 3/4 valid votes), rumors of irregularities led most of the international community to shun his third swearing-in on 28 July. For the next seven weeks, there were daily demonstrations in front of the presidential palace. As a conciliatory gesture, Fujimori appointed former opposition candidate Federico Salas as prime minister. However, opposition parties in Congress refused to support this move, and Toledo campaigned vigorously to have the election annulled. At this point, a corruption scandal involving Vladimiro Montesinos broke out, and exploded into full force on the evening of 14 September 2000, when the cable television station Canal N broadcast footage of Montesinos apparently bribing opposition congressman Alberto Kouri for defecting to Fujimori's Peru 2000 party. The video was presented by Fernando Olivera, leader of the Independent Moralizing Front (FIM), who purchased it from one of Montesinos's closest allies{{who|date=June 2016}} (nicknamed by the Peruvian press ''El Patriota'').

With multimillion-dollar annual expenditures in 1992 (five billion dollars in public spending plus another five billion in state enterprises), part of the funds were diverted to political and military institutions. According to the National Anti-Corruption Initiative (INA) in 2001, they corresponded to 30–35% of the average budget expenditure in each year, and 4% of the average annual GDP during the same period.<ref>[https://repositorio.up.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/11354/2024/PortocarreroFelipe2005.pdf El Pacto Infame]</ref>

==Reactions to the Coup==

On 13 November 1992, General Jaime Salinas led a failed military coup. Salinas asserted that his intentions were to turn Fujimori over to be tried for violating the Peruvian constitution.<ref>{{Citation|last=Conaghan|first=Catherine M. |title=Fujimori's Peru: Deception in the Public Sphere|year=2006|page=55}}</ref> Another group of military officers led by General Jaime Salinas Sedó attempted to overthrow Fujimori on 13 November, but failed.

In response to the Fujimori regime, Various states individually condemned the coup, international financial organizations delayed planned or projected loans, and the United States government suspended all aid to Peru other than humanitarian assistance, as did Germany and Spain. [[Venezuela]] broke off diplomatic relations, and [[Argentina]] withdrew its ambassador. [[Chile]] joined Argentina in requesting Peru's suspension from the [[Organization of American States]]. The coup appeared to threaten the reinsertion strategy for economic recovery, and complicated the process of clearing Peru's arrears with the [[International Monetary Fund]].

Two weeks after the coup, the [[George H. W. Bush|Bush]] administration changed their position and officially recognized Fujimori as the legitimate leader of Peru. The Organization of American States and the U.S. agreed that Fujimori's coup may have been extreme, ultimately was allegedly good for Peru. In fact, the coup came not long after the U.S. government and media had launched a media offensive against the [[Shining Path]] rural guerrilla movement. On March 12, 1992, Undersecretary of State for Latin American Affairs Bernard Aronson told the Congress of the United States: "The international community and respected human rights organizations must focus the spotlight of world attention on the threat which Sendero poses... Latin America has seen violence and terror, but none like Sendero's... ''and'' make no mistake, if Sendero were to take power, we would see... genocide."

Fujimori, in turn, would later receive most of the participants of the [[November 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt]] as political asylees, who had fled to Peru after its failure.<ref name=":02">{{Citation |last1=Márquez |first1=Laureano |title=Historieta de Venezuela: De Macuro a Maduro |last2=Eduardo |first2=Sanabria |publisher=Gráficas Pedrazas |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-7328777-1-9 |edition=1st |page=142 |chapter=La democracia pierde energía |author-link=Laureano Márquez}}</ref>

Peruvian–U.S. relations earlier in Fujimori's presidency had been dominated by questions of coca eradication and Fujimori's initial reluctance to sign an accord to increase his military's eradication efforts in the lowlands. Fujimori's ''autogolpe'' became a major obstacle to relations, as the United States immediately suspended all military and economic aid, with exceptions for counter-narcotic and humanitarian funds.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A. |last2=Mauceri|first2=Philip|title=The Peruvian Labyrinth|year=1997|page=216}}</ref> Two weeks after the self-coup, however, the [[George H. W. Bush|George H.W. Bush]] administration changed its position and officially recognized Fujimori as the legitimate leader of Peru, partly because he was willing to implement economic austerity measures, but also because of his adamant opposition to the [[Shining Path]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Mobile Selves: Race, Migration, and Belonging in Peru and the U.S.|author=Ulla D. Berg|page=214|publisher=NYU Press|year=2015|isbn=978-1479896097|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XM76CQAAQBAJ}}</ref>

During his tenure, his policies primarily received support from the military, Peru's upper class and international financial institutions, helping him maintain control of Peru.<ref>{{Citation |last=Mauceri |first=Philip |date=Winter 1995 |title=State reform, coalitions, and the neoliberal 'autogolpe' in Peru |journal=Latin American Research Review |volume=30 |issue=1|pages=7–37 |doi=10.1017/S0023879100017155 |s2cid=252749746 |doi-access=free }}</ref> His supporters credit his government with the creation of Fujimorism, defeating the [[Shining Path]] insurgency and neoliberal economic policies.<ref>Fox, Elizabeth, and Fox, de Cardona and Waisbord, Silvio Ricardo. ''Latin Politics, Global Media''. 2002, p. 154</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/705482.stm], BBC News, 18 September 2000. Retrieved 4 November 2006.</ref> Neoliberal policies and his political ideology of Fujimorism have influenced the governance of Peru into the present day through a [[cult of personality]].<ref name=":22">{{Citation |last1=Villalba |first1=Fernando Velásquez |date=2022 |title=A TOTALIDADE NEOLIBERAL-FUJIMORISTA: ESTIGMATIZAÇÃO E COLONIALIDADE NO PERU CONTEMPORÂNEO |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/rbcsoc/a/gL6vVVdtrphxHhmz9QWypqr/?lang=pt |journal=Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais |volume=37 |issue=109 |pages=e3710906 |doi=10.1590/3710906/2022 |access-date=18 January 2023 |quote=terruqueo, ou seja, a construção artificial, racista e conveniente de um inimigo sociopolítico para deslegitimar formas de protesto social |s2cid=251877338|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Some analysts state that some of the GDP growth during the Fujimori years actually reflects a greater rate of extraction of nonrenewable resources by transnational companies; these companies were attracted by Fujimori by means of near-zero royalties, and, by the same fact, little of the extracted wealth has stayed in the country.<ref>"Chile, Peru – How much do mining companies contribute? The debate on royalties is not over yet", ''Latinamerica Press'', Special Edition – The Impact of Mining ''Latinamerica Press'', Vol. 37, No. 2, 26 January 2005. ISSN 0254-203X. [http://noticiasaliadas.org/mining/mining.doc Accessible online] as a Microsoft Word document. Retrieved 26 September 2006. There appears to be a separate [http://www.fsa.ulaval.ca/rdip/cal/lectures/aff_actualites/chile__peru_-_how_much_do_.htm HTML copy of the article] on the site of [http://www.fsa.ulaval.ca/rdip/cal/lectures/ Carrefour Amérique Latine (CAL)]. Retrieved 27 September 2006.</ref><ref>"Peru: Public consultation says NO to mining in Tambogrande", pp.14–15 in ''WRM Bulletin'' # 59, June 2002 (World Rainforest Movement, English edition). [http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/59/index.rtf Accessible online] as Rich Text Format (RTF) document. Retrieved 26 September 2006.</ref><ref>Jeffrey Bury, "Livelihoods in transition: transnational gold mining operations and local change in Cajamarca, Peru" ''The Geographical Journal'' (Royal Geographic Society), Vol. 170 Issue 1 March 2004, p. 78. [https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.0016-7398.2004.05042.x Link] leads to a pay site allowing access to this paper.</ref><ref>"Investing in Destruction: The Impacts of a WTO Investment Agreement on Extractive Industries in Developing Countries", Oxfam America Briefing Paper, June 2003. Retrieved 27 September 2006.</ref> Peru's mining legislation, they claim, has served as a role model for other countries that wish to become more mining-friendly.<ref>[http://www.rightsaction.org/Reports/Cuffe%20mining%20report%202005-03.htm "A Backwards, Upside-Down Kind of Development": Global Actors, Mining and Community-Based Resistance in Honduras and Guatemala] [https://web.archive.org/web/20051103143831/http://www.rightsaction.org/Reports/Cuffe%20mining%20report%202005-03.htm Archived], Rights Action, February 2005. Retrieved 27 September 2006.</ref>

A congressional investigation in 2002, led by socialist opposition congressman Javier Díez Canseco, stated that of the US$9 billion raised through the privatizations of hundreds of state-owned enterprises, only a small fraction of this income ever benefited the Peruvian people.{{citation needed}} The sole instance of organized labor's success in impeding reforms, namely the teacher's union resistance to education reform, was based on traditional methods of organization and resistance: [[strike|strikes]] and street demonstrations.<ref>{{Citation|author=Arce, Moisés|year=2005|title=Market Reform in Society: Post-Crisis Politics and Economic Change in Authoritarian Peru|isbn=978-0-271-02542-1}}</ref>

==Retreat to Japan==

In November 13, 2000, Fujimori escaped to Japan, for political refuge, to bypass conviction by the government of Peru.<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://www.cronicaviva.com.pe/columna/la-vergonzosa-fuga-de-fujimori-al-japon-hace-15-anos/|title=The shameful flight of Fujimori to Japan 15 years ago|trans-title=La vergonzosa fuga de Fujimori al Japón hace 15 años|trans-lang=Spanish|date=2015-11-08}}</ref>

After Fujimori fled to [[Japan]], the government of Peru requested his extradition, but Japan did not extradite Fujimori; because Japan recognizes Fujimori as a Japanese citizen rather than a Peruvian citizen due to the [[Master Nationality Rule]], and Japan refuses to extradite its citizens to other countries.<ref>{{Web citation|title=Fujimori Arrested in Chile: Peruvian FM|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/international/147795.htm|newspaper=[[China Daily]]|date= 2005-11-07}}</ref>

==Arrest==

On 6 November 2005, Alberto Fujimori unexpectedly arrived in [[Santiago]], [[Chile]]. He was asserted and extradited to Peru on 22 September 2007, where he would be imprisoned for 25 years.

The Barrios Altos massacre was one of the crimes cited in the request for Fujimori's extradition from [[Japan]] to Peru in 2003. The La Cantuta massacre, and The 1991 Barrios Altos massacre by members of the death squad ''Grupo Colina'', made up solely of members of the military of Peru, was one of the crimes that Peru cited in its request to Japan for his extradition in 2003. In October 2007, pursuant to a 2006 ruling from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the government extended a formal apology for the massacre and undertook to make amends to the victims' next-of-kin, including compensation in the amount of US$1.8 million.<ref name=":2">The Earth Times, [http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/131080.html ''Peruvian government apologizes for 1992 massacre'']. 26 October 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2008.</ref>

On 8 April 2008, a court found a number of people, including Julio Salazar, guilty of kidnapping, homicide, and forced disappearance.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.pj.gob.pe/CorteSuprema/documentos/SENTENCIA_CANTUTA_SPE_CSJLIMA_100408.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528234109/http://www.pj.gob.pe/CorteSuprema/documentos/SENTENCIA_CANTUTA_SPE_CSJLIMA_100408.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2008 }} Sentence in La Cantuta Case</ref>

In 2009 it was determined by a judicial ruling that not a single one of the victims in La Cantuta massacre was linked to any terrorist organization,<ref>{{Web citation |title=Víctimas de las masacres de Barrios Altos y La Cantuta no eran terroristas |url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/victimas-masacres-barrios-altos-cantuta-no-eran-terroristas-noticia-270253/ |website=El Comercio|location=Peru |date=7 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531235437/https://elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/victimas-masacres-barrios-altos-cantuta-no-eran-terroristas-noticia-270253/ |archive-date=31 May 2015}}</ref> it was in the same ruling that condemned Fujimori to a 25 years imprisonment for crimes against humanity.<ref>{{Web citation |title=Condenan a Fujimori a 25 años de prisión por delitos de lesa humanidad |url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/ultimo-minuto-fujimori-recibe-maxima-pena-violar-derechos-humanos-seguira-preso-hasta-anos-edad-noticia-270209/ |website=El Comercio|location=Peru |date=7 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124145946/https://elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/ultimo-minuto-fujimori-recibe-maxima-pena-violar-derechos-humanos-seguira-preso-hasta-anos-edad-noticia-270209/ |archive-date=24 January 2014 |language=es}}</ref>

On November 26, 2007, ten former government officials were sentenced by the Supreme Court of Peru for their role in the coup. Fujimori's Minister of the Interior, Juan Briones Dávila, was sentenced to ten years imprisonment. Former Fujimorist congressmen Jaime Yoshiyama, Carlos Boloña, Absalón Vásquez, Víctor Joy Way, Óscar de la Puente Raygada, Jaime Sobero, Alfredo Ross Antezana, Víctor Paredes Guerra, and Augusto Antoniolli Vásquez were all also sentenced for various crimes such as rebellion and kidnapping.

Fujimori was convicted in 2009 for the kidnapping of journalist Gustavo Gorriti and businessman Samuel Dyer, both of whom were detained by the military on the night of the self coup.

In May 2023, the Supreme Court of Chile ordered Fujimori to testify regarding forced sterilizations that occurred between 1996 and 2000 during his government, with Chile attempting to decide if they would expand extradition charges against Fujimori to include the sterilizations, which would allow him to be prosecuted in Peru.<ref name=":13">{{Web citation |last=Paucar |first=Luis |date=14 May 2023 |title=Alberto Fujimori es citado por Chile para declarar por esterilizaciones forzadas con miras a ampliar su extradición |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2023/05/12/alberto-fujimori-declarara-por-esterilizaciones-forzadas-con-miras-a-ampliar-su-extradicion-desde-chile/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> On 19 May 2023, Fujimori participated in a video call from Barbadillo Prison with justice officials in Chile defending his actions regarding sterilizations.<ref>{{Web citation |last= |first= |date=19 May 2023 |title=Peru: Former President Fujimori participates in forced sterilizations hearing |url=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-peru-former-president-fujimori-participates-in-forced-sterilizations-hearing-940728.aspx |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Andina |language=es}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Peruvian presidents]]
[[Category:Peruvian politicians]]

Workers' Party of Belgium

2024-09-04T06:07:24Z

BE Comrade: /* Fifth congress - 1995 */ fixed minor mistake

{{Infobox political party|name=Workers' Party of Belgium|native_name=Partij van de Arbeid van België<br>Parti du Travail de Belgique<br>Partei der Arbeit Belgiens|logo=|founded=1979|abbreviation=PTB . PVDA . PAB|president=[[Raoul Hedebouw]]|general_secretary=[[Peter Mertens]]|founder=[[Ludo Martens]]|predecessor=[[All Power To The Workers]]|newspaper=Solidaire / Solidair|student_wing=Comac|youth_wing=RedFox, Pioneers|womens_wing=Zelle|political_orientation=[[Socialism]]<br>[[Reformism]]|international=[[IMCWP]]}}{{Communist parties}}
The '''Workers' Party of Belgium''' ('''PTB'''/'''PVDA''') is a is a [[Kingdom of Belgium|Belgian]] party that declares themselves to be [[communism|communist]].<ref name=":3" /> Some observers consider it to have turned to [[reformism]] and abandoned communism in 2008.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=In Defense of Communism|title=Russian Communist Workers Party- "Mertens vs Martens" (On the role of the Workers Party of Belgium- PTB)|date=2016-04-18|url=http://www.idcommunism.com/2016/04/russian-communist-workers-party-mertens.html|retrieved=2024-09-02}}</ref>

== History ==

=== First congress - 1979 ===
The PTB-PVDA is officially born in the "foundation congress" on the 4th of November 1979, with 4000 people attending.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2018|title=Once upon a time the PTB-PVDA|page=22|pdf=https://assets.ptb.be/2023-06/2018iletaitunefoisleptb-rwpjt3.pdf19|city=Brusels|publisher=Éditions du PTB|trans-title=Il était une fois le PTB|trans-lang=French}}</ref> This congress is the result of 10 years of work to formalize [[All Power To The Workers|AMADA-TPO]], a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] student-worker's movement born out of the 1968 student movement. [[Ludo Martens]] becomes its first president, and will stay president until the 8th congress in 2008.

Here the PTB-PVDA first describes itself as Marxist-Leninist.<blockquote>The Workers' Party is based on the scientific doctrine of socialism, the fundamental laws of which are indicated by dialectical and historical materialism. This doctrine, of which [[Karl Marx|Marx]], [[Friedrich Engels|Engels]], [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]], [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] and [[Mao Zedong]] are the main teachers, is not a dogma but, like any science, it must develop as society evolves.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=1979|title=Documents of the congress, approved by the committee|chapter=VI. The Party of the working class and the front|city=Brussels}}</ref></blockquote>

=== Second congress - 1983 ===
Three books got written out of the discussions and conclusions of the 1983 congress:

* ''The Liquidationist Trend within the Marxist-Leninist Movement: Report and Summary of Discussions and Amendments.''<ref>{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1983|title=De likwidatie-stroming binnen de marxistisch-leninistische beweging: verslag en samenvatting van de discussies en amendementen|city=Brussels}}</ref>
* ''Party and Front: Report and Summary of Discussions and Amendments.''<ref>{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens, Kris Merckx|year=1983|title=Partij en front: verslag en samenvatting van de discussies en amendementen|city=Brussels}}</ref>
* ''Revolutionary Morality.''<ref>{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens, Diether J., Pauwels J.|year=1983|title=Revolutionaire moraal|city=Brussels}}</ref>

=== Third congress - 1988 ===

=== Fourth congress - 1991 ===

=== Fifth congress - 1995 ===
In January 1995 is held the fifth congress. The position of general secretary is created and attributed to [[Nadine Rosa-Rosso]]. Ludo Martens writes with her help ''The party of revolution'', based on the lessons of the congress.

The book outlines in minute detail how the party should be organized as a "Bolshevik-type communist party" for the future, to reach goals such as ensuring ideological commitment within the cadres, enforcing discipline, eradicating revisionism and opportunism etc.<ref>{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens, Nadine Rosa-Rosso|year=1995|title=The party of revolution|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA|isbn=9782872621118|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=8CB8E2873827C79DD5181E33799C470F}}</ref>

It was publicly the official organizational manual of the PTB-PVDA until 2015<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2008|title=Statuses of the PTB-PVDA (2008)|quote=The ideological and organizational principles for the cadres' work were set at the Fifth Party Congress in the manual "Party of the Revolution".|pdf=https://www.politicalpartydb.org/wp-content/uploads/Statutes/Belgium/BELGIUM_PTB_2008.pdf|trans-lang=French}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2015|title=Statuses of the PTB-PVDA (2015)|pdf=https://www.politicalpartydb.org/wp-content/uploads/Statutes/Belgium/BELGIUM_PTB_2015.pdf|trans-lang=French}}</ref>

=== Sixth congress - 1997 ===

The sixth congress prolonged for four years the "rectification period", the following of the fifth congress' lessons:<blockquote>The period of rectification [was] initiated since the 5th Party Congress in 1995 and extended by four years during the 6th Congress in 1997. The purpose of the rectification period was to revolutionize the leadership, to form a stable core leadership, and to rectify the Party according to four axes: enhancing the sense of responsibility among cadres, placing politics in command, combating bureaucratism, tightening ties with the masses, fighting individualism, and strengthening control.<ref>{{Citation|author=Nadine Rosa-Rosso|year=2002|title=Communism, the future of humanity|page=15|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA}}</ref></blockquote>This congress is accused in the ninth congress throwing away the third congress' (the "union congress") lessons out the window, diving in sectarianism and leading to its worst electoral score in history.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2015|title=Congress of solidarity|page=|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA|trans-title=Congrès de la solidarité|trans-lang=French}}</ref>

=== Seventh congress - 2002 ===
The seventh congress, "Communism, the future of humanity" marks the end of the "rectification period" of its practices through the lessons of the fifth congress. It marks out a plan for applying it further in the five following years ("IMPACT 2002-2006").<ref name=":4">{{Citation|author=Nadine Rosa-Rosso|year=2002|title=Communism, the future of humanity|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA}}</ref>

Another main point is a lowering of requirements for entry some "basis cells", in hopes of becoming a mass party.<ref name=":4" />

=== Eighth congress - 2008 ===
Named the "renewal congress", the eighth congress takes place in over a year, starting in 2007.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2008|title=8th Congress - A principled party, A flexible party, A workers' party.|chapter=|page=|pdf=https://assets.ptb.be/2023-06/2008ptbcongresdurenouveau-rwpkan.pdf|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA|trans-title=8e congrès du PTB|trans-lang=French}}</ref> [[Peter Mertens]] is elected president in place of Ludo Martens. Nadine Rosa-Rosso was purged from the party in 2003, unlike Ludo which will stay in the party until his death in 2011, becoming the party's "Central Africa expert".

The renewal congress is where the party adopts its new style of communication. It is divided in four main parts:

==== Chapter 1: "The future is for socialism" ====

Here, it argues for the necessity of socialism in Europe and in the world.<ref name=":0" /> It ends arguing for its new direction:<blockquote>The evolution of society places us before a double task. The new PTB-PVDA wants, in the coming period, to be both a party of principles and a flexible party. In a world of change fast, we need a strong backbone. Our Marxist analysis and our commitment to socialism make the identity of our party. This is the subject of chapter 2. At the same time, we need flexibility and openness to stick to people's reality, to raise their awareness, to mobilize them read and organize them (this is chapter 3) and transform the party into a workers’ party (chapter 4).<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

==== Chapter 2: "A principled party" ====

This part is opened with its analysis of the treason of the [[POB]] — which later became the [[Socialist Party (Belgium)|Socialist Party]], the current Belgian [[Social democracy|social-democrats]]:<blockquote>Some comrades say that the main objective for the party is to intervene more openly, more flexibly and more tactically. This is a mistake. The main objective of the party is to be firm on principles and flexible. Both, and at the same time. Anyone who dissociates the need to be flexible, open and tactical will soon bow to the pressure of capital.

This danger is not new. History teaches us that abandoning principles in the name of tactics and flexibility can go very quickly. The Belgian Workers' Party, the forerunner of today's PS, was founded in 1885. The POB quickly abandoned a number of socialist principles - especially after its first electoral victory in 1894. It is worthwhile today to examine this process a little more closely. Very quickly, there was a great aversion to substantive debate and to socialist theory. [...] The properties of the capitalist system, the objectives of socialism, the long-term interests of the working class... all this was quickly ‘forgotten’ and sacrificed in favour of the real or supposed advantages of the moment.

Very quickly, there was a great aversion to substantive debate and to socialist theory. [...] The properties of the capitalist system, the objectives of socialism, the long-term interests of the working class... all this was quickly ‘forgotten’ and sacrificed in favour of the real or supposed advantages of the moment.

Despite the statutes, power within the party shifted towards the party's parliamentarians to the detriment of the elected leadership, the General Council. The elected members of parliament placed themselves above the party leadership. They began to work for parliamentary life or for themselves, not in the service of the whole.

The party became a party of parliamentary legality instead of a party of class struggle. The party ended up being afraid of the workers' movement. It encouraged calm.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>It then affirms their ideological basis:<blockquote>The PTB's view of the world is called Marxism.<ref group="lower-alpha">From this congress on, the PTB-PVDA calls itself "Marxist", and refers to Lenin separately. It also stops referring to Stalin at all.</ref> Its foundations were laid by Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Vladimir Lenin.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Later on, it outlines its strategy, calls itself (and defines) a "contemporary communist party", re-affirms the importance of strict [[democratic centralism]], and its belonging to the "international communist movement".<ref name=":0" />

==== Chapter 3: "A flexible party" ====

Here the party outlines the importance for tactics, its tactical recommendations, which maybe most notably contains:<blockquote>'''We make a distinction between what happens in the dining room and what in the kitchen.

The best chefs don't reveal all their secrets. The situation in the kitchen is often more chaotic than the atmosphere of the dining room. The party needs enough attention and space for all strategic and tactical questions. For the outside world, we need to know what is essential. In the limited time and space that the media gives us, we want to focus on that, even if journalists are often more interested in our internal cooking or the difficult points in our programme.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

==== Chapter 4: "A workers' party" ====
The party here explains the way it wants to become a mass party of organized workers, but also outlines the new strategy it should adopt in order to attain that goal.

=== Ninth congress - 2015 ===
The eighth congress forms the new basis for the party. The 2015 "congress of solidarity" expands on it, as well as does its critical assessment of the party's history.<ref name=":2" />

=== Tenth congress - 2021 ===
Like its predecessor, the "congress of unity" is in line with the eighth congress and focuses on the importance of national unity (in opposition to the nationalist Flemish separatists) as well as general working class unity to "build a counter-power for another society, Socialism 2.0".<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2021|title=Congress of unity|pdf=https://assets.ptb.be/2023-06/2021congresdelunite-rwpk6r.pdf|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA|trans-title=Congrès de l'unité|trans-lang=French}}</ref>

== Current Positions ==

=== Reform or revolution? ===
Ever since its creation in 1979, the PTB-PVDA has presented its ideas in the form of a minimum program for propaganda and agitative purposes.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=1979|title=Documents of the congress, approved by the committee.|chapter=VII. The Minimum Program for Democracy, Social Progress, National Independence, and Peace|section=|quote=In the areas of the struggle for democracy, social progress, national independence, and peace, we put forward radical demands that will enable a coherent fight against the power of the monopolistic bourgeoisie and imperialism.

We formulate demands for agitation that we aim to achieve immediately, as well as demands for propaganda that can only be realized with further development in the class struggle.

No demand from the minimum program inherently presupposes the victory of the socialist revolution. Each of these demands can be implemented within civil society, although often in a distorted manner.|city=Brussels}}</ref> At the time and up until the 2002 congress, the PTB-PVDA has explicitly advocated for revolution<ref>{{Citation|author=Nadine Rosa-Rosso|year=2002|title=Communism, the future of humanity|chapter=Introduction|page=11|quote=Together with communists around the world, all members of the Workers' Party of Belgium clearly reaffirm their commitment to the revolutionary path, Marxism-Leninism, and the organization of communists in a vanguard party.}}</ref> to attain a socialist society through the dictatorship of the proletariat.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=Nadine Rosa-Rosso|year=2002|title=Communism, the future of humanity|chapter=For a Socialist Europe in a World Free from Imperialism|section=IV. To combat nationalism and chauvinism, nourished by five centuries of colonization.|quote=Only a socialist Europe, exercising the dictatorship of the workers over the minority of exploiters gathered in European multinationals, can resolutely support the revolutionary struggle of the peoples of the Third World for economic and political independence. Only a socialist Europe will be able to distribute the wealth produced by its workers in a manner that respects the needs of European workers and peoples worldwide.|pdf=https://web.archive.org/web/20031025055854/http://www.pvda.be/congres/congresFR.pdf|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA|trans-title=Le communisme, l'avenir de l'humanité|trans-lang=French}}</ref>

The 2008 congress forming the new basis drops the dictatorship of the proletariat from its terminology, but still calls for revolution.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2008|title=8th Congress|chapter=A principled party|page=62|quote=For the world of tomorrow, socialism, will not fall from the sky. It will not be given to us as a gift. It will be the result of a long period of conflict between the two diametrically opposed great enemy camps: the owning class (capital) and the working class, across various arenas. Ultimately, the working class will hold the power at the expense of the owning class. This is a transformation of society, a socialist revolution.}}</ref> The next congresses call the party revolutionary.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2021|title=Congress of unity|page=85-86|quote=Meanwhile, new challenges arise. A revolutionary party that is active, growing, and becoming larger finds itself in the crosshairs of the system. This is a constant in the history of the labor movement. In the battle for hearts and minds, communist parties are heavily attacked. This includes campaigns of slander, half-truths, and outright lies, media boycotts, and threats to cut access to social media.}}</ref> The congresses also point out that capitalism cannot be reformed,<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2021|title=Congress of unity|chapter=We choose socialism 2.0|section=Capitalism is an incurable disease|page=77-79}}</ref> and insist to be distinguished from reformists because they put organizational work first.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2008|title=8th congress|chapter=A flexible party|page=89|quote=There are no small problems. Revolutionaries are the best fighters for reforms because they genuinely care about both the small and large concerns of people. Our socialist vision of society gives us the determination to consistently defend the interests of workers, employees, and civil servants.

What distinguishes us from reformists is our approach to pursuing reforms. Each struggle provides an opportunity to mobilize people. In collective action, people learn to take their fate into their own hands. Each struggle offers possibilities for understanding and awareness (for example, through demands targeting the omnipotence of monopolies). Every action creates opportunities for lasting organization and cooperation. Mobilization, awareness, and sustainable organization are crucial for ultimately achieving a new society.}}</ref>

The 2015 congress lays out the party's view on the parliament, which it calls "street-council-street", putting mobilization as the start and the end of a struggle, and the parliament only as a means to this end.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2015|title=Congress of solidarity|chapter=The strategy of change|section=The social struggle and the people's representatives|page=110|quote=The principle of our representatives is: "street-council-street." They are not the final point but a link in the emancipation work carried out by the party. Our elected officials start with what is alive in the neighborhood, at the workplace, in associations, and connect these aspirations to solid dossiers and demands. What exists in the population is our vital artery and also our strength. This ranges from very small issues to projects for which people organize and mobilize. Very often, our elected officials are those who bring the most concrete issues to the agenda, drawing from the wealth present among all party members, and with contributions from social movements. Our representatives enrich the emancipation movement with all the information their mandate provides access to. They then publicize the results of their interventions and proposals, even if they have not been approved. Our representatives bring the outcome of their work back to the ground, back to the street. That is the meaning of "street-council-street." The interventions of our elected officials are at the service of social struggle and not the other way around.}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

=== Notes ===
<references group="lower-alpha"/>
[[Category:Communist parties]]
[[Category:Belgian political parties]]

Template:Infobox military person

2024-09-03T22:46:48Z

BE Comrade: Rework looks identical, keeping it for simplification

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}}{{main other|{{#if:{{{embed|}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox military person with embed|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|Τ}}{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]
}}}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude>

Template:Infobox military person

2024-09-03T22:45:42Z

BE Comrade: Undo revision 71337 by BE Comrade (talk)

{{Infobox
| child = {{lc:{{{embed}}}}}

| bodyclass = vcard
| bodystyle = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|{{#switch:{{{width_style|}}}|narrow|person|auto=main_box_raw_auto_width|wide|military|#default=main_box_raw}}}}

| subheaderstyle = font-weight:bold;
| subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|{{if empty|{{{embed_title|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{embed_title_large|}}}|yes|<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%; line-height: 1.2em; font-weight: bold;">Military career</div>|Military career}}}}}}
| decat = yes 

| above = {{br separated entries
|1={{#if:{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;">{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|}}}}}}</div>}}
|2={{#if:{{{name|<includeonly>{{PAGENAME}}</includeonly>}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="fn">{{{name|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}</div>}}
|3={{#if:{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;">{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|}}}}}}</div>}}
}}
| abovestyle = font-size:125%; {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|header_color}}

| image = {{#if:{{{image|}}}
|{{#ifeq:{{Str left | {{{image|}}} | 1 }}|[|{{main other|[[Category:Infobox military person image param needs updating]]}}}}{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{{image_size|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{alt|}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}}
|{{#if:{{{medal|}}}
|{{#ifeq:{{Str left | {{{medal|}}} | 1 }}|[|{{main other|[[Category:Infobox military person image param needs updating]]}}}}{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{medal|}}}|size={{{medal_size|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{medal_upright|0.4}}}|alt={{{medal_alt|}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}}
}}
}}
| imagestyle = border-bottom: {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|section_border}}; line-height: 1.5em

| caption = {{{caption|}}}
| captionstyle = font-size: 100%

| labelstyle = padding-right: 1em

| label1 = Native name
| data1 = {{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|<div class="nickname" {{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}"}}>{{{native_name}}}</div> }}

| label2 = Birth name
| data2 = {{{birth_name|}}}
| class2 = nickname

| label3 = Other name(s)
| data3 = {{{other_name|}}}
| class3 = nickname

| label4 = Nickname(s)
| data4 = {{{nickname|}}}
| class4 = nickname

| label5 = Born
| data5 = {{br separated entries | {{{birth_date|}}} | {{{birth_place|}}} }}

| label6 = Died
| data6 = {{br separated entries | {{{death_date|}}} | {{{death_place|}}} }}

| label7 = {{#if:{{{placeofburial_label|}}}|{{{placeofburial_label}}}|Buried}}
| data7 = {{#if:{{{placeofburial|}}}{{{placeofburial_coordinates|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="label">{{{placeofburial|}}}</div> {{#if:{{{placeofburial_coordinates|}}}|{{{placeofburial_coordinates}}}}}}}

| label8 = Allegiance
| data8 = {{{allegiance|}}}

| label9 = {{#if:{{{branch_label|}}}|{{{branch_label}}}|Service/<wbr/>branch}}
| data9 = {{{branch|}}}

| label10 = {{#if:{{{serviceyears_label|}}}|{{{serviceyears_label|}}}|Years of service}}
| data10 = {{{serviceyears|}}}

| label11 = {{#if:{{{rank_label|}}}|{{{rank_label|}}}|Rank}}
| data11 = {{{rank|}}}

| label12 = [[Service number]]
| data12 = {{{servicenumber|}}}

| label13 = {{#if:{{{unit_label|}}}|{{{unit_label|}}}|Unit}}
| data13 = {{{unit|}}}

| label14 = Commands held
| data14 = {{{commands|}}}

| label15 = Known for
| data15 = {{{known for|{{{known_for|{{{known|}}}}}}}}}

| label16 = {{#if:{{{battles_label|}}}|{{{battles_label|}}}|Battles/wars}}
| data16 = {{{battles|}}}

| label17 = Awards
| data17 = {{{awards|}}}

| label18 = Memorials
| data18 = {{{memorials|}}}

| label19 = [[Alma mater]]
| data19 = {{{alma_mater|}}}

| label20 = Spouse(s)
| data20 = {{{spouse|}}}

| label21 = Children
| data21 = {{{children|}}}

| label22 = Relations
| data22 = {{{relations|}}}

| label23 = Other work
| data23 = {{{otherwork|{{{laterwork|}}}}}}

| label24 = Signature
| data24 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|sizedefault=100px|alt={{{signature alt|{{{signature_alt|}}}}}}}}

| label25 = {{#if:{{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|}}}}}}}}}|Website}}
| data25 = {{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|}}}}}}}}}

| data26 = {{{module|}}}

}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox military person with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox military person]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| allegiance | alma_mater | alt | awards | battles | battles_label | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | branch | branch_label | caption | children | commands | death_date | death_place | embed | embed_title | embed_title_large | homepage | honorific prefix | honorific suffix | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | image | image_size | image_upright | known | known_for | laterwork | medal | medal_size | medal_upright | medal_alt | memorials | module | name | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | other_name | otherwork | placeofburial | placeofburial_coordinates | placeofburial_label | rank | rank_label | relations | servicenumber | serviceyears | serviceyears_label | signature | signature alt | signature_alt | signature_size | spouse | unit | unit_label | URL | website | width_style }}{{#if:{{both|{{{image|}}}|{{{medal|}}}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox military person with both image and medal]]
}}{{main other|{{#if:{{{embed|}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox military person with embed|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|Τ}}{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]
}}}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude>

Template:Infobox military person

2024-09-03T22:43:52Z

BE Comrade: testing potential rework

Template:Infobox military person

2024-09-03T22:36:35Z

BE Comrade: Undo revision 71335 by BE Comrade (talk)

Template:Infobox military person

2024-09-03T22:35:51Z

BE Comrade: this is a test

{{Infobox
| child = {{lc:{{{embed}}}}}

| bodyclass = vcard
| bodystyle = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|{{#switch:{{{width_style|}}}|narrow|person|auto=main_box_raw_auto_width|wide|military|#default=main_box_raw}}}}

| subheaderstyle = font-weight:bold;
| subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|{{if empty|{{{embed_title|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{embed_title_large|}}}|yes|<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%; line-height: 1.2em; font-weight: bold;">Military career</div>|Military career}}}}}}
| decat = yes 

| above = {{br separated entries
|1={{#if:{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;">{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|}}}}}}</div>}}
|2={{#if:{{{name|<includeonly>{{PAGENAME}}</includeonly>}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="fn">{{{name|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}</div>}}
|3={{#if:{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;">{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|}}}}}}</div>}}
}}
| abovestyle = font-size:125%; {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|header_color}}

| image = {{#if:{{{image|}}}
|{{#ifeq:{{Str left | {{{image|}}} | 1 }}|[|{{main other|[[Category:Infobox military person image param needs updating]]}}}}{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{{image_size|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{alt|}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}}
|{{#if:{{{medal|}}}
|{{#ifeq:{{Str left | {{{medal|}}} | 1 }}|[|{{main other|[[Category:Infobox military person image param needs updating]]}}}}{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{medal|}}}|size={{{medal_size|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{medal_upright|0.4}}}|alt={{{medal_alt|}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}}
}}
}}}}
| imagestyle = border-bottom: {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|section_border}}; line-height: 1.5em

| caption = {{{caption|}}}
| captionstyle = font-size: 100%

| labelstyle = padding-right: 1em

| label1 = Native name
| data1 = {{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|<div class="nickname" {{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}"}}>{{{native_name}}}</div> }}

| label2 = Birth name
| data2 = {{{birth_name|}}}
| class2 = nickname

| label3 = Other name(s)
| data3 = {{{other_name|}}}
| class3 = nickname

| label4 = Nickname(s)
| data4 = {{{nickname|}}}
| class4 = nickname

| label5 = Born
| data5 = {{br separated entries | {{{birth_date|}}} | {{{birth_place|}}} }}

| label6 = Died
| data6 = {{br separated entries | {{{death_date|}}} | {{{death_place|}}} }}

| label7 = {{#if:{{{placeofburial_label|}}}|{{{placeofburial_label}}}|Buried}}
| data7 = {{#if:{{{placeofburial|}}}{{{placeofburial_coordinates|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="label">{{{placeofburial|}}}</div> {{#if:{{{placeofburial_coordinates|}}}|{{{placeofburial_coordinates}}}}}}}

| label8 = Allegiance
| data8 = {{{allegiance|}}}

| label9 = {{#if:{{{branch_label|}}}|{{{branch_label}}}|Service/<wbr/>branch}}
| data9 = {{{branch|}}}

| label10 = {{#if:{{{serviceyears_label|}}}|{{{serviceyears_label|}}}|Years of service}}
| data10 = {{{serviceyears|}}}

| label11 = {{#if:{{{rank_label|}}}|{{{rank_label|}}}|Rank}}
| data11 = {{{rank|}}}

| label12 = [[Service number]]
| data12 = {{{servicenumber|}}}

| label13 = {{#if:{{{unit_label|}}}|{{{unit_label|}}}|Unit}}
| data13 = {{{unit|}}}

| label14 = Commands held
| data14 = {{{commands|}}}

| label15 = Known for
| data15 = {{{known for|{{{known_for|{{{known|}}}}}}}}}

| label16 = {{#if:{{{battles_label|}}}|{{{battles_label|}}}|Battles/wars}}
| data16 = {{{battles|}}}

| label17 = Awards
| data17 = {{{awards|}}}

| label18 = Memorials
| data18 = {{{memorials|}}}

| label19 = [[Alma mater]]
| data19 = {{{alma_mater|}}}

| label20 = Spouse(s)
| data20 = {{{spouse|}}}

| label21 = Children
| data21 = {{{children|}}}

| label22 = Relations
| data22 = {{{relations|}}}

| label23 = Other work
| data23 = {{{otherwork|{{{laterwork|}}}}}}

| label24 = Signature
| data24 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|sizedefault=100px|alt={{{signature alt|{{{signature_alt|}}}}}}}}

| label25 = {{#if:{{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|}}}}}}}}}|Website}}
| data25 = {{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|}}}}}}}}}

| data26 = {{{module|}}}

{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox military person with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox military person]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| allegiance | alma_mater | alt | awards | battles | battles_label | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | branch | branch_label | caption | children | commands | death_date | death_place | embed | embed_title | embed_title_large | homepage | honorific prefix | honorific suffix | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | image | image_size | image_upright | known | known_for | laterwork | medal | medal_size | medal_upright | medal_alt | memorials | module | name | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | other_name | otherwork | placeofburial | placeofburial_coordinates | placeofburial_label | rank | rank_label | relations | servicenumber | serviceyears | serviceyears_label | signature | signature alt | signature_alt | signature_size | spouse | unit | unit_label | URL | website | width_style }}{{#if:{{both|{{{image|}}}|{{{medal|}}}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox military person with both image and medal]]
}}{{main other|{{#if:{{{embed|}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox military person with embed|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|Τ}}{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]
}}}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude>

Template:Infobox military person

2024-09-03T22:25:42Z

BE Comrade: Undo revision 71333 by BE Comrade (talk)

Template:Infobox military person

2024-09-03T22:23:12Z

BE Comrade: rmoved str left usage

{{Infobox
| child = {{lc:{{{embed}}}}}

| bodyclass = vcard
| bodystyle = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|{{#switch:{{{width_style|}}}|narrow|person|auto=main_box_raw_auto_width|wide|military|#default=main_box_raw}}}}

| subheaderstyle = font-weight:bold;
| subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|{{if empty|{{{embed_title|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{embed_title_large|}}}|yes|<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%; line-height: 1.2em; font-weight: bold;">Military career</div>|Military career}}}}}}
| decat = yes 

| above = {{br separated entries
|1={{#if:{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;">{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|}}}}}}</div>}}
|2={{#if:{{{name|<includeonly>{{PAGENAME}}</includeonly>}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="fn">{{{name|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}</div>}}
|3={{#if:{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;">{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|}}}}}}</div>}}
}}
| abovestyle = font-size:125%; {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|header_color}}

| image = {{#if:{{{image|}}}
|{{#if: {{{image|}}} |
{{#invoke:InfoboxImage | InfoboxImage | image={{{image|}}} | size={{{image_size|}}} | sizedefault=frameless | upright={{{image_upright|1}}} | alt={{{alt|}}} | suppressplaceholder=yes}}
| [[Category:Infobox military person image param needs updating]]
}}

{{#if: {{{medal|}}} |
{{#invoke:InfoboxImage | InfoboxImage | image={{{medal|}}} | size={{{medal_size|}}} | sizedefault=frameless | upright={{{medal_upright|0.4}}} | alt={{{medal_alt|}}} | suppressplaceholder=yes}}
| [[Category:Infobox military person medal param needs updating]]
}}
| imagestyle = border-bottom: {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|section_border}}; line-height: 1.5em

| caption = {{{caption|}}}
| captionstyle = font-size: 100%

| labelstyle = padding-right: 1em

| label1 = Native name
| data1 = {{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|<div class="nickname" {{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}"}}>{{{native_name}}}</div> }}

| label2 = Birth name
| data2 = {{{birth_name|}}}
| class2 = nickname

| label3 = Other name(s)
| data3 = {{{other_name|}}}
| class3 = nickname

| label4 = Nickname(s)
| data4 = {{{nickname|}}}
| class4 = nickname

| label5 = Born
| data5 = {{br separated entries | {{{birth_date|}}} | {{{birth_place|}}} }}

| label6 = Died
| data6 = {{br separated entries | {{{death_date|}}} | {{{death_place|}}} }}

| label7 = {{#if:{{{placeofburial_label|}}}|{{{placeofburial_label}}}|Buried}}
| data7 = {{#if:{{{placeofburial|}}}{{{placeofburial_coordinates|}}}|<div style="display:inline" class="label">{{{placeofburial|}}}</div> {{#if:{{{placeofburial_coordinates|}}}|{{{placeofburial_coordinates}}}}}}}

| label8 = Allegiance
| data8 = {{{allegiance|}}}

| label9 = {{#if:{{{branch_label|}}}|{{{branch_label}}}|Service/<wbr/>branch}}
| data9 = {{{branch|}}}

| label10 = {{#if:{{{serviceyears_label|}}}|{{{serviceyears_label|}}}|Years of service}}
| data10 = {{{serviceyears|}}}

| label11 = {{#if:{{{rank_label|}}}|{{{rank_label|}}}|Rank}}
| data11 = {{{rank|}}}

| label12 = [[Service number]]
| data12 = {{{servicenumber|}}}

| label13 = {{#if:{{{unit_label|}}}|{{{unit_label|}}}|Unit}}
| data13 = {{{unit|}}}

| label14 = Commands held
| data14 = {{{commands|}}}

| label15 = Known for
| data15 = {{{known for|{{{known_for|{{{known|}}}}}}}}}

| label16 = {{#if:{{{battles_label|}}}|{{{battles_label|}}}|Battles/wars}}
| data16 = {{{battles|}}}

| label17 = Awards
| data17 = {{{awards|}}}

| label18 = Memorials
| data18 = {{{memorials|}}}

| label19 = [[Alma mater]]
| data19 = {{{alma_mater|}}}

| label20 = Spouse(s)
| data20 = {{{spouse|}}}

| label21 = Children
| data21 = {{{children|}}}

| label22 = Relations
| data22 = {{{relations|}}}

| label23 = Other work
| data23 = {{{otherwork|{{{laterwork|}}}}}}

| label24 = Signature
| data24 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|sizedefault=100px|alt={{{signature alt|{{{signature_alt|}}}}}}}}

| label25 = {{#if:{{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|}}}}}}}}}|Website}}
| data25 = {{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|}}}}}}}}}

| data26 = {{{module|}}}

}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox military person with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox military person]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| allegiance | alma_mater | alt | awards | battles | battles_label | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | branch | branch_label | caption | children | commands | death_date | death_place | embed | embed_title | embed_title_large | homepage | honorific prefix | honorific suffix | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | image | image_size | image_upright | known | known_for | laterwork | medal | medal_size | medal_upright | medal_alt | memorials | module | name | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | other_name | otherwork | placeofburial | placeofburial_coordinates | placeofburial_label | rank | rank_label | relations | servicenumber | serviceyears | serviceyears_label | signature | signature alt | signature_alt | signature_size | spouse | unit | unit_label | URL | website | width_style }}{{#if:{{both|{{{image|}}}|{{{medal|}}}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox military person with both image and medal]]
}}{{main other|{{#if:{{{embed|}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox military person with embed|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|Τ}}{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]
}}}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude>

BRICS

2024-09-03T22:13:57Z

BE Comrade: fixed broken citation templates

{{External article cleanup|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = BRICS
| full_name = Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa <hr>
| image = Informal_meeting_of_the_BRICS_during_the_2019_G20_Osaka_summit.jpg
| image_size = 245
| alt =
| caption = The BRICS leaders in 2019, from left to right: [[Xi Jinping]], [[Vladimir Putin]], [[Jair Bolsonaro]], [[Narendra Modi]] and [[Cyril Ramaphosa]]
| logo =Infobrics.org_logo.svg
| logo_size = 230
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption = Official Logo
| map = BRICS_Members.svg
| map_size = 330
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Current members<br />
----
'''Member states and key leaders:'''
----{{Infobox | subbox = yes
| labelstyle = padding-right:1em;text-align:left
| datastyle = text-align:left
| label1 = [[File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg|25x25px|]] [[Federative_Republic_of_Brazil|Brazil]]
| data1 = President [[Lula da Silva]]
| label2 = [[File:Flag_of_Russia.svg|25x25px|]] [[Russian_Federation|Russia]] (2024 Host)
| data2 = President [[Vladimir Putin]]
| label4 = [[File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg|25x25px|]] [[People%27s_Republic_of_China|China]]
| data4 = President [[Xi Jinping]]
| label5 = [[File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|25x25px|]] [[Republic_of_South_Africa|South Africa]]
| data5 = President [[Cyril Ramaphosa]]
| label3 = [[File:Flag_of_India.svg|25x25px|]] [[Republic_of_India|India]]
| data3 = Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]
| label6 = [[File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg|25x25px|]] [[Arab Republic of Egypt|Egypt]]
| data6 = President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
| label7 = [[File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|25x25px|]] [[Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]
| data7 = President Sahle-Work Zewde
| label8 = [[File:Flag_of_Iran.svg|25x25px|]] [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]]
| data8 = Supreme Leader [[Ali Khamenei]]
| label9 = [[File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg|25x25px|]] [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|Saudi_Arabia]]
| data9 = King Salman
| label10 = [[File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg|25x25px|]] [[United Arab Emirates|United_Arab_Emirates]]
| data10 = President Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
}}<hr>
| abbreviation = BRICS
| predecessor = BRIC
| named_after = Member states' initials
| type = [[Intergovernmental organization]]
| purpose = Political
| fields = International politics
| membership = 10
| membership_year = 2022
| funding = Member states
| formerly = BRIC
| headquarters = [[New Development Bank|BRICS Tower]]
| location_city = [[Shanghai]]
| location_country = China
| website =
}}

'''BRICS''' is an international platform for cooperation among emerging markets and developing countries: its members include [[Brazil|'''B'''razil]], [[Russia|'''R'''ussia]], [[India|'''I'''ndia]], [[China|'''C'''hina]], [[South Africa|'''S'''outh Africa]], [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]], [[Arab Republic of Egypt|Egypt]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]] and [[Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=en.kremlin.ru|title=Address by President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin on the start of Russia's BRICS Chairmanship|date=January 1, 2024|url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/73202|quote=On January 1, Russia was passed the baton of the BRICS chairmanship, an association which, according to the decision adopted by the 15th BRICS Summit in August 2022, now includes 10 countries. Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates joined BRICS as new full members which is a strong indication of the growing authority of the association and its role in international affairs.}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=CGTN|title=Five countries formally join BRICS|date=01-Jan-2024|url=https://news.cgtn.com/news/2024-01-01/Five-countries-formally-join-BRICS-1q0oUn0eOTS/p.html}}</ref> The first four were initially grouped as "BRIC" (or "the BRICs") in 2001 by Goldman Sachs economist Jim O'Neill, who coined the term to describe fast-growing economies that would collectively dominate the global economy by 2050;<ref>{{Web citation |author=Tilak Doshi |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tilakdoshi/2022/07/21/brics-in-the-new-world-energy-order-hedging-in-oil-geopolitics/ |title=BRICS In The New World Energy Order: Hedging In Oil Geopolitics |newsaper=Forbes |retrieved=2022-11-10}}</ref> [[South Africa]] was added in 2010.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.southafrica.info/global/brics/brics-080411.htm |title=New era as South Africa joins BRICS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418004139/http://www.southafrica.info/global/brics/brics-080411.htm |archive-date=18 April 2011 |newspaper=SouthAfrica.info |date=11 April 2010 |retrieved=2012-12-02}}</ref> [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]], [[Argentine Republic|Argentina]], [[Arab Republic of Egypt|Egypt]], [[Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]] will be added as members in 2024. <ref name=":1">{{Web citation|author=Joshua Ramos|newspaper=Watcher.Guru|title=Saudi Arabia, UAE & 4 Other Countries Officially Joining BRICS|date=2023-08-24|url=https://watcher.guru/news/saudi-arabia-uae-4-other-countries-officially-joining-brics|retrieved=2023-08-24}}</ref>

The BRICS have a combined area of 39,746,220 km<sup>2</sup> (15,346,100 sq mi) and an estimated total population of about 3.21 billion,<ref>{{Web citation|author=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division|newspaper=United Nations|title=World Population Prospects 2019|date=2019|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617061145/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|archive-date=2021-06-17|retrieved=2021-06-17}}</ref> or about 26.7% of the world's land surface and 41.5% of the global population. Brazil, Russia, India, and China are among the world's ten largest countries by population, area, and GDP, and are widely considered to be current or emerging superpowers. All five states are members of the [[G20]], with a combined nominal GDP of US$26.6 trillion (about 26.2% of the [[gross world product]]), a total [[GDP (PPP)]] of around US$51.99 trillion (32.1% of global GDP PPP), and an estimated US$4.46 trillion in combined foreign reserves (as of 2018).<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |newspaper=IMF |retrieved=19 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-Issues/2011/1018/Amid-BRICS-rise-and-Arab-Spring-a-new-global-order-forms |title=Amid BRICS' rise and 'Arab Spring', a new global order forms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020201828/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-Issues/2011/1018/Amid-BRICS-rise-and-Arab-Spring-a-new-global-order-forms |archive-date=20 October 2011 |newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor |date=18 October 2011 |retrieved=20 October 2011 }}</ref>

The BRICS were originally identified for the purpose of highlighting investment opportunities, and had not been a formal [[intergovernmental organization]].<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-11-08/goldman-s-bric-era-ends-as-fund-closes-after-years-of-losses |title=Goldman's BRIC Era Ends as Fund Folds After Years of Losses |newspaper=[[Bloomberg]]}}</ref> Since 2009, they have increasingly formed into a more cohesive geopolitical bloc, with their governments meeting annually at formal summits and coordinating multilateral policies;<ref>{{Web citation |author=Tilak Doshi |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tilakdoshi/2022/07/21/brics-in-the-new-world-energy-order-hedging-in-oil-geopolitics/ |title=BRICS In The New World Energy Order: Hedging In Oil Geopolitics |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |retrieved=2022-11-10 }}</ref> China hosted the most recent 14th BRICS summit on 24 July 2022. Bilateral relations among the BRICS are conducted mainly on the basis of noninterference, equality, and mutual benefit.<ref>{{Web citation | author=Gutemberg Pacheco Lopes Junior |url=https://repository.law.wisc.edu/s/uwlaw/media/21534 |title=The Sino-Brazilian Principles in a Latin American and BRICS Context: The Case for Comparative Public Budgeting Legal Research |newspaper=Wisconsin International Law Journal; |date=13 May 2015 }}</ref>

The BRICS are considered the foremost rival to the [[G7|G7 bloc]] of leading advanced economies,<ref>{{Web citation |author=Tilak Doshi |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tilakdoshi/2022/07/21/brics-in-the-new-world-energy-order-hedging-in-oil-geopolitics/ |title=BRICS In The New World Energy Order: Hedging In Oil Geopolitics |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |retrieved=2022-10-11|date=2022-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104134110/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tilakdoshi/2022/07/21/brics-in-the-new-world-energy-order-hedging-in-oil-geopolitics/?sh=2a23c8d924bf|archive-date=2023-01-04}}</ref> announcing competing initiatives such as the New Development Bank, Contingent Reserve Arrangement, BRICS payment system, and BRICS basket reserve currency. Since 2022, the group has sought to expand membership, with several developing countries expressing interest in joining.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Tom O'Connor |date=2022-10-07 |url=https://www.newsweek.com/brazil-russia-india-china-south-africa-brics-bloc-grows-us-left-out-1757643 |title=Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa BRICS bloc grows with U.S. left out|newspaper=Newsweek|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203151125/https://www.newsweek.com/brazil-russia-india-china-south-africa-brics-bloc-grows-us-left-out-1757643|archive-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> The BRICS have received praise from numerous commentators.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=168422 |title=Brics a force for world peace, says China |date=8 August 2012 |archive-url= |retrieved=2013-11-09 |newspaper=BusinessDay|archive-date=22 April 2013}}</ref>

== History==
===Name===
The term BRIC was originally developed in the context of foreign investment strategies. It was introduced in the 2001 publication, ''Building Better Global Economic BRICs'' by then-chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management, Jim O'Neill;<ref>{{Web citation |author=Jim O'Neill |date=2001 |url=http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/archive/building-better.html |title=Building Better Global Economic BRICs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202851/http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/archive/building-better.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 |newspaper=Goldman Sachs |retrieved=12 February 2015. jai shree ram}}</ref> the term was coined by Roopa Purushothaman, who was a Research Assistant in the original report.<ref>{{YouTube citation |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5yqL_iBFXzQ |title=Uday Kotak In Conversation With 'Bridgital Nation' Author N Chandrasekaran''], retrieved 1 January 2020.}}</ref>

For investing purposes, the list of emerging economies sometimes included South Korea, which expanded the acronym to BRICS or BRICK.

===First BRIC summit===
The foreign ministers of the initial four BRIC General states (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) met in New York City in September 2006 at the margins of the General Debate of the UN Assembly, beginning a series of high-level meetings.<ref>{{Web citation |archive-url=10 July 2015 |title=Information about BRICS |newspaper=Brics6.itamaraty.gov.br |date=27 March 2013 |url=http://brics6.itamaraty.gov.br/about-brics/information-about-brics the original |retrieved=4 September 2017}}</ref>A full-scale diplomatic meeting was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on 16 June 2009.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/articles/bric_1.shtml |title=Cooperation within BRIC |archive-url=19 June 2009 |newspaper=Kremlin.ru |retrieved=16 June 2009}}</ref>

The BRIC grouping's 1st formal summit, also held in Yekaterinburg, commenced on 16 June 2009,<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8102216.stm |title=First summit for emerging giants |newspaper=[[BBC]] News |date=16 June 2009 |archive-url=18 June 2009 |retrieved=16 June 2009}}</ref> with [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], [[Dmitry Medvedev]], [[Manmohan Singh]], and [[Hu Jintao]], the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, all attending.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation |author=Gleb Bryanski |date=26 June 2009 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSLG67435120090616 |title=BRIC demands more clout, steers clear of dollar talk |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619134448/https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSLG67435120090616 |archive-date=19 June 2009 |retrieved=16 June 2009}}</ref> The summit's focus was on improving the [[late-2000s recession|global economic situation]] and reforming financial institutions, and discussed how the four countries could better co-operate in the future.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8102216.stm |title=First summit for emerging giants |newspaper=[[BBC]] News |date=16 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002740/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8102216.stm |archive-date=18 June 2009 |retrieved=16 June 2009}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> There was further discussion of ways that [[developing countries]], such as 3/4 of the BRIC members, could become more involved in global affairs.<ref name=":0" />

In the aftermath of the Yekaterinburg summit, the BRIC nations announced the need for a new [[World currency|global reserve currency]], which would have to be "diverse, stable and predictable."<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.euronews.net/2009/06/16/bric-wants-more-influence/ |title=BRIC wants more influence |newspaper=Euronews |date=16 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621022125/http://www.euronews.net/2009/06/16/bric-wants-more-influence/ |archive-date=21 June 2009 |retrieved=16 June 2009}}</ref> Although the statement that was released did not directly criticize the perceived "dominance" of the [[United States dollar|US dollar]] – something that Russia had criticized in the past – it did spark a fall in the value of the dollar against other major currencies.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Wanfeng Zhou |date=16 June 2009 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-markets-forex-idUSTRE5530NQ20090616 |title=Dollar slides after Russia comments, BRIC summit |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |archuve-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/06/16/us-markets-forex-idUSTRE5530NQ20090616 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |retrieved=6 July 2014}}</ref>

===Entry of South Africa===
In 2010, South Africa began efforts to join the BRIC grouping, and the process for its formal admission began in August of that year.<ref name="foreignpolicyjournal.com">
{{Web citation |author=Antonio Graceffo |url=http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/01/21/bric-becomes-brics-changes-on-the-geopolitical-chessboard/2/ |title=BRIC Becomes BRICS: Changes on the Geopolitical Chessboard |newspaper=Foreign Policy Journal |date=21 January 2011 |retrieved=14 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126031749/http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/01/21/bric-becomes-brics-changes-on-the-geopolitical-chessboard/2/ |archive-date=26 January 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> South Africa officially became a member nation on 24 December 2010, after being formally invited by China to join<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bric-safrica-idUSTRE6BN1DZ20101224 |title=China invites South Africa to join BRIC: Xinhua |date=24 December 2010 |newspaper=[[Reuters]]|retrieved=9 June 2019|language=en}}</ref> and subsequently accepted by other BRIC countries.<ref name="foreignpolicyjournal.com" /> The group was renamed BRICS – with the "S" standing for South Africa – to reflect the group's expanded membership.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Ben Blanchard, Zhou Xin |date=14 April 2011 |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/southAfricaNews/idAFL3E7FE13B20110414 |title=UPDATE 1-BRICS discussed global monetary reform, not yuan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620043200/http://af.reuters.com/article/southAfricaNews/idAFL3E7FE13B20110414 |archive-date=20 June 2017 |newspaper=[[Reuters]] Africa |retrieved=26 April 2013}}</ref> In April 2011, the President of South Africa, [[Jacob Zuma]], attended the 2011 BRICS summit in Sanya, China, as a full member.<ref name="autogenerated1">
{{Web citation |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-12/24/c_13662138.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228032338/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-12/24/c_13662138.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 December 2010 |title=South Africa joins BRIC as full member |newspaper=Xinhua |date=24 December 2010 |retrieved=14 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BRICS-countries-need-to-further-enhance-coordination-Manmohan-Singh/articleshow/7961167.cms |title=BRICS countries need to further enhance coordination: Manmohan Singh |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 April 2011 |retrieved=14 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/brics-should-coordinate-in-key-areas-of-development-pm/775130/ |title=BRICS should coordinate in key areas of development: PM |newspaper=Indian Express |date=10 April 2011 |retrieved=14 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415005531/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/brics-should-coordinate-in-key-areas-of-development-pm/775130 |archive-date=15 April 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Potential further expansion===
Since South Africa joined the BRIC grouping (now BRICS) in 2010, numerous other countries have expressed interest in joining the bloc, including [[Argentina]] and [[Iran]]. Both signaled their intent to join BRICS during meetings with senior Chinese officials, the current BRICS chair, over the course of the summer of 2022. Beijing backed Argentina's potential accession<ref>{{Web citation |newspaper=MercoPress |title=China once again backs Argentina joining BRICS |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/07/china-once-again-backs-argentina-joining-brics |retrieved=1 October 2022}}</ref> following a meeting<ref>{{Web citation |newspaper=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China |title=Wang Yi Attends the G20 Foreign Ministers' Meeting |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/kjgzbdfyyq/202207/t20220709_10717939.html |retrieved=1 October 2022}}</ref> between Argentine Foreign Minister Santiago Cafiero and Chinese State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi on the margins of the G20 Summit in Indonesia. China once again reiterated their support for Argentina’s potential application during a subsequent meeting between Cafiero and Yi on the margins of the 77th UN General Assembly.<ref>{{Web citation |newspaper=MercoPress |title=China once again backs Argentina joining BRICS |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/07/china-once-again-backs-argentina-joining-brics |retrieved=1 October 2022}}</ref> Likewise, it is understood that both Russia, India, and Brazil support Argentina’s application. Iran also submitted an application in June 2022 to Chinese authorities to join the economic association of emerging markets.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Parisa Hafezi |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-applies-join-brics-group-emerging-countries-2022-06-27/ |retrieved=1 October 2022}}</ref> Relations between Iran, China and Russia have warmed in recent months as all three governments seek new allies against increasing Western opposition. [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Turkey]], and [[Egypt]] also expressed their interest in joining BRICS but have not yet submitted formal requests. There is no formal application process as such to join BRICS, but any hopeful government must receive unanimous backing from all existing BRICS members--Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa--to receive an invitation.

===Developments===
[[File:28_06_2019_Reunião_Informal_do_BRICS_(48142569851).jpg|thumb|right|Brazilian president [[Jair Bolsonaro]] and Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] during the BRICS in [[Brasília]], [[Brazil]].]]
The BRICS Forum, an independent international organization encouraging commercial, political, and cultural cooperation among the BRICS nations, was formed in 2011.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.bricsforum.org |newspaper=BRICS Forum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717220554/http://www.bricsforum.org/ |archive-date=17 July 2015 |retrieved=29 November 2012 }}</ref> In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged $75 billion to boost the lending power of the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF). However, this loan was conditional on IMF voting reforms.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/russia-brics-imf-idINDEE85K04C20120621|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|title=Russia says BRICS eye joint anti-crisis fund|date=21 June 2012|retrieved=5 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515075723/http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/06/21/russia-brics-imf-idINDEE85K04C20120621|archive-date=15 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In late March 2013, during the fifth BRICS summit in Durban, South Africa, the member countries agreed to create a [[BRICS Development Bank|global financial institution]] intended to cooperate with the western-dominated IMF and World Bank.<ref>jai shree ram

{{Web citation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/mar/28/brics-countries-infrastructure-spending-development-bank |title=Brics eye infrastructure funding through new development bank |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=28 March 2013 |retrieved=29 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030120601/http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/mar/28/brics-countries-infrastructure-spending-development-bank |archive-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the summit, the BRICS stated that they planned to finalize the arrangements for this [[New Development Bank]] by 2014.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/g20-brics-india-idINDEE93I0DK20130419 |title=India sees BRICS development bank agreed by 2014 summit |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=19 April 2013 |retrieved=10 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528093058/http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/04/19/g20-brics-india-idINDEE93I0DK20130419 |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, disputes relating to burden sharing and location slowed down the agreements.

At the BRICS leaders meeting in St Petersburg in September 2013, China committed $41 billion towards the pool; Brazil, India, and Russia $18 billion each; and South Africa $5 billion. China, holder of the world's largest foreign exchange reserves and contributes the bulk of the currency pool, wants a more significant managing role, said one BRICS official. China also wants to be the location of the reserve. "Brazil and India want the initial capital to be shared equally. We know that China wants more," said a Brazilian official. "However, we are still negotiating, there are no tensions arising yet."<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/g20-brics-fund-idINL6N0I13N720131011 |title=BRICS may decide on $100 billion fund early 2014 – Russia | Reuters |newspaper=In.reuters.com |date=11 October 2013 |retrieved=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201194824/http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/10/11/g20-brics-fund-idINL6N0I13N720131011 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 October 2013, Russia's Finance Minister Anton Siluanov said that creating a $100 billion fund designated to steady currency markets would be taken in early 2014. The Brazilian finance minister, Guido Mantega, stated that the fund would be created by March 2014.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Silvio Cascione, Patricia Duarte |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-economy-mantega-idINBRE9990WR20131010 |title=Brazil's Mantega urges Fed to communicate tapering 'clearly' | Reuters |newspaper=In.reuters.com |date=10 October 2013 |retrieved=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201194821/http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/10/10/us-brazil-economy-mantega-idINBRE9990WR20131010 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=live }}
</ref> However, by April 2014, the currency reserve pool and development bank had yet to be set up, and the date was rescheduled to 2015.<ref name="rbth1">{{Web citation |url=http://rbth.com/business/2014/04/14/brics_countries_to_set_up_their_own_imf_35891.html |title=rbth.com: "BRICS countries to set up their own IMF" 14 Apr 2014 |date=14 April 2014 |retrieved=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531200454/http://rbth.com/business/2014/04/14/brics_countries_to_set_up_their_own_imf_35891.html |archive-date=31 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> One driver for the BRICS development bank is that the existing institutions primarily benefit extra-BRICS corporations, and the political significance is notable because it allows BRICS member states "to promote their interests abroad… and can highlight the strengthening positions of countries whose opinion is frequently ignored by their developed American and European colleagues."

[[File:NDB-HQ-Photo.jpg|thumb|BRICS Tower headquarters (former Oriental Financial Centre) in Shanghai.]]

In July 2014, the Governor of the Russian Central Bank, Elvira Nabiullina, claimed that the "BRICS partners promote the establishment of a system of multilateral swaps that will allow them to transfer resources to one or another country, if needed" in an article which concluded that "If the current trend continues, soon the dollar will be abandoned by most of the significant global economies and it will be kicked out of the global trade finance."<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://voiceofrussia.com/2014_07_03/BRICS-is-morphing-into-an-anti-dollar-alliance-6229/ |title=voiceofrussia.com: "BRICS morphing into anti-dollar alliance" 3 Jul 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712033220/http://voiceofrussia.com/2014_07_03/BRICS-is-morphing-into-an-anti-dollar-alliance-6229/ |archive-date=12 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Over the weekend of 13 July 2014, when the final game of the FIFA World Cup was held, and in advance of the BRICS Fortaleza summit, Putin met fellow leader [[Dilma Rousseff]] to discuss the BRICS development bank, and sign some other bilateral accords on air defense, gas and education. Rouseff said that the BRICS countries "are among the largest in the world and cannot content themselves in the middle of the 21st century with any kind of dependency."<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://news.yahoo.com/brazil-russia-discuss-creation-brics-bank-182127176.html |title=yahoo.com: "Brazil, Russia discuss creation of BRICS bank" 14 Jul 2014 |retrieved=14 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207225030/http://news.yahoo.com/brazil-russia-discuss-creation-brics-bank-182127176.html |archive-date=7 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Fortaleza summit was followed by a BRICS meeting with the Union of South American Nations president's in Brasilia, where the development bank and the monetary fund were introduced.<ref name="yn11j">{{Web citation |url=https://news.yahoo.com/brics-launch-bank-tighten-latin-america-ties-034909760.html |title=BRICS to launch bank, tighten Latin America ties |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712193150/http://news.yahoo.com/brics-launch-bank-tighten-latin-america-ties-034909760.html |archive-date=12 July 2015 |newspaper=Yahoo.com |date=11 July 2014 |retrieved=13 February 2015}}</ref> The development bank will have capital of US$50 billion with each country contributing US$10 billion, while the monetary fund will have US$100 billion at its disposal.<ref name="yn11j" />

On 15 July, the first day of the BRICS sixth summit in Fortaleza, Brazil, the group of emerging economies signed the long-anticipated document to create the US$100 billion [[New Development Bank]] (formerly known as the "BRICS Development Bank") and a reserve currency pool worth over another US$100 billion. Documents on cooperation between BRICS export credit agencies and an agreement of cooperation on innovation were also inked.<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.coursehero.com/file/96729068/BRICS-by-sourav-das-05042020pdf/ BRICS in Fortaleza, Brazil]}}</ref>

At the end of October 2014, Brazil trimmed down its holdings of US government securities to US$261.7 billion; India, US$77.5 billion; China, US$1.25 trillion; South Africa, US$10.3 billion.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-cuts-exposure-to-us-government-securities-at-77-5-billion-in-october/articleshow/45592315.cms |title=India cuts exposure to US government securities at $77.5 billion in October |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910063217/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-cuts-exposure-to-us-government-securities-at-77-5-billion-in-october/articleshow/45592315.cms |archive-date=10 September 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=21 December 2014 |retrieved=21 December 2014. |alternative-url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/45592315.cms |alternative-archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910063215/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/45592315.cms |alternative-archive-date=10 September 2017 }}</ref>[[File:NDB-HQ-LOGO.jpg|thumb|right|New Development Bank's logo.]]

After the 2015 summit, the respective communications ministers, under a Russian proposal, had a first summit for their ministries in Moscow in October where the host minister, Nikolai Nikiforov, proposed an initiative to further tighten their information technology sectors and challenge the monopoly of the United States in the sector.

Since 2012, the BRICS group of countries have been planning an optical fibre submarine communications cable system to carry telecommunications between the BRICS countries, known as the [[BRICS Cable]].<ref name="bloomberg">{{Web citation |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aDLKQqIM.ZZ0 |title=Brics Cable Unveiled for Direct and Cohesive Communications Services between Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa |newspaper=[[Bloomberg]] News |date=16 April 2012 |retrieved=5 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119201528/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aDLKQqIM.ZZ0 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Part of the motivation for the project was the spying of the [[National Security Agency|U.S. National Security Agency]] on all telecommunications that flowed in and out of United States territory.<ref name="diplomat">{{Web citation |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/a-fiber-optic-silk-road/ |title=A Fiber-Optic Silk Road |newspaper=[[The Diplomat]] |date=2 April 2015 |author=Rolland Nadège |retrieved=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119180928/https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/a-fiber-optic-silk-road/ |archive-date=19 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2019, the communications ministers of the BRICS countries signed a letter of intent to cooperate in the Information and Communication Technology sector. This agreement was signed in the fifth edition of meeting of communication ministers of countries member of the group<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.telecompaper.com/news/brics-countries-to-cooperate-in-ict-sector--1304946 |title = BRICS countries to cooperate in ICT sector}}</ref> held in Brasília, Brazil.

The [[New Development Bank]], located in China, plans on giving out $15 billion to member nation to help their struggling economies. Member countries are hoping for a smooth comeback and a continuation of economic trade pre-COVID-19. The summit they plan on doing virtually in St. Petersburg, Russia will discuss how to handle the COVID-19 pandemic and how to fix their multilateral system by reforms.<ref>{{Web citation |title=BRICS To Allocate $15 Billion For Rebuilding Economies Hit By COVID-19 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-brics-to-allocate-15-billion-for-rebuilding-economies-hit-by-covid-19-2220046 |retrieved=20 October 2020 |newspaper=NDTV.com}}</ref> The COVID-19 accepting rate of taking the vaccine is a mixture in the BRICS community. China, India, and South Africa are the most willing to take the vaccine while Brazil and Russia have more skepticism than the other three.<ref>{{Web citation |date=20 October 2020 |title=What do people in BRICS countries think about a COVID-19 vaccine? |url=https://www.devex.com/news/sponsored/what-do-people-in-brics-countries-think-about-a-covid-19-vaccine-98356 |retrieved=25 October 2020 |newspaper=Devex}}</ref> During the 13th BRICS summit, Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] called for a transparent investigation into the origins of COVID-19 under the [[World Health Organization]] with the full cooperation of "all countries", and Chinese president Xi Jinping spoke directly afterwards, calling on BRICS countries to "oppose politicisation" of the process.<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-china-avoided-open-clash-over-origins-of-covid-19-virus/article36479981.ece |title=India, China avoided open clash over COVID-19 origins |newspaper=The Hindu |date=15 September 2021 |author=Suhasini Haidar, Ananth Krishnan}}</ref>

==Summits==
The grouping has held annual summits since 2009, with member countries taking turns to host. Prior to South Africa's admission, two BRIC summits were held, in 2009 and 2010. The first five-member BRICS summit was held in 2011. The most recent BRICS leaders' summit took place virtually on 23 June 2022 hosted by China.<ref>{{Web citation |title=14th BRICS summit to be held in China: Check date, place and other details |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/14th-brics-summit-to-be-held-in-china-check-date-place-and-other-details/articleshow/92271827.cms |retrieved=2022-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=2022-06-17 |title=China's Xi to host virtual BRICS leaders summit on June 23 - Xinhua |language=en |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-xi-host-virtual-brics-leaders-summit-june-23-xinhua-2022-06-17/ |retrieved=2022-07-17}}</ref> India has hosted the BRICS 2021 summit at New Delhi & amid tensions with China, Chinese president [[Xi Jinping]] had made a soft move by supporting India's Chairmanship in 2021.<ref name="BRICS Brazil">{{Web citation |title=BRICS BRASIL 2019 – Theme and priorities |url=http://brics2019.itamaraty.gov.br/en/2019-brazilian-presidency/theme-and-priorities |newspaper=brics2019.itamaraty.gov.br}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sr. No.!!Date(s)!!Host country!!Host leader!!Location!! Notes
|-
|1st||16 June 2009|| [[File:Flag_of_Russia.svg|25x25px|]] [[Russian_Federation|Russia]]||[[Dmitry Medvedev]]||{{small|Yekaterinburg (Sevastianov's House)}}|| The summit was to discuss the global recession taking place at the time, future cooperation among states, and trade. Some of the specific topics discussed were food, trade, climate trade, and security for the nations. They called out for a more influential voice and representation for up and coming markets. Note at the time South Africa was not yet admitted to the BRICS organization at the time.<ref name="What is BRICS {{!}} Africa Facts">{{Web citation |date=15 October 2018|title=What is BRICS {{!}} Africa Facts |url=https://africa-facts.org/what-is-brics/ |retrieved=3 November 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2nd||15 April 2010||[[File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg|25x25px|]] [[Federative_Republic_of_Brazil|Brazil]]||[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]||{{small|Brasília (Itamaraty Palace)}}.||The second summit continued on the conversation of the global recession and how to recover. They had a conversation on the IMF, climate change, and more ways to form cooperation among states.<ref name="What is BRICS {{!}} Africa Facts" />
|-
|3rd||14 April 2011||[[File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg|25x25px|]] [[People%27s_Republic_of_China|China]]||[[Hu Jintao]]||{{small|Sanya (Sheraton Sanya Resort)}} ||{{small|First summit to include South Africa alongside the original [[BRIC]] countries.}} The third summit had nations debating on the global and internal economies of countries.<ref name="What is BRICS {{!}} Africa Facts" />
|-
|4th ||29 March 2012||[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|25x25px|]] [[Republic_of_India|India]]||[[Manmohan Singh]]||{{small|New Delhi (Taj Mahal Hotel)}}|| {{small|The [[BRICS Cable]] announced an optical fibre submarine communications cable system that carries telecommunications between the BRICS countries.}} The fourth summit discussed how the organization could prosper from the global recession and how they could take advantage of that to help their economies. BRICS had the intention of improving their global power and to provide adequate development for their state.<ref name="dx.doi.org">{{Citation |date=15 March 2011 |chapter=How aid for trade could help SVEs integrate in the global economy |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.14217/9781848591004-6-en |retrieved=3 November 2020 |website=dx.doi.org |series=Economic Paper |pages=30–37 |doi=10.14217/9781848591004-6-en |isbn=9781848591004 |title=Effectiveness of Aid for Trade in Small and Vulnerable Economies |publisher=Commonwealth}}</ref>
|-
|5th||26–27 March 2013 || [[File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|25x25px|]] [[Republic_of_South_Africa|South Africa]]||[[Jacob Zuma]]||{{small|Durban (Durban ICC)}}||The fifth summit discusses the New Development Bank proposition and Contingent Reserve Agreement. BRICS also announced the Business Council and its Think Tank Council.<ref name="dx.doi.org" />
|-
|6th||14–17 July 2014||[[File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg|25x25px|]] Brazil||[[Dilma Rousseff]]||{{small|Fortaleza (Centro de Eventos do Ceará)}}<ref>
{{Web citation |url=http://www.postwesternworld.com/2013/07/04/a-cupula-de-durban-e-o-futuro-dos-brics/ |title=A Cúpula de Durban e o futuro dos BRICS |publisher=Post-Western World |date=4 July 2013 |retrieved=7 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907140905/http://www.postwesternworld.com/2013/07/04/a-cupula-de-durban-e-o-futuro-dos-brics/ |archive-date=7 September 2013 |url-status=live}}
</ref>||{{small|BRICS [[New Development Bank]] and [[BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement]] agreements signed.}}<br />The members of BRICS conversed with each other about political coordination, development, and economic growth. They established the Fortaleza Declaration and Action Plan.<ref name="africa-facts.org">{{Web citation |date=15 October 2018 |title=What is BRICS {{!}} Africa Facts |url=https://africa-facts.org/what-is-brics/ |retrieved=4 November 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|7th ||8–9 July 2015||[[File:Flag_of_Russia.svg|25x25px|]] Russia||[[Vladimir Putin]]||{{small|Ufa (Congress Hall)<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://ufacity.info/eng/press/news/117306.html |title=Ufa to host SCO and BRICS summits in 2015 |publisher=UfaCity.info |retrieved=7 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325165310/http://ufacity.info/eng/press/news/117306.html |archive-date=25 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}||{{small|Joint summit with [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]]-[[Eurasian Economic Union|EAEU]]}}. The seventh summit discussed global, economic problems, and better ways to foster cooperation among member states.<ref name="africa-facts.org" />
|-
|8th||15–16 October 2016||[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|25x25px|]] India||[[Narendra Modi]]||{{small|Benaulim (Taj Exotica)}}||{{small|Joint summit with [[BIMSTEC]]}}. The eighth BRICS summit debated on topics like counter-terrorism, economies, and climate change. BRICS also issued the Goa Declaration and Action Plan, hoping to harden their relationships.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Web citation |date=15 October 2018 |title=What is BRICS {{!}} Africa Facts |url=https://africa-facts.org/what-is-brics/ |retrieved=5 November 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|9th||3–5 September 2017||[[File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg|25x25px|]] China||[[Xi Jinping]]||{{small|Xiamen (Xiamen International Conference Center)}}||{{small|Joint summit with EMDCD}}. The ninth summit was an event that talked about a bright future for BRICS and what their goals intend to be. They still covered and debated on international and regional issues with one another; hopeful to keep moving forward.<ref name="ReferenceA" />
|-
| 10th||25–27 July 2018||[[File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|25x25px|]] South Africa||[[Cyril Ramaphosa]]||{{small|Johannesburg (Sandton Convention Centre)}}||
|-
|11th||13–14 November 2019||[[File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg|25x25px|]] Brazil|| [[Jair Bolsonaro]]|| {{small|Brasília (Itamaraty Palace)}}<ref name="BRICS Brazil" />||
|-
|12th||21–23 July 2020 (postponed due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]])<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://eng.brics-russia2020.ru/news/20200527/395729/BRICS-and-the-SCO-summits-postponed.html |title=BRICS and the SCO summits postponed | Official website of the Russian BRICS Chairmanship in 2020}}</ref><br /> 17 November 2020 (video conference)<ref>{{Web citation |title=BRICS Summit to be held virtually on Nov 17; strengthening cooperation, global stability on agenda |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/brics-summit-to-be-held-virtually-on-nov-17-cooperation-strengthening-global-stability-on-agenda/story-Io02j2Xpb81KAx03C13O1M.html |retrieved=5 October 2020 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=5 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>||[[File:Flag_of_Russia.svg|25x25px|]] Russia||Vladimir Putin||{{small|Saint Petersburg}}<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/5d3209879a7947184d6b66f9 |title=Путин заявил о переносе саммитов БРИКС и ШОС из Челябинска |retrieved=19 July 2019}}</ref>||
|-
| 13th||9 September 2021 (video conference)||[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|25x25px|]] India||Narendra Modi||{{small|New Delhi}}||
|-
|14th||23 June 2022 (video conference)||[[File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg|25x25px|]] China||Xi Jinping||Beijing||
|-
|15th||2023||[[File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|25x25px|]] South Africa|| Cyril Ramaphosa||Johannesburg
|
|}

==Member countries==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Country
!Population (in Thousands) (2018)
! |PPP GDP bil. USD (2022 est.)<ref name="autogenerated2" />
! style="font-size:85%" |PPP GDP per capita USD (2022 est.)<ref name="autogenerated2" />
!GDP growth<br />(2022 est.)<ref>
{{Web citation |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report |retrieved=2022-04-20 |newspaper=IMF |language=en}}
</ref>
!Government spending
!Exports<ref>
{{Web citation |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2078rank.html |title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency |newspaper=[[CIA]] |retrieved=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004073036/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//rankorder/2078rank.html |archive-date=4 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}
</ref>
!Imports<ref>
{{Web citation |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2087rank.html |title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency |newspaper=[[CIA]] |access-date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004070323/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//rankorder/2087rank.html |archive-date=4 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}
</ref>
!Literacy rate<ref>
{{Web citation |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html|title=Field Listing :: Literacy |newspaper=[[CIA]] The World Factbook |retrieved=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124171442/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html |archive-date=24 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}
</ref>
!Life expectancy (years, avg.)<ref>
{{Web citation |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272596/9789241565585-eng.pdf |title=World Health Statistics 2018 |newspaper=Who.int |date=6 June 2018 |retrieved=3 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206172337/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272596/9789241565585-eng.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2018 |url-status=live }}
</ref>
!HDI (2021)<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2020 |date=2020 |retrieved=5 November 2022 |newspaper=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |'''[[File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg|25x25px|]] [[Federative_Republic_of_Brazil|Brazil]]'''||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]210,869.000||3,782 || 17,684||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]4.6%||$846.6 bn||$393.2 bn ||$201.9 bn||94.4%||76.8||0.754 (high)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |'''[[File:Flag_of_Russia.svg|25x25px|]] [[Russian_Federation|Russia]]'''||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]143,964.709||4,649||31,967||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]4.7%|| $414.0 bn||$336.8 bn||$212.7 bn||99.7%||72.7||0.822 (very high)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |'''[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|25x25px|]] [[Republic_of_India|India]]'''||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]<br>1,367,089.879||11,665||8,293||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]8.9%||$616.0 bn||$303.4 bn||$426.8 bn|| 72.1%||68.8||0.633 (medium)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |'''[[File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg|25x25px|]] [[People%27s_Republic_of_China|China]]'''||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]<br>1,415,045.928||30,074||21,291||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]8.0%||$2,031.0 bn||$3,363.0 bn||$2,055.0 bn||96.4%|| 76.4||0.768 (high)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |'''[[File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|25x25px|]] [[Republic_of_South_Africa|South Africa]]'''||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]57,398.421||949||15,556||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]4.9%|| $95.27 bn||$78.25 bn||$80.22 bn||94.3% ||63.6 ||0.713 (high)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |'''Average'''|| [[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]627,060.914||8,119.9||19,041||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]6.2%||$800.574 bn||$562.94 bn||$446.68 bn||93%||71.2||0.741 (high)
|}

[[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]], [[Argentine Republic|Argentina]], [[Arab Republic of Egypt|Egypt]], [[Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]] have been accepted as members and will officially join on 1 January, 2024.<ref name=":1" />

[[Bangladesh]], [[Egypt]], [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Uruguay]] are members of BRICS [[New Development Bank]].

In addition, [[Algeria]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Indonesia]], [[Mexico]], [[Nigeria]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sudan]], [[Syria]], [[Turkey]], [[Venezuela]] and [[Zimbabwe]] have expressed interest in membership of BRICS.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://en.ria.ru/russia/20130427/180876832.html |title=Syria Seeks to Join Shanghai Group, BRICS – Minister |newspaper=RIA Novosti |date=27 April 2013 |retrieved=7 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108000726/http://en.ria.ru/russia/20130427/180876832.html |archive-date=8 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=https://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/International/Emerging-Markets-Rush-To-Join-BRICS-Alliance-As-High-Energy-Prices-Persist.html |title=Emerging Markets Rush To Join BRICS Alliance As High Energy Prices Persist |newspaper=Clarin |date=21 August 2022 |retrieved=21 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=https://calrev.org/2019/04/30/french-soft-power-resetting-african-relations/ |title=FRANCE RESETS AFRICAN RELATIONS: A POTENTIAL LESSON FOR PRESIDENT TRUMP |author=Aaron Genin |date=30 April 2019 |newspaper=The California Review |language=en-US |retrieved=1 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |author=Nassima Dib |date=July 31, 2022 |title=Président Tebboune: l'Algérie satisfait en grande partie aux conditions d'adhésion aux BRICS |language=French |newspaper=[[Algeria Press Service]] |url=https://www.aps.dz/economie/143407-president-tebboune-l-algerie-satisfait-en-grande-partie-aux-conditions-d-adhesion-aux-brics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801040638/https://www.aps.dz/economie/143407-president-tebboune-l-algerie-satisfait-en-grande-partie-aux-conditions-d-adhesion-aux-brics |archive-date=August 1, 2022}}</ref>

==Financial architecture==
[[File:Shanghai skyline waterfront pudong 5166168 69 70.jpg|right|thumb|The New Development Bank (NDB) is based in Shanghai.]]
[[File:Signing of documents at 6th BRICS Summit.jpeg|right|thumb|The New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) were signed into treaty at the 2014 BRICS summit in [[Brazil]].]]
[[File:NDB-Chart-BRICS.png|thumb|right|Equal distribution of shares between the shareholders of the NDB.]]
Currently, there are two components that make up the financial architecture of BRICS, namely, the New Development Bank (NDB), or sometimes referred to as the BRICS Development Bank, and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA). Both of these components were signed into treaty in 2014 and became active in 2015.

===New Development Bank===

{{Main article|New Development Bank}}

The '''New Development Bank (NDB)''', formally referred to as the '''BRICS Development Bank''',<ref>{{Web citation|author=Indiasnaps News Network|newspaper=Indiasnaps|title=BRICS Bank to be headquartered in Shanghai, India to hold presidency|date=16 July 2014|url=http://indiasnaps.com/brics-bank-to-be-headquartered-in-shanghai-india-to-hold-presidency/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812062235/http://indiasnaps.com/brics-bank-to-be-headquartered-in-shanghai-india-to-hold-presidency/|archive-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> is a multilateral development bank operated by the five BRICS states. The bank's primary focus of lending will be infrastructure projects<ref name="allabout">{{Web citation |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/07/17/what-the-new-bank-of-brics-is-all-about/ |title=What the new bank of BRICS is all about |date=17 July 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |retrieved=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717190437/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/07/17/what-the-new-bank-of-brics-is-all-about/ |archive-date=17 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hpos">{{Web citation |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/parag-khanna/new-brics-bank_b_5600027.html |title=New BRICS Bank a Building Block of Alternative World Order |date=18 July 2014 |newspaper=The Huffington Post |retrieved=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719184109/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/parag-khanna/new-brics-bank_b_5600027.html |archive-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> with authorized lending of up to $34 billion annually.<ref name="hpos" /> South Africa will be the African Headquarters of the Bank named the "New Development Bank Africa Regional Centre."<ref name="bill">{{Web citation |url = http://in.rbth.com/world/2014/07/16/brics_countries_launch_100_billion_developmental_bank_currency_pool_36733.html |title=BRICS countries launch $100 billion developmental bank, currency pool |date=16 July 2014 |newspaper=Russia & India Report |retrieved=20 July 2014}}</ref> The bank will have starting capital of $50 billion, with wealth increased to $100 billion over time.<ref name="ready">{{Web citation |url=http://in.rbth.com/economics/2014/07/10/brics_bank_ready_for_launch_-_russian_finance_minister_36599.html |title=BRICS Bank ready for launch – Russian Finance Minister |date= 10 July 2014 |newspaper=Russia & India Report |retrieved=20 July 2014}}</ref> Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa will initially contribute $10 billion each to bring the total to $50 billion.<ref name="bill" /><ref name="ready" /> It has so far 53 projects under way worth around $15 billion.<ref>{{Web citation |title=History |url=https://www.ndb.int/about-us/essence/history/ |retrieved=9 November 2020 |newspaper=New Development Bank |language=en-US}}</ref>

Recently [[Bangladesh]], [[Egypt]], the [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Uruguay]] were added as new members of BRICS New Development Bank (NDB).<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/brics-development-bank-admits-uae-bangladesh-uruguay-new-members-2021-09-02/ BRICS development bank admits UAE, Bangladesh, Uruguay as new members]</ref>

===BRICS CRA===

{{Main article|BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement}}

The '''BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement''' ('''CRA''') is a framework for providing protection against global liquidity pressures.<ref name="allabout" /><ref name="ready" /><ref name="rics">{{Web citation |url=http://in.rbth.com/world/2014/07/17/brics_currency_fund_to_protect_members_from_volatility_-_russias_top_ba_36767.html |title=BRICS currency fund to protect members from volatility – Russia's top banker |date= 17 July 2014 |newspaper=Russia & India Report |retrieved=20 July 2014}}</ref> This includes currency issues where members' national currencies are being adversely affected by global financial pressures.<ref name="allabout" /><ref name="rics" /> It is found that emerging economies that experienced rapid economic liberalization went through increased economic volatility, bringing an uncertain macroeconomic environment.<ref>{{Citation |doi=10.1080/10220461.2015.1069208 |title=The rationale for and potential role of the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement |journal=South African Journal of International Affairs |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=307–324 |year=2015 |author=Mayamiko Biziwick, Nicolette Cattaneo, David Fryer |s2cid=153695521}}</ref> The CRA is generally seen as a competitor to the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) and along with the [[New Development Bank]] is viewed as an example of increasing South-South cooperation.<ref name="allabout" /> It was established in 2015 by the BRICS countries. The legal basis is formed by the ''Treaty for the Establishment of a BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement'', signed at Fortaleza, Brazil on 15 July 2014. With its inaugural meetings of the BRICS CRA Governing Council and Standing Committee, held on 4 September 2015, in Ankara, Turkey it entered into force upon ratification by all BRICS states, announced at the 7th BRICS summit in July 2015.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=The Central Bank of Russian Federation|title=On the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) Governing Council and Standing Committee inaugural meetings|date=2015-09-04|url=http://www.cbr.ru/eng/press/pr.aspx?file=04092015_185039eng2015-09-04T18_46_05.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002172250/http://www.cbr.ru/eng/press/pr.aspx?file=04092015_185039eng2015-09-04T18_46_05.htm|archive-date=2016-08-02|retrieved=2016-09-22}}</ref>

=== BRICS payment system===

At the 2015 BRICS summit in Russia, ministers from BRICS nations, initiated consultations for a payment system that would be an alternative to the [[Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication|Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT)]] system. Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergey Ryabkov stated in an interview, "The finance ministers and executives of the BRICS central banks are negotiating… setting up payment systems and moving on to settlements in national currencies. SWIFT or not, in any case we’re talking about… a global multilateral payment system that would provide greater independence, would create a definite guarantee for BRICS."<ref>[https://haryana.pscnotes.com/international/dmpq-brics-payment-system/ BRICS payment system]</ref>

The Central Bank of Russia (CBR) also started consultations with BRICS nations for a payment system that would be an alternative to the SWIFT system. The main benefits highlighted were backup and redundancy in case there were disruptions to the SWIFT system. The Deputy Governor of the Central Bank of Russia, Olga Skorobogatova, stated in an interview, "The only topic that may be of interest to all of us within BRICS is to consider and talk over the possibility of setting up a system that would apply to the BRICS countries, used as a backup."<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://in.rbth.com/economics/2015/06/01/russia_offers_to_discuss_brics_prototype_of_swift_global_system_43421 |title=Russia offers to discuss BRICS prototype of SWIFT global system |newspaper=Russia & India Report |date=1 June 2015 |retrieved=26 March 2016}}</ref>

China has also initiated the development of their own SWIFT-alternative payment-system called the [[Cross-Border Inter-Bank Payments System|Cross-Border Inter-Bank Payments System (CIPS)]], which would provide a network that enables financial institutions worldwide to send and receive information about financial transactions in a secure, standardized, and reliable environment.<ref name="Reuters1">{{Web citation |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-yuan-payments-exclusive-idUSKBN0M50BV20150309?irpc=932 |title=Exclusive: China's international payments system ready, could launch by end-2015 – sources |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=9 March 2015 |retrieved=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924214126/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/09/us-china-yuan-payments-exclusive-idUSKBN0M50BV20150309?irpc=932 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> India also has its alternative [[Structured Financial Messaging System|Structured Financial Messaging System (SFMS)]], as does Russia with its [[SPFS|Система передачи финансовых сообщений (СПФС)/System for Transfer of Financial Messages (SPFS)]].

==Reception==
[[File:14 11 2019 Diálogo dos Líderes com o Conselho Empresarial do BRICS e o Novo Banco de Desenvolvimento (49066644892).jpg|thumb|right|The five leaders of BRICS in [[Brasília]], [[Brazil]].]]
In 2012, [[Hu Jintao]], the then General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and President of China, described the BRICS countries as defenders and promoters of developing countries and a force for world peace.<ref name="BRICS Peace Defender">{{Web citation |title=Brics a force for world peace, says China |url=http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=168422 |newspaper=[[Business Day (South Africa)|4=Business Day]] |date=8 August 2012 |retrieved=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130422020755/http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=168422 |archive-date=22 April 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

===BRICS Pro Tempore Presidency===
The group at each summit elects one of the heads of state of the component countries to serve as President Pro Tempore of the BRICS. In 2019, the pro tempore presidency was held by the president of Brazil.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://brics.itamaraty.gov.br/images/CALENDARIOPRESIDENCIAAFRICANA.pdf |title=Archived copy |retrieved=30 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730203248/http://brics.itamaraty.gov.br/images/CALENDARIOPRESIDENCIAAFRICANA.pdf |archive-date=30 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The theme of the 11th BRICS summit was "BRICS:economic growth for an innovative future", and the priorities of the Brazilian Pro Tempore Presidency for 2019 are the following -Strengthening of the cooperation in Science, technology and innovation; Enhancement of the cooperation on digital economy; Invigoration of the cooperation on the fight against transnational crime, especially against organized crime, money laundering and drug trafficking; Encouragement to the rapprochement between the New Development Bank (NDB) and the BRICS Business Council.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://brics2019.itamaraty.gov.br/en/2019-brazilian-presidency/theme-and-priorities|title=BRICS BRASIL 2019 – Theme and priorities |newspaper=brics2019.itamaraty.gov.br}}</ref> Currently the new President Pro Tempore is Russia and their goals are: investing into BRICS countries in order to strengthen everyone's economies, cooperating in the energy and environmental industries, helping with young children and coming up with resolutions on migration and peacekeeping.<ref>{{Web citation |title=BRICS information portal |url=http://infobrics.org/ |retrieved=26 October 2020 |newspaper=BRICS |language=en}}</ref>

==Current leaders==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
|-
!Member
!Image
!Name

!Position
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg|25x25px|]] [[Federative_Republic_of_Brazil|Brazil]]
|[[File:Lula.png|150px]]
|[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Lula da Silva]]
|President of Brazil
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg|25x25px|]] [[People%27s_Republic_of_China|China]]
|[[File:Xi_Jinping_waving_hand.jpg|150px]]
|[[Xi Jinping]]
|President of China
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|25x25px|]] [[Republic_of_India|India]]
|[[File:Modi.png|150px]]
|[[Narendra Modi]]
|Prime Minister of India
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Russia.svg|25x25px|]] [[Russian_Federation|Russia]]
|[[File:Putin.png|150px]]
|[[Vladimir Putin]]
|President of Russia
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|25x25px|]] [[Republic_of_South_Africa|South Africa]]
|[[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_President_Ramaphosa_(52274438927)_(cropped).jpg|150px]]
|[[Cyril Ramaphosa]]
|President of South Africa
|}

==See also==
*[[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]
*[[BRICS Games]]

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{Web citation |url=http://www.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-NAN-brics-summit-in-goa-news-and-updates-news-hindi-5439612-PHO.html |title=Eighth Annual BRICS Summit in Goa: (Narendra Modi, Vladimir Putin, Michel Temer, and Xi Jinping) |author=Dainik Bhaskar |date=15 October 2016 }}

==External links==
*''[https://infobrics.org/ Official Website]''
[[Category:Intergovernmental organizations]]
[[Category:Pages needing references]]

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BE Comrade: finished the yesno purge

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BE Comrade: removed use of unsupported yesno

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Template:Infobox youtuber

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BE Comrade: removed use of unsupported yesno

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{{!}}-
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<th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; background-color: {{#if:{{{embed|}}}|{{{header-color|transparent}}}|#B60000; color: white}};width:100%;"><div style="margin: 0 4em;">[[YouTube Creator Awards|<span {{#if:{{{embed|}}}||style="color:white;"}}>Creator Awards</span>]]</div></tr>
{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{silver_button|}}}}} | yes |
<tr>
<td style="padding: 2px; vertical-align: middle;">[[File:YouTube Silver Play Button 2.svg|32px|link=]]</td>
<td style="padding: 2px; vertical-align: middle;">100,000 subscribers</td>
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{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{gold_button|}}}}}| yes |
<tr>
<td style="padding: 2px; vertical-align: middle;">[[File:YouTube Gold Play Button 2.svg|32px|link=]]</td>
<td style="padding: 2px; vertical-align: middle;">1,000,000 subscribers</td>
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{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{diamond_button|}}}}}| yes |
<tr>
<td style="padding: 2px; vertical-align: middle;">[[File:YouTube Diamond Play Button.svg|32px|link=]]</td>
<td style="padding: 2px; vertical-align: middle;">10,000,000 subscribers</td>
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{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{ruby_button|}}}}}| yes |
<tr>
<td style="padding: 2px; vertical-align: middle;">[[File:YouTube Ruby Play Button 2.svg|32px|link=]]</td>
<td style="padding: 2px; vertical-align: middle;">50,000,000 subscribers</td>
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{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{red_diamond_button|}}}}}| yes |
<tr>
<td style="padding: 2px; vertical-align: middle;">[[File:YouTube Red Diamond Play Button.svg|32px|link=]]</td>
<td style="padding: 2px; vertical-align: middle;">100,000,000 subscribers</td>
<td style="padding: 2px; vertical-align: middle;">{{{red_diamond_year|}}}</td>
</tr>}}
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}}

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{{(!}} style="text-align:left; width:100%; margin:0; border-spacing:0"
{{!}}{{{module|}}}
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2024-09-03T21:35:37Z

BE Comrade: removed use of unexisting yesno template + flag_border and flag2_border now at least pretend to do something

{{infobox
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| bodystyle = font-size:88%;
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| abovestyle = padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;
| above =
{{#if:{{{conventional_long_name|}}}{{{native_name|}}}{{{name|}}}
| {{#if:{{{conventional_long_name|}}}
|<div style="display:inline" class=" fn org country-name">{{{conventional_long_name|}}}</div><br/>
}}{{#if:{{{native_name|}}}{{{name|}}}
|<div style="padding-top:0.25em; font-weight:normal;">{{br separated entries
|''{{{native_name|}}}''
|{{#if:{{{name|}}}
|<div style="display:inline" class="fn org country-name">{{{name|}}}</div>
}}}}</div>
}}{{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes
|<div style="display:inline" class=" fn org">[[Micronation]]</div>
}}
}}

| subheaderstyle = font-weight:bold;
| subheader = {{#if:{{{settlement_type|{{{type|}}}}}}|<div class="category">{{{settlement_type|{{{type}}}}}}</div>}}
| imagestyle = text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0;

| image1 = {{#if:{{{image_coat|}}}{{{image_symbol|}}}{{{image_flag|}}}{{{image_flag2|}}}
|{{infobox country/imagetable
|image1a = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|suppressplaceholder={{main other||no}}|image={{{image_flag|}}}|sizedefault=125px|size={{{flag_width|{{{flag_size|}}}}}}|maxsize=250|border={{#ifeq: {{{flag_border|yes}}} | yes | yes | no }}|alt={{{alt_flag|{{{flag_alt|}}}}}}|title=Flag of {{{common_name|{{{name|{{{linking_name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}}}
|image1b = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|suppressplaceholder={{main other||no}}|image={{{image_flag2|}}}|sizedefault=125px|size={{{flag_width|}}}|maxsize=250|border={{#ifeq: {{{flag_border|yes}}} | yes | yes | no }}|alt={{{alt_flag2|{{{flag_alt2|}}}}}}}}
|caption1= {{#ifexist:{{if empty |{{{flag_type_article|}}} |{{{flag|}}} | {{if empty |{{{flag_type|}}} |Flag}} of {{if empty |{{{linking_name|}}} |{{{common_name|}}} |{{{name|}}} |{{PAGENAME}} }} }} |[[{{if empty |{{{flag_type_article|}}} |{{{flag|}}} |{{if empty |{{{flag_type|}}} |Flag}} of {{if empty |{{{linking_name|}}} |{{{common_name|}}} |{{{name|}}} |{{PAGENAME}} }} }}|{{if empty |{{{flag_caption|}}} |{{{flag_type|}}} |Flag}}]] |{{if empty |{{{flag_caption|}}} |{{{flag_type|}}} |Flag}} }}
|image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|suppressplaceholder={{main other||no}}|image={{if empty|{{{image_coat|}}}|{{{image_symbol|}}}}} |size={{{symbol_width|{{{coa_size|}}}}}}|sizedefault=85px|alt={{#if:{{{image_coat|}}}|{{{alt_coat|{{{coat_alt|}}}}}}|{{{alt_symbol|}}}}}|title={{{symbol_type|Coat of arms}}} of {{{common_name|{{{name|{{{linking_name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}}}
|caption2= {{#ifexist:{{if empty |{{{symbol_type_article|}}} |{{{symbol|}}} |{{if empty |{{{symbol_type|}}} |Coat of arms}} of {{if empty |{{{linking_name|}}} |{{{common_name|}}} |{{{name|}}} |{{PAGENAME}} }} }} |[[{{if empty |{{{symbol_type_article|}}} |{{{symbol|}}} |{{if empty |{{{symbol_type|}}} |Coat of arms}} of {{if empty |{{{linking_name|}}} |{{{common_name|}}} |{{{name|}}} |{{PAGENAME}} }} }} | {{if empty |{{{symbol_type|}}} |Coat of arms}}]] |{{if empty |{{{symbol_type|}}} |Coat of arms}} }}
}} }}

| data1 = {{#if:{{{national_motto|}}}{{{motto|}}}
|<div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''Motto: '''{{if empty|{{{motto|}}}|{{{national_motto|}}}}}{{#if:{{{englishmotto|}}}|<br/><div style="display:inline"">{{{englishmotto}}}</div> }}</div>
}}

| class2 = anthem
| data2 = {{#if:{{{national_anthem|}}}{{{anthem|}}}
|<div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''Anthem: '''{{if empty|{{{national_anthem|}}}|{{{anthem|}}}}}</div>
}}{{#if:{{{anthems|}}}
|
<div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''Anthems: '''{{{anthems}}}</div>
}}{{#if:{{{royal_anthem|}}}
|
<hr/>
<div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''[[Royal anthem]]: '''{{{royal_anthem}}}</div>
}}{{#if:{{{flag_anthem|}}}
|
<hr/>
<div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''[[Flag anthem]]: '''{{{flag_anthem}}}</div>
}}{{#if:{{{national_march|}}}
|
<hr/>
<div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''National march: '''{{{national_march}}}</div>
}}{{#if:{{{territorial_anthem|}}}
|
<hr/>
<div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''Territorial anthem: '''{{{territorial_anthem}}}</div>
}}{{#if:{{{regional_anthem|}}}
|
<hr/>
<div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''Regional anthem: '''{{{regional_anthem}}}</div>
}}{{#if:{{{state_anthem|}}}
|
<hr/>
<div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''State anthem: '''{{{state_anthem}}}</div>
}}{{#if:{{{march|}}}
|
<hr/>
<div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''March: '''{{{march}}}</div>
}}

| data3 = {{#if:{{{other_symbol|}}}{{{text_symbol|}}}
|<div style="line-height:1.2em;">{{#if:{{{other_symbol_type|}}}{{{text_symbol_type|}}}
| '''{{if empty|{{{other_symbol_type|}}}|{{{text_symbol_type|}}}}}'''<br/>}}{{if empty|{{{other_symbol|}}}|{{{text_symbol|}}}}}</div>
}}

| data4 = {{#if:{{{image_map|}}}
|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map|}}}|size={{{map_width|{{{image_map_size|}}}}}}|upright=1.15|alt={{{alt_map|{{{image_map_alt|}}}}}}|title={{{map_caption|{{{image_map_caption|Location of {{{common_name|{{{name|{{{linking_name|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}{{#if:{{{map_caption|{{{image_map_caption|}}}}}}|<div style="position:relative;top:0.3em;">{{{map_caption|{{{image_map_caption|}}}}}}</div>}} }}

| data5 = {{#if:{{{image_map2|}}}
|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map2|}}}|size={{{map2_width|{{{image_map2_size|}}}}}}|upright=1.15|alt={{{alt_map2|{{{image_map2_alt|}}}}}}|title={{{map_caption2|{{{image_map2_caption|Location of {{{common_name|{{{name|{{{linking_name|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}{{#if:{{{map_caption2|{{{image_map2_caption|}}}}}}|<div style="position:relative;top:0.3em;">{{{map_caption2|{{{image_map2_caption|}}}}}}</div>}} }}

| label6 = Status
| data6 = {{#if:{{{status|}}}|{{Infobox country/status text|status={{{status|}}}|status_text={{{status_text|}}}|empire={{{empire|}}}|year_end={{{year_end|}}}|year_exile_start={{{year_exile_start|}}}|year_exile_end={{{year_exile_end|}}} }} }}

| label7 = Location
| data7 = {{{loctext|}}}

| label8 = {{#if:{{{capital_type|}}} | {{{capital_type}}} | Capital }}{{#ifeq: {{#ifeq:{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}|capital
|capital|{{#switch:{{{capital}}}
| [[{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}]] = capital
| {{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}} = capital
| not capital
}}}}|capital |<br/><div style="display:inline" style="font-weight:normal">and {{{largest_settlement_type|largest city}}}</div>
}}
| data8 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}|{{{capital}}}{{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}|<br/>{{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|{{{coordinates}}}|type:city}}}} }}

| rowclass9 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}|mergedrow}}
| label9 = Capital-in-exile
| data9 = {{#ifexist:{{{capital_exile|}}}|[[{{{capital_exile|}}}]]|{{{capital_exile|}}}}}

| rowclass10 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}|mergedrow}}
| label10 = {{#if:{{{admin_center_type|}}}| {{{admin_center_type}}} | Administrative center }}
| data10 = {{#switch:{{{admin_center|}}}
|capital | =
|[[{{{capital|}}}]] =
|{{{capital|}}} =
|#default = {{{admin_center}}}{{#if:{{{capital|}}}||{{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}|<br/>{{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|{{{coordinates}}}|type:city}}}} }} }}

| rowclass11 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}{{{admin_center|}}}|mergedbottomrow}}
| label11 = Largest {{{largest_settlement_type|city}}}
| data11 = {{#ifeq: {{#ifeq:{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}|capital
|capital|{{#switch:{{{capital}}}
| [[{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}]] = capital
| {{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}} = capital
| not capital
}}}}|capital |
| {{if empty| {{{largest_city|}}} | {{{largest_settlement|}}} }}
}}

| rowclass12 = mergedtoprow
| label12 = Official languages
| data12 = {{{official_languages|}}}
| rowclass13 = mergedrow
| label13 = <span style="font-weight:normal;">{{#if:{{{recognized_languages|}}}|Recognized|Recognised}} languages</span>
| data13 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_languages|}}} }}
| rowclass14 = mergedrow
| label14 = <span style="font-weight:normal;">{{#if:{{{recognized_national_languages|}}}|Recognized|Recognised}} national languages</span>
| data14 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_national_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_national_languages|}}} | {{{national_languages|}}} }}
| rowclass15 = mergedrow
| label15 = <span style="font-weight:normal;">{{#if:{{{recognized_regional_languages|}}}|Recognized|Recognised}} regional languages</span>
| data15 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_regional_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_regional_languages|}}} | {{{regional_languages|}}} }}
| label16 = Common languages
| data16 = {{{common_languages|}}}

| rowclass17 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes
|{{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |mergedrow}}
|{{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |mergedbottomrow}} }}
| label17 ={{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes
|<div style="display:inline" style="font-weight:normal;">{{if empty| {{{languages_type|}}} | Other languages }}</div>
|{{if empty| {{{languages_type|}}} | Other languages }}
}}
| data17 = {{{languages|}}}

| rowclass18 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes |mergedbottomrow}}
| label18 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes
|<div style="display:inline" style="font-weight:normal;">{{if empty|{{{languages2_type|}}} | Other languages }}</div>
|{{if empty|{{{languages2_type|}}} | Other languages }}
}}
| data18 = {{{languages2|}}}

| label19 = [[Ethnic group|Ethnic groups]] {{#if:{{{ethnic_groups_year|}}} |<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"> ({{{ethnic_groups_year}}}){{{ethnic_groups_ref|}}}</div>|<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;">{{{ethnic_groups_ref|}}}</div>}}
| data19 = {{{ethnic_groups|}}}

| label20 = Religion {{#if:{{{religion_year|}}} |<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"> ({{{religion_year}}}){{{religion_ref|}}}</div>|<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;">{{{religion_ref|}}}</div>}}
| data20 = {{{religion|}}}

| label21 = [[Demonym|Demonym(s)]]
| data21 = {{#if:{{{demonym|}}}
|{{#ifexist:{{{demonym}}} people
| [[{{{demonym}}} people|{{{demonym}}}]]
| {{{demonym}}}
}}
}}

| label22 = Type
| data22 = {{{org_type|}}}

| label23 = {{if empty|{{{membership_type|}}} | Membership }}
| data23 = {{{membership|}}}

| label24 = {{#if:{{{government_type|}}}
| {{#if:{{{politics_link|}}}
| [[{{{politics_link}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes|Organizational structure|Government}}]]| {{#ifexist:Politics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}
| [[Politics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes|Organizational structure|Government}}]]| {{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes|Organizational structure|Government}}}}}}}}
| data24 = {{{government_type|}}}

| header25 = {{#if:{{{government_type|}}} || {{#if:{{{leader_title1|}}}{{{leader_name1|}}}
| {{#if:{{{name|}}}{{{membership|}}}
| Leaders
| Government
}}
}} }}

| rowclass26 = mergedrow
| data26 = {{#if:{{{leader_name1|}}}|{{Infobox country/multirow|{{{leader_title1|}}} |{{{leader_name1|}}} |{{{leader_title2|}}} |{{{leader_name2|}}} |{{{leader_title3|}}} |{{{leader_name3|}}} |{{{leader_title4|}}} |{{{leader_name4|}}} |{{{leader_title5|}}} |{{{leader_name5|}}} |{{{leader_title6|}}} |{{{leader_name6|}}} |{{{leader_title7|}}} |{{{leader_name7|}}} |{{{leader_title8|}}} |{{{leader_name8|}}} |{{{leader_title9|}}} |{{{leader_name9|}}} |{{{leader_title10|}}} |{{{leader_name10|}}} |{{{leader_title11|}}} |{{{leader_name11|}}} |{{{leader_title12|}}} |{{{leader_name12|}}} |{{{leader_title13|}}} |{{{leader_name13|}}} |{{{leader_title14|}}} |{{{leader_name14|}}} |{{{leader_title15|}}} |{{{leader_name15|}}} }} }}

| rowclass27 = mergedrow
| label27 = {{#if:{{{title_leader|}}}| {{{title_leader}}} }}
| data27 = {{#if:{{{title_leader|}}}| }}
| rowclass28 = mergedrow
| data28 = {{#if:{{{year_leader1|}}} | {{Infobox country/multirow|{{{year_leader1|}}} |{{{leader1|}}} |{{{year_leader2|}}} |{{{leader2|}}} |{{{year_leader3|}}} |{{{leader3|}}} |{{{year_leader4|}}} |{{{leader4|}}} |{{{year_leader5|}}} |{{{leader5|}}} |{{{year_leader6|}}} |{{{leader6|}}} |{{{year_leader7|}}} |{{{leader7|}}} |{{{year_leader8|}}} |{{{leader8|}}} |{{{year_leader9|}}} |{{{leader9|}}} |{{{year_leader10|}}} |{{{leader10|}}} |{{{year_leader11|}}} |{{{leader11|}}}|{{{year_leader12|}}} |{{{leader12|}}}|{{{year_leader13|}}} |{{{leader13|}}}|{{{year_leader14|}}} |{{{leader14|}}}|{{{year_leader15|}}} |{{{leader15|}}} }} }}

| rowclass29 = mergedrow
| label29 = {{#if:{{{title_representative|}}}| {{{title_representative}}} }}
| data29 = {{#if:{{{title_representative|}}}| }}
| rowclass30 = mergedrow
| data30 = {{#if:{{{year_representative1|}}}|{{Infobox country/multirow|{{{year_representative1|}}} |{{{representative1|}}} |{{{year_representative2|}}} |{{{representative2|}}} |{{{year_representative3|}}} |{{{representative3|}}} |{{{year_representative4|}}} |{{{representative4|}}} |{{{year_representative5|}}} |{{{representative5|}}} }} }}

| rowclass31 = mergedrow
| label31 = {{#if:{{{title_deputy|}}}|{{{title_deputy}}} }}
| data31 = {{#if:{{{title_deputy|}}}| }}
| rowclass32 = mergedrow
| data32 = {{#if:{{{year_deputy1|}}}|{{Infobox country/multirow|{{{year_deputy1|}}} |{{{deputy1|}}} |{{{year_deputy2|}}} |{{{deputy2|}}} |{{{year_deputy3|}}} |{{{deputy3|}}} |{{{year_deputy4|}}} |{{{deputy4|}}} |{{{year_deputy5|}}} |{{{deputy5|}}} |{{{year_deputy6|}}} |{{{deputy6|}}}|{{{year_deputy7|}}} |{{{deputy7|}}}|{{{year_deputy8|}}} |{{{deputy8|}}}|{{{year_deputy9|}}} |{{{deputy9|}}}|{{{year_deputy10|}}} |{{{deputy10|}}}|{{{year_deputy11|}}} |{{{deputy11|}}}|{{{year_deputy12|}}} |{{{deputy12|}}}|{{{year_deputy13|}}} |{{{deputy13|}}}|{{{year_deputy14|}}} |{{{deputy14|}}}|{{{year_deputy15|}}} |{{{deputy15|}}} }} }}

| label40 = Legislature
| data40 = {{{legislature|}}}
| rowclass41 = mergedrow
| label41 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• {{#if:{{{type_house1|}}}|{{{type_house1}}}|[[Upper house]]}}</div>
| data41 = {{{upper_house|{{{house1|}}}}}}
| rowclass42 = mergedbottomrow
| label42 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• {{#if:{{{type_house2|}}}|{{{type_house2}}}|[[Lower house]]}}</div>
| data42 = {{{lower_house|{{{house2|}}}}}}

| rowclass43 = {{#if:{{{established_event1|}}} |mergedtoprow}}
| header43 = {{#if:{{{established_event1|}}}{{{sovereignty_type|}}}
|{{#if:{{{sovereignty_type|}}}
| {{{sovereignty_type}}}{{#if:{{{sovereignty_note|}}} | <div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;">{{{sovereignty_note}}}</div>}}
| {{#if:{{{established|}}}| | Establishment }}
}} }}

| label44 = Establishment
| data44 = {{#if:{{{sovereignty_type|}}}
|
|{{{established|}}}
}}

| label45 = {{#if:{{{era|}}}|Historical era|History}}
| data45 = {{#if:{{{era|}}} |{{#ifexist:{{{era|}}}|[[{{{era}}}]]|{{{era}}}}} | {{#if:{{{date_start|}}}{{{year_start|}}}| }}}}

| rowclass46 = {{#if:{{{established_event1|}}} |mergedrow |mergedbottomrow}}
| data46 = {{#if:{{{established_date1|}}}|{{Infobox country/multirow |{{{established_event1|}}} |{{{established_date1||}}} |{{{established_event2|}}} |{{{established_date2||}}} |{{{established_event3|}}} |{{{established_date3|}}} |{{{established_event4|}}} |{{{established_date4|}}} |{{{established_event5|}}} |{{{established_date5|}}} |{{{established_event6|}}} |{{{established_date6|}}} |{{{established_event7|}}} |{{{established_date7|}}} |{{{established_event8|}}} |{{{established_date8|}}} |{{{established_event9|}}} |{{{established_date9|}}} |{{{established_event10|}}} |{{{established_date10|}}} |{{{established_event11|}}} |{{{established_date11|}}} |{{{established_event12|}}} |{{{established_date12|}}} |{{{established_event13|}}} |{{{established_date13|}}} |{{{established_event14|}}} |{{{established_date14|}}} |{{{established_event15|}}} |{{{established_date15|}}} |{{{established_event16|}}} |{{{established_date16|}}} |{{{established_event17|}}} |{{{established_date17|}}} |{{{established_event18|}}} |{{{established_date18|}}} |{{{established_event19|}}} |{{{established_date19|}}} |{{{established_event20|}}} |{{{established_date20|}}} }} }}

| rowclass47 = {{#if:{{{date_start|}}}{{{year_start|}}} |mergedrow |mergedbottomrow}}
| data47 = {{#if:{{{date_start|}}}{{{year_start|}}}|{{Infobox country/multirow |{{{event_pre|}}} |{{{date_pre|}}} |{{if empty|{{{event_start|}}}|Established}} |{{{date_start|}}} {{{year_start|}}} |{{{event1|}}} |{{{date_event1|}}} |{{{event2|}}} |{{{date_event2|}}} |{{{event3|}}} |{{{date_event3|}}} |{{{event4|}}} |{{{date_event4|}}} |{{{event5|}}} |{{{date_event5|}}} |{{{event6|}}} |{{{date_event6|}}}|{{{event7|}}} |{{{date_event7|}}}|{{{event8|}}} |{{{date_event8|}}}|{{{event9|}}} |{{{date_event9|}}}|{{{event10|}}} |{{{date_event10|}}} |{{if empty|{{{event_end|}}}|Disestablished}} |{{{date_end|}}} {{{year_end|}}} |{{{event_post|}}} |{{{date_post|}}} }} }}

| rowclass60 = mergedtoprow
| header60 = {{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_ha|}}}{{{area_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_acre|}}}{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}}{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}
| {{#if:{{{area_link|}}}
| [[{{{area_link}}}|Area {{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes|claimed|}}]]
| {{#ifexist:Geography of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}
| [[Geography of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|Area {{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes|claimed|}}]]
| Area {{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes|claimed|}}}}}} }}

| rowclass61 = {{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label61 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• {{{area_label|Total}}}{{{FR_foot4|}}}</div>
| data61 = {{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_ha|}}}
|{{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}
|{{{area_km2}}} km²
|{{#if:{{{area_ha|}}}
|{{{area_ha|}}} ha
}}
}}{{{area_footnote|}}}{{#if:{{{area_rank|}}} | ({{{area_rank}}}) }}
}}

| rowclass62 = {{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label62 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Land</div>
| data62 = {{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}
|{{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}
|{{{area_land_km2}}} km²
|{{#if:{{{area_land_ha|}}}
|{{{area_land_ha}}} ha
}}
}}{{{area_land_footnote|}}}
}}

| rowclass63 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label63 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Water</div>
| data63 = {{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}
|{{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}
|{{{area_water_km2}}} km²
|{{#if:{{{area_water_ha|}}}
|{{{area_water_ha|}}} ha
}}
}}{{{area_water_footnote|}}}
}}

| rowclass64 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label64 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Water (%)</div>
| data64 = {{{percent_water|}}}

| rowclass65 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label65 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• {{{area_label2|}}}</div>
| data65 = {{#if:{{{area_label2|}}}| {{{area_data2|}}} }}

| rowclass66 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label66 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• {{{area_label3|}}}</div>
| data66 = {{#if:{{{area_label3|}}}| {{{area_data3|}}} }}

| rowclass67 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label67 = {{{stat_year1|}}}{{{ref_area1|}}}
| data67 = {{#if: {{{stat_area1|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area1|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }}

| rowclass68 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label68 = {{{stat_year2|}}}{{{ref_area2|}}}
| data68 = {{#if: {{{stat_area2|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area2|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }}

| rowclass69 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label69 = {{{stat_year3|}}}{{{ref_area3|}}}
| data69 = {{#if: {{{stat_area3|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area3|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }}

| rowclass70 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label70 = {{{stat_year4|}}}{{{ref_area4|}}}
| data70 = {{#if: {{{stat_area4|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area4|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }}

| rowclass71 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label71 = {{{stat_year5|}}}{{{ref_area5|}}}
| data71 = {{#if: {{{stat_area5|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area5|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }}

| rowclass72 = mergedrow
| label72 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• {{{FR_metropole}}}</div>
| data72 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}| <nowiki /> }}

| rowclass73 = mergedrow
| label73 = <div style="text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal;">• [[Institut Géographique National|IGN]]{{{FR_foot2|}}}</div>
| data73 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}
|{{#if:{{{FR_IGN_area_km2|}}}{{{FR_IGN_area_sq_mi|}}}
|{{convinfobox|{{{FR_IGN_area_km2|}}}|km2|{{{FR_IGN_area_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{#if:{{{FR_IGN_area_rank|}}}| ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|{{{FR_IGN_area_rank|}}}]])}}
}}
}}
| rowclass89 = mergedbottomrow
| label89 = <div style="text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal;">• [[Cadastre]]{{{FR_foot3|}}}</div>
| data89 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}
|{{#if:{{{FR_cadastre_area_km2|}}}{{{FR_cadastre_area_sq_mi|}}}
| {{convinfobox|{{{FR_cadastre_area_km2|}}}|km2|{{{FR_cadastre_area_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{#if:{{{FR_cadastre_area_rank|}}}| ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|{{{FR_cadastre_area_rank|}}}]])}}
}}
}}

| rowclass90 = mergedtoprow
| header90 = {{#if:{{{population_estimate|}}}{{{population_census|}}}{{{FR_metropole_population|}}}{{{stat_pop1|}}}{{{stat_pop2|}}}{{{stat_pop3|}}}{{{stat_pop4|}}}{{{stat_pop5|}}}
|Population}}

| rowclass91 = mergedrow
| label91 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• {{#if:{{{population_estimate_year|}}} |{{{population_estimate_year}}} estimate|Estimate}}</div>
| data91 = {{#if:{{{population_estimate|}}}
|{{{population_estimate}}}{{#if:{{{population_estimate_rank|}}} | ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|{{{population_estimate_rank}}}]])}}
}}
| rowclass92 = mergedrow
| label92= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• {{{population_label2|}}}</div>
| data92= {{#if:{{{population_label2|}}}|{{{population_data2|}}}}}

| rowclass93= mergedrow
| label93= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• {{{population_label3|}}}</div>
| data93= {{#if:{{{population_label3|}}}|{{{population_data3|}}}}}

| rowclass94= mergedrow
| data94= {{#if:{{{stat_pop1|}}}{{{stat_pop2|}}}{{{stat_pop3|}}}{{{stat_pop4|}}}{{{stat_pop5|}}}|{{infobox country/multirow|{{{stat_year1|}}}{{{ref_pop1|}}} |{{{stat_pop1|}}}|{{{stat_year2|}}}{{{ref_pop2|}}} |{{{stat_pop2|}}}|{{{stat_year3|}}}{{{ref_pop3|}}} |{{{stat_pop3|}}}|{{{stat_year4|}}}{{{ref_pop4|}}} |{{{stat_pop4|}}}|{{{stat_year5|}}}{{{ref_pop5|}}} |{{{stat_pop5|}}} }} }}

| rowclass95= mergedrow
| label95= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• {{#if:{{{population_census_year|}}} |{{{population_census_year}}} census|Census}}</div>
| data95= {{#if:{{{population_census|}}}
|{{{population_census}}}{{#if:{{{population_census_rank|}}} | ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|{{{population_census_rank}}}]])}}
}}

| rowclass96= mergedrow
| label96 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole_population|}}}|{{#if:{{{FR_total_population_estimate_year|}}}|<span style="font-weight:normal"> ({{{FR_total_population_estimate_year}}})</span>}}}}
| data96 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole_population|}}}|{{#if:{{{FR_total_population_estimate_year|}}}|<nowiki />}}}}

| rowclass97 = mergedrow
| label97= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Total{{{FR_foot|}}}</div>
| data97= {{#if:{{{FR_metropole_population|}}}|{{#if:{{{FR_total_population_estimate|}}}
|{{{FR_total_population_estimate}}}{{#if:{{{FR_total_population_estimate_rank|}}}| ([[List of countries by population in 2005|{{{FR_total_population_estimate_rank}}}]])}}
}} }}

| rowclass98 = mergedrow
| label98= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• {{{FR_metropole}}}</div>
| data98= {{#if:{{{FR_metropole_population|}}}|{{{FR_metropole_population}}}{{#if:{{{FR_metropole_population_estimate_rank|}}}
| ([[List of countries by population in 2005|{{{FR_metropole_population_estimate_rank}}}]])}}
}}

| rowclass99 = mergedbottomrow
| label99= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Density{{{FR_foot5|}}}</div>
| data99= {{#if:{{{population_density_km2|}}}{{{population_density_sq_mi|}}}
| {{convinfobox|{{{population_density_km2|}}}|/km2|{{{population_density_sq_mi|}}}|/sqmi|1|abbr=on}}{{{pop_den_footnote|}}}{{#if:{{{population_density_rank|}}} | ([[List of countries and dependencies by population density|{{{population_density_rank}}}]])}}
}}

| rowclass100 = mergedtoprow
| header100 = {{#if:{{{labour_force|}}}{{{unemployment|}}}
|Labour}}

| rowclass101 = mergedrow
| label101= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Labour force</div>
| data101= {{#if:{{{labour_force|}}}|{{{labour_force}}}}}

| rowclass102 = mergedrow
| label102= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Labour force participation</div>
| data102= {{#if:{{{labour_force_participation|}}}|{{{labour_force_participation}}}}}

| rowclass103 = mergedrow
| label103= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Occupation</div>
| data103= {{#if:{{{labour_occupation|}}}|{{{labour_occupation}}}}}

| rowclass104 = mergedrow
| label104= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Unemployment rate</div>
| data104= {{#if:{{{unemployment|}}}|{{{unemployment}}}}}

| rowclass105= mergedtoprow
| label105= {{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes|Claimed|}} GDP <span style="font-weight:normal;">(PPP)</span>
| data105= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP|}}}{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita|}}}
|{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_year|}}} |{{{GDP_PPP_year}}} }}estimate
}}
| rowclass106= mergedrow
| label106= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Total</div>
| data106= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP|}}}
|{{{GDP_PPP}}}{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_rank|}}} | ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|{{{GDP_PPP_rank}}}]])}}
}}

| rowclass107= mergedbottomrow
| label107= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Per capita</div>
| data107= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita|}}}
|{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita}}}{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank|}}} | ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank}}}]])}}
}}

| rowclass108= mergedtoprow
| label108= GDP <span style="font-weight:normal;">(nominal)</span>
| data108= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal|}}}{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita|}}}
|{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_year|}}} |{{{GDP_nominal_year}}} }}estimate
}}

| rowclass109= mergedrow
| label109= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Total</div>
| data109= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal|}}}
|{{{GDP_nominal}}}{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_rank|}}} | ([[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|{{{GDP_nominal_rank}}}]])}}
}}
| rowclass110= mergedbottomrow
| label110= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Per capita</div>
| data110= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita|}}}
| {{{GDP_nominal_per_capita}}}{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank|}}} | ([[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank}}}]])}}
}}

| rowclass111 = mergedtoprow
| label111 = Exports
| data111 = {{#if:{{{export|}}}{{{export_commodities|}}}
|{{#if:{{{export_year|}}}|{{{export_year}}} }}estimate
}}

| rowclass112 = mergedrow
| label112 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Value</div>
| data112 = {{#if:{{{export|}}}|{{{export}}}}}

| rowclass113 = mergedrow
| label113 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Commodities</div>
| data113 = {{#if:{{{export_commodities|}}}|{{{export_commodities}}}}}

| rowclass114 = mergedrow
| label114 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Partners</div>
| data114 = {{#if:{{{export_partners|}}}|{{{export_partners}}}}}

| rowclass115 = mergedtoprow
| label115 = Imports
| data115 = {{#if:{{{import|}}}{{{import_commodities|}}}
|{{#if:{{{import_year|}}}|{{{import_year}}} }}estimate
}}

| rowclass116 = mergedrow
| label116 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Value</div>
| data116 = {{#if:{{{import|}}}|{{{import}}}}}

| rowclass117 = mergedrow
| label117 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Commodities</div>
| data117 = {{#if:{{{import_commodities|}}}|{{{import_commodities}}}}}

| rowclass118 = mergedrow
| label118 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Partners</div>
| data118 = {{#if:{{{import_partners|}}}|{{{import_partners}}}}}

| label119= [[Gini_coefficient|Gini]]{{#if:{{{Gini_year|}}} | <span style="font-weight:normal;">({{{Gini_year}}})</span>}}
| data119= {{#if:{{{Gini|}}}
| {{#switch:{{{Gini_change|}}}
|increase = {{increaseNegative}} |decrease = {{decreasePositive}} |steady = {{steady}} }}{{{Gini}}}{{{Gini_ref|}}}<br/><span style="white-space:nowrap;">{{#iferror:{{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>101 | {{error|Error: Gini value above 101}}| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=60 |{{color|red|very high}}| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=46 | {{color|darkred|high}}| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=30 | {{color|orange|medium}}| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=0 | {{color|forestgreen|low}}| {{error|Error:Gini value below 0}}}}}}}}}}}}| {{error|Error: Invalid Gini value}}{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACE}} | {{ns:0}} | [[Category:Country articles requiring maintenance]] }}}}</span>{{#if:{{{Gini_rank|}}}
| · [[List of countries by income equality|{{{Gini_rank}}}]]}}}}

| label120= [[Human Development Index|HDI]]{{#if:{{{HDI_year|}}} | <span style="font-weight:normal;">({{{HDI_year}}})</span>}}
| data120= {{#if:{{{HDI|}}}
| {{#switch:{{{HDI_change|}}}
|increase = {{increase}} |decrease = {{decrease}} |steady = {{steady}} }}{{{HDI}}}{{{HDI_ref|}}}<br/><span style="white-space:nowrap;">{{#iferror:{{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>1 | {{error|Error: HDI value greater than 1}}| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.799 | {{color|darkgreen|very high}}| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.699 | {{color|forestgreen|high}}| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.549 | {{color|orange|medium}}| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>=0.000| {{color|red|low}}| {{error|Error: HDI value less than 0}}}}}}}}}}}}| {{error|Error: Invalid HDI value}}{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACE}} | {{ns:0}} | [[Category:Country articles requiring maintenance]] }}}}</span>{{#if:{{{HDI_rank|}}}
| · [[List of countries by Human Development Index|{{{HDI_rank}}}]]}}}}

| label121= {{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes|Purported currency|Currency}}
| data121= {{#if:{{{currency|}}}
| {{{currency}}} {{#if:{{{currency_code|}}} |([[ISO 4217|{{{currency_code}}}]])}}
}}

| label122 = [[Antipodes]]
| data122= {{{antipodes|}}}

| label123 = Date format
| data123= {{{date_format|}}}

| label124= [[Mains electricity]]
| data124= {{{electricity|}}}

| label125= [[Left- and right-hand traffic|Driving side]]
| data125= {{#if:{{{drives_on|}}} | {{lcfirst:{{{drives_on}}}}} }}

| label126= {{#if:{{{calling_code|}}}
|{{#ifexist:Telephone numbers in {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}
| [[Telephone numbers in {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|Calling code]]
| Calling code
}}
}}
| data126= {{{calling_code|}}}

| label127= [[ISO 3166|ISO 3166 code]]
| data127= {{#switch:{{{iso3166code|}}}
|omit = 
| = {{#if:{{{common_name|}}}
| {{#if:{{ISO 3166 code|{{{common_name}}}|nocat=true}}
| [[ISO 3166-2:{{ISO 3166 code|{{{common_name}}}}}|{{ISO 3166 code|{{{common_name}}}}}]]
}}
}}
|#default = [[ISO 3166-2:{{uc:{{{iso3166code}}}}}|{{uc:{{{iso3166code}}}}}]]
}}

| label128= [[Country code top-level domain|Internet TLD]]
| data128= {{{cctld|}}}

| data129 = {{#if:{{{official_website|}}}
|<div style="line-height:11pt">'''Website'''<br/>{{{official_website}}}</div>
}}

| data130= {{#if:{{{image_map3|{{{location_map|}}}}}}
| {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map3|{{{location_map|}}}}}}|size={{{map3_width|}}}|upright=1.15|alt={{{alt_map3|}}}|title=Location of {{{common_name|{{{name|{{{linking_name|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}} }}{{#if:{{{map_caption3|}}}|<div style="position:relative;top:0.3em;">{{{map_caption3|}}}</div>}}
}}

| data134 = {{#if:{{{p1|}}}{{{s1|}}}
|{{Infobox country/formernext|flag_p1={{{flag_p1|}}}|image_p1={{{image_p1|}}}|p1={{{p1|}}}|border_p1={{{border_p1|}}}|flag_p2={{{flag_p2|}}}|image_p2={{{image_p2|}}}|p2={{{p2|}}}|border_p2={{{border_p2|}}}|flag_p3={{{flag_p3|}}}|image_p3={{{image_p3|}}}|p3={{{p3|}}}|border_p3={{{border_p3|}}}|flag_p4={{{flag_p4|}}}|image_p4={{{image_p4|}}}|p4={{{p4|}}}|border_p4={{{border_p4|}}}|flag_p5={{{flag_p5|}}}|image_p5={{{image_p5|}}}|p5={{{p5|}}}|border_p5={{{border_p5|}}}|flag_p6={{{flag_p6|}}}|image_p6={{{image_p6|}}}|p6={{{p6|}}}|border_p6={{{border_p6|}}}|flag_p7={{{flag_p7|}}}|image_p7={{{image_p7|}}}|p7={{{p7|}}}|border_p7={{{border_p7|}}}|flag_p8={{{flag_p8|}}}|image_p8={{{image_p8|}}}|p8={{{p8|}}}|border_p8={{{border_p8|}}}|flag_p9={{{flag_p9|}}}|image_p9={{{image_p9|}}}|p9={{{p9|}}}|border_p9={{{border_p9|}}}|flag_p10={{{flag_p10|}}}|image_p10={{{image_p10|}}}|p10={{{p10|}}}|border_p10={{{border_p10|}}}|flag_p11={{{flag_p11|}}}|image_p11={{{image_p11|}}}|p11={{{p11|}}}|border_p11={{{border_p11|}}}|flag_p12={{{flag_p12|}}}|image_p12={{{image_p12|}}}|p12={{{p12|}}}|border_p12={{{border_p12|}}}|flag_p13={{{flag_p13|}}}|image_p13={{{image_p13|}}}|p13={{{p13|}}}|border_p13={{{border_p13|}}}|flag_p14={{{flag_p14|}}}|image_p14={{{image_p14|}}}|p14={{{p14|}}}|border_p14={{{border_p14|}}}|flag_p15={{{flag_p15|}}}|image_p15={{{image_p15|}}}|p15={{{p15|}}}|border_p15={{{border_p15|}}}|flag_p16={{{flag_p16|}}}|image_p16={{{image_p16|}}}|p16={{{p16|}}}|border_p16={{{border_p16|}}}|flag_p17={{{flag_p17|}}}|image_p17={{{image_p17|}}}|p17={{{p17|}}}|border_p17={{{border_p17|}}}|flag_p18={{{flag_p18|}}}|image_p18={{{image_p18|}}}|p18={{{p18|}}}|border_p18={{{border_p18|}}}|flag_p19={{{flag_p19|}}}|image_p19={{{image_p19|}}}|p19={{{p19|}}}|border_p19={{{border_p19|}}}|flag_p20={{{flag_p20|}}}|image_p20={{{image_p20|}}}|p20={{{p20|}}}|border_p20={{{border_p20|}}}|flag_p21={{{flag_p21|}}}|image_p21={{{image_p21|}}}|p21={{{p21|}}}|border_p21={{{border_p21|}}}|flag_s1={{{flag_s1|}}}|image_s1={{{image_s1|}}}|s1={{{s1|}}}|border_s1={{{border_s1|}}}|flag_s2={{{flag_s2|}}}|image_s2={{{image_s2|}}}|s2={{{s2|}}}|border_s2={{{border_s2|}}}|flag_s3={{{flag_s3|}}}|image_s3={{{image_s3|}}}|s3={{{s3|}}}|border_s3={{{border_s3|}}}|flag_s4={{{flag_s4|}}}|image_s4={{{image_s4|}}}|s4={{{s4|}}}|border_s4={{{border_s4|}}}|flag_s5={{{flag_s5|}}}|image_s5={{{image_s5|}}}|s5={{{s5|}}}|border_s5={{{border_s5|}}}|flag_s6={{{flag_s6|}}}|image_s6={{{image_s6|}}}|s6={{{s6|}}}|border_s6={{{border_s6|}}}|flag_s7={{{flag_s7|}}}|image_s7={{{image_s7|}}}|s7={{{s7|}}}|border_s7={{{border_s7|}}}|flag_s8={{{flag_s8|}}}|image_s8={{{image_s8|}}}|s8={{{s8|}}}|border_s8={{{border_s8|}}}|flag_s9={{{flag_s9|}}}|image_s9={{{image_s9|}}}|s9={{{s9|}}}|border_s9={{{border_s9|}}}|flag_s10={{{flag_s10|}}}|image_s10={{{image_s10|}}}|s10={{{s10|}}}|border_s10={{{border_s10|}}}|flag_s11={{{flag_s11|}}}|image_s11={{{image_s11|}}}|s11={{{s11|}}}|border_s11={{{border_s11|}}}|flag_s12={{{flag_s12|}}}|image_s12={{{image_s12|}}}|s12={{{s12|}}}|border_s12={{{border_s12|}}}|flag_s13={{{flag_s13|}}}|image_s13={{{image_s13|}}}|s13={{{s13|}}}|border_s13={{{border_s13|}}}|flag_s14={{{flag_s14|}}}|image_s14={{{image_s14|}}}|s14={{{s14|}}}|border_s14={{{border_s14|}}}|flag_s15={{{flag_s15|}}}|image_s15={{{image_s15|}}}|s15={{{s15|}}}|border_s15={{{border_s15|}}}|flag_s16={{{flag_s16|}}}|image_s16={{{image_s16|}}}|s16={{{s16|}}}|border_s16={{{border_s16|}}}|flag_s17={{{flag_s17|}}}|image_s17={{{image_s17|}}}|s17={{{s17|}}}|border_s17={{{border_s17|}}}|flag_s18={{{flag_s18|}}}|image_s18={{{image_s18|}}}|s18={{{s18|}}}|border_s18={{{border_s18|}}}|flag_s19={{{flag_s19|}}}|image_s19={{{image_s19|}}}|s19={{{s19|}}}|border_s19={{{border_s19|}}}|flag_s20={{{flag_s20|}}}|image_s20={{{image_s20|}}}|s20={{{s20|}}}|border_s20={{{border_s20|}}}|flag_s21={{{flag_s21|}}}|image_s21={{{image_s21|}}}|s21={{{s21|}}}|border_s21={{{border_s21|}}}}}
}}

| label135 = Today part of
| data135 = {{{today|}}}

| data136 = {{#if:{{{footnote_a|}}}{{{footnote_b|}}}{{{footnote_c|}}}{{{footnote_d|}}}{{{footnote_e|}}}{{{footnote_f|}}}{{{footnote_g|}}}{{{footnote_h|}}}
|<div style="text-align:left;margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 1em;">
{{#if:{{{footnote_a|}}}|<li value=1>{{{footnote_a|}}}</li>
}}{{#if:{{{footnote_b|}}}|<li value=2>{{{footnote_b|}}}</li>
}}{{#if:{{{footnote_c|}}}|<li value=3>{{{footnote_c|}}}</li>
}}{{#if:{{{footnote_d|}}}|<li value=4>{{{footnote_d|}}}</li>
}}{{#if:{{{footnote_e|}}}|<li value=5>{{{footnote_e|}}}</li>
}}{{#if:{{{footnote_f|}}}|<li value=6>{{{footnote_f|}}}</li>
}}{{#if:{{{footnote_g|}}}|<li value=7>{{{footnote_g|}}}</li>
}}{{#if:{{{footnote_h|}}}|<li value=8>{{{footnote_h|}}}</li>}}
</ol></div>}}

| data137 = {{#if:{{{footnote1|}}}{{{footnote2|}}}{{{footnote3|}}}{{{footnote4|}}}{{{footnote5|}}}{{{footnote6|}}}{{{footnote7|}}}{{{footnote8|}}}
|<div style="text-align:left;margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><ol style="margin-left:1em;">
{{#if:{{{footnote1|}}}|<li value=1>{{{footnote1|}}}</li>
}}{{#if:{{{footnote2|}}}|<li value=2>{{{footnote2|}}}</li>
}}{{#if:{{{footnote3|}}}|<li value=3>{{{footnote3|}}}</li>
}}{{#if:{{{footnote4|}}}|<li value=4>{{{footnote4|}}}</li>
}}{{#if:{{{footnote5|}}}|<li value=5>{{{footnote5|}}}</li>
}}{{#if:{{{footnote6|}}}|<li value=6>{{{footnote6|}}}</li>
}}{{#if:{{{footnote7|}}}|<li value=7>{{{footnote7|}}}</li>
}}{{#if:{{{footnote8|}}}|<li value=8>{{{footnote8|}}}</li>}}
</ol></div>}}

| rowstyle138 =
| data138 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">{{{footnotes}}}{{#if:{{{footnotes2|}}}|<br>{{{footnotes2}}}}}</div>}}

| belowclass = mergedtoprow noprint
| below = {{#if:{{{navbar|}}}| {{navbar|{{{navbar|}}}}} }}
}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox country]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| admin_center_type | admin_center | alt_coat | alt_flag | alt_flag2 | alt_map | alt_map2 | alt_map3 | alt_symbol | anthem | anthems | antipodes | area_acre | area_data2 | area_data3 | area_footnote | area_ha | area_km2 | area_label | area_label2 | area_label3 | area_land_acre | area_land_footnote | area_land_ha | area_land_km2 | area_land_sq_mi | area_link | area_rank | area_sq_mi | area_water_acre | area_water_footnote | area_water_ha | area_water_km2 | area_water_sq_mi | border_p1 | border_p2 | border_p3 | border_p4 | border_p5 | border_p6 | border_p7 | border_p8 | border_p9 | border_p10 | border_p11 | border_p12 | border_p13 | border_p14 | border_p15 | border_p16 | border_p17 | border_p18 | border_p19 | border_p20| border_p21 | border_s1 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established_date7 | established_date8 | established_date9 | established_date10 | established_date11 | established_date12 | established_date13 | established_date14 | established_date15 | established_date16 | established_date17 | established_date18 | established_date19 | established_date20 | established_event1 | established_event2 | established_event3 | established_event4 | established_event5 | established_event6 | established_event7 | established_event8 | established_event9 | established_event10 | established_event11 | established_event12 | established_event13 | established_event14 | established_event15 | established_event16 | established_event17 | established_event18 | established_event19 | established_event20 | established | ethnic_groups_ref | ethnic_groups_year | ethnic_groups | event_end | event_post | event_pre | event_start | event1 | event2 | event3 | event4 | event5 | event6 | event7 | event8 | event9 | event10 | export | export_commodities | export_partners | export_year | flag| flag_alt | flag_alt2 | flag_border | flag_caption | flag_caption | flag_p1 | flag_p2 | flag_p3 | flag_p4 | flag_p5 | flag_p6 | flag_p7 | flag_p8 | flag_p9 | flag_p10 | flag_p11 | flag_p12 | flag_p13 | flag_p14 | flag_p15 | flag_p16 | flag_p17 | flag_p18 | flag_p19 | flag_p20 | flag_p21 | flag_s1 | flag_s2 | flag_s3 | flag_s4 | flag_s5 | flag_s6 | flag_s7 | flag_s8 | flag_s9 | flag_s10 | flag_s11 | flag_s12 | flag_s13 | flag_s14 | flag_s15 | flag_s16 | flag_s17 | flag_s18 | flag_s19 | flag_s20 | flag_s21 | flag_size | flag_type | flag_type_article | flag_width | flag2_border | footnote_a | footnote_a | footnote_b | footnote_b | footnote_c | footnote_c | footnote_d | footnote_d | footnote_e | footnote_e | footnote_f | footnote_f | footnote_g | footnote_g | footnote_h | footnote_h | footnote1 | footnote1 | footnote2 | footnote2 | footnote3 | footnote3 | footnote4 | footnote4 | footnote5 | footnote5 | footnote6 | footnote6 | footnote7 | footnote7 | footnote8 | footnote8 | footnotes | footnotes2 | FR_cadastre_area_km2 | FR_cadastre_area_rank | FR_cadastre_area_sq_mi | FR_foot | FR_foot2 | FR_foot3 | FR_foot4 | FR_foot5 | FR_IGN_area_km2 | FR_IGN_area_rank | FR_IGN_area_sq_mi | FR_metropole_population_estimate_rank | FR_metropole_population | FR_metropole | FR_total_population_estimate_rank | FR_total_population_estimate_year | FR_total_population_estimate | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank | GDP_nominal_per_capita | GDP_nominal_rank | GDP_nominal_year | GDP_nominal | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank | GDP_PPP_per_capita | GDP_PPP_rank | GDP_PPP_year | GDP_PPP | Gini_change | Gini_rank | Gini_ref | Gini_year | Gini | government_type | HDI_change | HDI_rank | HDI_ref | HDI_year | HDI | house1 | house2 | image_coat | image_flag | image_flag2 | image_map_alt | image_map_caption | image_map_size | image_map | image_map2_alt | image_map2_caption | image_map2_size | image_map2 | image_map3 | image_p1 | image_p2 | image_p3 | image_p4 | image_p5 | image_p6 | image_p7 | image_p8 | image_p9 | image_p10 | image_p11 | image_p12 | image_p13 | image_p14 | image_p15 | image_p16 | image_p17 | image_p18 | image_p19 | image_p20 | image_p21 | image_s1 | image_s2 | image_s3 | image_s4 | image_s5 | image_s6 | image_s7 | image_s8 | image_s9 | image_s10 | image_s11 | image_s12 | image_s13 | image_s14 | image_s15 | image_s16 | image_s17 | image_s18 | image_s19 | image_s20 | image_s21 | image_symbol | import | import_commodities | import_partners | import_year | iso3166code | labour_force | labour_occupation | labour_force_participation | languages_sub | languages_type | languages | languages2_sub | languages2_type | languages2 | largest_city | largest_settlement_type | largest_settlement | leader_name1 | leader_name2 | leader_name3 | leader_name4 | leader_name5 | leader_name6 | leader_name7 | leader_name8 | leader_name9 | leader_name10 | leader_name11 | leader_name12 | leader_name13 | leader_name14 | leader_name15 | leader_title1 | leader_title2 | leader_title3 | leader_title4 | leader_title5 | leader_title6 | leader_title7 | leader_title8 | leader_title9 | leader_title10 | leader_title11 | leader_title12 | leader_title13 | leader_title14 | leader_title15 | leader1 | leader2 | leader3 | leader4 | leader5 | leader6 | leader7 | leader8 | leader9 | leader10 | leader11 | leader12 | leader13 | leader14 | leader15 | legislature | life_span | linking_name | location_map | loctext | lower_house | map_caption | map_caption2 | map_caption3 | map_width | map2_width | map3_width | membership_type | membership | micronation | motto | name | national_anthem | national_languages | national_motto | native_name | navbar | official_languages | official_website | org_type | other_symbol_type | other_symbol | p1 | p2 | p3 | p4 | p5 | p6 | p7 | p8 | p9 | p10 | p11 | p12 | p13 | p14 | p15 | p16 | p17 | p18 | p19 | p20 | p21 | patron_saint | patron_saints | percent_water | politics_link | pop_den_footnote | population_census_rank | population_census_year | population_census | population_data2 | population_data3 | population_density_km2 | population_density_rank | population_density_sq_mi | population_estimate_rank | population_estimate_year | population_estimate | population_label2 | population_label3 | population_link | recognised_languages | recognised_national_languages | recognised_regional_languages | recognized_languages | recognized_national_languages | ref_area1 | ref_area2 | ref_area3 | ref_area4 | ref_area5 | ref_pop1 | ref_pop2 | ref_pop3 | ref_pop4 | ref_pop5 | regional_languages | recognized_regional_languages | religion_ref | religion_year | religion | representative1 | representative2 | representative3 | representative4 | representative5 | royal_anthem | flag_anthem | march | national_march | regional_anthem | territorial_anthem | settlement_type | state_anthem | s1 | s2 | s3 | s4 | s5 | s6 | s7 | s8 | s9 | s10 | s11 | s12 | s13 | s14 | s15 | s16 | s17 | s18 | s19 | s20 | s21 | sovereignty_note | sovereignty_type | stat_area1 | stat_area2 | stat_area3 | stat_area4 | stat_area5 | stat_pop1 | stat_pop2 | stat_pop3 | stat_pop4 | stat_pop5 | stat_year1 | stat_year2 | stat_year3 | stat_year4 | stat_year5 | status_text | status | symbol| symbol_type_article | symbol_type | symbol_width | text_symbol_type | text_symbol | time_zone_DST | time_zone | title_deputy | title_leader | title_representative | today | type | type_house1 | type_house2 | unemployment | upper_house | utc_offset_DST | utc_offset | year_deputy1 | year_deputy2 | year_deputy3 | year_deputy4 | year_deputy5 | year_deputy6 | year_deputy7 | year_deputy8 | year_deputy9 | year_deputy10 | year_deputy11 | year_deputy12 | year_deputy13 | year_deputy14 | year_deputy15 | year_end | year_exile_end | year_exile_start | year_leader1 | year_leader2 | year_leader3 | year_leader4 | year_leader5 | year_leader6 | year_leader7 | year_leader8 | year_leader9 | year_leader10 | year_leader11 | year_leader12 | year_leader13 | year_leader14 | year_leader15 | year_representative1 | year_representative2 | year_representative3 | year_representative4 | year_representative5 | year_start}}
<noinclude>
<nowiki>
{{Infobox settlement
| conventional_long_name =
| native_name =
| settlement_type =
| image_flag =
| image_coat =
| image_map =
| map_width =
| capital =
| largest_city =
| official_languages =
| government_type =
| established_event1 =
| established_date1 =
| established_event2 =
| established_date2 =
| established_event3 =
| established_date3 =
| established_event4 =
| established_date4 =
| population_estimate =
| population_estimate_year =
| labour_force =
| labour_force_participation =
| labour_occupation =
| unemployment =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| currency =
| GDP_nominal_year =
| GDP_nominal =
| GDP_nominal_per_capita =
| export_year =
| export =
| export_commodities =
| export_partners =
| import_year =
| import =
| import_commodities =
| import_partners =
}}
</nowiki>
</noinclude>

Template:Infobox book

2024-09-03T21:32:26Z

BE Comrade: replaced with a bad but working example

<onlyinclude>{{Infobox
|bodyclass = vcard
|bodystyle = {{#if:{{{infoboxwidth|{{{width|}}}}}} |width:{{{infoboxwidth|{{{width}}}}}} }}
|titlestyle = font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;
|title = {{#if:{{{name|}}}{{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}{{{editors|{{{editor|}}}}}}{{{authors|{{{author|}}}}}}{{{audio_read_by|}}}{{{title_orig|}}}{{{title_working|}}}{{{translators|{{{translator|}}}}}}{{{illustrators|{{{illustrator|}}}}}}{{{cover_artist|}}}{{{language|}}}{{{series|}}}{{{release_number|}}}{{{subjects|{{{subject|}}}}}}{{{genres|{{{genre|}}}}}}{{{set_in|}}}{{{publication|}}}{{{media_type|}}}{{{pages|}}}{{{awards|{{{award|}}}}}}{{{dewey|}}}{{{congress|}}}| }}{{{name|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}} 
| imagestyle = {{#if:{{{image|}}}||display:none}}
| image = {{#if:{{{image|}}} | {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage |image={{{image|}}} |size={{{image_size|}}} |sizedefault=frameless |upright=1 |alt={{{alt|}}} |title={{{alt|}}} |border={{{border|}}} |suppressplaceholder=yes}}| {{#ifeq:{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{exclude_cover|no}}}}} | yes | yes | no }}|yes | |{{main other|[[Category:Books with missing cover]]}} }}
}}
| caption = {{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}


| label1 = Editor{{#if:{{{editors|}}}|s}}
| data1 = {{{editors|{{{editor|}}}}}}

| label2 = Author{{#if:{{{authors|}}}|s}}
| data2 = {{{authors|{{{author|}}}}}}

| label3 = Audio read by
| data3 = {{{audio_read_by|}}}

| label4 = Original title
| data4 = {{#if:{{{title_orig|}}} |{{#if:{{{orig_lang_code|}}}|{{lang|{{{orig_lang_code|}}} |{{{title_orig}}} |italics={{#invoke:infobox/utilities|set_italics|{{{orig_lang_code|}}}|{{{title_orig}}}}}}}|''{{{title_orig}}}''}} }}

| label5 = Working title
| data5 = {{#if:{{{title_working|}}} |''{{{title_working}}}''}}

| label6 = Translator{{#if:{{{translators|}}}|s}}
| data6 = {{{translators|{{{translator|}}}}}}

| label7 = Illustrator{{#if:{{{illustrators|}}}|s}}
| data7 = {{{illustrators|{{{illustrator|}}}}}}

| label8 = Cover artist
| data8 = {{{cover_artist|}}}

| label9 = Language
| data9 = {{{language|}}}

| label10 = Series
| data10 = {{{series|}}}

| label11 = {{longitem|Release number}}
| data11 = {{{release_number|}}}

| label12 = Subject{{#if:{{{subjects|}}}|s}}
| data12 = {{{subjects|{{{subject|}}}}}}

| label13 = Genre{{#if:{{{genres|}}}|s}}
| data13 = {{{genres|{{{genre|}}}}}}

| label14 = Set in
| data14 = {{{set_in|}}}

| label15 = Publication
| data15 = {{{publication|}}}

| label16 = Media type
| data16 = {{{media_type|}}}

| label17 = Pages
| data17 = {{{pages|}}}

| label18 = Award{{#if:{{{awards|}}}|s}}
| data18 = {{{awards|{{{award|}}}}}}

| label19 = [[ISBN (identifier)|<abbr title='International Standard Book Number'>ISBN</abbr>]]
| data19 = {{{isbn|}}}

| label20 = [[OCLC (identifier)|<abbr title='Online Computer Library Center'>OCLC<abbr/> Number]]
| data20 = {{#if:{{{oclc|}}} |[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/{{urlencode:{{{oclc}}}}} {{{oclc}}}]}}

| label21 = [[Dewey Decimal Classification|Dewey Decimal]]
| data21 = {{{dewey|}}}

| label22 = [[LCC (identifier)|<abbr title='Library of Congress Classification'>LC Class</abbr>]]
| data22 = {{{congress|}}}

| label23 = Preceded by
| data23 = {{#if:{{{preceded_by|}}} |''{{{preceded_by|}}} ''
| {{#if:{{{preceded_by_quotation_marks|}}} |"{{{preceded_by_quotation_marks|}}}"}}
}}

| label24 = Followed by
| data24 = {{#if:{{{followed_by|}}} |''{{{followed_by|}}} ''
| {{#if:{{{followed_by_quotation_marks|}}} |"{{{followed_by_quotation_marks|}}}"}}
}}

| label25 = Website(s)
| data25 = {{{websites|}}}

| data60 = {{{module|}}}

| belowstyle = border-top:#aaa 1px solid;font-size:90%;
| below = {{{notes|{{{note|}}}}}}
}}
{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox book with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox book]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| alt | audio_read_by | author | authors | award | awards | border | caption | congress | cover_artist | dewey | editor | editors | exclude_cover | followed_by | followed_by_quotation_marks | genre | genres | illustrator | illustrators | image | image_caption | image_size | infoboxwidth | isbn | language | media_type | module | name | nocat_wdimage | note | notes | oclc | orig_lang_code | pages | preceded_by | preceded_by_quotation_marks | publication | release_number | series | set_in | subject | subjects | title_orig | title_working | translator | translators | website | width
}}</onlyinclude>

<noinclude>
This template is used to present a consistently-formatted table for use in articles about books.

== Usage ==
<pre style="overflow:auto;">
{{Infobox book
| name =
| image =
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption =
| author =
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| language =
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre =
| set_in =
| publication =
| media_type =
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by = 
| followed_by = 
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| website =
}}</pre>

== Parameters ==
; image: Image (prefer 1st edition where permitted), use bare filename: <code><nowiki>Example.jpg</nowiki></code><br>For a title page from a [[:Commons:|Commons]] PDF, specify the page and width in [[WP:EIS|the syntax]]: <code><nowiki>[[File:Lissagaray - Histoire de la Commune de 1871, MS.djvu|page=9|220px]]</nowiki></code>
; image_size: Uses image size set by user (default 220px). Use a number to override image size. However, this is discouraged per [[WP:THUMBSIZE]].
; border: Inserting <code>yes</code> here will result in a 1px grey border around the image, useful for instances where the image and the background will blend together (such as a book cover with a white background). If no border is necessary, this parameter should not be used. Note: does not apply if {{code|image}} uses the full image syntax (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[File:Example.jpg]]</nowiki></code>); in this case add the border in {{code|image}} (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[File:Example.jpg|border=yes]]</nowiki></code>)
; author/authors: Author(s)
; audio_read_by: For [[audiobook]]s.
; title_orig: Original title, if not in English.
; orig_lang_code: [[ISO 639|ISO 639 code]] of original language.
; working_title: [[Working title]], when different from published title
; translator: Translator(s), if original not in English
; illustrator: Illustrator (where used throughout and a major feature)
; cover_artist: Cover artist, if any
; series: Series (if any)
; release_number: The "release number" of a book within the "series" (also would be called a "volume") - n.b. only relevant for an article where "series" is populated
; subject/subjects: (for non-fiction) ''See [[index term]] and [[library classification]]''
; genre/genres: (for fiction) ''See [[literary genre]]''. Use {{tl|hlist}} for sorting multiple entries.
; set_in: can be both time and place as [[Setting (narrative)|setting]]. No need to create long lists. Use approximate dates/places if it is not clearly specified in the text.
; media_type: Print / Digital (then binding types etc., if relevant)
; award/awards: Awards(s) the book has won
; isbn: (prefer ISBN of 1st edition). Format: "1-234-56789-0" (10-digit) or "978-1-234-56789-0" (13-digit). If the book has a [[International Standard Book Number|standard book number]] (9 digits) add a "0" to the beginning of the number. Do not change a 10-digit to a 13-digit ISBN by prefixing a "978" by hand, because the last digit is a calculated check digit, which will be wrong. Similarly, do not remove "978-" from a 13-digit ISBN to make a 10-digit ISBN. If the book was published before the use of ISBN, do not include this parameter. If the 13-digit number you have does not start with "978", "979-10", or "979-11", then it is not an ISBN and should not be used in this parameter. Change spaces in the ISBN to hyphens. The rules for hyphenating an ISBN are complex (currently 29 pages). Do not add spaces or hyphens to an unformatted ISBN which are likely to be wrong if you are guessing. However the "978" prefix of a 13-digit ISBN is always separated by a hyphen and the check digit — the last character — is always separated by a hyphen. The last character of a 10-character ISBN may be an "X". In such case, use the uppercase "X" character, not any alternate character. Do not put "ISBN" in front of the number. ISBNs are checked for validity; articles with invalid ISBNs are placed in [[:Category:Pages with ISBN errors]] and display a red error message.
; oclc: OCLC number (prefer 1st edition), use when book has no ISBN
; preceded_by_quotation_marks: Title of prior work ''in series'' if a [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#When not to use italics|minor work]]; will be surrounded with quotation marks by template code (do not use to connect separate books chronologically)
; followed_by: Title of subsequent book ''in a series or a sequel''; will be italicised by template code (do not use to connect separate books chronologically)
; followed_by_quotation_marks: Title of subsequent work ''in a series or a sequel'' if a [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#When not to use italics|minor work]]; will be surrounded with quotation marks by template code (do not use to connect separate books chronologically)
; exclude_cover: This template will place articles with this infobox where no image has been specified into the category [[:Category:Books with missing cover|Books with missing cover]]; where this is not desired, e.g because the cover is shown elsewhere in the article, this parameter should be set to {{code|exclude_cover|yes}}.

== Example ==
{{Infobox book
| image = 71ZrrM0-AUL. AC UF1000,1000 QL80 .jpg
| author = [[Xi Jinping]]
| isbn = 9787119105550
| language = [[Mandarin|Chinese]]
| name = '''Up and Out of Poverty'''
| image_size =
}}
<pre style="margin:3.0em 0 0;padding-right:0;overflow:auto;">
{{Infobox book
| image = 71ZrrM0-AUL. AC UF1000,1000 QL80 .jpg
| author = [[Xi Jinping]]
| isbn = 9787119105550
| language = [[Mandarin|Chinese]]
| name = '''Up and Out of Poverty'''
| image_size =
}}
</pre>

== TemplateData ==
<templatedata>
{
"description": "Consistently-formatted table for presenting information about books",
"format": "{{_\n| _________________ = _\n}}\n",
"params": {
"name": {
"label": "Name",
"type": "string",
"required": false,
"description": "Book name or title. If parameter is left blank, ''name'' will be inherited from the [[Wikipedia:Article titles|Wikipedia page]] where this infobox is invoked.",
"default": "Pagename"
},
"image": {
"label": "Image",
"type": "wiki-file-name",
"required": false,
"description": "Image (prefer 1st edition where permitted). Use bare filename.",
"suggested": true
},
"alt": {
"label": "Alternate image text",
"description": "Alternate text to display if the image cannot be rendered.",
"type": "string"
},
"author": {
"label": "Author",
"type": "string",
"required": false,
"description": "Author(s) of the book (should be link to their respective article if there is one).",
"suggested": true
},
"language": {
"label": "Language",
"type": "string",
"required": false,
"description": "Language of (original) book.",
"example": "English"
},
"genre": {
"label": "Genre",
"type": "string",
"required": false,
"description": "The book's genre",
"example": "Science fiction"
},
"publication": {
"label": "Publication",
"type": "content",
"required": false,
"description": "Information about the publishment of the book. The following format: year (publisher) (language, when originally written in a foreign language)",
"example": "1867 by Verlag von Otto Meisner (German)"
},
"isbn": {
"label": "ISBN",
"type": "string",
"description": "Format: \"ISBN 1-234-56789-0\" (prefer 1st edition)",
"suggested": true
},
"exclude_cover": {
"type": "string",
"description": "\"yes\" if no image is present and adding this article to \"Category:Books with missing cover\" is not desired",
"label": "exclude cover?",
"example": "yes"
},
"series": {
"label": "Series",
"description": "Series the book is part of",
"example": "[[The Federalist Papers]]",
"type": "string"
},
"image_size": {
"label": "Image size",
"example": "200 px",
"type": "string"
},
"caption": {
"label": "Image caption",
"description": "a caption for the image used",
"type": "content"
},
"media_type": {
"label": "Type of media",
"example": "[[Newspaper]]",
"type": "string"
},
"preceded_by": {
"label": "Preceded by",
"description": "The previous installment in the series/from the author",
"example": "[[Federalist No. 4]]",
"type": "string"
},
"followed_by": {
"label": "Followed by",
"description": "The next installment in the series/from the author",
"example": "[[Federalist No. 6]]",
"type": "string"
},
"infoboxwidth": {},
"width": {},
"image_caption": {},
"editors": {
"type": "content",
"label": "Editor(s)",
"description": "Editor(s) '''only when they are the primary contributor''', e.g. dictionaries, encyclopedias, anthologies.",
"example": "* [[Karl Marx]] and [[Fredreich Engels]]\n* [[Joseph Stalin]]"
},
"editor": {},
"authors": {},
"audio_read_by": {},
"title_orig": {},
"title_working": {},
"translators": {},
"translator": {},
"illustrators": {},
"illustrator": {},
"cover_artist": {},
"release_number": {},
"subjects": {},
"subject": {},
"genres": {},
"set_in": {},
"pages": {
"type": "number",
"label": "Pages",
"description": "Amount of pages in the book.",
"example": "453"
},
"awards": {},
"award": {},
"dewey": {
"type": "string",
"label": "[[Dewey Decimal Classification]]"
},
"congress": {
"type": "string",
"label": "Library of Congress Classification",
"description": "Library of Congress Classification ('''not''' to be confused with Library of Congress Control Number)"
},
"oclc": {},
"border": {},
"orig_lang_code": {},
"preceded_by_quotation_marks": {},
"followed_by_quotation_marks": {},
"websites": {
"type": "string",
"label": "Website(s)",
"description": "The publisher's or author's websites about the book.",
"example": "[https://cpc.people.com.cn cpc.people.com.cn]"
},
"notes": {},
"note": {},
"nocat_wdimage": {}
}
}
</templatedata>
</noinclude>

Template:Infobox book

2024-09-03T21:26:23Z

BE Comrade: fixed usage of many unexisting templates; this is clearly recycled from wikipedia and should be reworked

<onlyinclude>{{Infobox
|bodyclass = vcard
|bodystyle = {{#if:{{{infoboxwidth|{{{width|}}}}}} |width:{{{infoboxwidth|{{{width}}}}}} }}
|titlestyle = font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;
|title = {{#if:{{{name|}}}{{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}{{{editors|{{{editor|}}}}}}{{{authors|{{{author|}}}}}}{{{audio_read_by|}}}{{{title_orig|}}}{{{title_working|}}}{{{translators|{{{translator|}}}}}}{{{illustrators|{{{illustrator|}}}}}}{{{cover_artist|}}}{{{language|}}}{{{series|}}}{{{release_number|}}}{{{subjects|{{{subject|}}}}}}{{{genres|{{{genre|}}}}}}{{{set_in|}}}{{{publication|}}}{{{media_type|}}}{{{pages|}}}{{{awards|{{{award|}}}}}}{{{dewey|}}}{{{congress|}}}| }}{{{name|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}} 
| imagestyle = {{#if:{{{image|}}}||display:none}}
| image = {{#if:{{{image|}}} | {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage |image={{{image|}}} |size={{{image_size|}}} |sizedefault=frameless |upright=1 |alt={{{alt|}}} |title={{{alt|}}} |border={{{border|}}} |suppressplaceholder=yes}}| {{#ifeq:{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{exclude_cover|no}}}}} | yes | yes | no }}|yes | |{{main other|[[Category:Books with missing cover]]}} }}
}}
| caption = {{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}


| label1 = Editor{{#if:{{{editors|}}}|s}}
| data1 = {{{editors|{{{editor|}}}}}}

| label2 = Author{{#if:{{{authors|}}}|s}}
| data2 = {{{authors|{{{author|}}}}}}

| label3 = Audio read by
| data3 = {{{audio_read_by|}}}

| label4 = Original title
| data4 = {{#if:{{{title_orig|}}} |{{#if:{{{orig_lang_code|}}}|{{lang|{{{orig_lang_code|}}} |{{{title_orig}}} |italics={{#invoke:infobox/utilities|set_italics|{{{orig_lang_code|}}}|{{{title_orig}}}}}}}|''{{{title_orig}}}''}} }}

| label5 = Working title
| data5 = {{#if:{{{title_working|}}} |''{{{title_working}}}''}}

| label6 = Translator{{#if:{{{translators|}}}|s}}
| data6 = {{{translators|{{{translator|}}}}}}

| label7 = Illustrator{{#if:{{{illustrators|}}}|s}}
| data7 = {{{illustrators|{{{illustrator|}}}}}}

| label8 = Cover artist
| data8 = {{{cover_artist|}}}

| label9 = Language
| data9 = {{{language|}}}

| label10 = Series
| data10 = {{{series|}}}

| label11 = {{longitem|Release number}}
| data11 = {{{release_number|}}}

| label12 = Subject{{#if:{{{subjects|}}}|s}}
| data12 = {{{subjects|{{{subject|}}}}}}

| label13 = Genre{{#if:{{{genres|}}}|s}}
| data13 = {{{genres|{{{genre|}}}}}}

| label14 = Set in
| data14 = {{{set_in|}}}

| label15 = Publication
| data15 = {{{publication|}}}

| label16 = Media type
| data16 = {{{media_type|}}}

| label17 = Pages
| data17 = {{{pages|}}}

| label18 = Award{{#if:{{{awards|}}}|s}}
| data18 = {{{awards|{{{award|}}}}}}

| label19 = [[ISBN (identifier)|<abbr title='International Standard Book Number'>ISBN</abbr>]]
| data19 = {{{isbn|}}}

| label20 = [[OCLC (identifier)|<abbr title='Online Computer Library Center'>OCLC<abbr/> Number]]
| data20 = {{#if:{{{oclc|}}} |[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/{{urlencode:{{{oclc}}}}} {{{oclc}}}]}}

| label21 = [[Dewey Decimal Classification|Dewey Decimal]]
| data21 = {{{dewey|}}}

| label22 = [[LCC (identifier)|<abbr title='Library of Congress Classification'>LC Class</abbr>]]
| data22 = {{{congress|}}}

| label23 = Preceded by
| data23 = {{#if:{{{preceded_by|}}} |''{{{preceded_by|}}} ''
| {{#if:{{{preceded_by_quotation_marks|}}} |"{{{preceded_by_quotation_marks|}}}"}}
}}

| label24 = Followed by
| data24 = {{#if:{{{followed_by|}}} |''{{{followed_by|}}} ''
| {{#if:{{{followed_by_quotation_marks|}}} |"{{{followed_by_quotation_marks|}}}"}}
}}

| label25 = Website(s)
| data25 = {{{websites|}}}

| data60 = {{{module|}}}

| belowstyle = border-top:#aaa 1px solid;font-size:90%;
| below = {{{notes|{{{note|}}}}}}
}}
{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox book with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox book]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| alt | audio_read_by | author | authors | award | awards | border | caption | congress | cover_artist | dewey | editor | editors | exclude_cover | followed_by | followed_by_quotation_marks | genre | genres | illustrator | illustrators | image | image_caption | image_size | infoboxwidth | isbn | language | media_type | module | name | nocat_wdimage | note | notes | oclc | orig_lang_code | pages | preceded_by | preceded_by_quotation_marks | publication | release_number | series | set_in | subject | subjects | title_orig | title_working | translator | translators | website | width
}}</onlyinclude>

<noinclude>
This template is used to present a consistently-formatted table for use in articles about books.

== Usage ==
<pre style="overflow:auto;">
{{Infobox book
| name =
| image =
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption =
| author =
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| language =
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre =
| set_in =
| publication =
| media_type =
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by = 
| followed_by = 
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| website =
}}</pre>

== Parameters ==
; image: Image (prefer 1st edition where permitted), use bare filename: <code><nowiki>Example.jpg</nowiki></code><br>For a title page from a [[:Commons:|Commons]] PDF, specify the page and width in [[WP:EIS|the syntax]]: <code><nowiki>[[File:Lissagaray - Histoire de la Commune de 1871, MS.djvu|page=9|220px]]</nowiki></code>
; image_size: Uses image size set by user (default 220px). Use a number to override image size. However, this is discouraged per [[WP:THUMBSIZE]].
; border: Inserting <code>yes</code> here will result in a 1px grey border around the image, useful for instances where the image and the background will blend together (such as a book cover with a white background). If no border is necessary, this parameter should not be used. Note: does not apply if {{code|image}} uses the full image syntax (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[File:Example.jpg]]</nowiki></code>); in this case add the border in {{code|image}} (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[File:Example.jpg|border=yes]]</nowiki></code>)
; author/authors: Author(s)
; audio_read_by: For [[audiobook]]s.
; title_orig: Original title, if not in English.
; orig_lang_code: [[ISO 639|ISO 639 code]] of original language.
; working_title: [[Working title]], when different from published title
; translator: Translator(s), if original not in English
; illustrator: Illustrator (where used throughout and a major feature)
; cover_artist: Cover artist, if any
; series: Series (if any)
; release_number: The "release number" of a book within the "series" (also would be called a "volume") - n.b. only relevant for an article where "series" is populated
; subject/subjects: (for non-fiction) ''See [[index term]] and [[library classification]]''
; genre/genres: (for fiction) ''See [[literary genre]]''. Use {{tl|hlist}} for sorting multiple entries.
; set_in: can be both time and place as [[Setting (narrative)|setting]]. No need to create long lists. Use approximate dates/places if it is not clearly specified in the text.
; media_type: Print / Digital (then binding types etc., if relevant)
; award/awards: Awards(s) the book has won
; isbn: (prefer ISBN of 1st edition). Format: "1-234-56789-0" (10-digit) or "978-1-234-56789-0" (13-digit). If the book has a [[International Standard Book Number|standard book number]] (9 digits) add a "0" to the beginning of the number. Do not change a 10-digit to a 13-digit ISBN by prefixing a "978" by hand, because the last digit is a calculated check digit, which will be wrong. Similarly, do not remove "978-" from a 13-digit ISBN to make a 10-digit ISBN. If the book was published before the use of ISBN, do not include this parameter. If the 13-digit number you have does not start with "978", "979-10", or "979-11", then it is not an ISBN and should not be used in this parameter. Change spaces in the ISBN to hyphens. The rules for hyphenating an ISBN are complex (currently 29 pages). Do not add spaces or hyphens to an unformatted ISBN which are likely to be wrong if you are guessing. However the "978" prefix of a 13-digit ISBN is always separated by a hyphen and the check digit — the last character — is always separated by a hyphen. The last character of a 10-character ISBN may be an "X". In such case, use the uppercase "X" character, not any alternate character. Do not put "ISBN" in front of the number. ISBNs are checked for validity; articles with invalid ISBNs are placed in [[:Category:Pages with ISBN errors]] and display a red error message.
; oclc: OCLC number (prefer 1st edition), use when book has no ISBN
; preceded_by_quotation_marks: Title of prior work ''in series'' if a [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#When not to use italics|minor work]]; will be surrounded with quotation marks by template code (do not use to connect separate books chronologically)
; followed_by: Title of subsequent book ''in a series or a sequel''; will be italicised by template code (do not use to connect separate books chronologically)
; followed_by_quotation_marks: Title of subsequent work ''in a series or a sequel'' if a [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#When not to use italics|minor work]]; will be surrounded with quotation marks by template code (do not use to connect separate books chronologically)
; exclude_cover: This template will place articles with this infobox where no image has been specified into the category [[:Category:Books with missing cover|Books with missing cover]]; where this is not desired, e.g because the cover is shown elsewhere in the article, this parameter should be set to {{code|exclude_cover|yes}}.

== Example ==

{{Infobox book
| name = Anne of Green Gables
| image = FirstPageGreenGables.gif
| caption = The front (first) page of the first edition
| alt = Cover
| author = [[Lucy Maud Montgomery]]
| title_orig =
| working_title =
| translator =
| illustrator = M. A. and W. A. J. Claus
| cover_artist =
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre = [[Children's literature|Children's novel]]
| publication = 1908 in the [[United States]] by [[L. C. Page & Co.]] (originally in English)
| pages = 429 ''(first edition)''
| awards =
| isbn = 
| oclc = 367111
| congress = PR6025.O45 A53
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = [[Anne of Avonlea]]
}}
<pre style="margin:3.0em 0 0;padding-right:0;overflow:auto;">
{{Infobox book
| name = Anne of Green Gables
| image = FirstPageGreenGables.gif
| caption = The front (first) page of the first edition
| alt = Cover
| author = [[Lucy Maud Montgomery]]
| title_orig =
| working_title =
| translator =
| illustrator = M. A. and W. A. J. Claus
| cover_artist =
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre = [[Children's literature|Children's novel]]
| publication = 1908 in the [[United States]] by [[L. C. Page & Co.]] (originally in English)
| pages = 429 ''(first edition)''
| awards =
| isbn = 
| oclc = 367111
| congress = PR6025.O45 A53
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = [[Anne of Avonlea]]
}}
</pre>

== TemplateData ==
<templatedata>
{
"description": "Consistently-formatted table for presenting information about books",
"format": "{{_\n| _________________ = _\n}}\n",
"params": {
"name": {
"label": "Name",
"type": "string",
"required": false,
"description": "Book name or title. If parameter is left blank, ''name'' will be inherited from the [[Wikipedia:Article titles|Wikipedia page]] where this infobox is invoked.",
"default": "Pagename"
},
"image": {
"label": "Image",
"type": "wiki-file-name",
"required": false,
"description": "Image (prefer 1st edition where permitted). Use bare filename.",
"suggested": true
},
"alt": {
"label": "Alternate image text",
"description": "Alternate text to display if the image cannot be rendered.",
"type": "string"
},
"author": {
"label": "Author",
"type": "string",
"required": false,
"description": "Author(s) of the book (should be link to their respective article if there is one).",
"suggested": true
},
"language": {
"label": "Language",
"type": "string",
"required": false,
"description": "Language of (original) book.",
"example": "English"
},
"genre": {
"label": "Genre",
"type": "string",
"required": false,
"description": "The book's genre",
"example": "Science fiction"
},
"publication": {
"label": "Publication",
"type": "content",
"required": false,
"description": "Information about the publishment of the book. The following format: year (publisher) (language, when originally written in a foreign language)",
"example": "1867 by Verlag von Otto Meisner (German)"
},
"isbn": {
"label": "ISBN",
"type": "string",
"description": "Format: \"ISBN 1-234-56789-0\" (prefer 1st edition)",
"suggested": true
},
"exclude_cover": {
"type": "string",
"description": "\"yes\" if no image is present and adding this article to \"Category:Books with missing cover\" is not desired",
"label": "exclude cover?",
"example": "yes"
},
"series": {
"label": "Series",
"description": "Series the book is part of",
"example": "[[The Federalist Papers]]",
"type": "string"
},
"image_size": {
"label": "Image size",
"example": "200 px",
"type": "string"
},
"caption": {
"label": "Image caption",
"description": "a caption for the image used",
"type": "content"
},
"media_type": {
"label": "Type of media",
"example": "[[Newspaper]]",
"type": "string"
},
"preceded_by": {
"label": "Preceded by",
"description": "The previous installment in the series/from the author",
"example": "[[Federalist No. 4]]",
"type": "string"
},
"followed_by": {
"label": "Followed by",
"description": "The next installment in the series/from the author",
"example": "[[Federalist No. 6]]",
"type": "string"
},
"infoboxwidth": {},
"width": {},
"image_caption": {},
"editors": {
"type": "content",
"label": "Editor(s)",
"description": "Editor(s) '''only when they are the primary contributor''', e.g. dictionaries, encyclopedias, anthologies.",
"example": "* [[Karl Marx]] and [[Fredreich Engels]]\n* [[Joseph Stalin]]"
},
"editor": {},
"authors": {},
"audio_read_by": {},
"title_orig": {},
"title_working": {},
"translators": {},
"translator": {},
"illustrators": {},
"illustrator": {},
"cover_artist": {},
"release_number": {},
"subjects": {},
"subject": {},
"genres": {},
"set_in": {},
"pages": {
"type": "number",
"label": "Pages",
"description": "Amount of pages in the book.",
"example": "453"
},
"awards": {},
"award": {},
"dewey": {
"type": "string",
"label": "[[Dewey Decimal Classification]]"
},
"congress": {
"type": "string",
"label": "Library of Congress Classification",
"description": "Library of Congress Classification ('''not''' to be confused with Library of Congress Control Number)"
},
"oclc": {},
"border": {},
"orig_lang_code": {},
"preceded_by_quotation_marks": {},
"followed_by_quotation_marks": {},
"websites": {
"type": "string",
"label": "Website(s)",
"description": "The publisher's or author's websites about the book.",
"example": "[https://cpc.people.com.cn cpc.people.com.cn]"
},
"notes": {},
"note": {},
"nocat_wdimage": {}
}
}
</templatedata>
</noinclude>

Workers' Party of Belgium

2024-09-03T21:09:19Z

BE Comrade: removed weird dash

{{Infobox political party|name=Workers' Party of Belgium|native_name=Partij van de Arbeid van België<br>Parti du Travail de Belgique<br>Partei der Arbeit Belgiens|logo=|founded=1979|abbreviation=PTB . PVDA . PAB|president=[[Raoul Hedebouw]]|general_secretary=[[Peter Mertens]]|founder=[[Ludo Martens]]|predecessor=[[All Power To The Workers]]|newspaper=Solidaire / Solidair|student_wing=Comac|youth_wing=RedFox, Pioneers|womens_wing=Zelle|political_orientation=[[Socialism]]<br>[[Reformism]]|international=[[IMCWP]]}}{{Communist parties}}
The '''Workers' Party of Belgium''' ('''PTB'''/'''PVDA''') is a is a [[Kingdom of Belgium|Belgian]] party that declares themselves to be [[communism|communist]].<ref name=":3" /> Some observers consider it to have turned to [[reformism]] and abandoned communism in 2008.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=In Defense of Communism|title=Russian Communist Workers Party- "Mertens vs Martens" (On the role of the Workers Party of Belgium- PTB)|date=2016-04-18|url=http://www.idcommunism.com/2016/04/russian-communist-workers-party-mertens.html|retrieved=2024-09-02}}</ref>

== History ==

=== First congress - 1979 ===
The PTB-PVDA is officially born in the "foundation congress" on the 4th of November 1979, with 4000 people attending.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2018|title=Once upon a time the PTB-PVDA|page=22|pdf=https://assets.ptb.be/2023-06/2018iletaitunefoisleptb-rwpjt3.pdf19|city=Brusels|publisher=Éditions du PTB|trans-title=Il était une fois le PTB|trans-lang=French}}</ref> This congress is the result of 10 years of work to formalize [[All Power To The Workers|AMADA-TPO]], a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] student-worker's movement born out of the 1968 student movement. [[Ludo Martens]] becomes its first president, and will stay president until the 8th congress in 2008.

Here the PTB-PVDA first describes itself as Marxist-Leninist.<blockquote>The Workers' Party is based on the scientific doctrine of socialism, the fundamental laws of which are indicated by dialectical and historical materialism. This doctrine, of which [[Karl Marx|Marx]], [[Friedrich Engels|Engels]], [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]], [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] and [[Mao Zedong]] are the main teachers, is not a dogma but, like any science, it must develop as society evolves.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=1979|title=Documents of the congress, approved by the committee|chapter=VI. The Party of the working class and the front|city=Brussels}}</ref></blockquote>

=== Second congress - 1983 ===
Three books got written out of the discussions and conclusions of the 1983 congress:

* ''The Liquidationist Trend within the Marxist-Leninist Movement: Report and Summary of Discussions and Amendments.''<ref>{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1983|title=De likwidatie-stroming binnen de marxistisch-leninistische beweging: verslag en samenvatting van de discussies en amendementen|city=Brussels}}</ref>
* ''Party and Front: Report and Summary of Discussions and Amendments.''<ref>{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens, Kris Merckx|year=1983|title=Partij en front: verslag en samenvatting van de discussies en amendementen|city=Brussels}}</ref>
* ''Revolutionary Morality.''<ref>{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens, Diether J., Pauwels J.|year=1983|title=Revolutionaire moraal|city=Brussels}}</ref>

=== Third congress - 1988 ===

=== Fourth congress - 1991 ===

=== Fifth congress - 1995 ===
In January 1995 is held the fifth congress. The position of general secretary is created and attributed to [[Nadine Rosa-Rosso]]. Ludo Martens writes with her help ''The party of revolution'', based on the lessons of the congress.

The book outlines in minute detail how the party should be organized as a "Bolshevik-type communist party" for the future, to reach goals such as ensuring ideological commitment within the cadres, enforcing discipline, eradicating revisionism and opportunism etc.<ref>{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens, Nadine Rosa-Rosso|year=1995|title=The party of revolution|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA|isbn=9782872621118|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=8CB8E2873827C79DD5181E33799C470F}}</ref>

The was publicly the official organizational manual of the PTB-PVDA until 2015<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2008|title=Statuses of the PTB-PVDA (2008)|quote=The ideological and organizational principles for the cadres' work were set at the Fifth Party Congress in the manual "Party of the Revolution".|pdf=https://www.politicalpartydb.org/wp-content/uploads/Statutes/Belgium/BELGIUM_PTB_2008.pdf|trans-lang=French}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2015|title=Statuses of the PTB-PVDA (2015)|pdf=https://www.politicalpartydb.org/wp-content/uploads/Statutes/Belgium/BELGIUM_PTB_2015.pdf|trans-lang=French}}</ref>

=== Sixth congress - 1997 ===

The sixth congress prolonged for four years the "rectification period", the following of the fifth congress' lessons:<blockquote>The period of rectification [was] initiated since the 5th Party Congress in 1995 and extended by four years during the 6th Congress in 1997. The purpose of the rectification period was to revolutionize the leadership, to form a stable core leadership, and to rectify the Party according to four axes: enhancing the sense of responsibility among cadres, placing politics in command, combating bureaucratism, tightening ties with the masses, fighting individualism, and strengthening control.<ref>{{Citation|author=Nadine Rosa-Rosso|year=2002|title=Communism, the future of humanity|page=15|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA}}</ref></blockquote>This congress is accused in the ninth congress throwing away the third congress' (the "union congress") lessons out the window, diving in sectarianism and leading to its worst electoral score in history.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2015|title=Congress of solidarity|page=|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA|trans-title=Congrès de la solidarité|trans-lang=French}}</ref>

=== Seventh congress - 2002 ===
The seventh congress, "Communism, the future of humanity" marks the end of the "rectification period" of its practices through the lessons of the fifth congress. It marks out a plan for applying it further in the five following years ("IMPACT 2002-2006").<ref name=":4">{{Citation|author=Nadine Rosa-Rosso|year=2002|title=Communism, the future of humanity|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA}}</ref>

Another main point is a lowering of requirements for entry some "basis cells", in hopes of becoming a mass party.<ref name=":4" />

=== Eighth congress - 2008 ===
Named the "renewal congress", the eighth congress takes place in over a year, starting in 2007.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2008|title=8th Congress - A principled party, A flexible party, A workers' party.|chapter=|page=|pdf=https://assets.ptb.be/2023-06/2008ptbcongresdurenouveau-rwpkan.pdf|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA|trans-title=8e congrès du PTB|trans-lang=French}}</ref> [[Peter Mertens]] is elected president in place of Ludo Martens. Nadine Rosa-Rosso was purged from the party in 2003, unlike Ludo which will stay in the party until his death in 2011, becoming the party's "Central Africa expert".

The renewal congress is where the party adopts its new style of communication. It is divided in four main parts:

==== Chapter 1: "The future is for socialism" ====

Here, it argues for the necessity of socialism in Europe and in the world.<ref name=":0" /> It ends arguing for its new direction:<blockquote>The evolution of society places us before a double task. The new PTB-PVDA wants, in the coming period, to be both a party of principles and a flexible party. In a world of change fast, we need a strong backbone. Our Marxist analysis and our commitment to socialism make the identity of our party. This is the subject of chapter 2. At the same time, we need flexibility and openness to stick to people's reality, to raise their awareness, to mobilize them read and organize them (this is chapter 3) and transform the party into a workers’ party (chapter 4).<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

==== Chapter 2: "A principled party" ====

This part is opened with its analysis of the treason of the [[POB]] — which later became the [[Socialist Party (Belgium)|Socialist Party]], the current Belgian [[Social democracy|social-democrats]]:<blockquote>Some comrades say that the main objective for the party is to intervene more openly, more flexibly and more tactically. This is a mistake. The main objective of the party is to be firm on principles and flexible. Both, and at the same time. Anyone who dissociates the need to be flexible, open and tactical will soon bow to the pressure of capital.

This danger is not new. History teaches us that abandoning principles in the name of tactics and flexibility can go very quickly. The Belgian Workers' Party, the forerunner of today's PS, was founded in 1885. The POB quickly abandoned a number of socialist principles - especially after its first electoral victory in 1894. It is worthwhile today to examine this process a little more closely. Very quickly, there was a great aversion to substantive debate and to socialist theory. [...] The properties of the capitalist system, the objectives of socialism, the long-term interests of the working class... all this was quickly ‘forgotten’ and sacrificed in favour of the real or supposed advantages of the moment.

Very quickly, there was a great aversion to substantive debate and to socialist theory. [...] The properties of the capitalist system, the objectives of socialism, the long-term interests of the working class... all this was quickly ‘forgotten’ and sacrificed in favour of the real or supposed advantages of the moment.

Despite the statutes, power within the party shifted towards the party's parliamentarians to the detriment of the elected leadership, the General Council. The elected members of parliament placed themselves above the party leadership. They began to work for parliamentary life or for themselves, not in the service of the whole.

The party became a party of parliamentary legality instead of a party of class struggle. The party ended up being afraid of the workers' movement. It encouraged calm.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>It then affirms their ideological basis:<blockquote>The PTB's view of the world is called Marxism.<ref group="lower-alpha">From this congress on, the PTB-PVDA calls itself "Marxist", and refers to Lenin separately. It also stops referring to Stalin at all.</ref> Its foundations were laid by Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Vladimir Lenin.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Later on, it outlines its strategy, calls itself (and defines) a "contemporary communist party", re-affirms the importance of strict [[democratic centralism]], and its belonging to the "international communist movement".<ref name=":0" />

==== Chapter 3: "A flexible party" ====

Here the party outlines the importance for tactics, its tactical recommendations, which maybe most notably contains:<blockquote>'''We make a distinction between what happens in the dining room and what in the kitchen.

The best chefs don't reveal all their secrets. The situation in the kitchen is often more chaotic than the atmosphere of the dining room. The party needs enough attention and space for all strategic and tactical questions. For the outside world, we need to know what is essential. In the limited time and space that the media gives us, we want to focus on that, even if journalists are often more interested in our internal cooking or the difficult points in our programme.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

==== Chapter 4: "A workers' party" ====
The party here explains the way it wants to become a mass party of organized workers, but also outlines the new strategy it should adopt in order to attain that goal.

=== Ninth congress - 2015 ===
The eighth congress forms the new basis for the party. The 2015 "congress of solidarity" expands on it, as well as does its critical assessment of the party's history.<ref name=":2" />

=== Tenth congress - 2021 ===
Like its predecessor, the "congress of unity" is in line with the eighth congress and focuses on the importance of national unity (in opposition to the nationalist Flemish separatists) as well as general working class unity to "build a counter-power for another society, Socialism 2.0".<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2021|title=Congress of unity|pdf=https://assets.ptb.be/2023-06/2021congresdelunite-rwpk6r.pdf|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA|trans-title=Congrès de l'unité|trans-lang=French}}</ref>

== Current Positions ==

=== Reform or revolution? ===
Ever since its creation in 1979, the PTB-PVDA has presented its ideas in the form of a minimum program for propaganda and agitative purposes.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=1979|title=Documents of the congress, approved by the committee.|chapter=VII. The Minimum Program for Democracy, Social Progress, National Independence, and Peace|section=|quote=In the areas of the struggle for democracy, social progress, national independence, and peace, we put forward radical demands that will enable a coherent fight against the power of the monopolistic bourgeoisie and imperialism.

We formulate demands for agitation that we aim to achieve immediately, as well as demands for propaganda that can only be realized with further development in the class struggle.

No demand from the minimum program inherently presupposes the victory of the socialist revolution. Each of these demands can be implemented within civil society, although often in a distorted manner.|city=Brussels}}</ref> At the time and up until the 2002 congress, the PTB-PVDA has explicitly advocated for revolution<ref>{{Citation|author=Nadine Rosa-Rosso|year=2002|title=Communism, the future of humanity|chapter=Introduction|page=11|quote=Together with communists around the world, all members of the Workers' Party of Belgium clearly reaffirm their commitment to the revolutionary path, Marxism-Leninism, and the organization of communists in a vanguard party.}}</ref> to attain a socialist society through the dictatorship of the proletariat.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=Nadine Rosa-Rosso|year=2002|title=Communism, the future of humanity|chapter=For a Socialist Europe in a World Free from Imperialism|section=IV. To combat nationalism and chauvinism, nourished by five centuries of colonization.|quote=Only a socialist Europe, exercising the dictatorship of the workers over the minority of exploiters gathered in European multinationals, can resolutely support the revolutionary struggle of the peoples of the Third World for economic and political independence. Only a socialist Europe will be able to distribute the wealth produced by its workers in a manner that respects the needs of European workers and peoples worldwide.|pdf=https://web.archive.org/web/20031025055854/http://www.pvda.be/congres/congresFR.pdf|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA|trans-title=Le communisme, l'avenir de l'humanité|trans-lang=French}}</ref>

The 2008 congress forming the new basis drops the dictatorship of the proletariat from its terminology, but still calls for revolution.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2008|title=8th Congress|chapter=A principled party|page=62|quote=For the world of tomorrow, socialism, will not fall from the sky. It will not be given to us as a gift. It will be the result of a long period of conflict between the two diametrically opposed great enemy camps: the owning class (capital) and the working class, across various arenas. Ultimately, the working class will hold the power at the expense of the owning class. This is a transformation of society, a socialist revolution.}}</ref> The next congresses call the party revolutionary.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2021|title=Congress of unity|page=85-86|quote=Meanwhile, new challenges arise. A revolutionary party that is active, growing, and becoming larger finds itself in the crosshairs of the system. This is a constant in the history of the labor movement. In the battle for hearts and minds, communist parties are heavily attacked. This includes campaigns of slander, half-truths, and outright lies, media boycotts, and threats to cut access to social media.}}</ref> The congresses also point out that capitalism cannot be reformed,<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2021|title=Congress of unity|chapter=We choose socialism 2.0|section=Capitalism is an incurable disease|page=77-79}}</ref> and insist to be distinguished from reformists because they put organizational work first.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2008|title=8th congress|chapter=A flexible party|page=89|quote=There are no small problems. Revolutionaries are the best fighters for reforms because they genuinely care about both the small and large concerns of people. Our socialist vision of society gives us the determination to consistently defend the interests of workers, employees, and civil servants.

What distinguishes us from reformists is our approach to pursuing reforms. Each struggle provides an opportunity to mobilize people. In collective action, people learn to take their fate into their own hands. Each struggle offers possibilities for understanding and awareness (for example, through demands targeting the omnipotence of monopolies). Every action creates opportunities for lasting organization and cooperation. Mobilization, awareness, and sustainable organization are crucial for ultimately achieving a new society.}}</ref>

The 2015 congress lays out the party's view on the parliament, which it calls "street-council-street", putting mobilization as the start and the end of a struggle, and the parliament only as a means to this end.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2015|title=Congress of solidarity|chapter=The strategy of change|section=The social struggle and the people's representatives|page=110|quote=The principle of our representatives is: "street-council-street." They are not the final point but a link in the emancipation work carried out by the party. Our elected officials start with what is alive in the neighborhood, at the workplace, in associations, and connect these aspirations to solid dossiers and demands. What exists in the population is our vital artery and also our strength. This ranges from very small issues to projects for which people organize and mobilize. Very often, our elected officials are those who bring the most concrete issues to the agenda, drawing from the wealth present among all party members, and with contributions from social movements. Our representatives enrich the emancipation movement with all the information their mandate provides access to. They then publicize the results of their interventions and proposals, even if they have not been approved. Our representatives bring the outcome of their work back to the ground, back to the street. That is the meaning of "street-council-street." The interventions of our elected officials are at the service of social struggle and not the other way around.}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

=== Notes ===
<references group="lower-alpha"/>
[[Category:Communist parties]]
[[Category:Belgian political parties]]

Template:Infobox book

2024-09-03T21:08:41Z

BE Comrade: removed use of unsupported yesno

<onlyinclude>{{Infobox
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| imagestyle = {{#if:{{{image|}}}||display:none}}
| image = {{#if:{{{image|}}} | {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage |image={{{image|}}} |size={{{image_size|}}} |sizedefault=frameless |upright=1 |alt={{{alt|}}} |title={{{alt|}}} |border={{{border|}}} |suppressplaceholder=yes}}| {{#ifeq:{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{exclude_cover|no}}}}} | yes | yes | no }}|yes | |{{main other|[[Category:Books with missing cover]]}} }}
}}
| caption = {{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}


| label1 = Editor{{#if:{{{editors|}}}|s}}
| data1 = {{{editors|{{{editor|}}}}}}

| label2 = Author{{#if:{{{authors|}}}|s}}
| data2 = {{{authors|{{{author|}}}}}}

| label3 = Audio read by
| data3 = {{{audio_read_by|}}}

| label4 = Original title
| data4 = {{#if:{{{title_orig|}}} |{{#if:{{{orig_lang_code|}}}|{{lang|{{{orig_lang_code|}}} |{{{title_orig}}} |italics={{#invoke:infobox/utilities|set_italics|{{{orig_lang_code|}}}|{{{title_orig}}}}}}}|''{{{title_orig}}}''}} }}

| label5 = Working title
| data5 = {{#if:{{{title_working|}}} |''{{{title_working}}}''}}

| label6 = Translator{{#if:{{{translators|}}}|s}}
| data6 = {{{translators|{{{translator|}}}}}}

| label7 = Illustrator{{#if:{{{illustrators|}}}|s}}
| data7 = {{{illustrators|{{{illustrator|}}}}}}

| label8 = Cover artist
| data8 = {{{cover_artist|}}}

| label9 = Language
| data9 = {{{language|}}}

| label10 = Series
| data10 = {{{series|}}}

| label11 = {{longitem|Release number}}
| data11 = {{{release_number|}}}

| label12 = Subject{{#if:{{{subjects|}}}|s}}
| data12 = {{{subjects|{{{subject|}}}}}}

| label13 = Genre{{#if:{{{genres|}}}|s}}
| data13 = {{{genres|{{{genre|}}}}}}

| label14 = Set in
| data14 = {{{set_in|}}}

| label15 = Publication
| data15 = {{{publication|}}}

| label16 = Media type
| data16 = {{{media_type|}}}

| label17 = Pages
| data17 = {{{pages|}}}

| label18 = Award{{#if:{{{awards|}}}|s}}
| data18 = {{{awards|{{{award|}}}}}}

| label19 = [[ISBN (identifier)|<abbr title='International Standard Book Number'>ISBN</abbr>]]
| data19 = {{{isbn|}}}

| label20 = [[OCLC (identifier)|<abbr title='Online Computer Library Center'>OCLC<abbr/> Number]]
| data20 = {{#if:{{{oclc|}}} |[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/{{urlencode:{{{oclc}}}}} {{{oclc}}}]}}

| label21 = [[Dewey Decimal Classification|Dewey Decimal]]
| data21 = {{{dewey|}}}

| label22 = [[LCC (identifier)|<abbr title='Library of Congress Classification'>LC Class</abbr>]]
| data22 = {{{congress|}}}

| label23 = Preceded by
| data23 = {{#if:{{{preceded_by|}}} |''{{{preceded_by|}}} ''
| {{#if:{{{preceded_by_quotation_marks|}}} |"{{{preceded_by_quotation_marks|}}}"}}
}}

| label24 = Followed by
| data24 = {{#if:{{{followed_by|}}} |''{{{followed_by|}}} ''
| {{#if:{{{followed_by_quotation_marks|}}} |"{{{followed_by_quotation_marks|}}}"}}
}}

| label25 = Website(s)
| data25 = {{{websites|}}}

| data60 = {{{module|}}}

| belowstyle = border-top:#aaa 1px solid;font-size:90%;
| below = {{{notes|{{{note|}}}}}}
}}
{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox book with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox book]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| alt | audio_read_by | author | authors | award | awards | border | caption | congress | cover_artist | dewey | editor | editors | exclude_cover | followed_by | followed_by_quotation_marks | genre | genres | illustrator | illustrators | image | image_caption | image_size | infoboxwidth | isbn | language | media_type | module | name | nocat_wdimage | note | notes | oclc | orig_lang_code | pages | preceded_by | preceded_by_quotation_marks | publication | release_number | series | set_in | subject | subjects | title_orig | title_working | translator | translators | website | width
}}</onlyinclude>

<noinclude>
This template is used to present a consistently-formatted table for use in articles about books.

== Usage ==
<pre style="overflow:auto;">
{{Infobox book
| name =
| image =
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption =
| author =
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| language =
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre =
| set_in =
| publication =
| media_type =
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by = 
| followed_by = 
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| website =
}}</pre>

== Parameters ==
; image: Image (prefer 1st edition where permitted), use bare filename: <code><nowiki>Example.jpg</nowiki></code><br>For a title page from a [[:Commons:|Commons]] PDF, specify the page and width in [[WP:EIS|the syntax]]: <code><nowiki>[[File:Lissagaray - Histoire de la Commune de 1871, MS.djvu|page=9|220px]]</nowiki></code>
; image_size: Uses image size set by user (default 220px). Use a number to override image size. However, this is discouraged per [[WP:THUMBSIZE]].
; border: Inserting <code>yes</code> here will result in a 1px grey border around the image, useful for instances where the image and the background will blend together (such as a book cover with a white background). If no border is necessary, this parameter should not be used. Note: does not apply if {{para|image}} uses the full image syntax (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[File:Example.jpg]]</nowiki></code>); in this case add the border in {{para|image}} (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[File:Example.jpg|border=yes]]</nowiki></code>)
; author/authors: Author(s)
; audio_read_by: For [[audiobook]]s.
; title_orig: Original title, if not in English.
; orig_lang_code: [[ISO 639|ISO 639 code]] of original language.
; working_title: [[Working title]], when different from published title
; translator: Translator(s), if original not in English
; illustrator: Illustrator (where used throughout and a major feature)
; cover_artist: Cover artist, if any
; series: Series (if any)
; release_number: The "release number" of a book within the "series" (also would be called a "volume") - n.b. only relevant for an article where "series" is populated
; subject/subjects: (for non-fiction) ''See [[index term]] and [[library classification]]''
; genre/genres: (for fiction) ''See [[literary genre]]''. Use {{tl|hlist}} for sorting multiple entries.
; set_in: can be both time and place as [[Setting (narrative)|setting]]. No need to create long lists. Use approximate dates/places if it is not clearly specified in the text.
; media_type: Print / Digital (then binding types etc., if relevant)
; award/awards: Awards(s) the book has won
; isbn: (prefer ISBN of 1st edition). Format: "1-234-56789-0" (10-digit) or "978-1-234-56789-0" (13-digit). If the book has a [[International Standard Book Number|standard book number]] (9 digits) add a "0" to the beginning of the number. Do not change a 10-digit to a 13-digit ISBN by prefixing a "978" by hand, because the last digit is a calculated check digit, which will be wrong. Similarly, do not remove "978-" from a 13-digit ISBN to make a 10-digit ISBN. If the book was published before the use of ISBN, do not include this parameter. If the 13-digit number you have does not start with "978", "979-10", or "979-11", then it is not an ISBN and should not be used in this parameter. Change spaces in the ISBN to hyphens. The rules for hyphenating an ISBN are complex (currently 29 pages). Do not add spaces or hyphens to an unformatted ISBN which are likely to be wrong if you are guessing. However the "978" prefix of a 13-digit ISBN is always separated by a hyphen and the check digit{{spnd}}the last character{{spnd}}is always separated by a hyphen. The last character of a 10-character ISBN may be an "X". In such case, use the uppercase "X" character, not any alternate character. Do not put "ISBN" in front of the number. ISBNs are checked for validity; articles with invalid ISBNs are placed in [[:Category:Pages with ISBN errors]] and display a red error message.
; oclc: OCLC number (prefer 1st edition), use when book has no ISBN
; preceded_by_quotation_marks: Title of prior work ''in series'' if a [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#When not to use italics|minor work]]; will be surrounded with quotation marks by template code (do not use to connect separate books chronologically)
; followed_by: Title of subsequent book ''in a series or a sequel''; will be italicised by template code (do not use to connect separate books chronologically)
; followed_by_quotation_marks: Title of subsequent work ''in a series or a sequel'' if a [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#When not to use italics|minor work]]; will be surrounded with quotation marks by template code (do not use to connect separate books chronologically)
; exclude_cover: This template will place articles with this infobox where no image has been specified into the category [[:Category:Books with missing cover|Books with missing cover]]; where this is not desired, e.g because the cover is shown elsewhere in the article, this parameter should be set to {{para|exclude_cover|yes}}.

== Example ==

{{Infobox book{{\sandbox}}
| name = Anne of Green Gables
| image = FirstPageGreenGables.gif
| caption = The front (first) page of the first edition
| alt = Cover
| author = [[Lucy Maud Montgomery]]
| title_orig =
| working_title =
| translator =
| illustrator = M. A. and W. A. J. Claus
| cover_artist =
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre = [[Children's literature|Children's novel]]
| publication = 1908 in the [[United States]] by [[L. C. Page & Co.]] (originally in English)
| pages = 429 ''(first edition)''
| awards =
| isbn = 
| oclc = 367111
| congress = PR6025.O45 A53
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = [[Anne of Avonlea]]
| wikisource = Anne of Green Gables
}}
<pre style="margin:3.0em 0 0;padding-right:0;overflow:auto;">
{{Infobox book
| name = Anne of Green Gables
| image = FirstPageGreenGables.gif
| caption = The front (first) page of the first edition
| alt = Cover
| author = [[Lucy Maud Montgomery]]
| title_orig =
| working_title =
| translator =
| illustrator = M. A. and W. A. J. Claus
| cover_artist =
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre = [[Children's literature|Children's novel]]
| publication = 1908 in the [[United States]] by [[L. C. Page & Co.]] (originally in English)
| pages = 429 ''(first edition)''
| awards =
| isbn = 
| oclc = 367111
| congress = PR6025.O45 A53
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = [[Anne of Avonlea]]
| wikisource = Anne of Green Gables
}}
</pre>

== TemplateData ==
<templatedata>
{
"description": "Consistently-formatted table for presenting information about books",
"format": "{{_\n| _________________ = _\n}}\n",
"params": {
"name": {
"label": "Name",
"type": "string",
"required": false,
"description": "Book name or title. If parameter is left blank, ''name'' will be inherited from the [[Wikipedia:Article titles|Wikipedia page]] where this infobox is invoked.",
"default": "Pagename"
},
"image": {
"label": "Image",
"type": "wiki-file-name",
"required": false,
"description": "Image (prefer 1st edition where permitted). Use bare filename.",
"suggested": true
},
"alt": {
"label": "Alternate image text",
"description": "Alternate text to display if the image cannot be rendered.",
"type": "string"
},
"author": {
"label": "Author",
"type": "string",
"required": false,
"description": "Author(s) of the book (should be link to their respective article if there is one).",
"suggested": true
},
"language": {
"label": "Language",
"type": "string",
"required": false,
"description": "Language of (original) book.",
"example": "English"
},
"genre": {
"label": "Genre",
"type": "string",
"required": false,
"description": "The book's genre",
"example": "Science fiction"
},
"publication": {
"label": "Publication",
"type": "content",
"required": false,
"description": "Information about the publishment of the book. The following format: year (publisher) (language, when originally written in a foreign language)",
"example": "1867 by Verlag von Otto Meisner (German)"
},
"isbn": {
"label": "ISBN",
"type": "string",
"description": "Format: \"ISBN 1-234-56789-0\" (prefer 1st edition)",
"suggested": true
},
"exclude_cover": {
"type": "string",
"description": "\"yes\" if no image is present and adding this article to \"Category:Books with missing cover\" is not desired",
"label": "exclude cover?",
"example": "yes"
},
"series": {
"label": "Series",
"description": "Series the book is part of",
"example": "[[The Federalist Papers]]",
"type": "string"
},
"image_size": {
"label": "Image size",
"example": "200 px",
"type": "string"
},
"caption": {
"label": "Image caption",
"description": "a caption for the image used",
"type": "content"
},
"media_type": {
"label": "Type of media",
"example": "[[Newspaper]]",
"type": "string"
},
"preceded_by": {
"label": "Preceded by",
"description": "The previous installment in the series/from the author",
"example": "[[Federalist No. 4]]",
"type": "string"
},
"followed_by": {
"label": "Followed by",
"description": "The next installment in the series/from the author",
"example": "[[Federalist No. 6]]",
"type": "string"
},
"infoboxwidth": {},
"width": {},
"image_caption": {},
"editors": {
"type": "content",
"label": "Editor(s)",
"description": "Editor(s) '''only when they are the primary contributor''', e.g. dictionaries, encyclopedias, anthologies.",
"example": "* [[Karl Marx]] and [[Fredreich Engels]]\n* [[Joseph Stalin]]"
},
"editor": {},
"authors": {},
"audio_read_by": {},
"title_orig": {},
"title_working": {},
"translators": {},
"translator": {},
"illustrators": {},
"illustrator": {},
"cover_artist": {},
"release_number": {},
"subjects": {},
"subject": {},
"genres": {},
"set_in": {},
"pages": {
"type": "number",
"label": "Pages",
"description": "Amount of pages in the book.",
"example": "453"
},
"awards": {},
"award": {},
"dewey": {
"type": "string",
"label": "[[Dewey Decimal Classification]]"
},
"congress": {
"type": "string",
"label": "Library of Congress Classification",
"description": "Library of Congress Classification ('''not''' to be confused with Library of Congress Control Number)"
},
"oclc": {},
"border": {},
"orig_lang_code": {},
"preceded_by_quotation_marks": {},
"followed_by_quotation_marks": {},
"websites": {
"type": "string",
"label": "Website(s)",
"description": "The publisher's or author's websites about the book.",
"example": "[https://cpc.people.com.cn cpc.people.com.cn]"
},
"notes": {},
"note": {},
"nocat_wdimage": {}
}
}
</templatedata>
</noinclude>

Template:Infobox book

2024-09-03T21:04:33Z

BE Comrade: fixed use of "em"

<onlyinclude>{{Infobox
|bodyclass = vcard
|bodystyle = {{#if:{{{infoboxwidth|{{{width|}}}}}} |width:{{{infoboxwidth|{{{width}}}}}} }}
|titlestyle = font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;
|title = {{#if:{{{name|}}}{{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}{{{editors|{{{editor|}}}}}}{{{authors|{{{author|}}}}}}{{{audio_read_by|}}}{{{title_orig|}}}{{{title_working|}}}{{{translators|{{{translator|}}}}}}{{{illustrators|{{{illustrator|}}}}}}{{{cover_artist|}}}{{{language|}}}{{{series|}}}{{{release_number|}}}{{{subjects|{{{subject|}}}}}}{{{genres|{{{genre|}}}}}}{{{set_in|}}}{{{publication|}}}{{{media_type|}}}{{{pages|}}}{{{awards|{{{award|}}}}}}{{{dewey|}}}{{{congress|}}}| }}{{{name|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}} 
| imagestyle = {{#if:{{{image|}}}||display:none}}
| image = {{#if:{{{image|}}} | {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage |image={{{image|}}} |size={{{image_size|}}} |sizedefault=frameless |upright=1 |alt={{{alt|}}} |title={{{alt|}}} |border={{{border|}}} |suppressplaceholder=yes}}| {{#ifeq:{{yesno|{{lc:{{{exclude_cover|no}}}}}}}|yes | |{{main other|[[Category:Books with missing cover]]}} }}
}}
| caption = {{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}


| label1 = Editor{{#if:{{{editors|}}}|s}}
| data1 = {{{editors|{{{editor|}}}}}}

| label2 = Author{{#if:{{{authors|}}}|s}}
| data2 = {{{authors|{{{author|}}}}}}

| label3 = Audio read by
| data3 = {{{audio_read_by|}}}

| label4 = Original title
| data4 = {{#if:{{{title_orig|}}} |{{#if:{{{orig_lang_code|}}}|{{lang|{{{orig_lang_code|}}} |{{{title_orig}}} |italics={{#invoke:infobox/utilities|set_italics|{{{orig_lang_code|}}}|{{{title_orig}}}}}}}|''{{{title_orig}}}''}} }}

| label5 = Working title
| data5 = {{#if:{{{title_working|}}} |''{{{title_working}}}''}}

| label6 = Translator{{#if:{{{translators|}}}|s}}
| data6 = {{{translators|{{{translator|}}}}}}

| label7 = Illustrator{{#if:{{{illustrators|}}}|s}}
| data7 = {{{illustrators|{{{illustrator|}}}}}}

| label8 = Cover artist
| data8 = {{{cover_artist|}}}

| label9 = Language
| data9 = {{{language|}}}

| label10 = Series
| data10 = {{{series|}}}

| label11 = {{longitem|Release number}}
| data11 = {{{release_number|}}}

| label12 = Subject{{#if:{{{subjects|}}}|s}}
| data12 = {{{subjects|{{{subject|}}}}}}

| label13 = Genre{{#if:{{{genres|}}}|s}}
| data13 = {{{genres|{{{genre|}}}}}}

| label14 = Set in
| data14 = {{{set_in|}}}

| label15 = Publication
| data15 = {{{publication|}}}

| label16 = Media type
| data16 = {{{media_type|}}}

| label17 = Pages
| data17 = {{{pages|}}}

| label18 = Award{{#if:{{{awards|}}}|s}}
| data18 = {{{awards|{{{award|}}}}}}

| label19 = [[ISBN (identifier)|<abbr title='International Standard Book Number'>ISBN</abbr>]]
| data19 = {{{isbn|}}}

| label20 = [[OCLC (identifier)|<abbr title='Online Computer Library Center'>OCLC<abbr/> Number]]
| data20 = {{#if:{{{oclc|}}} |[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/{{urlencode:{{{oclc}}}}} {{{oclc}}}]}}

| label21 = [[Dewey Decimal Classification|Dewey Decimal]]
| data21 = {{{dewey|}}}

| label22 = [[LCC (identifier)|<abbr title='Library of Congress Classification'>LC Class</abbr>]]
| data22 = {{{congress|}}}

| label23 = Preceded by
| data23 = {{#if:{{{preceded_by|}}} |''{{{preceded_by|}}} ''
| {{#if:{{{preceded_by_quotation_marks|}}} |"{{{preceded_by_quotation_marks|}}}"}}
}}

| label24 = Followed by
| data24 = {{#if:{{{followed_by|}}} |''{{{followed_by|}}} ''
| {{#if:{{{followed_by_quotation_marks|}}} |"{{{followed_by_quotation_marks|}}}"}}
}}

| label25 = Website(s)
| data25 = {{{websites|}}}

| data60 = {{{module|}}}

| belowstyle = border-top:#aaa 1px solid;font-size:90%;
| below = {{{notes|{{{note|}}}}}}
}}
{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox book with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox book]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| alt | audio_read_by | author | authors | award | awards | border | caption | congress | cover_artist | dewey | editor | editors | exclude_cover | followed_by | followed_by_quotation_marks | genre | genres | illustrator | illustrators | image | image_caption | image_size | infoboxwidth | isbn | language | media_type | module | name | nocat_wdimage | note | notes | oclc | orig_lang_code | pages | preceded_by | preceded_by_quotation_marks | publication | release_number | series | set_in | subject | subjects | title_orig | title_working | translator | translators | website | width
}}</onlyinclude>

<noinclude>
This template is used to present a consistently-formatted table for use in articles about books.

== Usage ==
<pre style="overflow:auto;">
{{Infobox book
| name =
| image =
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption =
| author =
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| language =
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre =
| set_in =
| publication =
| media_type =
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by = 
| followed_by = 
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| website =
}}</pre>

== Parameters ==
; image: Image (prefer 1st edition where permitted), use bare filename: <code><nowiki>Example.jpg</nowiki></code><br>For a title page from a [[:Commons:|Commons]] PDF, specify the page and width in [[WP:EIS|the syntax]]: <code><nowiki>[[File:Lissagaray - Histoire de la Commune de 1871, MS.djvu|page=9|220px]]</nowiki></code>
; image_size: Uses image size set by user (default 220px). Use a number to override image size. However, this is discouraged per [[WP:THUMBSIZE]].
; border: Inserting <code>yes</code> here will result in a 1px grey border around the image, useful for instances where the image and the background will blend together (such as a book cover with a white background). If no border is necessary, this parameter should not be used. Note: does not apply if {{para|image}} uses the full image syntax (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[File:Example.jpg]]</nowiki></code>); in this case add the border in {{para|image}} (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[File:Example.jpg|border=yes]]</nowiki></code>)
; author/authors: Author(s)
; audio_read_by: For [[audiobook]]s.
; title_orig: Original title, if not in English.
; orig_lang_code: [[ISO 639|ISO 639 code]] of original language.
; working_title: [[Working title]], when different from published title
; translator: Translator(s), if original not in English
; illustrator: Illustrator (where used throughout and a major feature)
; cover_artist: Cover artist, if any
; series: Series (if any)
; release_number: The "release number" of a book within the "series" (also would be called a "volume") - n.b. only relevant for an article where "series" is populated
; subject/subjects: (for non-fiction) ''See [[index term]] and [[library classification]]''
; genre/genres: (for fiction) ''See [[literary genre]]''. Use {{tl|hlist}} for sorting multiple entries.
; set_in: can be both time and place as [[Setting (narrative)|setting]]. No need to create long lists. Use approximate dates/places if it is not clearly specified in the text.
; media_type: Print / Digital (then binding types etc., if relevant)
; award/awards: Awards(s) the book has won
; isbn: (prefer ISBN of 1st edition). Format: "1-234-56789-0" (10-digit) or "978-1-234-56789-0" (13-digit). If the book has a [[International Standard Book Number|standard book number]] (9 digits) add a "0" to the beginning of the number. Do not change a 10-digit to a 13-digit ISBN by prefixing a "978" by hand, because the last digit is a calculated check digit, which will be wrong. Similarly, do not remove "978-" from a 13-digit ISBN to make a 10-digit ISBN. If the book was published before the use of ISBN, do not include this parameter. If the 13-digit number you have does not start with "978", "979-10", or "979-11", then it is not an ISBN and should not be used in this parameter. Change spaces in the ISBN to hyphens. The rules for hyphenating an ISBN are complex (currently 29 pages). Do not add spaces or hyphens to an unformatted ISBN which are likely to be wrong if you are guessing. However the "978" prefix of a 13-digit ISBN is always separated by a hyphen and the check digit{{spnd}}the last character{{spnd}}is always separated by a hyphen. The last character of a 10-character ISBN may be an "X". In such case, use the uppercase "X" character, not any alternate character. Do not put "ISBN" in front of the number. ISBNs are checked for validity; articles with invalid ISBNs are placed in [[:Category:Pages with ISBN errors]] and display a red error message.
; oclc: OCLC number (prefer 1st edition), use when book has no ISBN
; preceded_by_quotation_marks: Title of prior work ''in series'' if a [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#When not to use italics|minor work]]; will be surrounded with quotation marks by template code (do not use to connect separate books chronologically)
; followed_by: Title of subsequent book ''in a series or a sequel''; will be italicised by template code (do not use to connect separate books chronologically)
; followed_by_quotation_marks: Title of subsequent work ''in a series or a sequel'' if a [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#When not to use italics|minor work]]; will be surrounded with quotation marks by template code (do not use to connect separate books chronologically)
; exclude_cover: This template will place articles with this infobox where no image has been specified into the category [[:Category:Books with missing cover|Books with missing cover]]; where this is not desired, e.g because the cover is shown elsewhere in the article, this parameter should be set to {{para|exclude_cover|yes}}.

== Example ==

{{Infobox book{{\sandbox}}
| name = Anne of Green Gables
| image = FirstPageGreenGables.gif
| caption = The front (first) page of the first edition
| alt = Cover
| author = [[Lucy Maud Montgomery]]
| title_orig =
| working_title =
| translator =
| illustrator = M. A. and W. A. J. Claus
| cover_artist =
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre = [[Children's literature|Children's novel]]
| publication = 1908 in the [[United States]] by [[L. C. Page & Co.]] (originally in English)
| pages = 429 ''(first edition)''
| awards =
| isbn = 
| oclc = 367111
| congress = PR6025.O45 A53
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = [[Anne of Avonlea]]
| wikisource = Anne of Green Gables
}}
<pre style="margin:3.0em 0 0;padding-right:0;overflow:auto;">
{{Infobox book
| name = Anne of Green Gables
| image = FirstPageGreenGables.gif
| caption = The front (first) page of the first edition
| alt = Cover
| author = [[Lucy Maud Montgomery]]
| title_orig =
| working_title =
| translator =
| illustrator = M. A. and W. A. J. Claus
| cover_artist =
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre = [[Children's literature|Children's novel]]
| publication = 1908 in the [[United States]] by [[L. C. Page & Co.]] (originally in English)
| pages = 429 ''(first edition)''
| awards =
| isbn = 
| oclc = 367111
| congress = PR6025.O45 A53
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = [[Anne of Avonlea]]
| wikisource = Anne of Green Gables
}}
</pre>

== TemplateData ==
<templatedata>
{
"description": "Consistently-formatted table for presenting information about books",
"format": "{{_\n| _________________ = _\n}}\n",
"params": {
"name": {
"label": "Name",
"type": "string",
"required": false,
"description": "Book name or title. If parameter is left blank, ''name'' will be inherited from the [[Wikipedia:Article titles|Wikipedia page]] where this infobox is invoked.",
"default": "Pagename"
},
"image": {
"label": "Image",
"type": "wiki-file-name",
"required": false,
"description": "Image (prefer 1st edition where permitted). Use bare filename.",
"suggested": true
},
"alt": {
"label": "Alternate image text",
"description": "Alternate text to display if the image cannot be rendered.",
"type": "string"
},
"author": {
"label": "Author",
"type": "string",
"required": false,
"description": "Author(s) of the book (should be link to their respective article if there is one).",
"suggested": true
},
"language": {
"label": "Language",
"type": "string",
"required": false,
"description": "Language of (original) book.",
"example": "English"
},
"genre": {
"label": "Genre",
"type": "string",
"required": false,
"description": "The book's genre",
"example": "Science fiction"
},
"publication": {
"label": "Publication",
"type": "content",
"required": false,
"description": "Information about the publishment of the book. The following format: year (publisher) (language, when originally written in a foreign language)",
"example": "1867 by Verlag von Otto Meisner (German)"
},
"isbn": {
"label": "ISBN",
"type": "string",
"description": "Format: \"ISBN 1-234-56789-0\" (prefer 1st edition)",
"suggested": true
},
"exclude_cover": {
"type": "string",
"description": "\"yes\" if no image is present and adding this article to \"Category:Books with missing cover\" is not desired",
"label": "exclude cover?",
"example": "yes"
},
"series": {
"label": "Series",
"description": "Series the book is part of",
"example": "[[The Federalist Papers]]",
"type": "string"
},
"image_size": {
"label": "Image size",
"example": "200 px",
"type": "string"
},
"caption": {
"label": "Image caption",
"description": "a caption for the image used",
"type": "content"
},
"media_type": {
"label": "Type of media",
"example": "[[Newspaper]]",
"type": "string"
},
"preceded_by": {
"label": "Preceded by",
"description": "The previous installment in the series/from the author",
"example": "[[Federalist No. 4]]",
"type": "string"
},
"followed_by": {
"label": "Followed by",
"description": "The next installment in the series/from the author",
"example": "[[Federalist No. 6]]",
"type": "string"
},
"infoboxwidth": {},
"width": {},
"image_caption": {},
"editors": {
"type": "content",
"label": "Editor(s)",
"description": "Editor(s) '''only when they are the primary contributor''', e.g. dictionaries, encyclopedias, anthologies.",
"example": "* [[Karl Marx]] and [[Fredreich Engels]]\n* [[Joseph Stalin]]"
},
"editor": {},
"authors": {},
"audio_read_by": {},
"title_orig": {},
"title_working": {},
"translators": {},
"translator": {},
"illustrators": {},
"illustrator": {},
"cover_artist": {},
"release_number": {},
"subjects": {},
"subject": {},
"genres": {},
"set_in": {},
"pages": {
"type": "number",
"label": "Pages",
"description": "Amount of pages in the book.",
"example": "453"
},
"awards": {},
"award": {},
"dewey": {
"type": "string",
"label": "[[Dewey Decimal Classification]]"
},
"congress": {
"type": "string",
"label": "Library of Congress Classification",
"description": "Library of Congress Classification ('''not''' to be confused with Library of Congress Control Number)"
},
"oclc": {},
"border": {},
"orig_lang_code": {},
"preceded_by_quotation_marks": {},
"followed_by_quotation_marks": {},
"websites": {
"type": "string",
"label": "Website(s)",
"description": "The publisher's or author's websites about the book.",
"example": "[https://cpc.people.com.cn cpc.people.com.cn]"
},
"notes": {},
"note": {},
"nocat_wdimage": {}
}
}
</templatedata>
</noinclude>

Template:Infobox country

2024-09-03T20:51:38Z

BE Comrade: removed use of unexisting yesno template + flag_border and flag2_border now at least pretend to do something

{{infobox
| bodyclass = geography vcard
| bodystyle = font-size:88%;
| headerstyle= text-align:left;
| aboveclass = adr
| abovestyle = padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;
| above =
{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name|}}}}}{{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{name|}}}|<br>}}<div style="font-size:85%; font-weight: normal;">''{{{native_name}}}''</div>}}

| subheader = {{#if:{{{life_span|}}} | {{{life_span}}} | {{#if:{{{year_start|}}}|{{{year_start}}}{{#if:{{{year_end}}}|–{{{year_end}}} }} }} }}

| imagestyle = text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0;

| image1 = {{#if:{{{image_coat|}}}{{{image_symbol|}}}{{{image_flag|}}}{{{image_flag2|}}}
|{{infobox country/imagetable
|image1a = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|suppressplaceholder={{main other||no}}|image={{{image_flag|}}}|sizedefault=125px|size={{{flag_width|{{{flag_size|}}}}}}|maxsize=250|border={{#ifeq: {{{flag_border|yes}}} | yes | yes | no }}|alt={{{alt_flag|{{{flag_alt|}}}}}}|title=Flag of {{{common_name|{{{name|{{{linking_name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}}}
|image1b = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|suppressplaceholder={{main other||no}}|image={{{image_flag2|}}}|sizedefault=125px|size={{{flag_width|}}}|maxsize=250|border={{#ifeq: {{{flag2_border|yes}}} | yes | yes | no }}|alt={{{alt_flag2|{{{flag_alt2|}}}}}}}}
|caption1= {{#ifexist:{{if empty |{{{flag_type_article|}}} |{{{flag|}}} | {{if empty |{{{flag_type|}}} |Flag}} of {{if empty |{{{linking_name|}}} |{{{common_name|}}} |{{{name|}}} |{{PAGENAME}} }} }} |[[{{if empty |{{{flag_type_article|}}} |{{{flag|}}} |{{if empty |{{{flag_type|}}} |Flag}} of {{if empty |{{{linking_name|}}} |{{{common_name|}}} |{{{name|}}} |{{PAGENAME}} }} }}|{{if empty |{{{flag_caption|}}} |{{{flag_type|}}} |Flag}}]] |{{if empty |{{{flag_caption|}}} |{{{flag_type|}}} |Flag}} }}
|image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|suppressplaceholder={{main other||no}}|image={{if empty|{{{image_coat|}}}|{{{image_symbol|}}}}} |size={{{symbol_width|{{{coa_size|}}}}}}|sizedefault=85px|alt={{#if:{{{image_coat|}}}|{{{alt_coat|{{{coat_alt|}}}}}}|{{{alt_symbol|}}}}}|title={{{symbol_type|Coat of arms}}} of {{{common_name|{{{name|{{{linking_name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}}}
|caption2= {{#ifexist:{{if empty |{{{symbol_type_article|}}} |{{{symbol|}}} |{{if empty |{{{symbol_type|}}} |Coat of arms}} of {{if empty |{{{linking_name|}}} |{{{common_name|}}} |{{{name|}}} |{{PAGENAME}} }} }} |[[{{if empty |{{{symbol_type_article|}}} |{{{symbol|}}} |{{if empty |{{{symbol_type|}}} |Coat of arms}} of {{if empty |{{{linking_name|}}} |{{{common_name|}}} |{{{name|}}} |{{PAGENAME}} }} }} | {{if empty |{{{symbol_type|}}} |Coat of arms}}]] |{{if empty |{{{symbol_type|}}} |Coat of arms}} }}
}} }}

| data1 = {{#if:{{{national_motto|}}}{{{motto|}}}
|<div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''Motto: '''{{if empty|{{{motto|}}}|{{{national_motto|}}}}}{{#if:{{{englishmotto|}}}|<br/><div style="display:inline"">{{{englishmotto}}}</div> }}</div>
}}

| class2 = anthem
| data2 = {{#if:{{{national_anthem|}}}{{{anthem|}}}
|<div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''Anthem: '''{{if empty|{{{national_anthem|}}}|{{{anthem|}}}}}</div>
}}{{#if:{{{anthems|}}}
|
<div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''Anthems: '''{{{anthems}}}</div>
}}{{#if:{{{royal_anthem|}}}
|
<hr/>
<div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''[[Royal anthem]]: '''{{{royal_anthem}}}</div>
}}{{#if:{{{flag_anthem|}}}
|
<hr/>
<div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''[[Flag anthem]]: '''{{{flag_anthem}}}</div>
}}{{#if:{{{national_march|}}}
|
<hr/>
<div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''National march: '''{{{national_march}}}</div>
}}{{#if:{{{territorial_anthem|}}}
|
<hr/>
<div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''Territorial anthem: '''{{{territorial_anthem}}}</div>
}}{{#if:{{{regional_anthem|}}}
|
<hr/>
<div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''Regional anthem: '''{{{regional_anthem}}}</div>
}}{{#if:{{{state_anthem|}}}
|
<hr/>
<div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''State anthem: '''{{{state_anthem}}}</div>
}}{{#if:{{{march|}}}
|
<hr/>
<div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''March: '''{{{march}}}</div>
}}

| data3 = {{#if:{{{other_symbol|}}}{{{text_symbol|}}}
|<div style="line-height:1.2em;">{{#if:{{{other_symbol_type|}}}{{{text_symbol_type|}}}
| '''{{if empty|{{{other_symbol_type|}}}|{{{text_symbol_type|}}}}}'''<br/>}}{{if empty|{{{other_symbol|}}}|{{{text_symbol|}}}}}</div>
}}

| data4 = {{#if:{{{image_map|}}}
|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map|}}}|size={{{map_width|{{{image_map_size|}}}}}}|upright=1.15|alt={{{alt_map|{{{image_map_alt|}}}}}}|title={{{map_caption|{{{image_map_caption|Location of {{{common_name|{{{name|{{{linking_name|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}{{#if:{{{map_caption|{{{image_map_caption|}}}}}}|<div style="position:relative;top:0.3em;">{{{map_caption|{{{image_map_caption|}}}}}}</div>}} }}

| data5 = {{#if:{{{image_map2|}}}
|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map2|}}}|size={{{map2_width|{{{image_map2_size|}}}}}}|upright=1.15|alt={{{alt_map2|{{{image_map2_alt|}}}}}}|title={{{map_caption2|{{{image_map2_caption|Location of {{{common_name|{{{name|{{{linking_name|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}{{#if:{{{map_caption2|{{{image_map2_caption|}}}}}}|<div style="position:relative;top:0.3em;">{{{map_caption2|{{{image_map2_caption|}}}}}}</div>}} }}

| label6 = Status
| data6 = {{#if:{{{status|}}}|{{Infobox country/status text|status={{{status|}}}|status_text={{{status_text|}}}|empire={{{empire|}}}|year_end={{{year_end|}}}|year_exile_start={{{year_exile_start|}}}|year_exile_end={{{year_exile_end|}}} }} }}

| label7 = Location
| data7 = {{{loctext|}}}

| label8 = {{#if:{{{capital_type|}}} | {{{capital_type}}} | Capital }}{{#ifeq: {{#ifeq:{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}|capital
|capital|{{#switch:{{{capital}}}
| [[{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}]] = capital
| {{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}} = capital
| not capital
}}}}|capital |<br/><div style="display:inline" style="font-weight:normal">and {{{largest_settlement_type|largest city}}}</div>
}}
| data8 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}|{{{capital}}}{{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}|<br/>{{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|{{{coordinates}}}|type:city}}}} }}

| rowclass9 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}|mergedrow}}
| label9 = Capital-in-exile
| data9 = {{#ifexist:{{{capital_exile|}}}|[[{{{capital_exile|}}}]]|{{{capital_exile|}}}}}

| rowclass10 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}|mergedrow}}
| label10 = {{#if:{{{admin_center_type|}}}| {{{admin_center_type}}} | Administrative center }}
| data10 = {{#switch:{{{admin_center|}}}
|capital | =
|[[{{{capital|}}}]] =
|{{{capital|}}} =
|#default = {{{admin_center}}}{{#if:{{{capital|}}}||{{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}|<br/>{{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|{{{coordinates}}}|type:city}}}} }} }}

| rowclass11 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}{{{admin_center|}}}|mergedbottomrow}}
| label11 = Largest {{{largest_settlement_type|city}}}
| data11 = {{#ifeq: {{#ifeq:{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}|capital
|capital|{{#switch:{{{capital}}}
| [[{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}]] = capital
| {{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}} = capital
| not capital
}}}}|capital |
| {{if empty| {{{largest_city|}}} | {{{largest_settlement|}}} }}
}}

| rowclass12 = mergedtoprow
| label12 = Official languages
| data12 = {{{official_languages|}}}
| rowclass13 = mergedrow
| label13 = <span style="font-weight:normal;">{{#if:{{{recognized_languages|}}}|Recognized|Recognised}} languages</span>
| data13 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_languages|}}} }}
| rowclass14 = mergedrow
| label14 = <span style="font-weight:normal;">{{#if:{{{recognized_national_languages|}}}|Recognized|Recognised}} national languages</span>
| data14 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_national_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_national_languages|}}} | {{{national_languages|}}} }}
| rowclass15 = mergedrow
| label15 = <span style="font-weight:normal;">{{#if:{{{recognized_regional_languages|}}}|Recognized|Recognised}} regional languages</span>
| data15 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_regional_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_regional_languages|}}} | {{{regional_languages|}}} }}
| label16 = Common languages
| data16 = {{{common_languages|}}}

| rowclass17 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes
|{{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |mergedrow}}
|{{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |mergedbottomrow}} }}
| label17 ={{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes
|<div style="display:inline" style="font-weight:normal;">{{if empty| {{{languages_type|}}} | Other languages }}</div>
|{{if empty| {{{languages_type|}}} | Other languages }}
}}
| data17 = {{{languages|}}}

| rowclass18 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes |mergedbottomrow}}
| label18 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes
|<div style="display:inline" style="font-weight:normal;">{{if empty|{{{languages2_type|}}} | Other languages }}</div>
|{{if empty|{{{languages2_type|}}} | Other languages }}
}}
| data18 = {{{languages2|}}}

| label19 = [[Ethnic group|Ethnic groups]] {{#if:{{{ethnic_groups_year|}}} |<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"> ({{{ethnic_groups_year}}}){{{ethnic_groups_ref|}}}</div>|<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;">{{{ethnic_groups_ref|}}}</div>}}
| data19 = {{{ethnic_groups|}}}

| label20 = Religion {{#if:{{{religion_year|}}} |<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"> ({{{religion_year}}}){{{religion_ref|}}}</div>|<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;">{{{religion_ref|}}}</div>}}
| data20 = {{{religion|}}}

| label21 = Demonym(s)
| data21 = {{#if:{{{demonym|}}}
|{{#ifexist:{{{demonym}}} people
| [[{{{demonym}}} people|{{{demonym}}}]]
| {{{demonym}}}
}}
}}

| label22 = Type
| data22 = {{{org_type|}}}

| label23 = {{if empty|{{{membership_type|}}} | Membership }}
| data23 = {{{membership|}}}

| label24 = {{#if:{{{mode_of_production|}}}| Dominant mode of production }}
| data24 = {{{mode_of_production|}}}

| label25 = {{#if:{{{government_type|}}}| Government }}
| data25 = {{{government_type|}}}

| header26 = {{#if:{{{government_type|}}} || {{#if:{{{leader_title1|}}}{{{leader_name1|}}}
| {{#if:{{{name|}}}{{{membership|}}}
| Leaders
| Government
}}
}} }}

| rowclass27 = mergedrow
| data27 = {{#if:{{{leader_name1|}}}|{{Infobox country/multirow|{{{leader_title1|}}} |{{{leader_name1|}}} |{{{leader_title2|}}} |{{{leader_name2|}}} |{{{leader_title3|}}} |{{{leader_name3|}}} |{{{leader_title4|}}} |{{{leader_name4|}}} |{{{leader_title5|}}} |{{{leader_name5|}}} |{{{leader_title6|}}} |{{{leader_name6|}}} |{{{leader_title7|}}} |{{{leader_name7|}}} |{{{leader_title8|}}} |{{{leader_name8|}}} |{{{leader_title9|}}} |{{{leader_name9|}}} |{{{leader_title10|}}} |{{{leader_name10|}}} |{{{leader_title11|}}} |{{{leader_name11|}}} |{{{leader_title12|}}} |{{{leader_name12|}}} |{{{leader_title13|}}} |{{{leader_name13|}}} |{{{leader_title14|}}} |{{{leader_name14|}}} |{{{leader_title15|}}} |{{{leader_name15|}}} }} }}

| rowclass28 = mergedrow
| label28 = {{#if:{{{title_leader|}}}| {{{title_leader}}} }}
| data28 = {{#if:{{{title_leader|}}}| }}
| rowclass29 = mergedrow
| data29 = {{#if:{{{year_leader1|}}} | {{Infobox country/multirow|{{{year_leader1|}}} |{{{leader1|}}} |{{{year_leader2|}}} |{{{leader2|}}} |{{{year_leader3|}}} |{{{leader3|}}} |{{{year_leader4|}}} |{{{leader4|}}} |{{{year_leader5|}}} |{{{leader5|}}} |{{{year_leader6|}}} |{{{leader6|}}} |{{{year_leader7|}}} |{{{leader7|}}} |{{{year_leader8|}}} |{{{leader8|}}} |{{{year_leader9|}}} |{{{leader9|}}} |{{{year_leader10|}}} |{{{leader10|}}} |{{{year_leader11|}}} |{{{leader11|}}}|{{{year_leader12|}}} |{{{leader12|}}}|{{{year_leader13|}}} |{{{leader13|}}}|{{{year_leader14|}}} |{{{leader14|}}}|{{{year_leader15|}}} |{{{leader15|}}} }} }}

| rowclass30 = mergedrow
| label30 = {{#if:{{{title_representative|}}}| {{{title_representative}}} }}
| data30 = {{#if:{{{title_representative|}}}| }}
| rowclass31 = mergedrow
| data31 = {{#if:{{{year_representative1|}}}|{{Infobox country/multirow|{{{year_representative1|}}} |{{{representative1|}}} |{{{year_representative2|}}} |{{{representative2|}}} |{{{year_representative3|}}} |{{{representative3|}}} |{{{year_representative4|}}} |{{{representative4|}}} |{{{year_representative5|}}} |{{{representative5|}}} }} }}

| rowclass32 = mergedrow
| label32 = {{#if:{{{title_deputy|}}}|{{{title_deputy}}} }}
| data32 = {{#if:{{{title_deputy|}}}| }}
| rowclass33 = mergedrow
| data33 = {{#if:{{{year_deputy1|}}}|{{Infobox country/multirow|{{{year_deputy1|}}} |{{{deputy1|}}} |{{{year_deputy2|}}} |{{{deputy2|}}} |{{{year_deputy3|}}} |{{{deputy3|}}} |{{{year_deputy4|}}} |{{{deputy4|}}} |{{{year_deputy5|}}} |{{{deputy5|}}} |{{{year_deputy6|}}} |{{{deputy6|}}}|{{{year_deputy7|}}} |{{{deputy7|}}}|{{{year_deputy8|}}} |{{{deputy8|}}}|{{{year_deputy9|}}} |{{{deputy9|}}}|{{{year_deputy10|}}} |{{{deputy10|}}}|{{{year_deputy11|}}} |{{{deputy11|}}}|{{{year_deputy12|}}} |{{{deputy12|}}}|{{{year_deputy13|}}} |{{{deputy13|}}}|{{{year_deputy14|}}} |{{{deputy14|}}}|{{{year_deputy15|}}} |{{{deputy15|}}} }} }}

| label40 = Legislature
| data40 = {{{legislature|}}}
| rowclass41 = mergedrow
| label41 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• {{#if:{{{type_house1|}}}|{{{type_house1}}}|[[Upper house]]}}</div>
| data41 = {{{upper_house|{{{house1|}}}}}}
| rowclass42 = mergedbottomrow
| label42 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• {{#if:{{{type_house2|}}}|{{{type_house2}}}|[[Lower house]]}}</div>
| data42 = {{{lower_house|{{{house2|}}}}}}

| rowclass43 = {{#if:{{{established_event1|}}}{{{event1|}}}{{{year_start|}}}{{{year_end}}}|mergedtoprow}}
| header43 = {{#if:{{{established_event1|}}}{{{event1|}}}{{{year_start|}}}{{{year_end|}}}|History}}

| rowclass46 = {{#if:{{{established_event1|}}} |mergedrow |mergedbottomrow}}
| data46 = {{#if:{{{established_date1|}}}|{{Infobox country/multirow |{{{established_event1|}}} |{{{established_date1||}}} |{{{established_event2|}}} |{{{established_date2||}}} |{{{established_event3|}}} |{{{established_date3|}}} |{{{established_event4|}}} |{{{established_date4|}}} |{{{established_event5|}}} |{{{established_date5|}}} |{{{established_event6|}}} |{{{established_date6|}}} |{{{established_event7|}}} |{{{established_date7|}}} |{{{established_event8|}}} |{{{established_date8|}}} |{{{established_event9|}}} |{{{established_date9|}}} |{{{established_event10|}}} |{{{established_date10|}}} |{{{established_event11|}}} |{{{established_date11|}}} |{{{established_event12|}}} |{{{established_date12|}}} |{{{established_event13|}}} |{{{established_date13|}}} |{{{established_event14|}}} |{{{established_date14|}}} |{{{established_event15|}}} |{{{established_date15|}}} |{{{established_event16|}}} |{{{established_date16|}}} |{{{established_event17|}}} |{{{established_date17|}}} |{{{established_event18|}}} |{{{established_date18|}}} |{{{established_event19|}}} |{{{established_date19|}}} |{{{established_event20|}}} |{{{established_date20|}}} }} }}

| rowclass47 = {{#if:{{{date_start|}}}{{{year_start|}}} |mergedrow |mergedbottomrow}}
| data47 = {{#if:{{{date_start|}}}{{{year_start|}}}|{{Infobox country/multirow |{{{event_pre|}}} |{{{date_pre|}}} |{{if empty|{{{event_start|}}}|Established}} |{{{date_start|}}} {{{year_start|}}} |{{{event1|}}} |{{{date_event1|}}} |{{{event2|}}} |{{{date_event2|}}} |{{{event3|}}} |{{{date_event3|}}} |{{{event4|}}} |{{{date_event4|}}} |{{{event5|}}} |{{{date_event5|}}} |{{{event6|}}} |{{{date_event6|}}}|{{{event7|}}} |{{{date_event7|}}}|{{{event8|}}} |{{{date_event8|}}}|{{{event9|}}} |{{{date_event9|}}}|{{{event10|}}} |{{{date_event10|}}} |{{if empty|{{{event_end|}}}|Dissolution}} |{{{date_end|}}} {{{year_end|}}} |{{{event_post|}}} |{{{date_post|}}} }} }}

| rowclass60 = mergedtoprow
| header60 = {{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_ha|}}}{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}
| {{#if:{{{area_link|}}}
| [[{{{area_link}}}|Area]]
| {{#ifexist:Geography of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}
| [[Geography of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|Area]]
| Area}}}} }}

| rowclass61 = {{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label61 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• {{{area_label|Total}}}</div>
| data61 = {{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_ha|}}}
|{{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}
|{{{area_km2}}} km²
|{{#if:{{{area_ha|}}}
|{{{area_ha}}} ha
}}
}}{{{area_footnote|}}}{{#if:{{{area_rank|}}} | ({{{area_rank}}}) }}
}}

| rowclass62 = {{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label62 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Land</div>
| data62 = {{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}
|{{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}
|{{{area_land_km2}}} km²
|{{#if:{{{area_land_ha|}}}
|{{{area_land_ha|}}} ha
}}
}}{{{area_land_footnote|}}}
}}

| rowclass63 = {{#if:{{{percent_water|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label63 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Water</div>
| data63 = {{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}
|{{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}
|{{{area_water_km2}}} km²
|{{#if:{{{area_water_ha|}}}
|{{{area_water_ha|}}} ha
}}
}}{{{area_water_footnote|}}}
}}

| rowclass90 = mergedtoprow
| header90 = {{#if:{{{population_estimate|}}}{{{population_census|}}}
|Population}}

| rowclass91 = mergedrow
| label91 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• {{#if:{{{population_estimate_year|}}} |{{{population_estimate_year}}} estimate|Estimate}}</div>
| data91 = {{#if:{{{population_estimate|}}}
|{{{population_estimate}}}{{#if:{{{population_estimate_rank|}}} | ({{{population_estimate_rank}}})}}
}}

| rowclass95= mergedrow
| label95= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• {{#if:{{{population_census_year|}}} |{{{population_census_year}}} census|Census}}</div>
| data95= {{#if:{{{population_census|}}}
|{{{population_census}}}{{#if:{{{population_census_rank|}}} | ({{{population_census_rank}}})}}
}}

| rowclass99 = mergedbottomrow
| label99= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Density</div>
| data99= {{#if:{{{population_density_km2|}}}
| {{{population_density_km2}}} km²{{{pop_den_footnote|}}}{{#if:{{{population_density_rank|}}} | ({{{population_density_rank}}})}}
}}

| rowclass100 = mergedtoprow
| header100 = {{#if:{{{labour_force|}}}{{{unemployment|}}}
|Labour}}

| rowclass101 = mergedrow
| label101= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Labour force</div>
| data101= {{#if:{{{labour_force|}}}|{{{labour_force}}}}}

| rowclass102 = mergedrow
| label102= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Labour force participation</div>
| data102= {{#if:{{{labour_force_participation|}}}|{{{labour_force_participation}}}}}

| rowclass103 = mergedrow
| label103= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Occupation</div>
| data103= {{#if:{{{labour_occupation|}}}|{{{labour_occupation}}}}}

| rowclass104 = mergedrow
| label104= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Unemployment rate</div>
| data104= {{#if:{{{unemployment|}}}|{{{unemployment}}}}}

| rowclass105= mergedtoprow
| label105= GDP <span style="font-weight:normal;">(PPP)</span>
| data105= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP|}}}{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita|}}}
|{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_year|}}} |{{{GDP_PPP_year}}} }}estimate
}}
| rowclass106= mergedrow
| label106= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Total</div>
| data106= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP|}}}
|{{{GDP_PPP}}}{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_rank|}}} | ({{{GDP_PPP_rank}}})}}
}}

| rowclass107= mergedbottomrow
| label107= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Per capita</div>
| data107= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita|}}}
|{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita}}}{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank|}}} | ({{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank}}})}}
}}

| rowclass108= mergedtoprow
| label108= GDP <span style="font-weight:normal;">(nominal)</span>
| data108= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal|}}}{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita|}}}
|{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_year|}}} |{{{GDP_nominal_year}}} }}estimate
}}

| rowclass109= mergedrow
| label109= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Total</div>
| data109= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal|}}}
|{{{GDP_nominal}}}{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_rank|}}} | ({{{GDP_nominal_rank}}})}}
}}
| rowclass110= mergedbottomrow
| label110= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Per capita</div>
| data110= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita|}}}
| {{{GDP_nominal_per_capita}}}{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank|}}} | ({{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank}}})}}
}}

| rowclass111 = mergedtoprow
| label111 = Exports
| data111 = {{#if:{{{export|}}}{{{export_commodities|}}}
|{{#if:{{{export_year|}}}|{{{export_year}}} }}estimate
}}

| rowclass112 = mergedrow
| label112 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Value</div>
| data112 = {{#if:{{{export|}}}|{{{export}}}}}

| rowclass113 = mergedrow
| label113 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Commodities</div>
| data113 = {{#if:{{{export_commodities|}}}|{{{export_commodities}}}}}

| rowclass114 = mergedrow
| label114 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Partners</div>
| data114 = {{#if:{{{export_partners|}}}|{{{export_partners}}}}}

| rowclass115 = mergedtoprow
| label115 = Imports
| data115 = {{#if:{{{import|}}}{{{import_commodities|}}}
|{{#if:{{{import_year|}}}|{{{import_year}}} }}estimate
}}

| rowclass116 = mergedrow
| label116 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Value</div>
| data116 = {{#if:{{{import|}}}|{{{import}}}}}

| rowclass117 = mergedrow
| label117 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Commodities</div>
| data117 = {{#if:{{{import_commodities|}}}|{{{import_commodities}}}}}

| rowclass118 = mergedrow
| label118 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Partners</div>
| data118 = {{#if:{{{import_partners|}}}|{{{import_partners}}}}}

| label119= External debt
| data119= {{#if:{{{external_debt|}}}
|{{{external_debt}}}{{#if:{{{external_debt_rank|}}} | ({{{external_debt_rank}}})}}
}}

| label120= Gini{{#if:{{{Gini_year|}}} | <span style="font-weight:normal;">({{{Gini_year}}})</span>}}
| data120= {{#if:{{{Gini|}}}
| {{{Gini}}}{{#if:{{{Gini_rank|}}}| ({{{Gini_rank}}})}}
}}

| label121= HDI{{#if:{{{HDI_year|}}} | <span style="font-weight:normal;">({{{HDI_year}}})</span>}}
| data121= {{#if:{{{HDI|}}}
| {{{HDI}}}{{#if:{{{HDI_rank|}}}| ({{{HDI_rank}}})}}
}}

| label122= Currency
| data122= {{#if:{{{currency|}}}
| {{{currency}}} {{#if:{{{currency_code|}}}|({{{currency_code}}})}}
}}

| label123 = Date format
| data123= {{{date_format|}}}

| label124= [[Mains electricity]]
| data124= {{{electricity|}}}

| label125= [[Left- and right-hand traffic|Driving side]]
| data125= {{#if:{{{drives_on|}}} | {{lcfirst:{{{drives_on}}}}} }}

| label126= {{#if:{{{calling_code|}}}
|{{#ifexist:Telephone numbers in {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}
| [[Telephone numbers in {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|Calling code]]
| Calling code
}}
}}
| data126= {{{calling_code|}}}

| label127= [[ISO 3166|ISO 3166 code]]
| data127= {{#switch:{{{iso3166code|}}}
|omit = 
| = {{#if:{{{common_name|}}}
| {{#if:{{ISO 3166 code|{{{common_name}}}|nocat=true}}
| [[ISO 3166-2:{{ISO 3166 code|{{{common_name}}}}}|{{ISO 3166 code|{{{common_name}}}}}]]
}}
}}
|#default = [[ISO 3166-2:{{uc:{{{iso3166code}}}}}|{{uc:{{{iso3166code}}}}}]]
}}

| label128= [[Country code top-level domain|Internet TLD]]
| data128= {{{cctld|}}}

| data129 = {{#if:{{{official_website|}}}
|<div style="line-height:11pt">'''Website'''<br/>{{{official_website}}}</div>
}}

| data130= {{#if:{{{image_map3|{{{location_map|}}}}}}
| {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map3|{{{location_map|}}}}}}|size={{{map3_width|}}}|upright=1.15|alt={{{alt_map3|}}}|title=Location of {{{common_name|{{{name|{{{linking_name|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}} }}{{#if:{{{map_caption3|}}}|<div style="position:relative;top:0.3em;">{{{map_caption3|}}}</div>}}
}}

| data134 = {{#if:{{{p1|}}}{{{s1|}}}
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<noinclude>
<nowiki>
{{Infobox country
| name =
| native_name =
| image_flag =
| image_coat =
| image_map =
| map_width =
| capital =
| largest_city =
| official_languages =
| mode_of_production =
| government_type =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| area_km2 =
| area_ha =
| area_rank =
| established_event1 =
| established_date1 =
| established_event2 =
| established_date2 =
| established_event3 =
| established_date3 =
| established_event4 =
| established_date4 =
| population_estimate =
| population_estimate_year =
| population_census =
| population_census_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_density_rank =
| labour_force =
| labour_force_participation =
| labour_occupation =
| unemployment =
| currency =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_rank =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| GDP_nominal_year =
| GDP_nominal =
| GDP_nominal_rank =
| GDP_nominal_per_capita =
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
| export_year =
| export =
| export_commodities =
| export_partners =
| import_year =
| import =
| import_commodities =
| import_partners =
| external_debt =
| external_debt_rank =
| Gini =
| Gini_year =
| Gini_rank =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| HDI_rank =
| currency =
| currency_code =
| organizations =
| ruling_party =
}}
</nowiki>
<templatedata>
{
"params": {
"name": {
"label": "Name",
"description": "Full name of the country",
"suggested": true
},
"native_name": {
"label": "Native name",
"description": "Name of the country in its native language",
"type": "string",
"suggested": true
},
"life_span": {},
"year_start": {},
"year_end": {},
"image_coat": {
"label": "Coat of arms",
"description": "Image of the country's coat of arms",
"type": "wiki-file-name"
},
"image_symbol": {},
"image_flag": {
"label": "Flag",
"description": "Image of the country flag",
"type": "wiki-file-name",
"suggested": true
},
"image_flag2": {},
"flag_width": {},
"flag_size": {},
"flag_border": {},
"alt_flag": {},
"flag_alt": {},
"common_name": {},
"linking_name": {},
"flag2_border": {},
"alt_flag2": {},
"flag_alt2": {},
"flag_type_article": {},
"flag": {},
"flag_type": {},
"flag_caption": {},
"symbol_width": {},
"coa_size": {},
"alt_coat": {},
"coat_alt": {},
"alt_symbol": {},
"symbol_type": {},
"symbol_type_article": {},
"symbol": {},
"national_motto": {},
"motto": {},
"englishmotto": {},
"national_anthem": {},
"anthem": {},
"anthems": {},
"royal_anthem": {},
"flag_anthem": {},
"national_march": {},
"territorial_anthem": {},
"regional_anthem": {},
"state_anthem": {},
"march": {},
"other_symbol": {},
"text_symbol": {},
"other_symbol_type": {},
"text_symbol_type": {},
"image_map": {
"type": "wiki-file-name"
},
"map_width": {},
"image_map_size": {},
"alt_map": {},
"image_map_alt": {},
"map_caption": {},
"image_map_caption": {},
"image_map2": {},
"map2_width": {},
"image_map2_size": {},
"alt_map2": {},
"image_map2_alt": {},
"map_caption2": {},
"image_map2_caption": {},
"status": {},
"status_text": {},
"empire": {},
"year_exile_start": {},
"year_exile_end": {},
"loctext": {},
"capital_type": {},
"largest_city": {
"label": "Largest city",
"description": "Largest city of the country (write \"capital\" if applicable)",
"type": "string"
},
"largest_settlement": {},
"capital": {
"label": "Capital",
"description": "Capital city of the country",
"type": "string"
},
"largest_settlement_type": {},
"coordinates": {},
"capital_exile": {},
"admin_center_type": {},
"admin_center": {},
"official_languages": {},
"recognized_languages": {},
"recognised_languages": {},
"recognized_national_languages": {},
"recognised_national_languages": {},
"national_languages": {},
"recognized_regional_languages": {},
"recognised_regional_languages": {},
"regional_languages": {},
"common_languages": {},
"languages2_sub": {},
"languages_sub": {},
"languages_type": {},
"languages": {},
"languages2_type": {},
"languages2": {},
"ethnic_groups_year": {},
"ethnic_groups_ref": {},
"ethnic_groups": {},
"religion_year": {},
"religion_ref": {},
"religion": {},
"demonym": {},
"org_type": {},
"membership_type": {},
"membership": {},
"mode_of_production": {
"label": "Mode of production",
"description": "Mode of production of the country",
"example": "Imperialist capitalism, dependent capitalism, socialism, etc.",
"type": "string",
"suggestedvalues": [
"Capitalism",
"Socialism",
"Feudalism",
"Slavery"
]
},
"government_type": {
"label": "Government type",
"example": "Federal/unitary presidential/parliamentary republic/monarchy/Marxist-Leninist state",
"type": "string"
},
"leader_title1": {
"label": "Office title 1",
"description": "Name of the office",
"example": "President, prime-minister, monarch, first secretary, general secretary",
"type": "string"
},
"leader_name1": {
"label": "Officeholder 1",
"description": "Name of the person in office",
"type": "string"
},
"leader_title2": {
"label": "Office title 2",
"description": "Name of the office",
"example": "President, prime-minister, monarch, first secretary, general secretary",
"type": "string"
},
"leader_name2": {
"label": "Officeholder 2",
"description": "Name of the person in office",
"type": "string"
},
"leader_title3": {
"label": "Office title 3",
"description": "Name of the office",
"example": "President, prime-minister, monarch, first secretary, general secretary",
"type": "string"
},
"leader_name3": {
"label": "Officeholder 3",
"description": "Name of the person in office",
"type": "string"
},
"leader_title4": {
"label": "Office title 4",
"description": "Name of the office",
"example": "President, prime-minister, monarch, first secretary, general secretary",
"type": "string"
},
"leader_name4": {
"label": "Officeholder 4",
"description": "Name of the person in office",
"type": "string"
},
"leader_title5": {},
"leader_name5": {},
"leader_title6": {},
"leader_name6": {},
"leader_title7": {},
"leader_name7": {},
"leader_title8": {},
"leader_name8": {},
"leader_title9": {},
"leader_name9": {},
"leader_title10": {},
"leader_name10": {},
"leader_title11": {},
"leader_name11": {},
"leader_title12": {},
"leader_name12": {},
"leader_title13": {},
"leader_name13": {},
"leader_title14": {},
"leader_name14": {},
"leader_title15": {},
"leader_name15": {},
"title_leader": {},
"year_leader1": {},
"leader1": {},
"year_leader2": {},
"leader2": {},
"year_leader3": {},
"leader3": {},
"year_leader4": {},
"leader4": {},
"year_leader5": {},
"leader5": {},
"year_leader6": {},
"leader6": {},
"year_leader7": {},
"leader7": {},
"year_leader8": {},
"leader8": {},
"year_leader9": {},
"leader9": {},
"year_leader10": {},
"leader10": {},
"year_leader11": {},
"leader11": {},
"year_leader12": {},
"leader12": {},
"year_leader13": {},
"leader13": {},
"year_leader14": {},
"leader14": {},
"year_leader15": {},
"leader15": {},
"title_representative": {},
"year_representative1": {},
"representative1": {},
"year_representative2": {},
"representative2": {},
"year_representative3": {},
"representative3": {},
"year_representative4": {},
"representative4": {},
"year_representative5": {},
"representative5": {},
"title_deputy": {},
"year_deputy1": {},
"deputy1": {},
"year_deputy2": {},
"deputy2": {},
"year_deputy3": {},
"deputy3": {},
"year_deputy4": {},
"deputy4": {},
"year_deputy5": {},
"deputy5": {},
"year_deputy6": {},
"deputy6": {},
"year_deputy7": {},
"deputy7": {},
"year_deputy8": {},
"deputy8": {},
"year_deputy9": {},
"deputy9": {},
"year_deputy10": {},
"deputy10": {},
"year_deputy11": {},
"deputy11": {},
"year_deputy12": {},
"deputy12": {},
"year_deputy13": {},
"deputy13": {},
"year_deputy14": {},
"deputy14": {},
"year_deputy15": {},
"deputy15": {},
"legislature": {},
"type_house1": {},
"upper_house": {},
"house1": {},
"type_house2": {},
"lower_house": {},
"house2": {},
"established_event1": {},
"sovereignty_type": {},
"sovereignty_note": {},
"established": {},
"era": {},
"date_start": {},
"established_date1": {},
"established_event2": {},
"established_date2": {},
"established_event3": {},
"established_date3": {},
"established_event4": {},
"established_date4": {},
"established_event5": {},
"established_date5": {},
"established_event6": {},
"established_date6": {},
"established_event7": {},
"established_date7": {},
"established_event8": {},
"established_date8": {},
"established_event9": {},
"established_date9": {},
"established_event10": {},
"established_date10": {},
"established_event11": {},
"established_date11": {},
"established_event12": {},
"established_date12": {},
"established_event13": {},
"established_date13": {},
"established_event14": {},
"established_date14": {},
"established_event15": {},
"established_date15": {},
"established_event16": {},
"established_date16": {},
"established_event17": {},
"established_date17": {},
"established_event18": {},
"established_date18": {},
"established_event19": {},
"established_date19": {},
"established_event20": {},
"established_date20": {},
"event_pre": {},
"date_pre": {},
"event_start": {},
"event1": {},
"date_event1": {},
"event2": {},
"date_event2": {},
"event3": {},
"date_event3": {},
"event4": {},
"date_event4": {},
"event5": {},
"date_event5": {},
"event6": {},
"date_event6": {},
"event7": {},
"date_event7": {},
"event8": {},
"date_event8": {},
"event9": {},
"date_event9": {},
"event10": {},
"date_event10": {},
"event_end": {},
"date_end": {},
"event_post": {},
"date_post": {},
"area_km2": {},
"area_ha": {},
"area_land_km2": {},
"area_land_ha": {},
"area_water_km2": {},
"area_water_ha": {},
"area_link": {},
"area_label": {},
"area_footnote": {},
"area_rank": {},
"percent_water": {},
"area_land_footnote": {},
"area_water_footnote": {},
"population_estimate": {},
"population_census": {},
"population_estimate_year": {},
"population_estimate_rank": {},
"population_census_year": {},
"population_census_rank": {},
"population_density_km2": {},
"pop_den_footnote": {},
"population_density_rank": {},
"labour_force": {},
"unemployment": {},
"labour_force_participation": {},
"labour_occupation": {},
"GDP_PPP": {},
"GDP_PPP_per_capita": {},
"GDP_PPP_year": {},
"GDP_PPP_rank": {},
"GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank": {},
"GDP_nominal": {},
"GDP_nominal_per_capita": {},
"GDP_nominal_year": {},
"GDP_nominal_rank": {},
"GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank": {},
"export": {},
"export_commodities": {},
"export_year": {},
"export_partners": {},
"import": {},
"import_commodities": {},
"import_year": {},
"import_partners": {},
"external_debt": {},
"external_debt_rank": {},
"Gini_year": {},
"Gini": {},
"Gini_rank": {},
"HDI_year": {},
"HDI": {},
"HDI_rank": {},
"currency": {},
"currency_code": {},
"date_format": {},
"electricity": {},
"drives_on": {},
"calling_code": {},
"iso3166code": {},
"cctld": {},
"official_website": {},
"image_map3": {},
"location_map": {},
"map3_width": {},
"alt_map3": {},
"map_caption3": {},
"p1": {},
"s1": {},
"flag_p1": {},
"image_p1": {},
"border_p1": {},
"flag_p2": {},
"image_p2": {},
"p2": {},
"border_p2": {},
"flag_p3": {},
"image_p3": {},
"p3": {},
"border_p3": {},
"flag_p4": {},
"image_p4": {},
"p4": {},
"border_p4": {},
"flag_p5": {},
"image_p5": {},
"p5": {},
"border_p5": {},
"flag_p6": {},
"image_p6": {},
"p6": {},
"border_p6": {},
"flag_p7": {},
"image_p7": {},
"p7": {},
"border_p7": {},
"flag_p8": {},
"image_p8": {},
"p8": {},
"border_p8": {},
"flag_p9": {},
"image_p9": {},
"p9": {},
"border_p9": {},
"flag_p10": {},
"image_p10": {},
"p10": {},
"border_p10": {},
"flag_p11": {},
"image_p11": {},
"p11": {},
"border_p11": {},
"flag_p12": {},
"image_p12": {},
"p12": {},
"border_p12": {},
"flag_p13": {},
"image_p13": {},
"p13": {},
"border_p13": {},
"flag_p14": {},
"image_p14": {},
"p14": {},
"border_p14": {},
"flag_p15": {},
"image_p15": {},
"p15": {},
"border_p15": {},
"flag_p16": {},
"image_p16": {},
"p16": {},
"border_p16": {},
"flag_p17": {},
"image_p17": {},
"p17": {},
"border_p17": {},
"flag_p18": {},
"image_p18": {},
"p18": {},
"border_p18": {},
"flag_p19": {},
"image_p19": {},
"p19": {},
"border_p19": {},
"flag_p20": {},
"image_p20": {},
"p20": {},
"border_p20": {},
"flag_p21": {},
"image_p21": {},
"p21": {},
"border_p21": {},
"flag_p22": {},
"image_p22": {},
"p22": {},
"border_p22": {},
"flag_p23": {},
"image_p23": {},
"p23": {},
"border_p23": {},
"flag_p24": {},
"image_p24": {},
"p24": {},
"border_p24": {},
"flag_p25": {},
"image_p25": {},
"p25": {},
"border_p25": {},
"flag_p26": {},
"image_p26": {},
"p26": {},
"border_p26": {},
"flag_s1": {},
"image_s1": {},
"border_s1": {},
"flag_s2": {},
"image_s2": {},
"s2": {},
"border_s2": {},
"flag_s3": {},
"image_s3": {},
"s3": {},
"border_s3": {},
"flag_s4": {},
"image_s4": {},
"s4": {},
"border_s4": {},
"flag_s5": {},
"image_s5": {},
"s5": {},
"border_s5": {},
"flag_s6": {},
"image_s6": {},
"s6": {},
"border_s6": {},
"flag_s7": {},
"image_s7": {},
"s7": {},
"border_s7": {},
"flag_s8": {},
"image_s8": {},
"s8": {},
"border_s8": {},
"flag_s9": {},
"image_s9": {},
"s9": {},
"border_s9": {},
"flag_s10": {},
"image_s10": {},
"s10": {},
"border_s10": {},
"flag_s11": {},
"image_s11": {},
"s11": {},
"border_s11": {},
"flag_s12": {},
"image_s12": {},
"s12": {},
"border_s12": {},
"flag_s13": {},
"image_s13": {},
"s13": {},
"border_s13": {},
"flag_s14": {},
"image_s14": {},
"s14": {},
"border_s14": {},
"flag_s15": {},
"image_s15": {},
"s15": {},
"border_s15": {},
"flag_s16": {},
"image_s16": {},
"s16": {},
"border_s16": {},
"flag_s17": {},
"image_s17": {},
"s17": {},
"border_s17": {},
"flag_s18": {},
"image_s18": {},
"s18": {},
"border_s18": {},
"flag_s19": {},
"image_s19": {},
"s19": {},
"border_s19": {},
"flag_s20": {},
"image_s20": {},
"s20": {},
"border_s20": {},
"flag_s21": {},
"image_s21": {},
"s21": {},
"border_s21": {},
"today": {},
"footnote_a": {},
"footnote_b": {},
"footnote_c": {},
"footnote_d": {},
"footnote_e": {},
"footnote_f": {},
"footnote_g": {},
"footnote_h": {},
"footnote1": {},
"footnote2": {},
"footnote3": {},
"footnote4": {},
"footnote5": {},
"footnote6": {},
"footnote7": {},
"footnote8": {},
"footnotes": {},
"footnotes2": {},
"navbar": {},
"organizations": {
"label": "Organizations Participating",
"description": "The alliances a country participates in.",
"example": "NATO, SCO, BRICS",
"type": "unbalanced-wikitext"
},
"ruling_party": {
"label": "Ruling Party",
"description": "The ruling party of the country, used more for socialist states",
"example": "CPSU, CPC"
}
},
"description": "Displays an infobox for countries",
"paramOrder": [
"name",
"native_name",
"image_flag",
"image_coat",
"capital",
"largest_city",
"mode_of_production",
"government_type",
"leader_title1",
"leader_name1",
"leader_title2",
"leader_name2",
"leader_title3",
"leader_name3",
"leader_title4",
"leader_name4",
"life_span",
"year_start",
"year_end",
"image_symbol",
"image_flag2",
"flag_width",
"flag_size",
"flag_border",
"alt_flag",
"flag_alt",
"common_name",
"linking_name",
"flag2_border",
"alt_flag2",
"flag_alt2",
"flag_type_article",
"flag",
"flag_type",
"flag_caption",
"symbol_width",
"coa_size",
"alt_coat",
"coat_alt",
"alt_symbol",
"symbol_type",
"symbol_type_article",
"symbol",
"national_motto",
"motto",
"englishmotto",
"national_anthem",
"anthem",
"anthems",
"royal_anthem",
"flag_anthem",
"national_march",
"territorial_anthem",
"regional_anthem",
"state_anthem",
"march",
"other_symbol",
"text_symbol",
"other_symbol_type",
"text_symbol_type",
"image_map",
"map_width",
"image_map_size",
"alt_map",
"image_map_alt",
"map_caption",
"image_map_caption",
"image_map2",
"map2_width",
"image_map2_size",
"alt_map2",
"image_map2_alt",
"map_caption2",
"image_map2_caption",
"status",
"status_text",
"empire",
"year_exile_start",
"year_exile_end",
"loctext",
"capital_type",
"largest_settlement",
"largest_settlement_type",
"coordinates",
"capital_exile",
"admin_center_type",
"admin_center",
"official_languages",
"recognized_languages",
"recognised_languages",
"recognized_national_languages",
"recognised_national_languages",
"national_languages",
"recognized_regional_languages",
"recognised_regional_languages",
"regional_languages",
"common_languages",
"languages2_sub",
"languages_sub",
"languages_type",
"languages",
"languages2_type",
"languages2",
"ethnic_groups_year",
"ethnic_groups_ref",
"ethnic_groups",
"religion_year",
"religion_ref",
"religion",
"demonym",
"org_type",
"membership_type",
"membership",
"leader_title5",
"leader_name5",
"leader_title6",
"leader_name6",
"leader_title7",
"leader_name7",
"leader_title8",
"leader_name8",
"leader_title9",
"leader_name9",
"leader_title10",
"leader_name10",
"leader_title11",
"leader_name11",
"leader_title12",
"leader_name12",
"leader_title13",
"leader_name13",
"leader_title14",
"leader_name14",
"leader_title15",
"leader_name15",
"title_leader",
"year_leader1",
"leader1",
"year_leader2",
"leader2",
"year_leader3",
"leader3",
"year_leader4",
"leader4",
"year_leader5",
"leader5",
"year_leader6",
"leader6",
"year_leader7",
"leader7",
"year_leader8",
"leader8",
"year_leader9",
"leader9",
"year_leader10",
"leader10",
"year_leader11",
"leader11",
"year_leader12",
"leader12",
"year_leader13",
"leader13",
"year_leader14",
"leader14",
"year_leader15",
"leader15",
"title_representative",
"year_representative1",
"representative1",
"year_representative2",
"representative2",
"year_representative3",
"representative3",
"year_representative4",
"representative4",
"year_representative5",
"representative5",
"title_deputy",
"year_deputy1",
"deputy1",
"year_deputy2",
"deputy2",
"year_deputy3",
"deputy3",
"year_deputy4",
"deputy4",
"year_deputy5",
"deputy5",
"year_deputy6",
"deputy6",
"year_deputy7",
"deputy7",
"year_deputy8",
"deputy8",
"year_deputy9",
"deputy9",
"year_deputy10",
"deputy10",
"year_deputy11",
"deputy11",
"year_deputy12",
"deputy12",
"year_deputy13",
"deputy13",
"year_deputy14",
"deputy14",
"year_deputy15",
"deputy15",
"legislature",
"type_house1",
"upper_house",
"house1",
"type_house2",
"lower_house",
"house2",
"established_event1",
"sovereignty_type",
"sovereignty_note",
"established",
"era",
"date_start",
"established_date1",
"established_event2",
"established_date2",
"established_event3",
"established_date3",
"established_event4",
"established_date4",
"established_event5",
"established_date5",
"established_event6",
"established_date6",
"established_event7",
"established_date7",
"established_event8",
"established_date8",
"established_event9",
"established_date9",
"established_event10",
"established_date10",
"established_event11",
"established_date11",
"established_event12",
"established_date12",
"established_event13",
"established_date13",
"established_event14",
"established_date14",
"established_event15",
"established_date15",
"established_event16",
"established_date16",
"established_event17",
"established_date17",
"established_event18",
"established_date18",
"established_event19",
"established_date19",
"established_event20",
"established_date20",
"event_pre",
"date_pre",
"event_start",
"event1",
"date_event1",
"event2",
"date_event2",
"event3",
"date_event3",
"event4",
"date_event4",
"event5",
"date_event5",
"event6",
"date_event6",
"event7",
"date_event7",
"event8",
"date_event8",
"event9",
"date_event9",
"event10",
"date_event10",
"event_end",
"date_end",
"event_post",
"date_post",
"area_km2",
"area_ha",
"area_land_km2",
"area_land_ha",
"area_water_km2",
"area_water_ha",
"area_link",
"area_label",
"area_footnote",
"area_rank",
"percent_water",
"area_land_footnote",
"area_water_footnote",
"population_estimate",
"population_census",
"population_estimate_year",
"population_estimate_rank",
"population_census_year",
"population_census_rank",
"population_density_km2",
"pop_den_footnote",
"population_density_rank",
"labour_force",
"unemployment",
"labour_force_participation",
"labour_occupation",
"GDP_PPP",
"GDP_PPP_per_capita",
"GDP_PPP_year",
"GDP_PPP_rank",
"GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank",
"GDP_nominal",
"GDP_nominal_per_capita",
"GDP_nominal_year",
"GDP_nominal_rank",
"GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank",
"export",
"export_commodities",
"export_year",
"export_partners",
"import",
"import_commodities",
"import_year",
"import_partners",
"external_debt",
"external_debt_rank",
"Gini_year",
"Gini",
"Gini_rank",
"HDI_year",
"HDI",
"HDI_rank",
"currency",
"currency_code",
"date_format",
"electricity",
"drives_on",
"calling_code",
"iso3166code",
"cctld",
"official_website",
"image_map3",
"location_map",
"map3_width",
"alt_map3",
"map_caption3",
"p1",
"s1",
"flag_p1",
"image_p1",
"border_p1",
"flag_p2",
"image_p2",
"p2",
"border_p2",
"flag_p3",
"image_p3",
"p3",
"border_p3",
"flag_p4",
"image_p4",
"p4",
"border_p4",
"flag_p5",
"image_p5",
"p5",
"border_p5",
"flag_p6",
"image_p6",
"p6",
"border_p6",
"flag_p7",
"image_p7",
"p7",
"border_p7",
"flag_p8",
"image_p8",
"p8",
"border_p8",
"flag_p9",
"image_p9",
"p9",
"border_p9",
"flag_p10",
"image_p10",
"p10",
"border_p10",
"flag_p11",
"image_p11",
"p11",
"border_p11",
"flag_p12",
"image_p12",
"p12",
"border_p12",
"flag_p13",
"image_p13",
"p13",
"border_p13",
"flag_p14",
"image_p14",
"p14",
"border_p14",
"flag_p15",
"image_p15",
"p15",
"border_p15",
"flag_p16",
"image_p16",
"p16",
"border_p16",
"flag_p17",
"image_p17",
"p17",
"border_p17",
"flag_p18",
"image_p18",
"p18",
"border_p18",
"flag_p19",
"image_p19",
"p19",
"border_p19",
"flag_p20",
"image_p20",
"p20",
"border_p20",
"flag_p21",
"image_p21",
"p21",
"border_p21",
"flag_p22",
"image_p22",
"p22",
"border_p22",
"flag_p23",
"image_p23",
"p23",
"border_p23",
"flag_p24",
"image_p24",
"p24",
"border_p24",
"flag_p25",
"image_p25",
"p25",
"border_p25",
"flag_p26",
"image_p26",
"p26",
"border_p26",
"flag_s1",
"image_s1",
"border_s1",
"flag_s2",
"image_s2",
"s2",
"border_s2",
"flag_s3",
"image_s3",
"s3",
"border_s3",
"flag_s4",
"image_s4",
"s4",
"border_s4",
"flag_s5",
"image_s5",
"s5",
"border_s5",
"flag_s6",
"image_s6",
"s6",
"border_s6",
"flag_s7",
"image_s7",
"s7",
"border_s7",
"flag_s8",
"image_s8",
"s8",
"border_s8",
"flag_s9",
"image_s9",
"s9",
"border_s9",
"flag_s10",
"image_s10",
"s10",
"border_s10",
"flag_s11",
"image_s11",
"s11",
"border_s11",
"flag_s12",
"image_s12",
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Socialist-oriented market economy

2024-09-03T19:57:43Z

BE Comrade: fixed citation

{{External article cleanup|date=November 2021}}
The '''socialist-oriented market economy''' is the official title given to the current economic system in the [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam]]. It is described as a multi-sectoral [[market economy]] where the state sector plays the decisive role in directing economic development, with the eventual long-term goal of developing [[socialism]].<ref>{{Video citation|date=April 26, 2016|title=Socialism plus markets: Vietnam's chosen path|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEHJ040BBzQ|access-date=May 12, 2019|channel=People's World}}</ref>

The socialist-oriented market economy is a product of the [[Doi Moi economic reforms|Đổi Mới economic reforms]] which led to the introduction of a market-based economy based on the predominance of state-owned industry, and guided by planned state production. The economic model is similar to the [[Socialist market economy|Socialist Market Economy]] employed in the [[People's Republic of China]].

=== Origin ===
After the [[United States of America|United States']] imperialist [[Vietnam War|war on Vietnam]], the country's infrastructure was essentially nonexistent, due to the heaviest bombing campaign in military history up to that point.<ref>{{Web citation|author=University of California, Berkeley|title=The Long Run Impact of Bombing Vietnam|date=October 2009|url=https://eml.berkeley.edu/~groland/pubs/vietnamoct09.pdf|quote=The Vietnam War featured the most intense bombing campaign in military history and had massive humanitarian costs.}}</ref> During the reconstruction period, the only major country willing to assist Vietnam was the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.]] The USSR sent various forms of humanitarian aid to Vietnam, including food, fertilizers, machines, and more.<ref name=":0">{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mMubOw5H-yo|channel=Luna oi!|title=Is Vietnam Socialist?|date=Apr 5, 2020}}</ref> In the latter 1980s, the USSR was under the corrupt and bourgeois leadership of [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], and thus began to support Vietnam less, ultimately ending support with the [[Overthrow of the Soviet Union|undemocratic overthrow of the Soviet Union]].

As a result of these circumstances, the government of Vietnam was forced into accepting some market reforms in order to be accepted into [[capitalist]] and US dominated economic organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO). The requirements necessary for Vietnam to be accepted into the WTO were visibly one-sided toward the US, but the government had no other choice.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Web citation|author=Office of the United States Trade Representative|title=Vietnam’s Accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO)|date=May 2006|url=https://ustr.gov/archive/assets/Document_Library/Fact_Sheets/2006/asset_upload_file521_9445.pdf|quote=Bilateral Agreement will enhance U.S. access to fast-growing Vietnamese market}}</ref>

== References ==
[[Category:Socialism]]
[[Category:Market socialism]]
[[Category:Mixed economies]]
[[Category:Economy of Vietnam]]

Workers' Party of Belgium

2024-09-02T17:51:25Z

BE Comrade: street-council-street added

{{Message box/Stub}}{{Infobox political party|name=Workers' Party of Belgium|native_name=Partij van de Arbeid van België<br>Parti du Travail de Belgique<br>Partei der Arbeit Belgiens|logo=|founded=1979|abbreviation=PTB . PVDA . PAB|president=[[Raoul Hedebouw]]|general_secretary=[[Peter Mertens]]|founder=[[Ludo Martens]]|predecessor=[[All Power To The Workers]]|newspaper=Solidaire / Solidair|student_wing=Comac|youth_wing=RedFox, Pioneers|womens_wing=Zelle|political_orientation=[[Socialism]]<br>[[Reformism]]|international=[[IMCWP]]}}{{Communist parties}}
-The '''Workers' Party of Belgium''' ('''PTB'''/'''PVDA''') is a is a [[Kingdom of Belgium|Belgian]] party that declares themselves to be [[communism|communist]].<ref name=":3" /> Some observers consider it has turned to [[reformism]] and abandoned communism in 2008.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=In Defense of Communism|title=Russian Communist Workers Party- "Mertens vs Martens" (On the role of the Workers Party of Belgium- PTB)|date=2016-04-18|url=http://www.idcommunism.com/2016/04/russian-communist-workers-party-mertens.html|retrieved=2024-09-02}}</ref>

=== History ===

==== First congress - 1979 ====
The PTB-PVDA is officially born in the "foundation congress" on the 4th of November 1979, with 4000 people attending.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2018|title=Once upon a time the PTB-PVDA|page=22|pdf=https://assets.ptb.be/2023-06/2018iletaitunefoisleptb-rwpjt3.pdf19|city=Brusels|publisher=Éditions du PTB|trans-title=Il était une fois le PTB|trans-lang=French}}</ref> This congress is the result of 10 years of work to formalize [[All Power To The Workers|AMADA-TPO]], a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] student-worker's movement born out of the 1968 student movement. [[Ludo Martens]] becomes its first president, and will stay president until the 8th congress in 2008.

Here the PTB-PVDA first describes itself as Marxist-Leninist.<blockquote>The Workers' Party is based on the scientific doctrine of socialism, the fundamental laws of which are indicated by dialectical and historical materialism. This doctrine, of which [[Karl Marx|Marx]], [[Friedrich Engels|Engels]], [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]], [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] and [[Mao Zedong]] are the main teachers, is not a dogma but, like any science, it must develop as society evolves.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=1979|title=Documents of the congress, approved by the committee|chapter=VI. The Party of the working class and the front|city=Brussels}}</ref></blockquote>

==== Second congress - 1983 ====
Three books got written out of the discussions and conclusions of the 1983 congress:

* ''The Liquidationist Trend within the Marxist-Leninist Movement: Report and Summary of Discussions and Amendments.''<ref>{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1983|title=De likwidatie-stroming binnen de marxistisch-leninistische beweging: verslag en samenvatting van de discussies en amendementen|city=Brussels}}</ref>
* ''Party and Front: Report and Summary of Discussions and Amendments.''<ref>{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens, Kris Merckx|year=1983|title=Partij en front: verslag en samenvatting van de discussies en amendementen|city=Brussels}}</ref>
* ''Revolutionary Morality.''<ref>{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens, Diether J., Pauwels J.|year=1983|title=Revolutionaire moraal|city=Brussels}}</ref>

==== Third congress - 1988 ====

==== Fourth congress - 1991 ====

==== Fifth congress - 1995 ====
In January 1995 is held the fifth congress. The position of general secretary is created and attributed to [[Nadine Rosa-Rosso]]. Ludo Martens writes with her help ''The party of revolution'', based on the lessons of the congress.

The book outlines in minute detail how the party should be organized as a "bolshevik-type communist party" for the future, to reach goals such as ensuring ideological commitment within the cadres, enforcing discipline, eradicating revisionism and opportunism etc.<ref>{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens, Nadine Rosa-Rosso|year=1995|title=The party of revolution|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA|isbn=9782872621118|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=8CB8E2873827C79DD5181E33799C470F}}</ref>

The was publicly the official organizational manual of the PTB-PVDA until 2015<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2008|title=Statuses of the PTB-PVDA (2008)|quote=The ideological and organizational principles for the cadres' work were set at the Fifth Party Congress in the manual "Party of the Revolution".|pdf=https://www.politicalpartydb.org/wp-content/uploads/Statutes/Belgium/BELGIUM_PTB_2008.pdf|trans-lang=French}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2015|title=Statuses of the PTB-PVDA (2015)|pdf=https://www.politicalpartydb.org/wp-content/uploads/Statutes/Belgium/BELGIUM_PTB_2015.pdf|trans-lang=French}}</ref>

==== Sixth congress - 1997 ====
The sixth congress prolonged for four years the "rectification period", the following of the fifth congress' lessons:<blockquote>The period of rectification [was] initiated since the 5th Party Congress in 1995 and extended by four years during the 6th Congress in 1997. The purpose of the rectification period was to revolutionize the leadership, to form a stable core leadership, and to rectify the Party according to four axes: enhancing the sense of responsibility among cadres, placing politics in command, combating bureaucratism, tightening ties with the masses, fighting individualism, and strengthening control.<ref>{{Citation|author=Nadine Rosa-Rosso|year=2002|title=Communism, the future of humanity|page=15|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA}}</ref></blockquote>This congress is accused in the ninth congress throwing away the third congress' (the "union congress") lessons out the window, diving in secterianism and leading to its worst electoral score in history.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2015|title=Congress of solidarity|page=|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA|trans-title=Congrès de la solidarité|trans-lang=French}}</ref>

==== Seventh congress - 2002 ====
The seventh congress, "Communism, the future of humanity" marks the end of the "rectification period" of its practices through the lessons of the fifth congress. It marks out a plan for applying it further in the five following years ("IMPACT 2002-2006").<ref name=":4">{{Citation|author=Nadine Rosa-Rosso|year=2002|title=Communism, the future of humanity|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA}}</ref>

Another main point is a lowering of requirements for entry some "basis cells", in hopes of becoming a mass party.<ref name=":4" />

==== Eighth congress - 2008 ====
Named the "renewal congress", the eighth congress takes place in over a year, starting in 2007.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2008|title=8th Congress - A principled party, A flexible party, A workers' party.|chapter=|page=|pdf=https://assets.ptb.be/2023-06/2008ptbcongresdurenouveau-rwpkan.pdf|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA|trans-title=8e congrès du PTB|trans-lang=French}}</ref> [[Peter Mertens]] is elected president in place of Ludo Martens. Nadine Rosa-Rosso was purged from the party in 2003, unlike Ludo which will stay in the party until his death in 2011, becoming the party's "Central Africa expert".

The renewal congress is where the party adopts its new style of communication. It is divided in four main parts:

===== Chapter 1: "The future is for socialism" =====
Here, it argues for the necessity of socialism in Europe and in the world.<ref name=":0" /> It ends arguing for its new direction:<blockquote>The evolution of society places us before a double task. The new PTB-PVDA wants, in the coming period, to be both a party of principles and a flexible party. In a world of change fast, we need a strong backbone. Our Marxist analysis and our commitment to socialism make the identity of our party. This is the subject of chapter 2. At the same time, we need flexibility and openness to stick to people's reality, to raise their awareness, to mobilize them read and organize them (this is chapter 3) and transform the party into a workers’ party (chapter 4).<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

===== Chapter 2: "A principled party" =====
This part is opened with its analysis of the treason of the [[POB]] — which later became the [[Socialist Party (Belgium)|Socialist Party]], the current Belgian [[Social democracy|social-democrats]]:<blockquote>Some comrades say that the main objective for the party is to intervene more openly, more flexibly and more tactically. This is a mistake. The main objective of the party is to be firm on principles and flexible. Both, and at the same time. Anyone who dissociates the need to be flexible, open and tactical will soon bow to the pressure of capital.

This danger is not new. History teaches us that abandoning principles in the name of tactics and flexibility can go very quickly. The Belgian Workers' Party, the forerunner of today's PS, was founded in 1885. The POB quickly abandoned a number of socialist principles - especially after its first electoral victory in 1894. It is worthwhile today to examine this process a little more closely.
Very quickly, there was a great aversion to substantive debate and to socialist theory. [...] The properties of the capitalist system, the objectives of socialism, the long-term interests of the working class... all this was quickly ‘forgotten’ and sacrificed in favour of the real or supposed advantages of the moment.

Very quickly, there was a great aversion to substantive debate and to socialist theory. [...] The properties of the capitalist system, the objectives of socialism, the long-term interests of the working class... all this was quickly ‘forgotten’ and sacrificed in favour of the real or supposed advantages of the moment.

Despite the statutes, power within the party shifted towards the party's parliamentarians to the detriment of the elected leadership, the General Council. The elected members of parliament placed themselves above the party leadership. They began to work for parliamentary life or for themselves, not in the service of the whole.

The party became a party of parliamentary legality instead of a party of class struggle. The party ended up being afraid of the workers' movement. It encouraged calm.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>It then affirms their ideological basis:<blockquote>The PTB's view of the world is called Marxism.<ref group="lower-alpha">From this congress on, the PTB-PVDA calls itself "Marxist", and refers to Lenin separately. It also stops referring to Stalin at all.</ref> Its foundations were laid by Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Vladimir Lenin.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Later on, it outlines its strategy, calls itself (and defines) a "contemporary communist party", re-affirms the importance of strict [[democratic centralism]], and its belonging to the "international communist movement".<ref name=":0" />

===== Chapter 3: "A flexible party" =====
Here the party outlines the importance for tactics, its tactical recommendations, which maybe most notably contains:<blockquote>'''We make a distinction between what happens in the dining room and what in the kitchen.
'''
The best chefs don't reveal all their secrets. The situation in the kitchen is often more chaotic than the atmosphere of the dining room. The party needs enough attention and space for all strategic and tactical questions. For the outside world, we need to know what is essential. In the limited time and space that the media gives us, we want to focus on that, even if journalists are often more interested in our internal cooking or the difficult points in our programme.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

===== Chapter 4: "A workers' party" =====
The party here explains the way it wants to become a mass party of organized workers, but also outlines the new strategy it should adopt in order to attain that goal.

==== Ninth congress - 2015 ====
The eighth congress forms the new basis for the party. The 2015 "congress of solidarity" expands on it, as well as does its critical assessment of the party's history.<ref name=":2" />

==== Tenth congress - 2021 ====
Like its predecessor, the "congress of unity" is in line with the eighth congress and focuses on the importance of national unity (in opposition to the nationalist Flemish separatists) as well as general working class unity to "build a counter-power for another society, Socialism 2.0".<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2021|title=Congress of unity|pdf=https://assets.ptb.be/2023-06/2021congresdelunite-rwpk6r.pdf|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA|trans-title=Congrès de l'unité|trans-lang=French}}</ref>

=== Current Positions ===

==== Reform or revolution ? ====
Ever since its creation in 1979, the PTB-PVDA has presented its ideas in the form of a minimum program for propaganda and agitative purposes.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=1979|title=Documents of the congress, approved by the committee.|chapter=VII. The Minimum Program for Democracy, Social Progress, National Independence, and Peace|section=|quote=In the areas of the struggle for democracy, social progress, national independence, and peace, we put forward radical demands that will enable a coherent fight against the power of the monopolistic bourgeoisie and imperialism.

We formulate demands for agitation that we aim to achieve immediately, as well as demands for propaganda that can only be realized with further development in the class struggle.

No demand from the minimum program inherently presupposes the victory of the socialist revolution. Each of these demands can be implemented within civil society, although often in a distorted manner.|city=Brussels}}</ref> At the time and up until the 2002 congress, the PTB-PVDA has explicitly advocated for revolution<ref>{{Citation|author=Nadine Rosa-Rosso|year=2002|title=Communism, the future of humanity|chapter=Introduction|page=11|quote=Together with communists around the world, all members of the Workers' Party of Belgium clearly reaffirm their commitment to the revolutionary path, Marxism-Leninism, and the organization of communists in a vanguard party.}}</ref> to attain a socialist society through the dictatorship of the proletariat.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=Nadine Rosa-Rosso|year=2002|title=Communism, the future of humanity|chapter=For a Socialist Europe in a World Free from Imperialism|section=IV. To combat nationalism and chauvinism, nourished by five centuries of colonization.|quote=Only a socialist Europe, exercising the dictatorship of the workers over the minority of exploiters gathered in European multinationals, can resolutely support the revolutionary struggle of the peoples of the Third World for economic and political independence. Only a socialist Europe will be able to distribute the wealth produced by its workers in a manner that respects the needs of European workers and peoples worldwide.|pdf=https://web.archive.org/web/20031025055854/http://www.pvda.be/congres/congresFR.pdf|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA|trans-title=Le communisme, l'avenir de l'humanité|trans-lang=French}}</ref>

The 2008 congress forming the new basis drops the dictatorship of the proletariat from its terminology, but still calls for revolution.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2008|title=8th Congress|chapter=A principled party|page=62|quote=For the world of tomorrow, socialism, will not fall from the sky. It will not be given to us as a gift. It will be the result of a long period of conflict between the two diametrically opposed great enemy camps: the owning class (capital) and the working class, across various arenas. Ultimately, the working class will hold the power at the expense of the owning class. This is a transformation of society, a socialist revolution.}}</ref> The next congresses call the party revolutionary.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2021|title=Congress of unity|page=85-86|quote=Meanwhile, new challenges arise. A revolutionary party that is active, growing, and becoming larger finds itself in the crosshairs of the system. This is a constant in the history of the labor movement. In the battle for hearts and minds, communist parties are heavily attacked. This includes campaigns of slander, half-truths, and outright lies, media boycotts, and threats to cut access to social media.}}</ref> The congresses also point out that capitalism cannot be reformed,<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2021|title=Congress of unity|chapter=We choose socialism 2.0|section=Capitalism is an incurable disease|page=77-79}}</ref> and insist to be distinguished from reformists because they put organizational work first.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2008|title=8th congress|chapter=A flexible party|page=89|quote=There are no small problems. Revolutionaries are the best fighters for reforms because they genuinely care about both the small and large concerns of people. Our socialist vision of society gives us the determination to consistently defend the interests of workers, employees, and civil servants.

What distinguishes us from reformists is our approach to pursuing reforms. Each struggle provides an opportunity to mobilize people. In collective action, people learn to take their fate into their own hands. Each struggle offers possibilities for understanding and awareness (for example, through demands targeting the omnipotence of monopolies). Every action creates opportunities for lasting organization and cooperation. Mobilization, awareness, and sustainable organization are crucial for ultimately achieving a new society.}}</ref>

The 2015 congress lays out the party's view on the parliament, which it calls "street-councli-street", putting mobilization as the start and the end of a struggle, and the parliament only as a means to this end.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2015|title=Congress of solidarity|chapter=The strategy of change|section=The social struggle and the people's representatives|page=110|quote=The principle of our representatives is: "street-council-street." They are not the final point but a link in the emancipation work carried out by the party. Our elected officials start with what is alive in the neighborhood, at the workplace, in associations, and connect these aspirations to solid dossiers and demands. What exists in the population is our vital artery and also our strength. This ranges from very small issues to projects for which people organize and mobilize. Very often, our elected officials are those who bring the most concrete issues to the agenda, drawing from the wealth present among all party members, and with contributions from social movements. Our representatives enrich the emancipation movement with all the information their mandate provides access to. They then publicize the results of their interventions and proposals, even if they have not been approved. Our representatives bring the outcome of their work back to the ground, back to the street. That is the meaning of "street-council-street." The interventions of our elected officials are at the service of social struggle and not the other way around.}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

=== Notes ===
<references group="lower-alpha"/>
[[Category:Communist parties]]

Workers' Party of Belgium

2024-09-02T17:36:33Z

BE Comrade: Added reform or revolution

{{Message box/Stub}}{{Infobox political party|name=Workers' Party of Belgium|native_name=Partij van de Arbeid van België<br>Parti du Travail de Belgique<br>Partei der Arbeit Belgiens|logo=|founded=1979|abbreviation=PTB . PVDA . PAB|president=[[Raoul Hedebouw]]|general_secretary=[[Peter Mertens]]|founder=[[Ludo Martens]]|predecessor=[[All Power To The Workers]]|newspaper=Solidaire / Solidair|student_wing=Comac|youth_wing=RedFox, Pioneers|womens_wing=Zelle|political_orientation=[[Socialism]]<br>[[Reformism]]|international=[[IMCWP]]}}{{Communist parties}}
-The '''Workers' Party of Belgium''' ('''PTB'''/'''PVDA''') is a is a [[Kingdom of Belgium|Belgian]] party that declares themselves to be [[communism|communist]].<ref name=":3" /> Some observers consider it has turned to [[reformism]] and abandoned communism in 2008.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=In Defense of Communism|title=Russian Communist Workers Party- "Mertens vs Martens" (On the role of the Workers Party of Belgium- PTB)|date=2016-04-18|url=http://www.idcommunism.com/2016/04/russian-communist-workers-party-mertens.html|retrieved=2024-09-02}}</ref>

=== History ===

==== First congress - 1979 ====
The PTB-PVDA is officially born in the "foundation congress" on the 4th of November 1979, with 4000 people attending.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2018|title=Once upon a time the PTB-PVDA|page=22|pdf=https://assets.ptb.be/2023-06/2018iletaitunefoisleptb-rwpjt3.pdf19|city=Brusels|publisher=Éditions du PTB|trans-title=Il était une fois le PTB|trans-lang=French}}</ref> This congress is the result of 10 years of work to formalize [[All Power To The Workers|AMADA-TPO]], a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] student-worker's movement born out of the 1968 student movement. [[Ludo Martens]] becomes its first president, and will stay president until the 8th congress in 2008.

Here the PTB-PVDA first describes itself as Marxist-Leninist.<blockquote>The Workers' Party is based on the scientific doctrine of socialism, the fundamental laws of which are indicated by dialectical and historical materialism. This doctrine, of which [[Karl Marx|Marx]], [[Friedrich Engels|Engels]], [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]], [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] and [[Mao Zedong]] are the main teachers, is not a dogma but, like any science, it must develop as society evolves.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=1979|title=Documents of the congress, approved by the committee|chapter=VI. The Party of the working class and the front|city=Brussels}}</ref></blockquote>

==== Second congress - 1983 ====
Three books got written out of the discussions and conclusions of the 1983 congress:

* ''The Liquidationist Trend within the Marxist-Leninist Movement: Report and Summary of Discussions and Amendments.''<ref>{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1983|title=De likwidatie-stroming binnen de marxistisch-leninistische beweging: verslag en samenvatting van de discussies en amendementen|city=Brussels}}</ref>
* ''Party and Front: Report and Summary of Discussions and Amendments.''<ref>{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens, Kris Merckx|year=1983|title=Partij en front: verslag en samenvatting van de discussies en amendementen|city=Brussels}}</ref>
* ''Revolutionary Morality.''<ref>{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens, Diether J., Pauwels J.|year=1983|title=Revolutionaire moraal|city=Brussels}}</ref>

==== Third congress - 1988 ====

==== Fourth congress - 1991 ====

==== Fifth congress - 1995 ====
In January 1995 is held the fifth congress. The position of general secretary is created and attributed to [[Nadine Rosa-Rosso]]. Ludo Martens writes with her help ''The party of revolution'', based on the lessons of the congress.

The book outlines in minute detail how the party should be organized as a "bolshevik-type communist party" for the future, to reach goals such as ensuring ideological commitment within the cadres, enforcing discipline, eradicating revisionism and opportunism etc.<ref>{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens, Nadine Rosa-Rosso|year=1995|title=The party of revolution|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA|isbn=9782872621118|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=8CB8E2873827C79DD5181E33799C470F}}</ref>

The was publicly the official organizational manual of the PTB-PVDA until 2015<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2008|title=Statuses of the PTB-PVDA (2008)|quote=The ideological and organizational principles for the cadres' work were set at the Fifth Party Congress in the manual "Party of the Revolution".|pdf=https://www.politicalpartydb.org/wp-content/uploads/Statutes/Belgium/BELGIUM_PTB_2008.pdf|trans-lang=French}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2015|title=Statuses of the PTB-PVDA (2015)|pdf=https://www.politicalpartydb.org/wp-content/uploads/Statutes/Belgium/BELGIUM_PTB_2015.pdf|trans-lang=French}}</ref>

==== Sixth congress - 1997 ====
The sixth congress prolonged for four years the "rectification period", the following of the fifth congress' lessons:<blockquote>The period of rectification [was] initiated since the 5th Party Congress in 1995 and extended by four years during the 6th Congress in 1997. The purpose of the rectification period was to revolutionize the leadership, to form a stable core leadership, and to rectify the Party according to four axes: enhancing the sense of responsibility among cadres, placing politics in command, combating bureaucratism, tightening ties with the masses, fighting individualism, and strengthening control.<ref>{{Citation|author=Nadine Rosa-Rosso|year=2002|title=Communism, the future of humanity|page=15|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA}}</ref></blockquote>This congress is accused in the ninth congress throwing away the third congress' (the "union congress") lessons out the window, diving in secterianism and leading to its worst electoral score in history.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2015|title=Congress of solidarity|page=|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA|trans-title=Congrès de la solidarité|trans-lang=French}}</ref>

==== Seventh congress - 2002 ====
The seventh congress, "Communism, the future of humanity" marks the end of the "rectification period" of its practices through the lessons of the fifth congress. It marks out a plan for applying it further in the five following years ("IMPACT 2002-2006").<ref name=":4">{{Citation|author=Nadine Rosa-Rosso|year=2002|title=Communism, the future of humanity|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA}}</ref>

Another main point is a lowering of requirements for entry some "basis cells", in hopes of becoming a mass party.<ref name=":4" />

==== Eighth congress - 2008 ====
Named the "renewal congress", the eighth congress takes place in over a year, starting in 2007.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2008|title=8th Congress - A principled party, A flexible party, A workers' party.|chapter=|page=|pdf=https://assets.ptb.be/2023-06/2008ptbcongresdurenouveau-rwpkan.pdf|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA|trans-title=8e congrès du PTB|trans-lang=French}}</ref> [[Peter Mertens]] is elected president in place of Ludo Martens. Nadine Rosa-Rosso was purged from the party in 2003, unlike Ludo which will stay in the party until his death in 2011, becoming the party's "Central Africa expert".

The renewal congress is where the party adopts its new style of communication. It is divided in four main parts:

===== Chapter 1: "The future is for socialism" =====
Here, it argues for the necessity of socialism in Europe and in the world.<ref name=":0" /> It ends arguing for its new direction:<blockquote>The evolution of society places us before a double task. The new PTB-PVDA wants, in the coming period, to be both a party of principles and a flexible party. In a world of change fast, we need a strong backbone. Our Marxist analysis and our commitment to socialism make the identity of our party. This is the subject of chapter 2. At the same time, we need flexibility and openness to stick to people's reality, to raise their awareness, to mobilize them read and organize them (this is chapter 3) and transform the party into a workers’ party (chapter 4).<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

===== Chapter 2: "A principled party" =====
This part is opened with its analysis of the treason of the [[POB]] — which later became the [[Socialist Party (Belgium)|Socialist Party]], the current Belgian [[Social democracy|social-democrats]]:<blockquote>Some comrades say that the main objective for the party is to intervene more openly, more flexibly and more tactically. This is a mistake. The main objective of the party is to be firm on principles and flexible. Both, and at the same time. Anyone who dissociates the need to be flexible, open and tactical will soon bow to the pressure of capital.

This danger is not new. History teaches us that abandoning principles in the name of tactics and flexibility can go very quickly. The Belgian Workers' Party, the forerunner of today's PS, was founded in 1885. The POB quickly abandoned a number of socialist principles - especially after its first electoral victory in 1894. It is worthwhile today to examine this process a little more closely.
Very quickly, there was a great aversion to substantive debate and to socialist theory. [...] The properties of the capitalist system, the objectives of socialism, the long-term interests of the working class... all this was quickly ‘forgotten’ and sacrificed in favour of the real or supposed advantages of the moment.

Very quickly, there was a great aversion to substantive debate and to socialist theory. [...] The properties of the capitalist system, the objectives of socialism, the long-term interests of the working class... all this was quickly ‘forgotten’ and sacrificed in favour of the real or supposed advantages of the moment.

Despite the statutes, power within the party shifted towards the party's parliamentarians to the detriment of the elected leadership, the General Council. The elected members of parliament placed themselves above the party leadership. They began to work for parliamentary life or for themselves, not in the service of the whole.

The party became a party of parliamentary legality instead of a party of class struggle. The party ended up being afraid of the workers' movement. It encouraged calm.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>It then affirms their ideological basis:<blockquote>The PTB's view of the world is called Marxism.<ref group="lower-alpha">From this congress on, the PTB-PVDA calls itself "Marxist", and refers to Lenin separately. It also stops referring to Stalin at all.</ref> Its foundations were laid by Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Vladimir Lenin.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Later on, it outlines its strategy, calls itself (and defines) a "contemporary communist party", re-affirms the importance of strict [[democratic centralism]], and its belonging to the "international communist movement".<ref name=":0" />

===== Chapter 3: "A flexible party" =====
Here the party outlines the importance for tactics, its tactical recommendations, which maybe most notably contains:<blockquote>'''We make a distinction between what happens in the dining room and what in the kitchen.
'''
The best chefs don't reveal all their secrets. The situation in the kitchen is often more chaotic than the atmosphere of the dining room. The party needs enough attention and space for all strategic and tactical questions. For the outside world, we need to know what is essential. In the limited time and space that the media gives us, we want to focus on that, even if journalists are often more interested in our internal cooking or the difficult points in our programme.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

===== Chapter 4: "A workers' party" =====
The party here explains the way it wants to become a mass party of organized workers, but also outlines the new strategy it should adopt in order to attain that goal.

==== Ninth congress - 2015 ====
The eighth congress forms the new basis for the party. The 2015 "congress of solidarity" expands on it, as well as does its critical assessment of the party's history.<ref name=":2" />

==== Tenth congress - 2021 ====
Like its predecessor, the "congress of unity" is in line with the eighth congress and focuses on the importance of national unity (in opposition to the nationalist Flemish separatists) as well as general working class unity to "build a counter-power for another society, Socialism 2.0".<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2021|title=Congress of unity|pdf=https://assets.ptb.be/2023-06/2021congresdelunite-rwpk6r.pdf|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA|trans-title=Congrès de l'unité|trans-lang=French}}</ref>

=== Current Positions ===

==== Reform or revolution ? ====
Ever since its creation in 1979, the PTB-PVDA has presented its ideas in the form of a minimum program for propaganda and agitative purposes.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=1979|title=Documents of the congress, approved by the committee.|chapter=VII. The Minimum Program for Democracy, Social Progress, National Independence, and Peace|section=|quote=In the areas of the struggle for democracy, social progress, national independence, and peace, we put forward radical demands that will enable a coherent fight against the power of the monopolistic bourgeoisie and imperialism.

We formulate demands for agitation that we aim to achieve immediately, as well as demands for propaganda that can only be realized with further development in the class struggle.

No demand from the minimum program inherently presupposes the victory of the socialist revolution. Each of these demands can be implemented within civil society, although often in a distorted manner.|city=Brussels}}</ref> At the time and up until the 2002 congress, the PTB-PVDA has explicitly advocated for revolution<ref>{{Citation|author=Nadine Rosa-Rosso|year=2002|title=Communism, the future of humanity|chapter=Introduction|page=11|quote=Together with communists around the world, all members of the Workers' Party of Belgium clearly reaffirm their commitment to the revolutionary path, Marxism-Leninism, and the organization of communists in a vanguard party.}}</ref> to attain a socialist society through the dictatorship of the proletariat.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=Nadine Rosa-Rosso|year=2002|title=Communism, the future of humanity|chapter=For a Socialist Europe in a World Free from Imperialism|section=IV. To combat nationalism and chauvinism, nourished by five centuries of colonization.|quote=Only a socialist Europe, exercising the dictatorship of the workers over the minority of exploiters gathered in European multinationals, can resolutely support the revolutionary struggle of the peoples of the Third World for economic and political independence. Only a socialist Europe will be able to distribute the wealth produced by its workers in a manner that respects the needs of European workers and peoples worldwide.|pdf=https://web.archive.org/web/20031025055854/http://www.pvda.be/congres/congresFR.pdf|city=Brussels|publisher=PTB-PVDA|trans-title=Le communisme, l'avenir de l'humanité|trans-lang=French}}</ref>

The 2008 congress forming the new basis drops the dictatorship of the proletariat from its terminology, but still calls for revolution.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2008|title=8th Congress|chapter=A principled party|page=62|quote=For the world of tomorrow, socialism, will not fall from the sky. It will not be given to us as a gift. It will be the result of a long period of conflict between the two diametrically opposed great enemy camps: the owning class (capital) and the working class, across various arenas. Ultimately, the working class will hold the power at the expense of the owning class. This is a transformation of society, a socialist revolution.}}</ref> The next congresses call the party revolutionary.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2021|title=Congress of unity|page=85-86|quote=Meanwhile, new challenges arise. A revolutionary party that is active, growing, and becoming larger finds itself in the crosshairs of the system. This is a constant in the history of the labor movement. In the battle for hearts and minds, communist parties are heavily attacked. This includes campaigns of slander, half-truths, and outright lies, media boycotts, and threats to cut access to social media.}}</ref> The congresses also point out that capitalism cannot be reformed,<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2021|title=Congress of unity|chapter=We choose socialism 2.0|section=Capitalism is an incurable disease|page=77-79}}</ref> and insist to be distinguished from reformists because they put organizational work first.<ref>{{Citation|author=PTB-PVDA|year=2008|title=8th congress|chapter=A flexible party|page=89|quote=There are no small problems. Revolutionaries are the best fighters for reforms because they genuinely care about both the small and large concerns of people. Our socialist vision of society gives us the determination to consistently defend the interests of workers, employees, and civil servants.

What distinguishes us from reformists is our approach to pursuing reforms. Each struggle provides an opportunity to mobilize people. In collective action, people learn to take their fate into their own hands. Each struggle offers possibilities for understanding and awareness (for example, through demands targeting the omnipotence of monopolies). Every action creates opportunities for lasting organization and cooperation. Mobilization, awareness, and sustainable organization are crucial for ultimately achieving a new society.}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

=== Notes ===
<references group="lower-alpha"/>
[[Category:Communist parties]]

Workers' Party of Belgium

2024-09-02T14:03:52Z

BE Comrade: rephrasing

Workers' Party of Belgium

2024-09-02T12:21:26Z

BE Comrade: Changed description of the party

Workers' Party of Belgium

2024-09-02T12:08:51Z

BE Comrade: /* Seventh congress - 2002 */

Workers' Party of Belgium

2024-09-02T03:26:52Z

BE Comrade: Finished congress timeline

Workers' Party of Belgium

2024-09-02T03:13:07Z

BE Comrade: added info found in the ninth congress

Workers' Party of Belgium

2024-09-02T02:53:16Z

BE Comrade: /* Second congress - 1983 */ found info, couldn't find the books themselves, though

Workers' Party of Belgium

2024-09-02T02:14:58Z

BE Comrade: added sixth congress content

Workers' Party of Belgium

2024-09-02T01:51:13Z

BE Comrade: Just found out the date of the sixth congress in the seventh

Workers' Party of Belgium

2024-09-02T01:31:36Z

BE Comrade: Added sources and content for the fifth and seventh congresses

Workers' Party of Belgium

2024-09-01T21:53:34Z

BE Comrade: Added note

Workers' Party of Belgium

2024-09-01T21:12:35Z

BE Comrade: "Marianne" changed names to "Zelle" earlier this year

Workers' Party of Belgium

2024-09-01T21:08:11Z

BE Comrade: fixed linebreak

Workers' Party of Belgium

2024-09-01T21:06:55Z

BE Comrade: changed references heading to the right size

Workers' Party of Belgium

2024-09-01T21:05:18Z

BE Comrade: added references heading

Workers' Party of Belgium

2024-09-01T20:51:37Z

BE Comrade: Started an outline of the party's history until 2008

2023 Israel-Gaza War

2024-08-31T21:11:11Z

BE Comrade: repaired broken link

#REDIRECT [[2023 Israel-Gaza war and genocide]]