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Eastern Roman Empire (395–1453)

2023-12-06T21:40:32Z

CommissarMar:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Roman Empire (395–1453)}}
{{Infobox country|name=Roman Empire|native_name=Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων Imperium Romanum|image_flag=Byzantine imperial flag.png|year_start=395|year_end=1453|image_map=Byzantine Empire 555 CE.png|map_width=290|map_caption=Byzantium at its maximum extent in 555CE|capital=[[Constantinople]]|common_languages=Greek|mode_of_production=[[Feudalism]]|government_type=Absolute monarchy|established_event1=Formation of the Roman Empire|date_start=|established_date1=27 BCE|established_event2=Change of the capital from Rome to Constantinople|established_date2=330|event_pre=East-West division|date_pre=|event_start=Final division of the Roman Empire|event_end=Constantinople falls; Byzantium ends|date_end=|population_estimate=~26,000,000|population_estimate_year=565 CE}}
'''Byzantium''', also called the '''Byzantine Empire''' or the '''Eastern Roman Empire''', was [[Hellenic Republic|Greco]][[Roman Empire (27 BCE–395 CE)|-Roman]] state that lasted from 395 to 1453 CE. It is commonly viewed as a medieval continuation of the [[Roman Empire (27 BCE–395 CE)|Roman Empire]]. At its foundation, the Byzantine Empire controlled one-third of the Roman army but collected two-thirds of its tax revenue. Its well-equipped, professional armies were able to defeat repeated invasions while the western empire collapsed into a patchwork of warring states.<ref name=":0222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=European Feudalism|page=79|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref>

Byzantium's [[Conservatism|conservative]] ruling class prevented technological advancement and relied on knowledge dating to the Roman era in the fields of architecture, metallurgy, and military strategy.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Chris Harman|year=1999|title=A People's History of the World|page=117–120|chapter=The ‘Middle Ages’|isbn=9781898876557|city=London|publisher=Bookmarks Publications Ltd|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=F247C9051030CCBA52C1E5A4468834E9|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacea6om2gf2ixovddv7moyuv3i4rj2ggii7gta4x4h4rk4ebpqdvd6i?filename=Chris%20Harman%20-%20A%20People%27s%20History%20of%20the%20World.pdf}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Pre-Division ===
In 324, construction of Constantinople started. In 330, Constantinople became the capital.

=== Early history ===
Early Byzantine emperors were able to keep control of the [[Balkans]], [[Syria]], Anatolia, and [[Egypt]]. Barely 50 years after [[Justinian I|Justinian]]'s last attempt to conquer the west, Byzantium lost economic control of its outer territories and reoriented its economy around defense.<ref name=":0" />

=== Stagnation and decline ===
The Arabs took control of [[Syria]] in 636 at the Battle of Yarmuk and would conquer the wealthy grain-producing regions of Egypt and North Africa in the following decades. When the Turks seized eastern Anatolia in 1071, the empire shrank to half its original territory. Crusaders sacked the capital city of Constantinople in 1204 during the [[Fourth Crusade]], establishing the [[Latin Empire]]. Although the Byzantine rump-state of Nicaea would restore the empire in 1261, the Byzantines were never able to fully recover and the remnants of the empire finally fell to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] in 1453.<ref name=":0222" />

== Economy ==
Although the empire was well-developed and wealthy compared to surrounding realms, its extensive imperial bureaucracy prevented the growth of a strong mercantile class, allowing for Western merchants to eventually gain large amounts of economic influence.<ref name=":0" />

== Culture and society ==

=== Religion ===
Byzantine authorities persecuted [[Paganism|pagans]], [[Judaism|Jews]], and non-[[Orthodox Christianity|Orthodox]] [[Christianity|Christians]], who together made up almost half of the total population.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
[[Category:Stubs]]
[[Category:Medieval history]]

Eastern Bloc

2023-12-06T21:13:16Z

CommissarMar:

[[File:Warsaw Pact logo.png|thumb|328x328px|Symbol of the [[Warsaw Pact]], a military alliance made up of Eastern Bloc states. ]]
The '''Eastern Bloc''' was a group of countries in [[Eastern Europe]] that were [[Socialist state|socialist states]] allied with the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Union]]. After 1968, It included the [[German Democratic Republic (1949–1990)|GDR]], [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]], [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]], [[Hungarian People's Republic|Hungary]], [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]] and [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], all of which were part of the [[Warsaw Pact]]. The Eastern Bloc also included [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] until 1948 and [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]] until 1961. The Eastern Bloc opposed the [[United States of America|US]]-backed [[Western Bloc]] and [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]]<ref>{{Citation|author=David S. Yost|year=1998|title=NATO Transformed: The Alliance's New Roles in International Security|chapter=|section=|page=31|quote=|pdf=https://archive.org/details/natotransformeda0000yost/page/31/mode/2up|city=Washington, DC|publisher=Institute of Peace Press|isbn=187837981X|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> and was targeted by the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] propaganda outlet [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Free Europe]].

== Legacy ==

=== Polls ===
{{Main article|Communist nostalgia}}
In Bulgaria, 62% of people say life was better under socialism and 18% say it was about the same. In Hungary, only 8% say life is better now and 72% say it was better under socialism.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=2010-04-10|title=End of Communism Cheered but Now with More Reservations|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2009/11/02/end-of-communism-cheered-but-now-with-more-reservations/communism220px/|newspaper=Pew Research Center|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=2022-01-01}}</ref> In Romania, 69% say that life was better under socialism.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=2014-10-04|title='Con el comunismo se vivía mejor': el 66% de los rumanos votaría al dictador Ceausescu|url=https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2014/04/10/5346de4d268e3e8f598b458c.html|newspaper=El Mundo|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=2022-01-01}}</ref> 57% of eastern Germans also defended the GDR in 2009 and said that it had more good sides than bad.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Julia Bonstein|date=2009-07-03|title=Majority of Eastern Germans Feel Life Better under Communism|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/homesick-for-a-dictatorship-majority-of-eastern-germans-feel-life-better-under-communism-a-634122.html|newspaper=Spiegel International|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=2022-01-01}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Socialist states]]

Eastern Bloc

2023-12-06T21:10:40Z

CommissarMar:

[[File:Warsaw Pact logo.png|thumb|328x328px|Symbol of the [[Warsaw Pact]], a military alliance made up of Eastern Bloc states. ]]
The '''Eastern Bloc''' was a group of countries in [[Eastern Europe]] that were [[Socialist state|socialist states]] allied with the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Union]]. After 1968, It included [[German Democratic Republic|East Germany]], [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]], [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]], [[Hungarian People's Republic|Hungary]], [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]] and [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], all of which were part of the [[Warsaw Pact]]. The Eastern Bloc also included [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] until 1948 and [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]] until 1961. The Eastern Bloc opposed the [[United States of America|US]]-backed [[Western Bloc]] and [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]]<ref>{{Citation|author=David S. Yost|year=1998|title=NATO Transformed: The Alliance's New Roles in International Security|chapter=|section=|page=31|quote=|pdf=https://archive.org/details/natotransformeda0000yost/page/31/mode/2up|city=Washington, DC|publisher=Institute of Peace Press|isbn=187837981X|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> and was targeted by the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] propaganda outlet [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Free Europe]].

== Legacy ==

=== Polls ===
{{Main article|Communist nostalgia}}
In Bulgaria, 62% of people say life was better under socialism and 18% say it was about the same. In Hungary, only 8% say life is better now and 72% say it was better under socialism.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=2010-04-10|title=End of Communism Cheered but Now with More Reservations|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2009/11/02/end-of-communism-cheered-but-now-with-more-reservations/communism220px/|newspaper=Pew Research Center|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=2022-01-01}}</ref> In Romania, 69% say that life was better under socialism.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=2014-10-04|title='Con el comunismo se vivía mejor': el 66% de los rumanos votaría al dictador Ceausescu|url=https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2014/04/10/5346de4d268e3e8f598b458c.html|newspaper=El Mundo|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=2022-01-01}}</ref> 57% of eastern Germans also defended the GDR in 2009 and said that it had more good sides than bad.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Julia Bonstein|date=2009-07-03|title=Majority of Eastern Germans Feel Life Better under Communism|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/homesick-for-a-dictatorship-majority-of-eastern-germans-feel-life-better-under-communism-a-634122.html|newspaper=Spiegel International|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=2022-01-01}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Socialist states]]

Juche

2023-12-06T21:07:27Z

CommissarMar:

[[File:Flag of the Workers' Party of Korea.png|thumb|Flag of the [[Workers' Party of Korea]], the ruling party of the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK.]]|350x350px]]
'''''Juche''''',<ref group="lower-alpha">Korean: 주체/主體, lit. 'subject'; usually left untranslated or translated as "self-reliance"</ref> also called the '''Juche idea''', is the official ideology of the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]].<ref name="North Korea: State of Paranoia">{{Textcite|author=Paul French|year=2014|title=North Korea: state of paranoia|pdf=|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1-78032-947-5|lg=|doi=}}</ref> Juche is predominantly translated into English as "self-reliance" or "independence," but a more accurate and comprehensive translation is "subjecthood."<ref name=":0">Riley Seungyoon Park and Cambria York. "Socialist Education in Korea: Selected Works of Kim Il-sung." 2022. Iskra Books, Madison, Wisconsin. Peacelandbread.com. [https://www.peacelandbread.com/_files/ugd/ec1faf_74d445f950b944939edeb30d225968c1.pdf PDF].</ref>

The "subject" that Juche refers to is the masses of the people, who form the driving element of [[Historical materialism|socio-historical development]]. While the Juche idea acknowledges that social movement is ultimately governed by the universal laws of the [[Materialism|material]] world, it asserts that the development of the social movement can be caused and developed by the volitional action and role of the subject—the [[Working class (disambiguation)|working masses]] of the people—who can creatively and consciously transform nature and society to their benefit when they become aware of their own role in socio-historical development. The Juche idea also consists of the assertion that it is only by seizing state power and the [[means of production]] and establishing a [[Socialism|socialist]] system that the working masses can free themselves from [[exploitation]] and "create history consciously as true masters of society and their own destiny."<ref name=":1">Kim Jong Il. [https://www.marxists.org/archive/kim-jong-il/works/On-The-Juche-Idea.pdf "On the Juche Idea."] Treatise Sent to the National Seminar on the Juche Idea Held to Mark the 70th Birthday of the Great Leader Comrade Kim Il Sung. March 31, 1982. Marxists.org.</ref>

Juche [[philosophy]] focuses on popular sovereignty and self-reliance to advance revolution in the conditions of the Korean people. This theoretical premise forms the core strategic goal of the Juche idea in upholding the sovereignty and independence of the DPRK from [[Imperialism|imperialist]] aggression. In general, the Juche idea upholds political and economical self-reliance and achieving a rich material and cultural life for the people through revolutionary leadership strengthened by a relationship with the masses.<ref name="Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions">{{Textcite|author=DPRK Foreign Languages Publishing House|year=2014|title=Juche Idea: answers to 100 questions|pdf=https://www.bannedthought.net/Korea-DPRK/Ideology/JucheIdea-AnswersToHundredQuestions-2012.pdf|lg=|doi=}}</ref>

In the foreword to the book ''Socialist Education in Korea'', [[Derek Ford]] and [[Curry Malott]] write that the "mobilization of Juche allows for endless tactical flexibility in foreign, economic, and social policy even today" and argue its success by noting that Koreans played a key role in defeating [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japanese imperialism]], forced the [[Korean War|U.S. to sign an armistice in 1953]], and survived the [[Cold War]], the [[Reform and Opening Up|opening up of China]], the [[Overthrow of the Soviet Union|dissolution of the Soviet Union]], and the overthrow and collapse of the [[Eastern Bloc|European Socialist Bloc countries]], and have "managed to rebuild their country from rubble" while navigating these "endlessly complex geopolitical challenges".<ref name=":0" />

== Etymology ==
[[File:Tower of the Juche Idea.png|alt=The Tower of the Juche Idea in Pyongyang, DPRK. The word Juche, 주체, is visible on the tower. In front, a statue of a worker, a farmer, and an intellectual hold up a hammer, sickle, and brush, symbol of the Workers' Party of Korea.|thumb|393x393px|The [[Tower of the Juche Idea]] in [[Pyongyang]], DPRK. The word Juche, "주체", is visible on the tower. In front, a statue of a worker, a farmer, and an intellectual hold up a hammer, sickle, and brush, symbol of the Worker's Party of Korea.]]
The word Juche (Korean: 주체; Hanja: 主體) is a Sino-Korean word that can be defined in English as "subject", "main agent", or "principal agent". It is used to refer to the philosophical concept of the entity perceiving or acting upon an object or environment, a being who has a unique consciousness, or an entity that has a relationship with another entity that exists outside itself.

Juche is also frequently referred to as the "Juche idea" (Korean: 주체사상, or ''juche sasang''). ''Juche sasang'' literally means "subject idea" or "subject thought." The word ''sasang'' (Korean: 사상; Hanja: 思想) is a Sino-Korean word that means "thought", "idea" and also relates to the concepts of "ideology" and "philosophy". The characters that form the word ''sasang'' are also found in the Chinese term that is commonly referred to in English as [[Mao Zedong Thought]].

In some contexts, the Juche idea may be contrasted with the concept of ''sadae'' (Korean: 사대; Hanja: 事大), meaning "subservience". Sadae is a [[Confucianism|Confucian]] concept based on filial piety that describes a reciprocal hierarchical relationship between a senior and a junior, such as a tributary relationship. The term is also used as a descriptive label for bilateral foreign relations between [[History of China|Imperial China]] and Joseon dynasty [[Korea]]. A more modern usage of the term can also refer to a sycophantic or self-effacing diplomacy towards a stronger nation. This second meaning is sometimes translated into English as "flunkeyism", "toadyism", or "sycophancy" (Korean: 사대주의; Hanja: 事大主義).

==Overview==
The Juche idea is a world outlook and an attitude centered on man, which aims to enable and enhance man's ability to understand the world accurately and to consciously transform the world to man's benefit.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Korean Association of Social Scientists, Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism Course: Juche Idea.|title=The Juche Idea Is a Philosophical Thought That Centres on Man|url=http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/48?lang=eng&search=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923134541/http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/48?lang=eng&search=|archive-date=2023-09-23|quote=The Juche philosophy gave new viewpoints on the essence of the world and law of its development that the world is dominated and transformed by man and the world develops by man's active role and in the direction of serving man and in keeping with the development of man. It also clarified the new viewpoint and attitude that one should proceed from man's interest on the basis of Juche-oriented viewpoint on the world and that one should approach the world with his activities as a main.

The Juche philosophy newly elucidated the viewpoint and attitude to the world, centreing on man and thus gives a great weapon that enables man to shape his destiny successfully by correctly understanding and transforming the world. Herein lies the essential feature of the Juche idea as the revolutionary world outlook of our times and its scientific accuracy, revolutionary character, originality and advantage.}}</ref> The Juche idea holds that the popular masses are the driving force of history, and that humanity's goal is striving for independence from social subjugation and natural restrictions. As is explained in the work ''Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions'', the Juche idea is an ideology "that the masses of the people are the master of the [[revolution]] and [[Socialist construction|construction]]" and that the revolution can emerge victorious when they are educated, organized and mobilized. It is an ideology which holds that "man is the master of his destiny and he has the power to carve out his destiny."<ref name=":3">[https://archive.org/details/juche-questions/mode/2up "Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions."] Foreign Languages Publishing House. Pyongyang, Korea, Juche 101 (2012).</ref>

The Juche idea raises the question of man's relationship to the world, and man's role in transforming the world. The assertion of the Juche idea with respect to this question is often summarized as "man is the master of everything and decides everything" (Korean: "사람은 모든것의 주인이며 모든것을 결정한다").<ref name=":8">[https://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/50?lang=eng&search= "Man is the Master of Everything and Decides Everything."] Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism Course: Juche Idea. Korean Association of Social Scientists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230925111807/http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/50?lang=eng&search= Archived] 2023-09-05.</ref><ref name=":9">[https://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/50 "사람은 모든것의 주인이며 모든것을 결정한다."] 김일성-김정일주의강좌: 주체사상. 조선사회과학자협회. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220705062245/http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/50 Archived] 2022-06-05.</ref> It should be noted that this assertion does not make the claim that the material world itself is centered on man. As [[Kim Jong-il|Kim Jong Il]] has clarified, it has been established by the [[Dialectical materialism|materialist dialectic]] that the world consists of matter which moves, changes, and develops in accordance with its own laws. Thus, the philosophy of Juche "does not assert that the material world itself is centred on man," but rather that man "is the transformer of the world and that the world is reshaped by man, not that all changes in the world are brought about by man."<ref name=":4">Kim Jong Il. [https://www.marxists.org/archive/kim-jong-il/works/On-Some-Questions-In-Understanding-The-Juche-Philosophy.pdf "On Some Questions in Understanding the Juche Philosophy."]</ref>

According to Juche, man transforms the world, within the objective laws of material reality, by applying his consciousness and creativity in order to achieve increasing independence from natural and social restrictions. It is this pursuit of independence which causes man (considered primarily as the working masses) to become the driving force of history, which manifests as [[class struggle]] in [[class society]]. Furthermore, the Juche idea emphasizes that an attitude which centers the interests of man should be adopted in man's activities, and asserts that man's consciousness of his role in transforming the world should be enhanced.

== Concepts ==

=== Man-centered philosophy ===
As Kim Jong Il describes, the centering of man and man's interests is what characterizes the Juche idea's usefulness for enhancing man's active transformation of the world: "By casting a new light on the outlook of the world, on the viewpoint and attitude towards the world, with man as the main consideration, the Juche philosophy provided the working class and other working masses with a powerful weapon to transform the world and shape their own destiny."<ref name=":4" />

=== Man as a social being ===
Within Juche, "man" is considered primarily as the social collective of the working masses, rather than purely as individual, biological man. In the context of Juche, the popular masses are not determined by their class background, only by their ideological basis.<ref name="Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions" /> The category of "man" in Juche excludes the reactionary exploiter class.<ref>[https://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/677?lang=eng&search= "Man, Main Category of Juche Philosophy."] Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism Course: Juche Idea. Korean Academy of Social Sciences. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230923134133/http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/677?lang=eng&search= Archived] 2023-09-23.</ref>

The Juche idea concerns itself with defining humans as social beings who possess independence, creativity, and consciousness. According to the Juche idea, these three qualities are what enable human beings to approach the world "not fatalistically but revolutionarily, not passively but actively, and to reshape the world not blindly but purposefully and consciously." Juche further asserts that it is correct for human beings to consciously transform nature and society in ways that benefit them, while also acknowledging the material limits and objective laws of reality. Kim Jong-Il said in regard to this that the Juche viewpoint and attitude are revolutionary because they enable people to transform the world "with a high degree of awareness that they are masters of the world and their own destiny."<ref name=":1" />

Importantly, these qualities of man are considered not to be purely natural, but rather are characteristics of social man, brought out in man by his existence within a social context. Although Juche acknowledges the biological nature of human beings, "man" as discussed within Juche refers to man within the context of social relations.<ref>{{Citation|year=Juche 101 (2012)|title=Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions|title-url=https://archive.org/details/juche-questions|quote=As seen above, independence, creativity and consciousness constitute the essential features of man that distinguish him from animals. It is important to note that these qualities are not gifted, but social qualities that only man can acquire while living and developing in social relationship.|city=Pyongyang|publisher=Foreign Languages Publishing House}}</ref>

==== Independence ====
In Juche philosophy, independence is considered to be the most important attribute that defines what kind of being man is. It is described as "a quality of man to remove the restrictions of nature, oppose all manner of subjugation in society and make everything serve him."<ref name=":3" />

In ''Man's Destiny and Juche Idea'', an explanation is given which describes that man's demand for independence is more precious than physical life, and that man's display of creativity and consciousness are for the sake of independence: "If man loses independence and lives at others’ beck and call, he is alive physically but he is dead as a social being. Man’s display of creativity and consciousness is not for the sake of themselves but for the sake of independence. History has recorded lots of people who dedicated their lives to the fight against tyranny and oppression, a demonstration that independence is more precious than physical life."<ref name=":5">[https://archive.org/details/juche-destiny/ "Man's Destiny and Juche Idea."] Foreign Languages Publishing House. Pyongyang, Korea, Juche 101 (2012).</ref>

Juche philosophy considers independence to be the "life and soul" of man because man's socio-political integrity can be maintained only with independence. As ''Exposition of the Principles of Juche Idea'' states, "if man is subjugated by others without independence, he is as same as the dead, though he is in life. Independence, therefore, is the life and soul of man."<ref name=":6">[https://archive.org/details/Juche_exposition/1-what_is_the_view_of_the_juche_idea_on_the_world/ "Exposition of the Principles of Juche Idea."] Foreign Languages Publishing House. Pyongyang, Korea, Juche 103 (2014).</ref> ''Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions'' explains: "The physical life is what keeps man alive as a biological organism, whereas the social and political integrity is what keeps him alive as a social being."<ref name=":3" />

The Korean Association of Social Scientists explains that because man has independence "as his life and soul," independence therefore "becomes life and soul of a country and nation, the people’s collective." Following this, if the people’s independence is to be realized, it is important to first realize independence of a country and nation, "the basic unit of carving out destiny."<ref>[https://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/635?lang=eng "Philosophical Meaning and Socio-Political Meaning of Independence."] Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism Course: Juche Idea. Korean Association of Social Scientists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230815081746/http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/635?lang=eng Archived] 2023-08-15.</ref>

==== Creativity ====
In Juche philosophy, creativity is an attribute of social man, by which man transforms nature and society to make them more useful and beneficial to him by changing the old into the new. It may also be described as scientific and technical knowledge, experience and skill obtained by man in social practice. With creativity, man develops the method of his activities with the passage of time.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" />

This is contrasted with other beings, which are not considered to have creativity as is discussed within the Juche idea, as "creativity" in Juche philosophy is a trait which is brought out in social man by his existence within social relations. This concept can be contrasted with the activities of animals such as bees or birds, who do in one sense of the word create things in the form of hives and nests. However, as is pointed out in ''Expositions of the Principles of Juche Idea'', this is not considered the same as man's quality of creativity as defined in Juche philosophy, because "they cannot transform the existing forms to make new things. This is proved by the fact that their method is the same even after the change of conditions and environment with the passage of time." In contrast, man's creativity causes him to develop new methods and new creations based on both changing conditions and on the new methods and creations which he continues to develop over time. An example of this is given with the case of man engaging in hunting and gathering for food, then developing farming, and then continuously building on the creative developments in farming by new farming methods and advancements in science and technology.<ref name=":6" />

''Man's Destiny and Juche Idea'' explains that since man is a creative being and the social movement for shaping destiny of human beings assumes creative character, "destiny control without creation is inconceivable." The work explains that man who wants to realize his aspirations and demand for independence can successfully shape his destiny only by the creative method, enhancing and positively enlisting his creativity and constantly transforming nature and society to meet the specific conditions. The work further explains how the "inexhaustible creative ability" of the masses is key in "waging a dynamic struggle for destiny control":<blockquote>In order to carve out one’s destiny and the destiny of one’s country and nation, it is necessary to strictly rely on the masses of the people possessing inexhaustible creative ability. The popular masses are a decisive force propelling social progress and only when one relies on them strictly and enlists their creativity can one wage a dynamic struggle for destiny control. Whatever outstanding talent and ability an individual has, they are no match for the strength of the masses. It is not an individual but the popular masses who possess in a comprehensive way all knowledge and experience accumulated by humankind through the struggle for carving out destiny in the long historical period.<ref name=":5" /></blockquote>It is also noted in the above work, in respect to how man's creativity may be applied to actions, that the creative method is to find solutions of one's own that suit one's actual realities, always starting from the specific conditions and settings, and, when introducing other's experience, adopt it by tailoring it to meet one's own needs. As is stated in ''Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions'', "Creativity ensures the realization of independence. Man can translate independence into reality as he has creativity. The fuller he gives play to creativity the better he can put independence into practice."<ref name=":3" />

==== Consciousness ====
According to Juche philosophy, consciousness is an attribute of social man, which determines all his endeavours to understand and reshape the world and himself. Because man has consciousness, man is able to understand the world and the laws of its motion and development, and therefore can harness nature and develop society as he desires. Consciousness enables man to be aware of his demands and interests, as well as of the surrounding world, enabling man to make strenuous effort for the realization of those demands and interests. Because he has consciousness, man is able to make active analysis and judgment of new problems and situations that arise in the process of his practical activities, and enables man to take proper measures and steps in conformity with the new conditions. Thus he is able to carry out his planned practical activities to the end by overcoming difficulties and ordeals encountered in the process.<ref>[https://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/626?lang=eng&search= "Consciousness."] Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism Course: Juche Idea. Korean Association of Social Scientists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230926104138/http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/626?lang=eng&search= Archived] 2023-09-26.</ref>

Ideological consciousness is considered to reflect man's desire and interests, and therefore has an active effect on man's conduct. In particular, within the Juche idea, consciousness of independence and class interests is considered to play a decisive role in the masses' revolutionary movement for independence. The masses' revolutionary ability cannot find full expression without consciousness, particularly consciousness of their class interests and independence. It is considered that masses with a low level of consciousness in regard to their class interests and in regard to independence will be less able to transform nature and society to meet their needs, therefore hampering their ability to rise to the revolutionary struggle even in the face of oppression and exploitation. It is considered necessary to have a firm consciousness of independence in order to be able to take an indomitable attitude towards the revolution, actively participate in it with a strong will, and struggle to the end, overcoming all difficulties and trials.<ref name=":1" />

In ''On the Juche Idea'', Kim Jong Il explains that without the regulation of ideological consciousness, man's independent and creative activities would be "inconceivable", stating:<blockquote>If a man is to be an independent creative being, he must have the consciousness of independence. This consciousness means the awareness of one’s being the master of one’s own destiny and signifies the will to shape one’s destiny by one’s own initiative. Only when a man has the consciousness of independence can he conduct conscious activity to conquer nature and actively struggle against the oppressors who encroach and trample upon his independence. Man’s endeavour to acquire a scientific understanding of the world and transform it actively is none other than the manifestation of his consciousness; man’s role in transforming nature and society, after all, is the role of his ideological consciousness.<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>In the same work, Kim Jong Il goes on to describe the relationship between consciousness and material conditions in a revolutionary movement:<blockquote>Material factors, too, play a great part in the revolutionary movement. But the existence of material conditions does not give rise to the revolution automatically. How to make use of these material conditions depends on people’s conscious activity. Whether these material conditions are prepared quickly or not depends on man’s activity. The revolution can be pushed forward only by the active struggle of the revolutionaries and the popular masses. Fundamentally speaking, a revolution does not always break out when all the necessary conditions exist, nor is it carried out always in favourable circumstances. Waiting with folded arms for all conditions to ripen is tantamount to refusing to make a revolution. Primary importance, therefore, should be given to the ideological factor in the revolutionary struggle and construction work, and on this basis strenuous efforts should be made to create all the necessary conditions.<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>In other words, while material factors are considered to play a large role in a revolution, the consciousness of the masses is considered to be the decisive factor, as how to make use of the material conditions depends on people's conscious activity. It is also noted in the same work that the role of ideological consciousness steadily increases with the development of the revolutionary movement; the communist revolutionary movement is described as requiring a high degree of consciousness from people, as the socialist and communist societies are built by the purposeful and conscious efforts of the popular masses. Meanwhile, the role of ideological consciousness is enhanced after the seizure of political power and the establishment of the socialist system by the working class, and socialism and communism are considered to "provide the conditions for increasing the role of people's ideological consciousness to the full."<ref name=":1" />

=== Man as master ===
One of the starting points of the Juche idea is that the master of the revolution is the popular masses, and that the revolution can emerge victorious when they are educated, organized and mobilized.<ref name=":3" />

The concept of man as master of everything means that man dominates the world in accordance with his will and demand. In the Juche philosophy, the concept master "indicates whether the world dominates man or man dominates the world in accordance with his will and demand. In other words, the concept master contains the philosophical meaning of whether man is in the position of dominating the world or being dominated by the world."<ref>[https://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/676?lang=eng&search= "Meaning of Master, Philosophical Concept."] Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism Course: Juche Idea. Korean Academy of Social Sciences. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230923133128/http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/676?lang=eng&search= Archived] 2023-09-23.</ref>

This assertion is made in contrast to the view that man is a "powerless" being dominated by instinct, isolated from the world and with no social character, a view described by Kim Jong Il as a reactionary and bourgeois philosophy which "negates a scientific understanding of the world and revolutionary changes, inspires sorrow, pessimism and ultra-egoism."<ref name=":4" />

The term "domination" in Juche philosophy does not refer to oppressive domination such as class domination or colonial domination, but to "controlling and utilizing all objects of the world in keeping with man’s independent interests and demand". It refers to man's transformation of the world for it to serve him, as opposed to the concept that man serves the surrounding world.<ref>[https://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/680?lang=eng&search= "Meaning of Domination, Philosophical Concept."] Korean Association of Social Scientists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230924043630/http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/680?lang=eng&search= Archived] 2023-09-23.</ref>

As the work ''Exposition of the Principles of Juche Idea'' notes, it is incorrect to take a metaphysical view of how man dominates the world. The work explains that "it is wrong to understand in a metaphysical way that man dominates the world. At present, man does not dominate all things and phenomena in the world. The scope of man’s domination over the world is small in comparison with the vast scope of nature." The work goes on to note that society has objective laws that act independently of man's will, and it is only when man correctly understands and uses these laws that man can "dominate society according to his demand."<ref name=":6" />

=== Meaning of destiny ===
The concept of destiny which is discussed in Juche philosophy refers to the situation or circumstances of people, matters of life and death, and the direction of development.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> References to "carving out destiny" refers to "the process of fulfilling the people’s basic aspiration and demand."<ref name=":5" />

"Destiny" (Korean: 운명; Hanja: 運命) in the context of Juche philosophy does not refer to a superstitious or religious concept of destiny. It is differentiated from concepts such as inevitable or predestined fate (Korean: 숙명; Hanja: 宿命), or the concept of one's fortune (Korean: 팔자; Hanja: 八字).<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> In contrast with concepts of predestined fate or fortune in which man has no ability to change the outcome, the Juche idea emphasizes man's ability to understand the laws of nature and therefore become capable of consciously transforming the world and society for his benefit, therefore becoming the "master of his destiny". As stated in ''Man's Destiny and Juche Idea'', "With the discovery of this great truth, man who had long been a slave to [[mysticism]], [[fatalism]] and [[supernatural]] [[god]] could exalt his dignity and worth as the master of his destiny."<ref name=":5" />

=== Views on nationalism ===
The Juche idea holds that [[nationalism]] came about to satisfy the need for a nation to defend its interests during its course of development. Juche understands a nation to be a type of social community which holds common kinship and decent, a distinct language, residential area and culture. Every nation is composed of various classes and strata, and there is no one who has ever been outside of a nation. Because everyone is both part of a nation and [[Social class|class]], everybody is born with both a national and class identity.<ref name=":10">{{Citation|author=Kim Jong-il|year=Juche 91 (2002)|title=On having a correct understanding of Nationalism|title-url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/kim-jong-il/works/On-Having-A-Correct-Understanding-Of-Nationalism.pdf|trans-lang=Korean}}</ref>

Class and national identities and their respective interests cannot be separated from each other. Although class contradictions exist in every society, all classes within a nation have common national interests in defending the homeland and achieving independence. Because nationalism emerged alongside the development of a nation, it is inherently progressive under most circumstances. However, under capitalist society, the bourgeoisie disguises their class interests for collective national interests to further reactionary ideology.<ref name=":10" />

=== Historical outlook ===
The historical outlook of the Juche idea holds that the working masses are the subject of history and the motive force of social progress, and that history develops through the struggle of the working masses to transform nature and society, as they defend and realize independence from all natural and social restrictions. In class society, the exploiting classes attempt to prevent this historical advance, forming a struggle between "the creators of history and the reactionaries of history, between the masters of revolution and the targets of revolution".<ref name=":1" /> Through these struggles, society develops and advances.

In Juche philosophy, it is recognized that man lives and conducts his activity in the world, and that the world consists of material which changes and develops as the result of the motion of material, and that nature is both the object of man's labor as well as the material source of his life. However, a distinction is made between the development of nature and socio-historical development in that the developments of nature have no volitional "subject"; in nature, motion takes place spontaneously through the interaction of material elements which exist objectively. In contrast, social movement is considered to be caused and developed by the volitional role of the subject--the working masses of the people.

The working masses transform nature through their labor, producing all social wealth by their hands and advancing history through their creative activity and struggle, changing the societies unfavorable to them. While the working masses are considered as the subject and motive force of history throughout various forms of society, their positive action on socio-historical progress increases as they transform nature and society, strengthening their position, and as they become more aware of their role as the motive force of history. In socialist society, the working masses undergo a radical change in their status and destiny, and their position and role are enhanced due to the revolutionary leadership and struggle of the working class.

As explained by Kim Jong Il, "Only by seizing state power and the means of production in their own hands and by establishing a socialist system can the working masses free themselves from exploitation and oppression and create history consciously as true masters of society and their own destiny." He explains that when the whole society is reshaped completely on the pattern of the advanced working class under its leadership, "the position of the popular masses, the subject of history, would be remarkably stronger, and their role in pushing forward the historical progress and revolutionary development incomparably higher."<ref name=":1" />

=== Relation to other philosophical ideas ===

==== Idealism and metaphysics ====
Juche holds it as fact that the world consists of material which moves and develops in accordance with its own laws, rather than consisting of consciousness or ideas.<ref name=":4" /> ''Exposition of the Principles of Juche Idea'' indicates that thanks to the scientific world outlook of Marxism, the exploited working masses "got free from religious illusion and idealistic fiction".<ref name=":6" />

Juche philosophy emphasizes the importance of considering man as a social being living in social relations rather than purely as a biological being. As explained in ''Exposition of the Principles of Juche Idea'', "the view that regarded man as the being dominated by instinct had been used for defending capitalist society where the law of jungle prevailed, causing corruption among the working masses."<ref name=":6" /> This purely biological characterization of man, which fails to distinguish man as existing within social relations or to identify social man's key traits as defined in Juche, is criticized because it can be used to "defend exploiter society governed by the law of the jungle",<ref name=":5" /> as well as potentially leading to [[Racism|racist]] theories and racial discrimination.<ref name=":4" />

==== Dialectical materialism ====
Juche philosophy regards the dialectical materialist view as the scientific view of the material world. As Kim Jong Il has stated regarding this view:<blockquote>It has already been established by materialistic dialectic that the world consists of material, not consciousness or ideas, and that it moves, changes and develops in accordance with its own laws, not by any supernatural force. It is an undeniable fact that the world is, in essence, a material entity, a material integrity, and that it moves, changes and develops in accordance with its inherent laws.<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>''Exposition of the Principles of Juche Idea'' explains the influence of Marxism in freeing people from idealism and in instructing people to "understand and approach the world as it is" and to behave "according to the law of the change and development of the objective material world":<blockquote>As a scientific world outlook that reflects the world as it is in an objective way, Marxist world outlook had big influence on the development of history and the shaping of people’s destiny. Thanks to Marxism, the exploited working masses got free from religious illusion and idealistic fiction and came to understand that their misfortunes come not from their fate or revelation of God but from the exploitation of the capitalist class and the capitalist system that defends it. And they were awakened that the way for happiness free from the exploitation and oppression is to fight against capital.

It is the world outlook that instructs to understand and approach the world as it is, in other words, to behave according to the law of the change and development of the objective material world on the basis of its correct cognition.<ref name=":6" /></blockquote>Within Juche, it is considered that although this view provides a correct scientific understanding of the world, it does not inherently cause man to actively transform nature and society in accordance with his will or in accordance with man's interests. It is the Juche philosophy which asserts it is able to fulfill this task by emphasizing man's role in taking responsibility for shaping the world and asserting that the world should be shaped according to man's interests. Therefore, it is asserted that "in order to lead a true life, [man] must not only cognize the objective law and behave according to it but also transform nature and society in an active way on its basis. Dialectical materialism cannot enable people to fulfill the responsibility and role for their life. Moreover, it does not directly show the road of shaping man’s destiny. It is the man-centred world outlook that shows the road of shaping man’s destiny directly and scientifically."<ref name=":6" />

The work ''Man's Destiny and Juche Idea'' summarizes the view held in Juche philosophy, which is that the Juche idea raises a separate question from what is dealt with by Marx: "As the origin of the world was explained materialistically by Marxism, the Juche idea newly raises the relationship between the world and man, the position and role of man in the world, as the fundamental question of philosophy and gives a scientific answer to it."<ref name=":5" />

==== Marxism–Leninism ====
The Korean Association of Social Scientists (KASS) states that although the Juche idea is an idea connected with [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxism-Leninism]], Juche is a new, original revolutionary idea which "gave answers to the demands of a historical age different from one of Marx and Lenin, and was evolved and systematized with its own peculiar principles."<ref>[https://kcnawatch.xyz/newstream/1565258143-198061077/what-is-the-ideological-and-mental-source-of-the-juche-idea-and-its-premise/ "What is the ideological and mental source of the Juche idea and its premise?"] Korean Association of Social Scientists. 2009-04-14. Accessed via KCNA Watch. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230923132720/https://kcnawatch.xyz/newstream/1565258143-198061077/what-is-the-ideological-and-mental-source-of-the-juche-idea-and-its-premise/ Archived] 2023-09-23.</ref> [[Kim Il-sung]] developed the ideology which was originally viewed as a variant of Marxism–Leninism until it became recognized as a theoretical advancement. Kim Jong-il officially broke the Marxist-Leninist continuity of Juche, claiming it to be something unique entirely. It incorporates the [[Historical materialism|historical materialist]] ideas of Marxism–Leninism and strongly emphasizes the relationship between the [[individual]], the [[nation state]] and its [[sovereignty]].

Kim Jong-il states this about the unique Juche characteristic of Socialism in Korea and how it is not merely Marxism-Leninism, <blockquote>"In the early years of revolutionary activity, the leader (Kim Il-Sung) was well versed in Marxism-Leninism. But he did not confine himself to applying Marxism-Leninism to the Korean Revolution but pioneered a new phase of revolutionary theory from a steadfast Juche-oriented standpoint and resolved the problems arising in the revolutionary practice from a unique angle."<ref>[https://www.marxists.org/archive/kim-jong-il/works/On-The-Juche-Idea.pdf On the Juche Idea - Kim Jong-Il, page 7]</ref></blockquote>Kim Jong-il stated that the historical achievements of Marxism–Leninism must be acknowledged but also states that it has limitations when it comes to the specifics of post-revolution socialist construction in the present day context, and states that, "the present historical condition is fundamentally different from what it was when the founders of Marxism–Leninism were active" and while Lenin certainly advanced Marxism, "is now clear to everybody that one cannot build socialism properly by drawing on a theory that was put forward based on prediction and supposition a century ago." Kim Jong-il adds, <blockquote>"Although Marxism-Leninism has limitations and failed to clarify the specific ways for building socialism, those parties that are building socialism can prevent the degeneration of their class character if they correctly maintain the revolutionary principle of Marxism-Leninism [...] As for the mistakes revealed in socialist construction in some countries, their parties which allowed dogmatism and revisionism, not Marxism-Leninism and its founders, are to blame for them."<ref name=":2">[[Library:On some problems of the ideological foundation of socialism|On some problems of the ideological foundation of socialism]]</ref></blockquote>While the achievements of Marxism–Leninism are recognized in the Juche outlook, it is considered that Marxism–Leninism does not provide all the answers necessary for socialist construction in the modern conditions or the specific conditions of Korea, and that it is limited by its historical age.<blockquote>The Juche idea must not be viewed as a simple inheritance and development of Marxism-Leninism; it must be viewed as a new and original idea. That we should see originality in context with derivations in understanding means that the Juche idea is not an ideology, which contrasts with Marxism-Leninism and that the historical achievements of Marxism-Leninism must be acknowledged. We acknowledge the historical achievements of the dialectical materialism of Marxism, as it smashed the reactionary idealistic and metaphysical outlook on the world, but do not view it as the perfect philosophy of the working class. We appraise the historical achievements of Marxism-Leninism as it proved the inevitability of the fall of capitalism and the triumph of socialism and clarified the and theory on building a classless ideal society free of exploitation and oppression, but we do not see it as a perfect communist revolutionary theory. As a matter of course we have so far not spoken much about the limitations of Marxism-Leninism. But today when its limitations are more and more evident, it is necessary to bring them home to our officials. Only then can they fully understand the originality and superiority of the Juche idea, the revolutionary idea of the leader, and make firmer their conviction of our style socialism based on the Juche idea. – Kim Jong-Il<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>

==== Individualism vs. collectivism ====
In Juche, the individual's demand for independence is considered to be the demand of man as an equal member of the social collective rather than as a single, isolated individual who exists outside of social relations.

The individual's demand for independence as described in Juche is considered to be fundamentally different from concepts such as "individualistic greed" or concepts found in existentialism, which is regarded as a bourgeois philosophy. Arguments centering on the isolated individual's autonomy and freedom of will is considered to be "sophism to rationalize individual egoism and liberalism and to defend capitalist system," as is described in the work ''Expositions of the Principles of Juche Idea''. Such claims are described as "bourgeois self-indulgence with which one decides and behaves as he wishes according to his pure will, negating all effects of social environments."<ref name=":6" />

In addition, Juche philosophy argues that the demands of an individual can be better realized only through collectivism, which is considered to be more capable of properly combining the demands of the individual and the collective, to realize the demands of both.<ref name=":6" />

== History ==
The development of the Juche idea is intertwined with the historical experience of Korea. The Juche idea's development has been influenced by Korea's [[Anti-colonialism|anti-colonial]], [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] struggle against imperial Japan and the imperialist USA, as well as by Korea's position as a country "sandwiched between big countries",<ref name=":7">Kim Jong Il. [https://www.marxists.org/archive/kim-jong-il/works/Worshipping-Big-Power-And-Depending-On-Foreign-Forces-Is-The-Way-To-National-Ruin.pdf "Worshipping Big Powers and Depending on Foreign Forces is the Way to National Ruin."] Talk to Students at Kim Il Sung University. April 5, 1961.</ref> given its physical position bordering longstanding world powers such as China and Russia, its proximity to Japan which was formerly an imperial power which targeted Korea, and which now serves the imperialist US, and the US-occupied south Korea. Korea has thus had a long historical experience of being a location in which world power struggles have taken place, with the Juche idea being birthed amidst the anti-colonial struggle against Japan, and the nation of DPRK being born amidst the confrontation against US imperialism which continues today. Stemming from these historical experiences and particular circumstances of Korea, one of the major points emphasized in Juche is the concept of independence from great powers and the avoidance of sycophancy and extreme dependence on foreign powers, and prioritizing the importance of focusing on the material conditions of Korea, centering Korean realities in their own revolution rather than simply following the ideas of others while neglecting to consider the specific situation of Korea.

In the foreword to the book ''Socialist Education in Korea'', Derek Ford and Curry Malott contextualize the development of the Juche idea, describing its origins in the anti-Japanese struggle in Korea, and its further development in the context of the [[Sino-Soviet split]]. They write:<blockquote>In response to those who wanted to build the anti-colonial struggle and the future independent Korea by relying on outside forces or self-styled leaders parroting theories from elsewhere, Kim Il-Sung formulated the slogan “The people are my God,” which encapsulates “the spirit of approaching everything with the masses of the people at the centre and boundlessly treasuring them.” As Kim Jong-Il recounts, Kim Il-Sung “clarified the truth that a revolution should be carried out not by anyone’s approval or instruction but by one’s own conviction and on one’s own responsibility that all problems arising in the revolution should be solved in an independent and creative way.” [...] By making Juche official policy, the WPK and state apparatuses fastened the country’s direction around “the principle of solving for oneself all the problems of the revolution and construction in conformity with the actual conditions of one’s country, mainly by one’s own efforts.” Juche was formulated against “dogmatism and flunkeyism towards great powers” as a dynamic doctrine organized around “independence in politics, self-sustenance in the economy, and self-defense in national defense.”<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>
=== Anti-imperialist struggle ===
The development of the Juche idea has been influenced by Korea's anti-colonial, anti-imperialist struggle, including the struggle against imperial Japan's colonial domination of Korea, and the struggle against the imperialist USA.

The revolutionary tradition of the anti-Japanese struggle still has heavy influence on DPRK's guiding ideology today. During Japan's colonial domination, Koreans were banned from politically organizing and were subjected to extensive cultural erasure and conditions of slavery. Koreans were given Japanese names, forced to practice Japanese religion, and speak Japanese. All industrial goods made in Korea were exported to Japan, and Japanese workers were paid three times as much as Koreans. The Japanese sent one eighth of the Korean population to other parts of their empire to work as slaves.<ref>Stephen Gowans (2018). ''Patriots, Traitors and Empires: The Story of Korea’s Struggle for Freedom'': 'The Empire of Japan' (pp. 25–29). [https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaced4iiga4ngtxusr2civjxewbili5jne2sbpefbx2s3im2kphattzc?filename=Stephen%20Gowans%20-%20Patriots%2C%20Traitors%20and%20Empires_%20The%20Story%20of%20Korea%E2%80%99s%20Struggle%20for%20Freedom-Baraka%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf <nowiki>[PDF]</nowiki>] Montreal: Baraka Books. <nowiki>ISBN 9781771861427</nowiki> [LG]</ref> The anti-Japanese struggle influenced the development of the Juche idea and is intimately linked with the history of Korean socialism, the Korean independence movement, and the life of Kim Il-sung. Therefore, the revolutionary tradition of the anti-Japanese struggle remains important in the DPRK, as both a source of inspiration as well as important material for study.<ref>[https://615tv.net/376 <nowiki>“[기획연재1] 김일성 주석의 항일운동 역사.”</nowiki>] 2022. 주권방송. April 5, 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221020065905/https://615tv.net/376 Archived] 2022-10-20.</ref>

In response to Korea's colonial oppression by Japan and as part of the Korean peoples' struggles for independence, the [[Down-with-Imperialism Union]] (DIU) was formed by Kim Il Sung along with other young communists in 1926. The DIU set as its immediate task the destruction of Japanese imperialism and achievement of Korea’s liberation and independence, with the ultimate aim of building socialism and communism in Korea and, further, destroying all imperialists and building communism throughout the world. The programme which is based on the ideals of anti-imperialism and independence and of maintaining independence in the revolution and construction formed the basis of the programme of the WPK. As is noted in Ro Myong Sim's article "Historical Roots of the Workers' Party of Korea", the young communists of the new generation brought up by the DIU became the backbone of the WPK, and that, thanks to the "precious traditions and experiences of party building established and gained in the period of the anti-Japanese revolutionary struggle", the Workers' Party of Korea, the "Juche-type revolutionary party", was founded soon after Korea's liberation in 1945.<ref>Ro Myong Sim. [https://exploredprk.com/articles/historical-roots-of-the-workers-party-of-korea/ "Historical Roots of the Workers’ Party of Korea."] Explore DPRK. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230928053620/https://exploredprk.com/articles/historical-roots-of-the-workers-party-of-korea/ Archived] 2023-09-28.</ref>

Shortly after Korea's liberation from Japan, the US occupation of Korea began, along with the USA's attempt to eradicate socialism from Korea as a whole. US imperialism caused violent destruction throughout Korea during the [[Korean War|Fatherland Liberation War]] in an attempt to annihilate DPRK's existence and prevent the spread of socialism in Korea. The imperialist US still currently occupies the southern half of Korea and conducts antagonistic military exercises aimed at the "decapitation" of DPRK's leadership<ref>Flounders, Sara. [https://www.workers.org/2022/08/66398/ “Faced with U.S. ‘Decapitation Drill’ DPRK Korea Missile Launch Is Self-Defense.”] [[Workers World]]. August 26, 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230604132236/https://www.workers.org/2022/08/66398/ Archived] 2023-06-04.</ref> while also attempting to thwart DPRK's economic growth and sabotage its international relations through escalating [[economic sanctions]] programs that are designed to prevent economic growth, international travel, and inter-Korean cooperation.<ref>[https://nodutdol.org/sanctions-of-empire/ "제국의 제재 - Sanctions of Empire."] Nodutdol. October 20, 2020. [https://nodutdol.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Sanctions-of-Empire.pdf PDF]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220520095404/https://nodutdol.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Sanctions-of-Empire.pdf Archive].</ref> This direct and ongoing confrontation with US imperialism throughout the entirety of DPRK's existence as a nation has influenced DPRK's ideological developments and its focus on forming its own lines and policies from the standpoint of Juche, which keeps focus on Korea's specific material conditions and particular circumstances.

=== Relation to great powers ===
In addition to past and ongoing confrontations with colonialism and imperialism, the development of the Juche idea is influenced by Korea's historical experience as a country "sandwiched between big countries" which has caused Korea to have periods of history and ideological trends in which the "worship of big countries" became, in the words of Kim Jong Il, an "ideological malady" that has "long caused harm to the liberation struggle, the communist movement and the construction of a new society." In order for Korea to put itself on a successful path to revolution, Kim Il-sung put forward a policy of rejecting sycophancy and dogmatism and establishing a Juche orientation for the revolutionary movement.<ref name=":7" />

=== Relation to other socialist nations ===
Along with Korea's anti-imperialist struggle and Korea's position between influential world powers, the development of the Juche idea has also been influenced by DPRK's focus on their own particular circumstances in revolution and socialist construction, rather than mechanically following the ideological lines of its neighboring socialist countries, China and the Soviet Union. Although DPRK at times received help from each nation and has maintained friendly, peaceful relations with them, the Juche idea was emphasized to avoid extreme dependence on either country's applications of Marxism–Leninism. This was to avoid dogmatic and mechanical application of their ideas and to prioritize the importance of focusing on the material conditions within Korea.
Providing context for the role of Juche in Korea in respect to the advances of Marxism–Leninism in the Soviet Union, [[Kim Jong-il|Kim Jong-Il]] said in a 1990 speech:<blockquote>In the past, many countries, while building socialism guided by Marxism-Leninism, applied the propositions of Marxism-Leninism advanced long before as they were, and imitated the Soviet experience in a mechanical manner. [...] As a matter of fact, we cannot deny the historic exploits and experience of the Soviet Union which built socialism for the first time in the world. However, the experience of the Soviet Union in socialist construction is, in every point, the reflection of the then historical conditions and the concrete situation of the Soviet Union. [...] In our country, once a backward, colonial semi-feudal society, we could not literally accept the Marxist theory which had been advanced on the premises of the socio-historical conditions of the developed European capitalist countries, or the Leninist theory presented in the situation of Russia where capitalism was developed to the secondary grade. We had had to find a solution to every problem arising in the revolution by racking our own brains and with our own efforts to suit our country’s socio-historical conditions. Immediately after liberation we started building a new society under the situation in which our country was divided into north and south and we were in direct confrontation with the US imperialists; this situation urgently required us to solve every problem from the standpoint of Juche. Such a requirement of the developing revolution was fulfilled satisfactorily by the great leader who, on the basis of the Juche idea, put forward original lines and policies suited to our people’s aspirations and the specific situation of our country.<ref>Kim Jong Il. [https://www.marxists.org/archive/kim-jong-il/works/Socialism-Of-Our-Country-Is-A-Socialism-Of-Our-Style-As-The-Embodiment-Of-The-Juche-Idea.pdf "Socialism of Our Country is a Socialism of Our Style as the Embodiment of the Juche Idea."] Speech Delivered to the Senior Officials of the Central Committee of the Workers’ Party of Korea. December 27, 1990. Marxists.org.</ref> </blockquote>

== See also ==

* [[Workers' Party of Korea]]

==References==
<references />

=== Notes ===
<references group="lower-alpha" />
[[Category:Ideology of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea]]
[[Category:State ideologies]]
[[Category:Left-wing ideologies]]
[[Category:Communist ideologies]]
[[Category:Pages to be protected]]

Dermot Hudson

2023-12-06T21:05:41Z

CommissarMar:

{{Infobox revolutionary|name=Dermot Hudson|birth_date=20 July, 1961|political_line=[[Marxism–Leninism]] [[Juche]]|image=Dermot Hudson.jpg|nationality=[[British]]}}

'''Dermot Hudson''' (born 20 July 1961) is a [[British]] [[communist]] who is chairman of the British-[[Korean Friendship Association]]. A long-time supporter of the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]], Dermot Hudson has written many books about the country and its history, such as [[In Defence of Juche Korea!|In ''Defence of Juche Korea!'']], ''[[In Defence of Songun]]'', and others.

He has his own [[YouTube]] channel by the username of '''SONGUN007''' which has nearly 150,000 views as of 2022.<ref>{{News citation|author=SONGUN007|newspaper=YouTube|title=About|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/SONGUN007/about|retrieved=2022-7-15}}</ref>

== External links ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/user/SONGUN007/featured YouTube]
* [https://www.facebook.com/Juche-Idea-Study-Group-of-England-147091862011144 Facebook]
* [https://twitter.com/juche0071 Twitter]

== References ==
[[Category:Communist YouTube channels]]
[[Category:British communists]]
<references />
[[Category:Jucheists]]

Eastern Roman Empire (395–1453)

2023-12-06T19:37:44Z

CommissarMar: Added new section

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Roman Empire (395–1453)}}
{{Infobox country|name=Roman Empire|native_name=Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων Imperium Romanum|image_flag=Byzantine imperial flag.png|year_start=395|year_end=1453|image_map=Byzantine Empire 555 CE.png|map_width=290|map_caption=Byzantium at its maximum extent in 555CE|capital=[[Constantinople]]|common_languages=Greek|mode_of_production=[[Feudalism]]|established_event1=Formation of the Roman Empire|date_start=|established_date1=27 BCE|established_event2=Change of the capital from Rome to Constantinople|established_date2=330|event_pre=East-West division|date_pre=|event_start=Final division of the Roman Empire|event_end=Constantinople falls; Byzantium ends|date_end=|population_estimate=~26,000,000|population_estimate_year=565 CE}}
'''Byzantium''', also called the '''Byzantine Empire''' or the '''Eastern Roman Empire''', was [[Hellenic Republic|Greco]][[Roman Empire (27 BCE–395 CE)|-Roman]] state that lasted from 395 to 1453 CE. It is commonly viewed as a medieval continuation of the [[Roman Empire (27 BCE–395 CE)|Roman Empire]]. At its foundation, the Byzantine Empire controlled one-third of the Roman army but collected two-thirds of its tax revenue. Its well-equipped, professional armies were able to defeat repeated invasions while the western empire collapsed into a patchwork of warring states.<ref name=":0222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=European Feudalism|page=79|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref>

Byzantium's [[Conservatism|conservative]] leadership prevented technological advancement and relied on knowledge dating to the Roman era in the fields of architecture, metallurgy, and military strategy.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Chris Harman|year=1999|title=A People's History of the World|page=117–120|chapter=The ‘Middle Ages’|isbn=9781898876557|city=London|publisher=Bookmarks Publications Ltd|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=F247C9051030CCBA52C1E5A4468834E9|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacea6om2gf2ixovddv7moyuv3i4rj2ggii7gta4x4h4rk4ebpqdvd6i?filename=Chris%20Harman%20-%20A%20People%27s%20History%20of%20the%20World.pdf}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Pre-Division ===
In 324, construction of Constantinople started. In 330, Constantinople became the capital.

=== Early history ===
Early Byzantine emperors were able to keep control of the [[Balkans]], [[Syria]], Anatolia, and [[Egypt]]. Barely 50 years after [[Justinian I|Justinian]]'s last attempt to conquer the west, Byzantium lost economic control of its outer territories and reoriented its economy around defense.<ref name=":0" />

=== Stagnation and decline ===
The Arabs took control of [[Syria]] in 636 at the Battle of Yarmuk and would conquer the wealthy grain-producing regions of Egypt and North Africa in the following decades. When the Turks seized eastern Anatolia in 1071, the empire shrank to half its original territory. Crusaders sacked the capital city of Constantinople in 1204 during the [[Fourth Crusade]], establishing the [[Latin Empire]]. Although the Byzantine rump-state of Nicaea would restore the empire in 1261, the Byzantines were never able to fully recover and the remnants of the empire finally fell to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] in 1453.<ref name=":0222" />

== Economy ==
Although the empire was well-developed and wealthy compared to surrounding realms, its extensive imperial bureaucracy prevented the growth of a strong mercantile class, allowing for Western merchants to eventually gain large amounts of economic influence.<ref name=":0" />

== Religion ==
Byzantine authorities persecuted [[Paganism|pagans]], [[Judaism|Jews]], and non-Orthodox [[Christianity|Christians]], who together made up almost half of the total population.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
[[Category:Stubs]]
[[Category:Medieval history]]

Eastern Roman Empire (395–1453)

2023-12-06T19:29:21Z

CommissarMar:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Roman Empire (395–1453)}}
{{Infobox country|name=Roman Empire|native_name=Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων|image_flag=Byzantine imperial flag.png|year_start=395|year_end=1453|image_map=Byzantine Empire 555 CE.png|map_width=290|map_caption=Byzantium in at its maximum extent in 555CE|capital=[[Constantinople]]|common_languages=Greek|mode_of_production=[[Feudalism]]|established_event1=Formation of the Roman Empire|date_start=|established_date1=27 BCE|established_event2=Change of the capital from Rome to Constantinople|established_date2=330|event_pre=East-West division|date_pre=|event_start=Final division of the Roman Empire|event_end=Constantinople falls; Byzantium ends|date_end=|population_estimate=~26,000,000|population_estimate_year=565 CE}}
'''Byzantium''', also called the '''Byzantine Empire''' or the '''Eastern Roman Empire''', was [[Hellenic Republic|Greco]][[Roman Empire (27 BCE–395 CE)|-Roman]] state that lasted from 395 to 1453 CE. It is commonly viewed as a medieval continuation of the [[Roman Empire (27 BCE–395 CE)|Roman Empire]]. At its foundation, the Byzantine Empire controlled one-third of the Roman army but collected two-thirds of its tax revenue. Its well-equipped, professional armies were able to defeat repeated invasions while the western empire collapsed into a patchwork of warring states.<ref name=":0222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=European Feudalism|page=79|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref>

Byzantium's [[Conservatism|conservative]] leadership prevented technological advancement and relied on knowledge dating to the Roman era in the fields of architecture, metallurgy, and military strategy.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Chris Harman|year=1999|title=A People's History of the World|page=117–120|chapter=The ‘Middle Ages’|isbn=9781898876557|city=London|publisher=Bookmarks Publications Ltd|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=F247C9051030CCBA52C1E5A4468834E9|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacea6om2gf2ixovddv7moyuv3i4rj2ggii7gta4x4h4rk4ebpqdvd6i?filename=Chris%20Harman%20-%20A%20People%27s%20History%20of%20the%20World.pdf}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Pre-Division ===
In 324, construction of Constantinople started. In 330, Constantinople became the capital.

=== Early history ===
Early Byzantine emperors were able to keep control of the [[Balkans]], [[Syria]], Anatolia, and [[Egypt]]. Barely 50 years after [[Justinian I|Justinian]]'s last attempt to conquer the west, Byzantium lost economic control of its outer territories and reoriented its economy around defense.<ref name=":0" />

=== Stagnation and decline ===
The Arabs took control of [[Syria]] in 636 at the Battle of Yarmuk and would conquer the wealthy grain-producing regions of Egypt and North Africa in the following decades. When the Turks seized eastern Anatolia in 1071, the empire shrank to half its original territory. Crusaders sacked the capital city of Constantinople in 1204 during the [[Fourth Crusade]], establishing the [[Latin Empire]]. Although the Byzantine rump-state of Nicaea would restore the empire in 1261, the Byzantines were never able to fully recover and the remnants of the empire finally fell to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] in 1453.<ref name=":0222" />

== Religion ==
Byzantine authorities persecuted [[Paganism|pagans]], [[Judaism|Jews]], and non-Orthodox [[Christianity|Christians]], who together made up almost half of the total population.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
[[Category:Stubs]]
[[Category:Medieval history]]

Template:Marxism–Leninism sidebar

2023-12-06T19:04:05Z

CommissarMar: Maoism is not a variant of Marxism-Leninism.

{{Sidebar with collapsible lists
|name = Marxism–Leninism sidebar
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|list1name = concepts
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Juche

2023-12-06T19:00:22Z

CommissarMar: Added a new section

[[File:Flag of the Workers' Party of Korea.png|thumb|Flag of the [[Workers' Party of Korea]], the ruling party of the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK.]]|350x350px]]
'''''Juche'''''<ref group="lower-alpha">Korean: 주체/主體, lit. 'subject'; usually left untranslated or translated as "self-reliance"</ref>, also called the '''Juche idea''', is the official ideology of the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]].<ref name="North Korea: State of Paranoia">{{Textcite|author=Paul French|year=2014|title=North Korea: state of paranoia|pdf=|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1-78032-947-5|lg=|doi=}}</ref> Juche is predominantly translated into English as "self-reliance" or "independence," but a more accurate and comprehensive translation is "subjecthood."<ref name=":0">Riley Seungyoon Park and Cambria York. "Socialist Education in Korea: Selected Works of Kim Il-sung." 2022. Iskra Books, Madison, Wisconsin. Peacelandbread.com. [https://www.peacelandbread.com/_files/ugd/ec1faf_74d445f950b944939edeb30d225968c1.pdf PDF].</ref>

The "subject" that Juche refers to is the masses of the people, who form the driving element of [[Historical materialism|socio-historical development]]. While the Juche idea acknowledges that social movement is ultimately governed by the universal laws of the [[Materialism|material]] world, it asserts that the development of the social movement can be caused and developed by the volitional action and role of the subject—the [[Working class (disambiguation)|working masses]] of the people—who can creatively and consciously transform nature and society to their benefit when they become aware of their own role in socio-historical development. The Juche idea also consists of the assertion that it is only by seizing state power and the [[means of production]] and establishing a [[Socialism|socialist]] system that the working masses can free themselves from [[exploitation]] and "create history consciously as true masters of society and their own destiny."<ref name=":1">Kim Jong Il. [https://www.marxists.org/archive/kim-jong-il/works/On-The-Juche-Idea.pdf "On the Juche Idea."] Treatise Sent to the National Seminar on the Juche Idea Held to Mark the 70th Birthday of the Great Leader Comrade Kim Il Sung. March 31, 1982. Marxists.org.</ref>

Juche [[philosophy]] focuses on popular sovereignty and self-reliance to advance revolution in the conditions of the Korean people. This theoretical premise forms the core strategic goal of the Juche idea in upholding the sovereignty and independence of the DPRK from [[Imperialism|imperialist]] aggression. In general, the Juche idea upholds political and economical self-reliance and achieving a rich material and cultural life for the people through revolutionary leadership strengthened by a relationship with the masses.<ref name="Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions">{{Textcite|author=DPRK Foreign Languages Publishing House|year=2014|title=Juche Idea: answers to 100 questions|pdf=https://www.bannedthought.net/Korea-DPRK/Ideology/JucheIdea-AnswersToHundredQuestions-2012.pdf|lg=|doi=}}</ref>

In the foreword to the book ''Socialist Education in Korea'', [[Derek Ford]] and [[Curry Malott]] write that the "mobilization of Juche allows for endless tactical flexibility in foreign, economic, and social policy even today" and argue its success by noting that Koreans played a key role in defeating [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japanese imperialism]], forced the [[Korean War|U.S. to sign an armistice in 1953]], and survived the [[Cold War]], the [[Reform and Opening Up|opening up of China]], the [[Overthrow of the Soviet Union|dissolution of the Soviet Union]], and the overthrow and collapse of the [[Eastern Bloc|European Socialist Bloc countries]], and have "managed to rebuild their country from rubble" while navigating these "endlessly complex geopolitical challenges".<ref name=":0" />

== Etymology ==
[[File:Tower of the Juche Idea.png|alt=The Tower of the Juche Idea in Pyongyang, DPRK. The word Juche, 주체, is visible on the tower. In front, a statue of a worker, a farmer, and an intellectual hold up a hammer, sickle, and brush, symbol of the Workers' Party of Korea.|thumb|393x393px|The [[Tower of the Juche Idea]] in [[Pyongyang]], DPRK. The word Juche, "주체", is visible on the tower. In front, a statue of a worker, a farmer, and an intellectual hold up a hammer, sickle, and brush, symbol of the Worker's Party of Korea.]]
The word Juche (Korean: 주체; Hanja: 主體) is a Sino-Korean word that can be defined in English as "subject", "main agent", or "principal agent". It is used to refer to the philosophical concept of the entity perceiving or acting upon an object or environment, a being who has a unique consciousness, or an entity that has a relationship with another entity that exists outside itself.

Juche is also frequently referred to as the "Juche idea" (Korean: 주체사상, or ''juche sasang''). ''Juche sasang'' literally means "subject idea" or "subject thought." The word ''sasang'' (Korean: 사상; Hanja: 思想) is a Sino-Korean word that means "thought", "idea" and also relates to the concepts of "ideology" and "philosophy". The characters that form the word ''sasang'' are also found in the Chinese term that is commonly referred to in English as [[Mao Zedong Thought]].

In some contexts, the Juche idea may be contrasted with the concept of ''sadae'' (Korean: 사대; Hanja: 事大), meaning "subservience". Sadae is a [[Confucianism|Confucian]] concept based on filial piety that describes a reciprocal hierarchical relationship between a senior and a junior, such as a tributary relationship. The term is also used as a descriptive label for bilateral foreign relations between [[History of China|Imperial China]] and Joseon dynasty [[Korea]]. A more modern usage of the term can also refer to a sycophantic or self-effacing diplomacy towards a stronger nation. This second meaning is sometimes translated into English as "flunkeyism", "toadyism", or "sycophancy" (Korean: 사대주의; Hanja: 事大主義).

==Overview==
The Juche idea is a world outlook and an attitude centered on man, which aims to enable and enhance man's ability to understand the world accurately and to consciously transform the world to man's benefit.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Korean Association of Social Scientists, Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism Course: Juche Idea.|title=The Juche Idea Is a Philosophical Thought That Centres on Man|url=http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/48?lang=eng&search=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923134541/http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/48?lang=eng&search=|archive-date=2023-09-23|quote=The Juche philosophy gave new viewpoints on the essence of the world and law of its development that the world is dominated and transformed by man and the world develops by man's active role and in the direction of serving man and in keeping with the development of man. It also clarified the new viewpoint and attitude that one should proceed from man's interest on the basis of Juche-oriented viewpoint on the world and that one should approach the world with his activities as a main.

The Juche philosophy newly elucidated the viewpoint and attitude to the world, centreing on man and thus gives a great weapon that enables man to shape his destiny successfully by correctly understanding and transforming the world. Herein lies the essential feature of the Juche idea as the revolutionary world outlook of our times and its scientific accuracy, revolutionary character, originality and advantage.}}</ref> The Juche idea holds that the popular masses are the driving force of history, and that humanity's goal is striving for independence from social subjugation and natural restrictions. As is explained in the work ''Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions'', the Juche idea is an ideology "that the masses of the people are the master of the [[revolution]] and [[Socialist construction|construction]]" and that the revolution can emerge victorious when they are educated, organized and mobilized. It is an ideology which holds that "man is the master of his destiny and he has the power to carve out his destiny."<ref name=":3">[https://archive.org/details/juche-questions/mode/2up "Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions."] Foreign Languages Publishing House. Pyongyang, Korea, Juche 101 (2012).</ref>

The Juche idea raises the question of man's relationship to the world, and man's role in transforming the world. The assertion of the Juche idea with respect to this question is often summarized as "man is the master of everything and decides everything" (Korean: "사람은 모든것의 주인이며 모든것을 결정한다").<ref name=":8">[https://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/50?lang=eng&search= "Man is the Master of Everything and Decides Everything."] Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism Course: Juche Idea. Korean Association of Social Scientists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230925111807/http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/50?lang=eng&search= Archived] 2023-09-05.</ref><ref name=":9">[https://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/50 "사람은 모든것의 주인이며 모든것을 결정한다."] 김일성-김정일주의강좌: 주체사상. 조선사회과학자협회. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220705062245/http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/50 Archived] 2022-06-05.</ref> It should be noted that this assertion does not make the claim that the material world itself is centered on man. As [[Kim Jong-il|Kim Jong Il]] has clarified, it has been established by the [[Dialectical materialism|materialist dialectic]] that the world consists of matter which moves, changes, and develops in accordance with its own laws. Thus, the philosophy of Juche "does not assert that the material world itself is centred on man," but rather that man "is the transformer of the world and that the world is reshaped by man, not that all changes in the world are brought about by man."<ref name=":4">Kim Jong Il. [https://www.marxists.org/archive/kim-jong-il/works/On-Some-Questions-In-Understanding-The-Juche-Philosophy.pdf "On Some Questions in Understanding the Juche Philosophy."]</ref>

According to Juche, man transforms the world, within the objective laws of material reality, by applying his consciousness and creativity in order to achieve increasing independence from natural and social restrictions. It is this pursuit of independence which causes man (considered primarily as the working masses) to become the driving force of history, which manifests as [[class struggle]] in [[class society]]. Furthermore, the Juche idea emphasizes that an attitude which centers the interests of man should be adopted in man's activities, and asserts that man's consciousness of his role in transforming the world should be enhanced.

== Concepts ==

=== Man-centered philosophy ===
As Kim Jong Il describes, the centering of man and man's interests is what characterizes the Juche idea's usefulness for enhancing man's active transformation of the world: "By casting a new light on the outlook of the world, on the viewpoint and attitude towards the world, with man as the main consideration, the Juche philosophy provided the working class and other working masses with a powerful weapon to transform the world and shape their own destiny."<ref name=":4" />

=== Man as a social being ===
Within Juche, "man" is considered primarily as the social collective of the working masses, rather than purely as individual, biological man. In the context of Juche, the popular masses are not determined by their class background, only by their ideological basis.<ref name="Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions" /> The category of "man" in Juche excludes the reactionary exploiter class.<ref>[https://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/677?lang=eng&search= "Man, Main Category of Juche Philosophy."] Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism Course: Juche Idea. Korean Academy of Social Sciences. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230923134133/http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/677?lang=eng&search= Archived] 2023-09-23.</ref>

The Juche idea concerns itself with defining humans as social beings who possess independence, creativity, and consciousness. According to the Juche idea, these three qualities are what enable human beings to approach the world "not fatalistically but revolutionarily, not passively but actively, and to reshape the world not blindly but purposefully and consciously." Juche further asserts that it is correct for human beings to consciously transform nature and society in ways that benefit them, while also acknowledging the material limits and objective laws of reality. Kim Jong-Il said in regard to this that the Juche viewpoint and attitude are revolutionary because they enable people to transform the world "with a high degree of awareness that they are masters of the world and their own destiny."<ref name=":1" />

Importantly, these qualities of man are considered not to be purely natural, but rather are characteristics of social man, brought out in man by his existence within a social context. Although Juche acknowledges the biological nature of human beings, "man" as discussed within Juche refers to man within the context of social relations.<ref>{{Citation|year=Juche 101 (2012)|title=Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions|title-url=https://archive.org/details/juche-questions|quote=As seen above, independence, creativity and consciousness constitute the essential features of man that distinguish him from animals. It is important to note that these qualities are not gifted, but social qualities that only man can acquire while living and developing in social relationship.|city=Pyongyang|publisher=Foreign Languages Publishing House}}</ref>

==== Independence ====
In Juche philosophy, independence is considered to be the most important attribute that defines what kind of being man is. It is described as "a quality of man to remove the restrictions of nature, oppose all manner of subjugation in society and make everything serve him."<ref name=":3" />

In ''Man's Destiny and Juche Idea'', an explanation is given which describes that man's demand for independence is more precious than physical life, and that man's display of creativity and consciousness are for the sake of independence: "If man loses independence and lives at others’ beck and call, he is alive physically but he is dead as a social being. Man’s display of creativity and consciousness is not for the sake of themselves but for the sake of independence. History has recorded lots of people who dedicated their lives to the fight against tyranny and oppression, a demonstration that independence is more precious than physical life."<ref name=":5">[https://archive.org/details/juche-destiny/ "Man's Destiny and Juche Idea."] Foreign Languages Publishing House. Pyongyang, Korea, Juche 101 (2012).</ref>

Juche philosophy considers independence to be the "life and soul" of man because man's socio-political integrity can be maintained only with independence. As ''Exposition of the Principles of Juche Idea'' states, "if man is subjugated by others without independence, he is as same as the dead, though he is in life. Independence, therefore, is the life and soul of man."<ref name=":6">[https://archive.org/details/Juche_exposition/1-what_is_the_view_of_the_juche_idea_on_the_world/ "Exposition of the Principles of Juche Idea."] Foreign Languages Publishing House. Pyongyang, Korea, Juche 103 (2014).</ref> ''Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions'' explains: "The physical life is what keeps man alive as a biological organism, whereas the social and political integrity is what keeps him alive as a social being."<ref name=":3" />

The Korean Association of Social Scientists explains that because man has independence "as his life and soul," independence therefore "becomes life and soul of a country and nation, the people’s collective." Following this, if the people’s independence is to be realized, it is important to first realize independence of a country and nation, "the basic unit of carving out destiny."<ref>[https://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/635?lang=eng "Philosophical Meaning and Socio-Political Meaning of Independence."] Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism Course: Juche Idea. Korean Association of Social Scientists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230815081746/http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/635?lang=eng Archived] 2023-08-15.</ref>

==== Creativity ====
In Juche philosophy, creativity is an attribute of social man, by which man transforms nature and society to make them more useful and beneficial to him by changing the old into the new. It may also be described as scientific and technical knowledge, experience and skill obtained by man in social practice. With creativity, man develops the method of his activities with the passage of time.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" />

This is contrasted with other beings, which are not considered to have creativity as is discussed within the Juche idea, as "creativity" in Juche philosophy is a trait which is brought out in social man by his existence within social relations. This concept can be contrasted with the activities of animals such as bees or birds, who do in one sense of the word create things in the form of hives and nests. However, as is pointed out in ''Expositions of the Principles of Juche Idea'', this is not considered the same as man's quality of creativity as defined in Juche philosophy, because "they cannot transform the existing forms to make new things. This is proved by the fact that their method is the same even after the change of conditions and environment with the passage of time." In contrast, man's creativity causes him to develop new methods and new creations based on both changing conditions and on the new methods and creations which he continues to develop over time. An example of this is given with the case of man engaging in hunting and gathering for food, then developing farming, and then continuously building on the creative developments in farming by new farming methods and advancements in science and technology.<ref name=":6" />

''Man's Destiny and Juche Idea'' explains that since man is a creative being and the social movement for shaping destiny of human beings assumes creative character, "destiny control without creation is inconceivable." The work explains that man who wants to realize his aspirations and demand for independence can successfully shape his destiny only by the creative method, enhancing and positively enlisting his creativity and constantly transforming nature and society to meet the specific conditions. The work further explains how the "inexhaustible creative ability" of the masses is key in "waging a dynamic struggle for destiny control":<blockquote>In order to carve out one’s destiny and the destiny of one’s country and nation, it is necessary to strictly rely on the masses of the people possessing inexhaustible creative ability. The popular masses are a decisive force propelling social progress and only when one relies on them strictly and enlists their creativity can one wage a dynamic struggle for destiny control. Whatever outstanding talent and ability an individual has, they are no match for the strength of the masses. It is not an individual but the popular masses who possess in a comprehensive way all knowledge and experience accumulated by humankind through the struggle for carving out destiny in the long historical period.<ref name=":5" /></blockquote>It is also noted in the above work, in respect to how man's creativity may be applied to actions, that the creative method is to find solutions of one's own that suit one's actual realities, always starting from the specific conditions and settings, and, when introducing other's experience, adopt it by tailoring it to meet one's own needs. As is stated in ''Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions'', "Creativity ensures the realization of independence. Man can translate independence into reality as he has creativity. The fuller he gives play to creativity the better he can put independence into practice."<ref name=":3" />

==== Consciousness ====
According to Juche philosophy, consciousness is an attribute of social man, which determines all his endeavours to understand and reshape the world and himself. Because man has consciousness, man is able to understand the world and the laws of its motion and development, and therefore can harness nature and develop society as he desires. Consciousness enables man to be aware of his demands and interests, as well as of the surrounding world, enabling man to make strenuous effort for the realization of those demands and interests. Because he has consciousness, man is able to make active analysis and judgment of new problems and situations that arise in the process of his practical activities, and enables man to take proper measures and steps in conformity with the new conditions. Thus he is able to carry out his planned practical activities to the end by overcoming difficulties and ordeals encountered in the process.<ref>[https://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/626?lang=eng&search= "Consciousness."] Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism Course: Juche Idea. Korean Association of Social Scientists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230926104138/http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/626?lang=eng&search= Archived] 2023-09-26.</ref>

Ideological consciousness is considered to reflect man's desire and interests, and therefore has an active effect on man's conduct. In particular, within the Juche idea, consciousness of independence and class interests is considered to play a decisive role in the masses' revolutionary movement for independence. The masses' revolutionary ability cannot find full expression without consciousness, particularly consciousness of their class interests and independence. It is considered that masses with a low level of consciousness in regard to their class interests and in regard to independence will be less able to transform nature and society to meet their needs, therefore hampering their ability to rise to the revolutionary struggle even in the face of oppression and exploitation. It is considered necessary to have a firm consciousness of independence in order to be able to take an indomitable attitude towards the revolution, actively participate in it with a strong will, and struggle to the end, overcoming all difficulties and trials.<ref name=":1" />

In ''On the Juche Idea'', Kim Jong Il explains that without the regulation of ideological consciousness, man's independent and creative activities would be "inconceivable", stating:<blockquote>If a man is to be an independent creative being, he must have the consciousness of independence. This consciousness means the awareness of one’s being the master of one’s own destiny and signifies the will to shape one’s destiny by one’s own initiative. Only when a man has the consciousness of independence can he conduct conscious activity to conquer nature and actively struggle against the oppressors who encroach and trample upon his independence. Man’s endeavour to acquire a scientific understanding of the world and transform it actively is none other than the manifestation of his consciousness; man’s role in transforming nature and society, after all, is the role of his ideological consciousness.<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>In the same work, Kim Jong Il goes on to describe the relationship between consciousness and material conditions in a revolutionary movement:<blockquote>Material factors, too, play a great part in the revolutionary movement. But the existence of material conditions does not give rise to the revolution automatically. How to make use of these material conditions depends on people’s conscious activity. Whether these material conditions are prepared quickly or not depends on man’s activity. The revolution can be pushed forward only by the active struggle of the revolutionaries and the popular masses. Fundamentally speaking, a revolution does not always break out when all the necessary conditions exist, nor is it carried out always in favourable circumstances. Waiting with folded arms for all conditions to ripen is tantamount to refusing to make a revolution. Primary importance, therefore, should be given to the ideological factor in the revolutionary struggle and construction work, and on this basis strenuous efforts should be made to create all the necessary conditions.<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>In other words, while material factors are considered to play a large role in a revolution, the consciousness of the masses is considered to be the decisive factor, as how to make use of the material conditions depends on people's conscious activity. It is also noted in the same work that the role of ideological consciousness steadily increases with the development of the revolutionary movement; the communist revolutionary movement is described as requiring a high degree of consciousness from people, as the socialist and communist societies are built by the purposeful and conscious efforts of the popular masses. Meanwhile, the role of ideological consciousness is enhanced after the seizure of political power and the establishment of the socialist system by the working class, and socialism and communism are considered to "provide the conditions for increasing the role of people's ideological consciousness to the full."<ref name=":1" />

=== Man as master ===
One of the starting points of the Juche idea is that the master of the revolution is the popular masses, and that the revolution can emerge victorious when they are educated, organized and mobilized.<ref name=":3" />

The concept of man as master of everything means that man dominates the world in accordance with his will and demand. In the Juche philosophy, the concept master "indicates whether the world dominates man or man dominates the world in accordance with his will and demand. In other words, the concept master contains the philosophical meaning of whether man is in the position of dominating the world or being dominated by the world."<ref>[https://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/676?lang=eng&search= "Meaning of Master, Philosophical Concept."] Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism Course: Juche Idea. Korean Academy of Social Sciences. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230923133128/http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/676?lang=eng&search= Archived] 2023-09-23.</ref>

This assertion is made in contrast to the view that man is a "powerless" being dominated by instinct, isolated from the world and with no social character, a view described by Kim Jong Il as a reactionary and bourgeois philosophy which "negates a scientific understanding of the world and revolutionary changes, inspires sorrow, pessimism and ultra-egoism."<ref name=":4" />

The term "domination" in Juche philosophy does not refer to oppressive domination such as class domination or colonial domination, but to "controlling and utilizing all objects of the world in keeping with man’s independent interests and demand". It refers to man's transformation of the world for it to serve him, as opposed to the concept that man serves the surrounding world.<ref>[https://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/680?lang=eng&search= "Meaning of Domination, Philosophical Concept."] Korean Association of Social Scientists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230924043630/http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/680?lang=eng&search= Archived] 2023-09-23.</ref>

As the work ''Exposition of the Principles of Juche Idea'' notes, it is incorrect to take a metaphysical view of how man dominates the world. The work explains that "it is wrong to understand in a metaphysical way that man dominates the world. At present, man does not dominate all things and phenomena in the world. The scope of man’s domination over the world is small in comparison with the vast scope of nature." The work goes on to note that society has objective laws that act independently of man's will, and it is only when man correctly understands and uses these laws that man can "dominate society according to his demand."<ref name=":6" />

=== Meaning of destiny ===
The concept of destiny which is discussed in Juche philosophy refers to the situation or circumstances of people, matters of life and death, and the direction of development.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> References to "carving out destiny" refers to "the process of fulfilling the people’s basic aspiration and demand."<ref name=":5" />

"Destiny" (Korean: 운명; Hanja: 運命) in the context of Juche philosophy does not refer to a superstitious or religious concept of destiny. It is differentiated from concepts such as inevitable or predestined fate (Korean: 숙명; Hanja: 宿命), or the concept of one's fortune (Korean: 팔자; Hanja: 八字).<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> In contrast with concepts of predestined fate or fortune in which man has no ability to change the outcome, the Juche idea emphasizes man's ability to understand the laws of nature and therefore become capable of consciously transforming the world and society for his benefit, therefore becoming the "master of his destiny". As stated in ''Man's Destiny and Juche Idea'', "With the discovery of this great truth, man who had long been a slave to [[mysticism]], [[fatalism]] and [[supernatural]] [[god]] could exalt his dignity and worth as the master of his destiny."<ref name=":5" />

=== Views on nationalism ===
The Juche idea holds that [[nationalism]] came about to satisfy the need for a nation to defend its interests during its course of development. Juche understands a nation to be a type of social community which holds common kinship and decent, a distinct language, residential area and culture. Every nation is composed of various classes and strata, and there is no one who has ever been outside of a nation. Because everyone is both part of a nation and [[Social class|class]], everybody is born with both a national and class identity.<ref name=":10">{{Citation|author=Kim Jong-il|year=Juche 91 (2002)|title=On having a correct understanding of Nationalism|title-url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/kim-jong-il/works/On-Having-A-Correct-Understanding-Of-Nationalism.pdf|trans-lang=Korean}}</ref>

Class and national identities and their respective interests cannot separated from each other. Although class contradictions exist in every society, all classes within a nation have common national interests in defending the homeland and achieving independence. Because nationalism emerged alongside the development of a nation, it is inherently progressive under most circumstances. However, under capitalist society, the bourgeoisie disguises their class interests for collective national interests to further reactionary ideology.<ref name=":10" />

=== Historical outlook ===
The historical outlook of the Juche idea holds that the working masses are the subject of history and the motive force of social progress, and that history develops through the struggle of the working masses to transform nature and society, as they defend and realize independence from all natural and social restrictions. In class society, the exploiting classes attempt to prevent this historical advance, forming a struggle between "the creators of history and the reactionaries of history, between the masters of revolution and the targets of revolution".<ref name=":1" /> Through these struggles, society develops and advances.

In Juche philosophy, it is recognized that man lives and conducts his activity in the world, and that the world consists of material which changes and develops as the result of the motion of material, and that nature is both the object of man's labor as well as the material source of his life. However, a distinction is made between the development of nature and socio-historical development in that the developments of nature have no volitional "subject"; in nature, motion takes place spontaneously through the interaction of material elements which exist objectively. In contrast, social movement is considered to be caused and developed by the volitional role of the subject--the working masses of the people.

The working masses transform nature through their labor, producing all social wealth by their hands and advancing history through their creative activity and struggle, changing the societies unfavorable to them. While the working masses are considered as the subject and motive force of history throughout various forms of society, their positive action on socio-historical progress increases as they transform nature and society, strengthening their position, and as they become more aware of their role as the motive force of history. In socialist society, the working masses undergo a radical change in their status and destiny, and their position and role are enhanced due to the revolutionary leadership and struggle of the working class.

As explained by Kim Jong Il, "Only by seizing state power and the means of production in their own hands and by establishing a socialist system can the working masses free themselves from exploitation and oppression and create history consciously as true masters of society and their own destiny." He explains that when the whole society is reshaped completely on the pattern of the advanced working class under its leadership, "the position of the popular masses, the subject of history, would be remarkably stronger, and their role in pushing forward the historical progress and revolutionary development incomparably higher."<ref name=":1" />

=== Relation to other philosophical ideas ===

==== Idealism and metaphysics ====
Juche holds it as fact that the world consists of material which moves and develops in accordance with its own laws, rather than consisting of consciousness or ideas.<ref name=":4" /> ''Exposition of the Principles of Juche Idea'' indicates that thanks to the scientific world outlook of Marxism, the exploited working masses "got free from religious illusion and idealistic fiction".<ref name=":6" />

Juche philosophy emphasizes the importance of considering man as a social being living in social relations rather than purely as a biological being. As explained in ''Exposition of the Principles of Juche Idea'', "the view that regarded man as the being dominated by instinct had been used for defending capitalist society where the law of jungle prevailed, causing corruption among the working masses."<ref name=":6" /> This purely biological characterization of man, which fails to distinguish man as existing within social relations or to identify social man's key traits as defined in Juche, is criticized because it can be used to "defend exploiter society governed by the law of the jungle",<ref name=":5" /> as well as potentially leading to [[Racism|racist]] theories and racial discrimination.<ref name=":4" />

==== Dialectical materialism ====
Juche philosophy regards the dialectical materialist view as the scientific view of the material world. As Kim Jong Il has stated regarding this view:<blockquote>It has already been established by materialistic dialectic that the world consists of material, not consciousness or ideas, and that it moves, changes and develops in accordance with its own laws, not by any supernatural force. It is an undeniable fact that the world is, in essence, a material entity, a material integrity, and that it moves, changes and develops in accordance with its inherent laws.<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>''Exposition of the Principles of Juche Idea'' explains the influence of Marxism in freeing people from idealism and in instructing people to "understand and approach the world as it is" and to behave "according to the law of the change and development of the objective material world":<blockquote>As a scientific world outlook that reflects the world as it is in an objective way, Marxist world outlook had big influence on the development of history and the shaping of people’s destiny. Thanks to Marxism, the exploited working masses got free from religious illusion and idealistic fiction and came to understand that their misfortunes come not from their fate or revelation of God but from the exploitation of the capitalist class and the capitalist system that defends it. And they were awakened that the way for happiness free from the exploitation and oppression is to fight against capital.

It is the world outlook that instructs to understand and approach the world as it is, in other words, to behave according to the law of the change and development of the objective material world on the basis of its correct cognition.<ref name=":6" /></blockquote>Within Juche, it is considered that although this view provides a correct scientific understanding of the world, it does not inherently cause man to actively transform nature and society in accordance with his will or in accordance with man's interests. It is the Juche philosophy which asserts it is able to fulfill this task by emphasizing man's role in taking responsibility for shaping the world and asserting that the world should be shaped according to man's interests. Therefore, it is asserted that "in order to lead a true life, [man] must not only cognize the objective law and behave according to it but also transform nature and society in an active way on its basis. Dialectical materialism cannot enable people to fulfill the responsibility and role for their life. Moreover, it does not directly show the road of shaping man’s destiny. It is the man-centred world outlook that shows the road of shaping man’s destiny directly and scientifically."<ref name=":6" />

The work ''Man's Destiny and Juche Idea'' summarizes the view held in Juche philosophy, which is that the Juche idea raises a separate question from what is dealt with by Marx: "As the origin of the world was explained materialistically by Marxism, the Juche idea newly raises the relationship between the world and man, the position and role of man in the world, as the fundamental question of philosophy and gives a scientific answer to it."<ref name=":5" />

==== Marxism–Leninism ====
The Korean Association of Social Scientists (KASS) states that although the Juche idea is an idea connected with [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxism-Leninism]], Juche is a new, original revolutionary idea which "gave answers to the demands of a historical age different from one of Marx and Lenin, and was evolved and systematized with its own peculiar principles."<ref>[https://kcnawatch.xyz/newstream/1565258143-198061077/what-is-the-ideological-and-mental-source-of-the-juche-idea-and-its-premise/ "What is the ideological and mental source of the Juche idea and its premise?"] Korean Association of Social Scientists. 2009-04-14. Accessed via KCNA Watch. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230923132720/https://kcnawatch.xyz/newstream/1565258143-198061077/what-is-the-ideological-and-mental-source-of-the-juche-idea-and-its-premise/ Archived] 2023-09-23.</ref> [[Kim Il-sung]] developed the ideology which was originally viewed as a variant of Marxism–Leninism until it became recognized as a theoretical advancement. Kim Jong-il officially broke the Marxist-Leninist continuity of Juche, claiming it to be something unique entirely. It incorporates the [[Historical materialism|historical materialist]] ideas of Marxism–Leninism and strongly emphasizes the relationship between the [[individual]], the [[nation state]] and its [[sovereignty]].

Kim Jong-il states this about the unique Juche characteristic of Socialism in Korea and how it is not merely Marxism-Leninism, <blockquote>"In the early years of revolutionary activity, the leader (Kim Il-Sung) was well versed in Marxism-Leninism. But he did not confine himself to applying Marxism-Leninism to the Korean Revolution but pioneered a new phase of revolutionary theory from a steadfast Juche-oriented standpoint and resolved the problems arising in the revolutionary practice from a unique angle."<ref>[https://www.marxists.org/archive/kim-jong-il/works/On-The-Juche-Idea.pdf On the Juche Idea - Kim Jong-Il, page 7]</ref></blockquote>Kim Jong-il stated that the historical achievements of Marxism–Leninism must be acknowledged but also states that it has limitations when it comes to the specifics of post-revolution socialist construction in the present day context, and states that, "the present historical condition is fundamentally different from what it was when the founders of Marxism–Leninism were active" and while Lenin certainly advanced Marxism, "is now clear to everybody that one cannot build socialism properly by drawing on a theory that was put forward based on prediction and supposition a century ago." Kim Jong-il adds, <blockquote>"Although Marxism-Leninism has limitations and failed to clarify the specific ways for building socialism, those parties that are building socialism can prevent the degeneration of their class character if they correctly maintain the revolutionary principle of Marxism-Leninism [...] As for the mistakes revealed in socialist construction in some countries, their parties which allowed dogmatism and revisionism, not Marxism-Leninism and its founders, are to blame for them."<ref name=":2">[[Library:On some problems of the ideological foundation of socialism|On some problems of the ideological foundation of socialism]]</ref></blockquote>While the achievements of Marxism–Leninism are recognized in the Juche outlook, it is considered that Marxism–Leninism does not provide all the answers necessary for socialist construction in the modern conditions or the specific conditions of Korea, and that it is limited by its historical age.<blockquote>The Juche idea must not be viewed as a simple inheritance and development of Marxism-Leninism; it must be viewed as a new and original idea. That we should see originality in context with derivations in understanding means that the Juche idea is not an ideology, which contrasts with Marxism-Leninism and that the historical achievements of Marxism-Leninism must be acknowledged. We acknowledge the historical achievements of the dialectical materialism of Marxism, as it smashed the reactionary idealistic and metaphysical outlook on the world, but do not view it as the perfect philosophy of the working class. We appraise the historical achievements of Marxism-Leninism as it proved the inevitability of the fall of capitalism and the triumph of socialism and clarified the and theory on building a classless ideal society free of exploitation and oppression, but we do not see it as a perfect communist revolutionary theory. As a matter of course we have so far not spoken much about the limitations of Marxism-Leninism. But today when its limitations are more and more evident, it is necessary to bring them home to our officials. Only then can they fully understand the originality and superiority of the Juche idea, the revolutionary idea of the leader, and make firmer their conviction of our style socialism based on the Juche idea. – Kim Jong-Il<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>

==== Individualism vs. collectivism ====
In Juche, the individual's demand for independence is considered to be the demand of man as an equal member of the social collective rather than as a single, isolated individual who exists outside of social relations.

The individual's demand for independence as described in Juche is considered to be fundamentally different from concepts such as "individualistic greed" or concepts found in existentialism, which is regarded as a bourgeois philosophy. Arguments centering on the isolated individual's autonomy and freedom of will is considered to be "sophism to rationalize individual egoism and liberalism and to defend capitalist system," as is described in the work ''Expositions of the Principles of Juche Idea''. Such claims are described as "bourgeois self-indulgence with which one decides and behaves as he wishes according to his pure will, negating all effects of social environments."<ref name=":6" />

In addition, Juche philosophy argues that the demands of an individual can be better realized only through collectivism, which is considered to be more capable of properly combining the demands of the individual and the collective, to realize the demands of both.<ref name=":6" />

== History ==
The development of the Juche idea is intertwined with the historical experience of Korea. The Juche idea's development has been influenced by Korea's [[Anti-colonialism|anti-colonial]], [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] struggle against imperial Japan and the imperialist USA, as well as by Korea's position as a country "sandwiched between big countries",<ref name=":7">Kim Jong Il. [https://www.marxists.org/archive/kim-jong-il/works/Worshipping-Big-Power-And-Depending-On-Foreign-Forces-Is-The-Way-To-National-Ruin.pdf "Worshipping Big Powers and Depending on Foreign Forces is the Way to National Ruin."] Talk to Students at Kim Il Sung University. April 5, 1961.</ref> given its physical position bordering longstanding world powers such as China and Russia, its proximity to Japan which was formerly an imperial power which targeted Korea, and which now serves the imperialist US, and the US-occupied south Korea. Korea has thus had a long historical experience of being a location in which world power struggles have taken place, with the Juche idea being birthed amidst the anti-colonial struggle against Japan, and the nation of DPRK being born amidst the confrontation against US imperialism which continues today. Stemming from these historical experiences and particular circumstances of Korea, one of the major points emphasized in Juche is the concept of independence from great powers and the avoidance of sycophancy and extreme dependence on foreign powers, and prioritizing the importance of focusing on the material conditions of Korea, centering Korean realities in their own revolution rather than simply following the ideas of others while neglecting to consider the specific situation of Korea.

In the foreword to the book ''Socialist Education in Korea'', Derek Ford and Curry Malott contextualize the development of the Juche idea, describing its origins in the anti-Japanese struggle in Korea, and its further development in the context of the [[Sino-Soviet split]]. They write:<blockquote>In response to those who wanted to build the anti-colonial struggle and the future independent Korea by relying on outside forces or self-styled leaders parroting theories from elsewhere, Kim Il-Sung formulated the slogan “The people are my God,” which encapsulates “the spirit of approaching everything with the masses of the people at the centre and boundlessly treasuring them.” As Kim Jong-Il recounts, Kim Il-Sung “clarified the truth that a revolution should be carried out not by anyone’s approval or instruction but by one’s own conviction and on one’s own responsibility that all problems arising in the revolution should be solved in an independent and creative way.” [...] By making Juche official policy, the WPK and state apparatuses fastened the country’s direction around “the principle of solving for oneself all the problems of the revolution and construction in conformity with the actual conditions of one’s country, mainly by one’s own efforts.” Juche was formulated against “dogmatism and flunkeyism towards great powers” as a dynamic doctrine organized around “independence in politics, self-sustenance in the economy, and self-defense in national defense.”<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>
=== Anti-imperialist struggle ===
The development of the Juche idea has been influenced by Korea's anti-colonial, anti-imperialist struggle, including the struggle against imperial Japan's colonial domination of Korea, and the struggle against the imperialist USA.

The revolutionary tradition of the anti-Japanese struggle still has heavy influence on DPRK's guiding ideology today. During Japan's colonial domination, Koreans were banned from politically organizing and were subjected to extensive cultural erasure and conditions of slavery. Koreans were given Japanese names, forced to practice Japanese religion, and speak Japanese. All industrial goods made in Korea were exported to Japan, and Japanese workers were paid three times as much as Koreans. The Japanese sent one eighth of the Korean population to other parts of their empire to work as slaves.<ref>Stephen Gowans (2018). ''Patriots, Traitors and Empires: The Story of Korea’s Struggle for Freedom'': 'The Empire of Japan' (pp. 25–29). [https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaced4iiga4ngtxusr2civjxewbili5jne2sbpefbx2s3im2kphattzc?filename=Stephen%20Gowans%20-%20Patriots%2C%20Traitors%20and%20Empires_%20The%20Story%20of%20Korea%E2%80%99s%20Struggle%20for%20Freedom-Baraka%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf <nowiki>[PDF]</nowiki>] Montreal: Baraka Books. <nowiki>ISBN 9781771861427</nowiki> [LG]</ref> The anti-Japanese struggle influenced the development of the Juche idea and is intimately linked with the history of Korean socialism, the Korean independence movement, and the life of Kim Il-sung. Therefore, the revolutionary tradition of the anti-Japanese struggle remains important in the DPRK, as both a source of inspiration as well as important material for study.<ref>[https://615tv.net/376 <nowiki>“[기획연재1] 김일성 주석의 항일운동 역사.”</nowiki>] 2022. 주권방송. April 5, 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221020065905/https://615tv.net/376 Archived] 2022-10-20.</ref>

In response to Korea's colonial oppression by Japan and as part of the Korean peoples' struggles for independence, the [[Down-with-Imperialism Union]] (DIU) was formed by Kim Il Sung along with other young communists in 1926. The DIU set as its immediate task the destruction of Japanese imperialism and achievement of Korea’s liberation and independence, with the ultimate aim of building socialism and communism in Korea and, further, destroying all imperialists and building communism throughout the world. The programme which is based on the ideals of anti-imperialism and independence and of maintaining independence in the revolution and construction formed the basis of the programme of the WPK. As is noted in Ro Myong Sim's article "Historical Roots of the Workers' Party of Korea", the young communists of the new generation brought up by the DIU became the backbone of the WPK, and that, thanks to the "precious traditions and experiences of party building established and gained in the period of the anti-Japanese revolutionary struggle", the Workers' Party of Korea, the "Juche-type revolutionary party", was founded soon after Korea's liberation in 1945.<ref>Ro Myong Sim. [https://exploredprk.com/articles/historical-roots-of-the-workers-party-of-korea/ "Historical Roots of the Workers’ Party of Korea."] Explore DPRK. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230928053620/https://exploredprk.com/articles/historical-roots-of-the-workers-party-of-korea/ Archived] 2023-09-28.</ref>

Shortly after Korea's liberation from Japan, the US occupation of Korea began, along with the USA's attempt to eradicate socialism from Korea as a whole. US imperialism caused violent destruction throughout Korea during the [[Korean War|Fatherland Liberation War]] in an attempt to annihilate DPRK's existence and prevent the spread of socialism in Korea. The imperialist US still currently occupies the southern half of Korea and conducts antagonistic military exercises aimed at the "decapitation" of DPRK's leadership<ref>Flounders, Sara. [https://www.workers.org/2022/08/66398/ “Faced with U.S. ‘Decapitation Drill’ DPRK Korea Missile Launch Is Self-Defense.”] [[Workers World]]. August 26, 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230604132236/https://www.workers.org/2022/08/66398/ Archived] 2023-06-04.</ref> while also attempting to thwart DPRK's economic growth and sabotage its international relations through escalating [[economic sanctions]] programs that are designed to prevent economic growth, international travel, and inter-Korean cooperation.<ref>[https://nodutdol.org/sanctions-of-empire/ "제국의 제재 - Sanctions of Empire."] Nodutdol. October 20, 2020. [https://nodutdol.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Sanctions-of-Empire.pdf PDF]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220520095404/https://nodutdol.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Sanctions-of-Empire.pdf Archive].</ref> This direct and ongoing confrontation with US imperialism throughout the entirety of DPRK's existence as a nation has influenced DPRK's ideological developments and its focus on forming its own lines and policies from the standpoint of Juche, which keeps focus on Korea's specific material conditions and particular circumstances.

=== Relation to great powers ===
In addition to past and ongoing confrontations with colonialism and imperialism, the development of the Juche idea is influenced by Korea's historical experience as a country "sandwiched between big countries" which has caused Korea to have periods of history and ideological trends in which the "worship of big countries" became, in the words of Kim Jong Il, an "ideological malady" that has "long caused harm to the liberation struggle, the communist movement and the construction of a new society." In order for Korea to put itself on a successful path to revolution, Kim Il-sung put forward a policy of rejecting sycophancy and dogmatism and establishing a Juche orientation for the revolutionary movement.<ref name=":7" />

=== Relation to other socialist nations ===
Along with Korea's anti-imperialist struggle and Korea's position between influential world powers, the development of the Juche idea has also been influenced by DPRK's focus on their own particular circumstances in revolution and socialist construction, rather than mechanically following the ideological lines of its neighboring socialist countries, China and the Soviet Union. Although DPRK at times received help from each nation and has maintained friendly, peaceful relations with them, the Juche idea was emphasized to avoid extreme dependence on either country's applications of Marxism–Leninism. This was to avoid dogmatic and mechanical application of their ideas and to prioritize the importance of focusing on the material conditions within Korea.
Providing context for the role of Juche in Korea in respect to the advances of Marxism–Leninism in the Soviet Union, [[Kim Jong-il|Kim Jong-Il]] said in a 1990 speech:<blockquote>In the past, many countries, while building socialism guided by Marxism-Leninism, applied the propositions of Marxism-Leninism advanced long before as they were, and imitated the Soviet experience in a mechanical manner. [...] As a matter of fact, we cannot deny the historic exploits and experience of the Soviet Union which built socialism for the first time in the world. However, the experience of the Soviet Union in socialist construction is, in every point, the reflection of the then historical conditions and the concrete situation of the Soviet Union. [...] In our country, once a backward, colonial semi-feudal society, we could not literally accept the Marxist theory which had been advanced on the premises of the socio-historical conditions of the developed European capitalist countries, or the Leninist theory presented in the situation of Russia where capitalism was developed to the secondary grade. We had had to find a solution to every problem arising in the revolution by racking our own brains and with our own efforts to suit our country’s socio-historical conditions. Immediately after liberation we started building a new society under the situation in which our country was divided into north and south and we were in direct confrontation with the US imperialists; this situation urgently required us to solve every problem from the standpoint of Juche. Such a requirement of the developing revolution was fulfilled satisfactorily by the great leader who, on the basis of the Juche idea, put forward original lines and policies suited to our people’s aspirations and the specific situation of our country.<ref>Kim Jong Il. [https://www.marxists.org/archive/kim-jong-il/works/Socialism-Of-Our-Country-Is-A-Socialism-Of-Our-Style-As-The-Embodiment-Of-The-Juche-Idea.pdf "Socialism of Our Country is a Socialism of Our Style as the Embodiment of the Juche Idea."] Speech Delivered to the Senior Officials of the Central Committee of the Workers’ Party of Korea. December 27, 1990. Marxists.org.</ref> </blockquote>

== See also ==

* [[Workers' Party of Korea]]

==References==
<references />

=== Notes ===
<references group="lower-alpha" />
[[Category:Ideology of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea]]
[[Category:State ideologies]]
[[Category:Left-wing ideologies]]
[[Category:Communist ideologies]]
[[Category:Pages to be protected]]

YouTube

2023-12-06T18:33:55Z

CommissarMar: Added another YT alternative and removed redundant category.

<blockquote>''"YT" redirects here. Not to be confused with [[White people|whites]].''</blockquote>{{Infobox company|name=YouTube|image=YouTube.png|founding_date=February 14, 2005|founder=[[Chad Hurley]] [[Steve Chen]] [[Jawed Karim]]|industry=Internet Video hosting service|headquarters=901 Cherry Avenue, San Bruno, California, United States|key_people=[[Neal Mohan]] (CEO) [[Matt Halprin]] (Vice President) [[Chad Hurley]] (Advisor)|ownership=[[Google]]|revenue=Increase US$28.8 billion (2021)|website=youtube.com}}

'''YouTube''' is a video sharing platform based in the [[United States of America|United States]], owned by the pro-[[Imperialism|imperialist]] tech giant, [[Alphabet. Inc|Alphabet]] (previously called [[Google Inc.|Google]]).

YouTube's [[censorship]] has led to video creators seeking out alternatives, such as [[Rokfin]], [[Rumble]], Invidious, and [[PeerTube]].<ref>[https://alternativeto.net/software/youtube/ YouTube alternatives] on AlternativeTo </ref><ref>{{News citation|author=Ryan Grim|newspaper=The Intercept|title=Big Tech’s Kafkaesque Approach to Censorship Is Driven by an Abiding Contempt for Its Audience|date=2022-03-04|url=https://theintercept.com/2022/03/04/youtube-censorship-big-tech-rising-the-hill/}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Fox News|title=Rand Paul quits YouTube, citing censorship|url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/rand-paul-quits-youtube-censorship}}</ref> YouTube automatically censors [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]] content.<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTtzlasfWoA|channel=[[BadEmpanada|BadEmpanada 2]]|title=YouTube CENSORING Anti-Israel Content Automatically|date=2022-12-29}}</ref>

== CIA connections ==
YouTube's leading analyst in trust and safety, [[Michelle Toborowski]], worked for the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] for 12 years.

[[Bryan Weisbard]], who was a CIA intelligence officer from 2006 to 2010, led YouTube teams that examined sensitive content and misinformation. He now works for [[Meta Platforms, Inc.|Facebook]].<ref>{{News citation|author=[[Alan Macleod]]|newspaper=[[MintPress News]]|title=National Security Search Engine: Google's Ranks Are Filled with CIA Agents|date=2022-07-25|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/national-security-search-engine-google-ranks-cia-agents/281490/|retrieved=2022-07-25}}</ref>

== References ==
[[Category:Online video platforms]]
<references />
[[Category:Imperialist companies]]
[[Category:Companies based in the United States]]
[[Category:Social media]]

UK Independence Party

2023-12-06T18:29:25Z

CommissarMar: Improved infobox.

{{Infobox political party|name=UK Independence Party|logo=UK Independence Party logo (2022).svg|founded=3 September 1993|leader=Neil Hamilton|founder=Alan Sked|political_orientation=[[Right-wing populism]] [[British]] [[nationalism]] Anti-[[immigration]] [[Euroscepticism]]|position=[[Far-right politics|Far-right]]}}

The '''UK Independence Party''' (UKIP) is a far-right [[Populism|populist]] party in the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]]. It opposes the [[European Union]] (EU), due to the party's [[Racism|racist]], xenophobic, and British [[Nationalism|nationalist]] beliefs<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|newspaper=UKIP|title=About UKIP|date=2023|url=https://www.ukip.org/about-UKIP|retrieved=2023-12-06}}</ref> but not because of the EU's involvement in [[imperialism]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Proletarian (newspaper)|Proletarian]]|title=Divide and rule: EU immigration and UKIP|date=2014-12|url=https://archive.thecommunists.org/index.php?secName=proletarian&subName=display&art=1091|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521004328/https://archive.thecommunists.org/index.php?secName=proletarian&subName=display&art=1091|archive-date=2022-05-21|retrieved=2022-12-18}}</ref>

== History ==
Founded in 1993 with the sole purpose of campaigning to remove the UK from the EU.

UKIP's pressure on the [[Conservative and Unionist Party|Conservative]] government of [[David Cameron]] was one of the contributing factors that led to a referendum on leaving the EU on June 23 2016. Following the success of [[Brexit]], the party has continued campaigning for an even harsher withdrawal agreement than the one implemented.<ref name=":0" />

== Policies ==
UKIP believes that the EU limited the sovereignty of Britain, and wants a global free market system where the UK can trade with anyone. Notably UKIP wishes to remain in other imperialist organisations such as [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]], the [[WTO]], and the [[United Nations|UN]].

UKIP opposes the UK's two party system created by its [[first past the post]] electoral system, and supports an electoral system reform to a [[proportional representation]] electoral system. Both these systems are [[Bourgeois democracy|bourgeois democratic]] systems though the latter does allow left wing ideas to gain more prominence than the former.

UKIP is traditionalist and has far right ideas on social issues particularly regarding immigration. It is also particularly vocal about its wish to exercise "[[Freedom of speech|free speech]]" (hate speech), constantly complaining about "politically correct ideology" supposedly taking away their ability to speak freely.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
[[Category:Political parties]]

Dermot Hudson

2023-12-06T18:19:56Z

CommissarMar:

{{Infobox revolutionary|name=Dermot Hudson|birth_date=20 July, 1961|political_line=[[Marxism–Leninism]] [[Juche]]|image=Dermot Hudson.jpg|nationality=[[British]]}}

'''Dermot Hudson''' (born 20 July 1961) is a [[British]] [[communist]] who is chairman British-[[Korean Friendship Association]]. A long-time supporter of the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]], Dermot Hudson has written many books about the country and its history, such as [[In Defence of Juche Korea!|In ''Defence of Juche Korea!'']], ''[[In Defence of Songun]]'', and others.

He has his own [[YouTube]] channel by the username of '''SONGUN007''' which has nearly 150,000 views as of 2022.<ref>{{News citation|author=SONGUN007|newspaper=YouTube|title=About|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/SONGUN007/about|retrieved=2022-7-15}}</ref>

== External links ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/user/SONGUN007/featured YouTube]
* [https://www.facebook.com/Juche-Idea-Study-Group-of-England-147091862011144 Facebook]
* [https://twitter.com/juche0071 Twitter]

== References ==
[[Category:Communist YouTube channels]]
[[Category:British communists]]
<references />
[[Category:Jucheists]]

Dermot Hudson

2023-12-06T18:19:32Z

CommissarMar:

{{Infobox revolutionary|name=Dermot Hudson|birth_date=20 July, 1961|political_line=[[Marxism–Leninism]] [[Juche]]|image=Dermot Hudson.jpg|nationality=[[British]]}}

'''Dermot Hudson''' (born 20 July 1961) is a [[British]] [[communist]] who is chairman British-[[Korean Friendship Association]]. A long-time supporter of the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]], Dermot Hudson has made many books about the country and its history, such as [[In Defence of Juche Korea!|In ''Defence of Juche Korea!'']], ''[[In Defence of Songun]]'', and others.

He has his own [[YouTube]] channel by the username of '''SONGUN007''' which has nearly 150,000 views as of 2022.<ref>{{News citation|author=SONGUN007|newspaper=YouTube|title=About|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/SONGUN007/about|retrieved=2022-7-15}}</ref>

== External links ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/user/SONGUN007/featured YouTube]
* [https://www.facebook.com/Juche-Idea-Study-Group-of-England-147091862011144 Facebook]
* [https://twitter.com/juche0071 Twitter]

== References ==
[[Category:Communist YouTube channels]]
[[Category:British communists]]
<references />
[[Category:Jucheists]]

Juche

2023-12-06T18:15:09Z

CommissarMar: Stylizing.

[[File:Flag of the Workers' Party of Korea.png|thumb|Flag of the [[Workers' Party of Korea]], the ruling party of the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK.]]|350x350px]]
'''''Juche'''''<ref group="lower-alpha">Korean: 주체/主體, lit. 'subject'; usually left untranslated or translated as "self-reliance"</ref>, also called the '''Juche idea''', is the official ideology of the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]].<ref name="North Korea: State of Paranoia">{{Textcite|author=Paul French|year=2014|title=North Korea: state of paranoia|pdf=|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1-78032-947-5|lg=|doi=}}</ref> Juche is predominantly translated into English as "self-reliance" or "independence," but a more accurate and comprehensive translation is "subjecthood."<ref name=":0">Riley Seungyoon Park and Cambria York. "Socialist Education in Korea: Selected Works of Kim Il-sung." 2022. Iskra Books, Madison, Wisconsin. Peacelandbread.com. [https://www.peacelandbread.com/_files/ugd/ec1faf_74d445f950b944939edeb30d225968c1.pdf PDF].</ref>

The "subject" that Juche refers to is the masses of the people, who form the driving element of [[Historical materialism|socio-historical development]]. While the Juche idea acknowledges that social movement is ultimately governed by the universal laws of the [[Materialism|material]] world, it asserts that the development of the social movement can be caused and developed by the volitional action and role of the subject—the [[Working class (disambiguation)|working masses]] of the people—who can creatively and consciously transform nature and society to their benefit when they become aware of their own role in socio-historical development. The Juche idea also consists of the assertion that it is only by seizing state power and the [[means of production]] and establishing a [[Socialism|socialist]] system that the working masses can free themselves from [[exploitation]] and "create history consciously as true masters of society and their own destiny."<ref name=":1">Kim Jong Il. [https://www.marxists.org/archive/kim-jong-il/works/On-The-Juche-Idea.pdf "On the Juche Idea."] Treatise Sent to the National Seminar on the Juche Idea Held to Mark the 70th Birthday of the Great Leader Comrade Kim Il Sung. March 31, 1982. Marxists.org.</ref>

Juche [[philosophy]] focuses on popular sovereignty and self-reliance to advance revolution in the conditions of the Korean people. This theoretical premise forms the core strategic goal of the Juche idea in upholding the sovereignty and independence of the DPRK from [[Imperialism|imperialist]] aggression. In general, the Juche idea upholds political and economical self-reliance and achieving a rich material and cultural life for the people through revolutionary leadership strengthened by a relationship with the masses.<ref name="Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions">{{Textcite|author=DPRK Foreign Languages Publishing House|year=2014|title=Juche Idea: answers to 100 questions|pdf=https://www.bannedthought.net/Korea-DPRK/Ideology/JucheIdea-AnswersToHundredQuestions-2012.pdf|lg=|doi=}}</ref>

In the foreword to the book ''Socialist Education in Korea'', [[Derek Ford]] and [[Curry Malott]] write that the "mobilization of Juche allows for endless tactical flexibility in foreign, economic, and social policy even today" and argue its success by noting that Koreans played a key role in defeating [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japanese imperialism]], forced the [[Korean War|U.S. to sign an armistice in 1953]], and survived the [[Cold War]], the [[Reform and Opening Up|opening up of China]], the [[Overthrow of the Soviet Union|dissolution of the Soviet Union]], and the overthrow and collapse of the [[Eastern Bloc|European Socialist Bloc countries]], and have "managed to rebuild their country from rubble" while navigating these "endlessly complex geopolitical challenges".<ref name=":0" />

== Etymology ==
[[File:Tower of the Juche Idea.png|alt=The Tower of the Juche Idea in Pyongyang, DPRK. The word Juche, 주체, is visible on the tower. In front, a statue of a worker, a farmer, and an intellectual hold up a hammer, sickle, and brush, symbol of the Workers' Party of Korea.|thumb|393x393px|The [[Tower of the Juche Idea]] in [[Pyongyang]], DPRK. The word Juche, "주체", is visible on the tower. In front, a statue of a worker, a farmer, and an intellectual hold up a hammer, sickle, and brush, symbol of the Worker's Party of Korea.]]
The word Juche (Korean: 주체; Hanja: 主體) is a Sino-Korean word that can be defined in English as "subject", "main agent", or "principal agent". It is used to refer to the philosophical concept of the entity perceiving or acting upon an object or environment, a being who has a unique consciousness, or an entity that has a relationship with another entity that exists outside itself.

Juche is also frequently referred to as the "Juche idea" (Korean: 주체사상, or ''juche sasang''). ''Juche sasang'' literally means "subject idea" or "subject thought." The word ''sasang'' (Korean: 사상; Hanja: 思想) is a Sino-Korean word that means "thought", "idea" and also relates to the concepts of "ideology" and "philosophy". The characters that form the word ''sasang'' are also found in the Chinese term that is commonly referred to in English as [[Mao Zedong Thought]].

In some contexts, the Juche idea may be contrasted with the concept of ''sadae'' (Korean: 사대; Hanja: 事大), meaning "subservience". Sadae is a [[Confucianism|Confucian]] concept based on filial piety that describes a reciprocal hierarchical relationship between a senior and a junior, such as a tributary relationship. The term is also used as a descriptive label for bilateral foreign relations between [[History of China|Imperial China]] and Joseon dynasty [[Korea]]. A more modern usage of the term can also refer to a sycophantic or self-effacing diplomacy towards a stronger nation. This second meaning is sometimes translated into English as "flunkeyism", "toadyism", or "sycophancy" (Korean: 사대주의; Hanja: 事大主義).

==Overview==
The Juche idea is a world outlook and an attitude centered on man, which aims to enable and enhance man's ability to understand the world accurately and to consciously transform the world to man's benefit.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Korean Association of Social Scientists, Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism Course: Juche Idea.|title=The Juche Idea Is a Philosophical Thought That Centres on Man|url=http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/48?lang=eng&search=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923134541/http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/48?lang=eng&search=|archive-date=2023-09-23|quote=The Juche philosophy gave new viewpoints on the essence of the world and law of its development that the world is dominated and transformed by man and the world develops by man's active role and in the direction of serving man and in keeping with the development of man. It also clarified the new viewpoint and attitude that one should proceed from man's interest on the basis of Juche-oriented viewpoint on the world and that one should approach the world with his activities as a main.

The Juche philosophy newly elucidated the viewpoint and attitude to the world, centreing on man and thus gives a great weapon that enables man to shape his destiny successfully by correctly understanding and transforming the world. Herein lies the essential feature of the Juche idea as the revolutionary world outlook of our times and its scientific accuracy, revolutionary character, originality and advantage.}}</ref> The Juche idea holds that the popular masses are the driving force of history, and that humanity's goal is striving for independence from social subjugation and natural restrictions. As is explained in the work ''Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions'', the Juche idea is an ideology "that the masses of the people are the master of the [[revolution]] and [[Socialist construction|construction]]" and that the revolution can emerge victorious when they are educated, organized and mobilized. It is an ideology which holds that "man is the master of his destiny and he has the power to carve out his destiny."<ref name=":3">[https://archive.org/details/juche-questions/mode/2up "Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions."] Foreign Languages Publishing House. Pyongyang, Korea, Juche 101 (2012).</ref>

The Juche idea raises the question of man's relationship to the world, and man's role in transforming the world. The assertion of the Juche idea with respect to this question is often summarized as "man is the master of everything and decides everything" (Korean: "사람은 모든것의 주인이며 모든것을 결정한다").<ref name=":8">[https://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/50?lang=eng&search= "Man is the Master of Everything and Decides Everything."] Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism Course: Juche Idea. Korean Association of Social Scientists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230925111807/http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/50?lang=eng&search= Archived] 2023-09-05.</ref><ref name=":9">[https://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/50 "사람은 모든것의 주인이며 모든것을 결정한다."] 김일성-김정일주의강좌: 주체사상. 조선사회과학자협회. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220705062245/http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/50 Archived] 2022-06-05.</ref> It should be noted that this assertion does not make the claim that the material world itself is centered on man. As [[Kim Jong-il|Kim Jong Il]] has clarified, it has been established by the [[Dialectical materialism|materialist dialectic]] that the world consists of matter which moves, changes, and develops in accordance with its own laws. Thus, the philosophy of Juche "does not assert that the material world itself is centred on man," but rather that man "is the transformer of the world and that the world is reshaped by man, not that all changes in the world are brought about by man."<ref name=":4">Kim Jong Il. [https://www.marxists.org/archive/kim-jong-il/works/On-Some-Questions-In-Understanding-The-Juche-Philosophy.pdf "On Some Questions in Understanding the Juche Philosophy."]</ref>

According to Juche, man transforms the world, within the objective laws of material reality, by applying his consciousness and creativity in order to achieve increasing independence from natural and social restrictions. It is this pursuit of independence which causes man (considered primarily as the working masses) to become the driving force of history, which manifests as [[class struggle]] in [[class society]]. Furthermore, the Juche idea emphasizes that an attitude which centers the interests of man should be adopted in man's activities, and asserts that man's consciousness of his role in transforming the world should be enhanced.

== Concepts ==

=== Man-centered philosophy ===
As Kim Jong Il describes, the centering of man and man's interests is what characterizes the Juche idea's usefulness for enhancing man's active transformation of the world: "By casting a new light on the outlook of the world, on the viewpoint and attitude towards the world, with man as the main consideration, the Juche philosophy provided the working class and other working masses with a powerful weapon to transform the world and shape their own destiny."<ref name=":4" />

=== Man as a social being ===
Within Juche, "man" is considered primarily as the social collective of the working masses, rather than purely as individual, biological man. In the context of Juche, the popular masses are not determined by their class background, only by their ideological basis.<ref name="Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions" /> The category of "man" in Juche excludes the reactionary exploiter class.<ref>[https://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/677?lang=eng&search= "Man, Main Category of Juche Philosophy."] Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism Course: Juche Idea. Korean Academy of Social Sciences. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230923134133/http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/677?lang=eng&search= Archived] 2023-09-23.</ref>

The Juche idea concerns itself with defining humans as social beings who possess independence, creativity, and consciousness. According to the Juche idea, these three qualities are what enable human beings to approach the world "not fatalistically but revolutionarily, not passively but actively, and to reshape the world not blindly but purposefully and consciously." Juche further asserts that it is correct for human beings to consciously transform nature and society in ways that benefit them, while also acknowledging the material limits and objective laws of reality. Kim Jong-Il said in regard to this that the Juche viewpoint and attitude are revolutionary because they enable people to transform the world "with a high degree of awareness that they are masters of the world and their own destiny."<ref name=":1" />

Importantly, these qualities of man are considered not to be purely natural, but rather are characteristics of social man, brought out in man by his existence within a social context. Although Juche acknowledges the biological nature of human beings, "man" as discussed within Juche refers to man within the context of social relations.<ref>{{Citation|year=Juche 101 (2012)|title=Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions|title-url=https://archive.org/details/juche-questions|quote=As seen above, independence, creativity and consciousness constitute the essential features of man that distinguish him from animals. It is important to note that these qualities are not gifted, but social qualities that only man can acquire while living and developing in social relationship.|city=Pyongyang|publisher=Foreign Languages Publishing House}}</ref>

==== Independence ====
In Juche philosophy, independence is considered to be the most important attribute that defines what kind of being man is. It is described as "a quality of man to remove the restrictions of nature, oppose all manner of subjugation in society and make everything serve him."<ref name=":3" />

In ''Man's Destiny and Juche Idea'', an explanation is given which describes that man's demand for independence is more precious than physical life, and that man's display of creativity and consciousness are for the sake of independence: "If man loses independence and lives at others’ beck and call, he is alive physically but he is dead as a social being. Man’s display of creativity and consciousness is not for the sake of themselves but for the sake of independence. History has recorded lots of people who dedicated their lives to the fight against tyranny and oppression, a demonstration that independence is more precious than physical life."<ref name=":5">[https://archive.org/details/juche-destiny/ "Man's Destiny and Juche Idea."] Foreign Languages Publishing House. Pyongyang, Korea, Juche 101 (2012).</ref>

Juche philosophy considers independence to be the "life and soul" of man because man's socio-political integrity can be maintained only with independence. As ''Exposition of the Principles of Juche Idea'' states, "if man is subjugated by others without independence, he is as same as the dead, though he is in life. Independence, therefore, is the life and soul of man."<ref name=":6">[https://archive.org/details/Juche_exposition/1-what_is_the_view_of_the_juche_idea_on_the_world/ "Exposition of the Principles of Juche Idea."] Foreign Languages Publishing House. Pyongyang, Korea, Juche 103 (2014).</ref> ''Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions'' explains: "The physical life is what keeps man alive as a biological organism, whereas the social and political integrity is what keeps him alive as a social being."<ref name=":3" />

The Korean Association of Social Scientists explains that because man has independence "as his life and soul," independence therefore "becomes life and soul of a country and nation, the people’s collective." Following this, if the people’s independence is to be realized, it is important to first realize independence of a country and nation, "the basic unit of carving out destiny."<ref>[https://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/635?lang=eng "Philosophical Meaning and Socio-Political Meaning of Independence."] Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism Course: Juche Idea. Korean Association of Social Scientists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230815081746/http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/635?lang=eng Archived] 2023-08-15.</ref>

==== Creativity ====
In Juche philosophy, creativity is an attribute of social man, by which man transforms nature and society to make them more useful and beneficial to him by changing the old into the new. It may also be described as scientific and technical knowledge, experience and skill obtained by man in social practice. With creativity, man develops the method of his activities with the passage of time.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" />

This is contrasted with other beings, which are not considered to have creativity as is discussed within the Juche idea, as "creativity" in Juche philosophy is a trait which is brought out in social man by his existence within social relations. This concept can be contrasted with the activities of animals such as bees or birds, who do in one sense of the word create things in the form of hives and nests. However, as is pointed out in ''Expositions of the Principles of Juche Idea'', this is not considered the same as man's quality of creativity as defined in Juche philosophy, because "they cannot transform the existing forms to make new things. This is proved by the fact that their method is the same even after the change of conditions and environment with the passage of time." In contrast, man's creativity causes him to develop new methods and new creations based on both changing conditions and on the new methods and creations which he continues to develop over time. An example of this is given with the case of man engaging in hunting and gathering for food, then developing farming, and then continuously building on the creative developments in farming by new farming methods and advancements in science and technology.<ref name=":6" />

''Man's Destiny and Juche Idea'' explains that since man is a creative being and the social movement for shaping destiny of human beings assumes creative character, "destiny control without creation is inconceivable." The work explains that man who wants to realize his aspirations and demand for independence can successfully shape his destiny only by the creative method, enhancing and positively enlisting his creativity and constantly transforming nature and society to meet the specific conditions. The work further explains how the "inexhaustible creative ability" of the masses is key in "waging a dynamic struggle for destiny control":<blockquote>In order to carve out one’s destiny and the destiny of one’s country and nation, it is necessary to strictly rely on the masses of the people possessing inexhaustible creative ability. The popular masses are a decisive force propelling social progress and only when one relies on them strictly and enlists their creativity can one wage a dynamic struggle for destiny control. Whatever outstanding talent and ability an individual has, they are no match for the strength of the masses. It is not an individual but the popular masses who possess in a comprehensive way all knowledge and experience accumulated by humankind through the struggle for carving out destiny in the long historical period.<ref name=":5" /></blockquote>It is also noted in the above work, in respect to how man's creativity may be applied to actions, that the creative method is to find solutions of one's own that suit one's actual realities, always starting from the specific conditions and settings, and, when introducing other's experience, adopt it by tailoring it to meet one's own needs. As is stated in ''Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions'', "Creativity ensures the realization of independence. Man can translate independence into reality as he has creativity. The fuller he gives play to creativity the better he can put independence into practice."<ref name=":3" />

==== Consciousness ====
According to Juche philosophy, consciousness is an attribute of social man, which determines all his endeavours to understand and reshape the world and himself. Because man has consciousness, man is able to understand the world and the laws of its motion and development, and therefore can harness nature and develop society as he desires. Consciousness enables man to be aware of his demands and interests, as well as of the surrounding world, enabling man to make strenuous effort for the realization of those demands and interests. Because he has consciousness, man is able to make active analysis and judgment of new problems and situations that arise in the process of his practical activities, and enables man to take proper measures and steps in conformity with the new conditions. Thus he is able to carry out his planned practical activities to the end by overcoming difficulties and ordeals encountered in the process.<ref>[https://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/626?lang=eng&search= "Consciousness."] Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism Course: Juche Idea. Korean Association of Social Scientists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230926104138/http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/626?lang=eng&search= Archived] 2023-09-26.</ref>

Ideological consciousness is considered to reflect man's desire and interests, and therefore has an active effect on man's conduct. In particular, within the Juche idea, consciousness of independence and class interests is considered to play a decisive role in the masses' revolutionary movement for independence. The masses' revolutionary ability cannot find full expression without consciousness, particularly consciousness of their class interests and independence. It is considered that masses with a low level of consciousness in regard to their class interests and in regard to independence will be less able to transform nature and society to meet their needs, therefore hampering their ability to rise to the revolutionary struggle even in the face of oppression and exploitation. It is considered necessary to have a firm consciousness of independence in order to be able to take an indomitable attitude towards the revolution, actively participate in it with a strong will, and struggle to the end, overcoming all difficulties and trials.<ref name=":1" />

In ''On the Juche Idea'', Kim Jong Il explains that without the regulation of ideological consciousness, man's independent and creative activities would be "inconceivable", stating:<blockquote>If a man is to be an independent creative being, he must have the consciousness of independence. This consciousness means the awareness of one’s being the master of one’s own destiny and signifies the will to shape one’s destiny by one’s own initiative. Only when a man has the consciousness of independence can he conduct conscious activity to conquer nature and actively struggle against the oppressors who encroach and trample upon his independence. Man’s endeavour to acquire a scientific understanding of the world and transform it actively is none other than the manifestation of his consciousness; man’s role in transforming nature and society, after all, is the role of his ideological consciousness.<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>In the same work, Kim Jong Il goes on to describe the relationship between consciousness and material conditions in a revolutionary movement:<blockquote>Material factors, too, play a great part in the revolutionary movement. But the existence of material conditions does not give rise to the revolution automatically. How to make use of these material conditions depends on people’s conscious activity. Whether these material conditions are prepared quickly or not depends on man’s activity. The revolution can be pushed forward only by the active struggle of the revolutionaries and the popular masses. Fundamentally speaking, a revolution does not always break out when all the necessary conditions exist, nor is it carried out always in favourable circumstances. Waiting with folded arms for all conditions to ripen is tantamount to refusing to make a revolution. Primary importance, therefore, should be given to the ideological factor in the revolutionary struggle and construction work, and on this basis strenuous efforts should be made to create all the necessary conditions.<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>In other words, while material factors are considered to play a large role in a revolution, the consciousness of the masses is considered to be the decisive factor, as how to make use of the material conditions depends on people's conscious activity. It is also noted in the same work that the role of ideological consciousness steadily increases with the development of the revolutionary movement; the communist revolutionary movement is described as requiring a high degree of consciousness from people, as the socialist and communist societies are built by the purposeful and conscious efforts of the popular masses. Meanwhile, the role of ideological consciousness is enhanced after the seizure of political power and the establishment of the socialist system by the working class, and socialism and communism are considered to "provide the conditions for increasing the role of people's ideological consciousness to the full."<ref name=":1" />

=== Man as master ===
One of the starting points of the Juche idea is that the master of the revolution is the popular masses, and that the revolution can emerge victorious when they are educated, organized and mobilized.<ref name=":3" />

The concept of man as master of everything means that man dominates the world in accordance with his will and demand. In the Juche philosophy, the concept master "indicates whether the world dominates man or man dominates the world in accordance with his will and demand. In other words, the concept master contains the philosophical meaning of whether man is in the position of dominating the world or being dominated by the world."<ref>[https://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/676?lang=eng&search= "Meaning of Master, Philosophical Concept."] Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism Course: Juche Idea. Korean Academy of Social Sciences. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230923133128/http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/676?lang=eng&search= Archived] 2023-09-23.</ref>

This assertion is made in contrast to the view that man is a "powerless" being dominated by instinct, isolated from the world and with no social character, a view described by Kim Jong Il as a reactionary and bourgeois philosophy which "negates a scientific understanding of the world and revolutionary changes, inspires sorrow, pessimism and ultra-egoism."<ref name=":4" />

The term "domination" in Juche philosophy does not refer to oppressive domination such as class domination or colonial domination, but to "controlling and utilizing all objects of the world in keeping with man’s independent interests and demand". It refers to man's transformation of the world for it to serve him, as opposed to the concept that man serves the surrounding world.<ref>[https://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/680?lang=eng&search= "Meaning of Domination, Philosophical Concept."] Korean Association of Social Scientists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230924043630/http://www.kass.org.kp/index.php/course/view/680?lang=eng&search= Archived] 2023-09-23.</ref>

As the work ''Exposition of the Principles of Juche Idea'' notes, it is incorrect to take a metaphysical view of how man dominates the world. The work explains that "it is wrong to understand in a metaphysical way that man dominates the world. At present, man does not dominate all things and phenomena in the world. The scope of man’s domination over the world is small in comparison with the vast scope of nature." The work goes on to note that society has objective laws that act independently of man's will, and it is only when man correctly understands and uses these laws that man can "dominate society according to his demand."<ref name=":6" />

=== Meaning of destiny ===
The concept of destiny which is discussed in Juche philosophy refers to the situation or circumstances of people, matters of life and death, and the direction of development.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> References to "carving out destiny" refers to "the process of fulfilling the people’s basic aspiration and demand."<ref name=":5" />

"Destiny" (Korean: 운명; Hanja: 運命) in the context of Juche philosophy does not refer to a superstitious or religious concept of destiny. It is differentiated from concepts such as inevitable or predestined fate (Korean: 숙명; Hanja: 宿命), or the concept of one's fortune (Korean: 팔자; Hanja: 八字).<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> In contrast with concepts of predestined fate or fortune in which man has no ability to change the outcome, the Juche idea emphasizes man's ability to understand the laws of nature and therefore become capable of consciously transforming the world and society for his benefit, therefore becoming the "master of his destiny". As stated in ''Man's Destiny and Juche Idea'', "With the discovery of this great truth, man who had long been a slave to [[mysticism]], [[fatalism]] and [[supernatural]] [[god]] could exalt his dignity and worth as the master of his destiny."<ref name=":5" />

=== Historical outlook ===
The historical outlook of the Juche idea holds that the working masses are the subject of history and the motive force of social progress, and that history develops through the struggle of the working masses to transform nature and society, as they defend and realize independence from all natural and social restrictions. In class society, the exploiting classes attempt to prevent this historical advance, forming a struggle between "the creators of history and the reactionaries of history, between the masters of revolution and the targets of revolution".<ref name=":1" /> Through these struggles, society develops and advances.

In Juche philosophy, it is recognized that man lives and conducts his activity in the world, and that the world consists of material which changes and develops as the result of the motion of material, and that nature is both the object of man's labor as well as the material source of his life. However, a distinction is made between the development of nature and socio-historical development in that the developments of nature have no volitional "subject"; in nature, motion takes place spontaneously through the interaction of material elements which exist objectively. In contrast, social movement is considered to be caused and developed by the volitional role of the subject--the working masses of the people.

The working masses transform nature through their labor, producing all social wealth by their hands and advancing history through their creative activity and struggle, changing the societies unfavorable to them. While the working masses are considered as the subject and motive force of history throughout various forms of society, their positive action on socio-historical progress increases as they transform nature and society, strengthening their position, and as they become more aware of their role as the motive force of history. In socialist society, the working masses undergo a radical change in their status and destiny, and their position and role are enhanced due to the revolutionary leadership and struggle of the working class.

As explained by Kim Jong Il, "Only by seizing state power and the means of production in their own hands and by establishing a socialist system can the working masses free themselves from exploitation and oppression and create history consciously as true masters of society and their own destiny." He explains that when the whole society is reshaped completely on the pattern of the advanced working class under its leadership, "the position of the popular masses, the subject of history, would be remarkably stronger, and their role in pushing forward the historical progress and revolutionary development incomparably higher."<ref name=":1" />

=== Relation to other philosophical ideas ===

==== Idealism and metaphysics ====
Juche holds it as fact that the world consists of material which moves and develops in accordance with its own laws, rather than consisting of consciousness or ideas.<ref name=":4" /> ''Exposition of the Principles of Juche Idea'' indicates that thanks to the scientific world outlook of Marxism, the exploited working masses "got free from religious illusion and idealistic fiction".<ref name=":6" />

Juche philosophy emphasizes the importance of considering man as a social being living in social relations rather than purely as a biological being. As explained in ''Exposition of the Principles of Juche Idea'', "the view that regarded man as the being dominated by instinct had been used for defending capitalist society where the law of jungle prevailed, causing corruption among the working masses."<ref name=":6" /> This purely biological characterization of man, which fails to distinguish man as existing within social relations or to identify social man's key traits as defined in Juche, is criticized because it can be used to "defend exploiter society governed by the law of the jungle",<ref name=":5" /> as well as potentially leading to [[Racism|racist]] theories and racial discrimination.<ref name=":4" />

==== Dialectical materialism ====
Juche philosophy regards the dialectical materialist view as the scientific view of the material world. As Kim Jong Il has stated regarding this view:<blockquote>It has already been established by materialistic dialectic that the world consists of material, not consciousness or ideas, and that it moves, changes and develops in accordance with its own laws, not by any supernatural force. It is an undeniable fact that the world is, in essence, a material entity, a material integrity, and that it moves, changes and develops in accordance with its inherent laws.<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>''Exposition of the Principles of Juche Idea'' explains the influence of Marxism in freeing people from idealism and in instructing people to "understand and approach the world as it is" and to behave "according to the law of the change and development of the objective material world":<blockquote>As a scientific world outlook that reflects the world as it is in an objective way, Marxist world outlook had big influence on the development of history and the shaping of people’s destiny. Thanks to Marxism, the exploited working masses got free from religious illusion and idealistic fiction and came to understand that their misfortunes come not from their fate or revelation of God but from the exploitation of the capitalist class and the capitalist system that defends it. And they were awakened that the way for happiness free from the exploitation and oppression is to fight against capital.

It is the world outlook that instructs to understand and approach the world as it is, in other words, to behave according to the law of the change and development of the objective material world on the basis of its correct cognition.<ref name=":6" /></blockquote>Within Juche, it is considered that although this view provides a correct scientific understanding of the world, it does not inherently cause man to actively transform nature and society in accordance with his will or in accordance with man's interests. It is the Juche philosophy which asserts it is able to fulfill this task by emphasizing man's role in taking responsibility for shaping the world and asserting that the world should be shaped according to man's interests. Therefore, it is asserted that "in order to lead a true life, [man] must not only cognize the objective law and behave according to it but also transform nature and society in an active way on its basis. Dialectical materialism cannot enable people to fulfill the responsibility and role for their life. Moreover, it does not directly show the road of shaping man’s destiny. It is the man-centred world outlook that shows the road of shaping man’s destiny directly and scientifically."<ref name=":6" />

The work ''Man's Destiny and Juche Idea'' summarizes the view held in Juche philosophy, which is that the Juche idea raises a separate question from what is dealt with by Marx: "As the origin of the world was explained materialistically by Marxism, the Juche idea newly raises the relationship between the world and man, the position and role of man in the world, as the fundamental question of philosophy and gives a scientific answer to it."<ref name=":5" />

==== Marxism–Leninism ====
The Korean Association of Social Scientists (KASS) states that although the Juche idea is an idea connected with [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxism-Leninism]], Juche is a new, original revolutionary idea which "gave answers to the demands of a historical age different from one of Marx and Lenin, and was evolved and systematized with its own peculiar principles."<ref>[https://kcnawatch.xyz/newstream/1565258143-198061077/what-is-the-ideological-and-mental-source-of-the-juche-idea-and-its-premise/ "What is the ideological and mental source of the Juche idea and its premise?"] Korean Association of Social Scientists. 2009-04-14. Accessed via KCNA Watch. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230923132720/https://kcnawatch.xyz/newstream/1565258143-198061077/what-is-the-ideological-and-mental-source-of-the-juche-idea-and-its-premise/ Archived] 2023-09-23.</ref> [[Kim Il-sung]] developed the ideology which was originally viewed as a variant of Marxism–Leninism until it became recognized as a theoretical advancement. Kim Jong-il officially broke the Marxist-Leninist continuity of Juche, claiming it to be something unique entirely. It incorporates the [[Historical materialism|historical materialist]] ideas of Marxism–Leninism and strongly emphasizes the relationship between the [[individual]], the [[nation state]] and its [[sovereignty]].

Kim Jong-il states this about the unique Juche characteristic of Socialism in Korea and how it is not merely Marxism-Leninism, <blockquote>"In the early years of revolutionary activity, the leader (Kim Il-Sung) was well versed in Marxism-Leninism. But he did not confine himself to applying Marxism-Leninism to the Korean Revolution but pioneered a new phase of revolutionary theory from a steadfast Juche-oriented standpoint and resolved the problems arising in the revolutionary practice from a unique angle."<ref>[https://www.marxists.org/archive/kim-jong-il/works/On-The-Juche-Idea.pdf On the Juche Idea - Kim Jong-Il, page 7]</ref></blockquote>Kim Jong-il stated that the historical achievements of Marxism–Leninism must be acknowledged but also states that it has limitations when it comes to the specifics of post-revolution socialist construction in the present day context, and states that, "the present historical condition is fundamentally different from what it was when the founders of Marxism–Leninism were active" and while Lenin certainly advanced Marxism, "is now clear to everybody that one cannot build socialism properly by drawing on a theory that was put forward based on prediction and supposition a century ago." Kim Jong-il adds, <blockquote>"Although Marxism-Leninism has limitations and failed to clarify the specific ways for building socialism, those parties that are building socialism can prevent the degeneration of their class character if they correctly maintain the revolutionary principle of Marxism-Leninism [...] As for the mistakes revealed in socialist construction in some countries, their parties which allowed dogmatism and revisionism, not Marxism-Leninism and its founders, are to blame for them."<ref name=":2">[[Library:On some problems of the ideological foundation of socialism|On some problems of the ideological foundation of socialism]]</ref></blockquote>While the achievements of Marxism–Leninism are recognized in the Juche outlook, it is considered that Marxism–Leninism does not provide all the answers necessary for socialist construction in the modern conditions or the specific conditions of Korea, and that it is limited by its historical age.<blockquote>The Juche idea must not be viewed as a simple inheritance and development of Marxism-Leninism; it must be viewed as a new and original idea. That we should see originality in context with derivations in understanding means that the Juche idea is not an ideology, which contrasts with Marxism-Leninism and that the historical achievements of Marxism-Leninism must be acknowledged. We acknowledge the historical achievements of the dialectical materialism of Marxism, as it smashed the reactionary idealistic and metaphysical outlook on the world, but do not view it as the perfect philosophy of the working class. We appraise the historical achievements of Marxism-Leninism as it proved the inevitability of the fall of capitalism and the triumph of socialism and clarified the and theory on building a classless ideal society free of exploitation and oppression, but we do not see it as a perfect communist revolutionary theory. As a matter of course we have so far not spoken much about the limitations of Marxism-Leninism. But today when its limitations are more and more evident, it is necessary to bring them home to our officials. Only then can they fully understand the originality and superiority of the Juche idea, the revolutionary idea of the leader, and make firmer their conviction of our style socialism based on the Juche idea. – Kim Jong-Il<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>

==== Individualism vs. collectivism ====
In Juche, the individual's demand for independence is considered to be the demand of man as an equal member of the social collective rather than as a single, isolated individual who exists outside of social relations.

The individual's demand for independence as described in Juche is considered to be fundamentally different from concepts such as "individualistic greed" or concepts found in existentialism, which is regarded as a bourgeois philosophy. Arguments centering on the isolated individual's autonomy and freedom of will is considered to be "sophism to rationalize individual egoism and liberalism and to defend capitalist system," as is described in the work ''Expositions of the Principles of Juche Idea''. Such claims are described as "bourgeois self-indulgence with which one decides and behaves as he wishes according to his pure will, negating all effects of social environments."<ref name=":6" />

In addition, Juche philosophy argues that the demands of an individual can be better realized only through collectivism, which is considered to be more capable of properly combining the demands of the individual and the collective, to realize the demands of both.<ref name=":6" />

== History ==
The development of the Juche idea is intertwined with the historical experience of Korea. The Juche idea's development has been influenced by Korea's [[Anti-colonialism|anti-colonial]], [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] struggle against imperial Japan and the imperialist USA, as well as by Korea's position as a country "sandwiched between big countries",<ref name=":7">Kim Jong Il. [https://www.marxists.org/archive/kim-jong-il/works/Worshipping-Big-Power-And-Depending-On-Foreign-Forces-Is-The-Way-To-National-Ruin.pdf "Worshipping Big Powers and Depending on Foreign Forces is the Way to National Ruin."] Talk to Students at Kim Il Sung University. April 5, 1961.</ref> given its physical position bordering longstanding world powers such as China and Russia, its proximity to Japan which was formerly an imperial power which targeted Korea, and which now serves the imperialist US, and the US-occupied south Korea. Korea has thus had a long historical experience of being a location in which world power struggles have taken place, with the Juche idea being birthed amidst the anti-colonial struggle against Japan, and the nation of DPRK being born amidst the confrontation against US imperialism which continues today. Stemming from these historical experiences and particular circumstances of Korea, one of the major points emphasized in Juche is the concept of independence from great powers and the avoidance of sycophancy and extreme dependence on foreign powers, and prioritizing the importance of focusing on the material conditions of Korea, centering Korean realities in their own revolution rather than simply following the ideas of others while neglecting to consider the specific situation of Korea.

In the foreword to the book ''Socialist Education in Korea'', Derek Ford and Curry Malott contextualize the development of the Juche idea, describing its origins in the anti-Japanese struggle in Korea, and its further development in the context of the [[Sino-Soviet split]]. They write:<blockquote>In response to those who wanted to build the anti-colonial struggle and the future independent Korea by relying on outside forces or self-styled leaders parroting theories from elsewhere, Kim Il-Sung formulated the slogan “The people are my God,” which encapsulates “the spirit of approaching everything with the masses of the people at the centre and boundlessly treasuring them.” As Kim Jong-Il recounts, Kim Il-Sung “clarified the truth that a revolution should be carried out not by anyone’s approval or instruction but by one’s own conviction and on one’s own responsibility that all problems arising in the revolution should be solved in an independent and creative way.” [...] By making Juche official policy, the WPK and state apparatuses fastened the country’s direction around “the principle of solving for oneself all the problems of the revolution and construction in conformity with the actual conditions of one’s country, mainly by one’s own efforts.” Juche was formulated against “dogmatism and flunkeyism towards great powers” as a dynamic doctrine organized around “independence in politics, self-sustenance in the economy, and self-defense in national defense.”<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>
=== Anti-imperialist struggle ===
The development of the Juche idea has been influenced by Korea's anti-colonial, anti-imperialist struggle, including the struggle against imperial Japan's colonial domination of Korea, and the struggle against the imperialist USA.

The revolutionary tradition of the anti-Japanese struggle still has heavy influence on DPRK's guiding ideology today. During Japan's colonial domination, Koreans were banned from politically organizing and were subjected to extensive cultural erasure and conditions of slavery. Koreans were given Japanese names, forced to practice Japanese religion, and speak Japanese. All industrial goods made in Korea were exported to Japan, and Japanese workers were paid three times as much as Koreans. The Japanese sent one eighth of the Korean population to other parts of their empire to work as slaves.<ref>Stephen Gowans (2018). ''Patriots, Traitors and Empires: The Story of Korea’s Struggle for Freedom'': 'The Empire of Japan' (pp. 25–29). [https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaced4iiga4ngtxusr2civjxewbili5jne2sbpefbx2s3im2kphattzc?filename=Stephen%20Gowans%20-%20Patriots%2C%20Traitors%20and%20Empires_%20The%20Story%20of%20Korea%E2%80%99s%20Struggle%20for%20Freedom-Baraka%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf <nowiki>[PDF]</nowiki>] Montreal: Baraka Books. <nowiki>ISBN 9781771861427</nowiki> [LG]</ref> The anti-Japanese struggle influenced the development of the Juche idea and is intimately linked with the history of Korean socialism, the Korean independence movement, and the life of Kim Il-sung. Therefore, the revolutionary tradition of the anti-Japanese struggle remains important in the DPRK, as both a source of inspiration as well as important material for study.<ref>[https://615tv.net/376 <nowiki>“[기획연재1] 김일성 주석의 항일운동 역사.”</nowiki>] 2022. 주권방송. April 5, 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221020065905/https://615tv.net/376 Archived] 2022-10-20.</ref>

In response to Korea's colonial oppression by Japan and as part of the Korean peoples' struggles for independence, the [[Down-with-Imperialism Union]] (DIU) was formed by Kim Il Sung along with other young communists in 1926. The DIU set as its immediate task the destruction of Japanese imperialism and achievement of Korea’s liberation and independence, with the ultimate aim of building socialism and communism in Korea and, further, destroying all imperialists and building communism throughout the world. The programme which is based on the ideals of anti-imperialism and independence and of maintaining independence in the revolution and construction formed the basis of the programme of the WPK. As is noted in Ro Myong Sim's article "Historical Roots of the Workers' Party of Korea", the young communists of the new generation brought up by the DIU became the backbone of the WPK, and that, thanks to the "precious traditions and experiences of party building established and gained in the period of the anti-Japanese revolutionary struggle", the Workers' Party of Korea, the "Juche-type revolutionary party", was founded soon after Korea's liberation in 1945.<ref>Ro Myong Sim. [https://exploredprk.com/articles/historical-roots-of-the-workers-party-of-korea/ "Historical Roots of the Workers’ Party of Korea."] Explore DPRK. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230928053620/https://exploredprk.com/articles/historical-roots-of-the-workers-party-of-korea/ Archived] 2023-09-28.</ref>

Shortly after Korea's liberation from Japan, the US occupation of Korea began, along with the USA's attempt to eradicate socialism from Korea as a whole. US imperialism caused violent destruction throughout Korea during the [[Korean War|Fatherland Liberation War]] in an attempt to annihilate DPRK's existence and prevent the spread of socialism in Korea. The imperialist US still currently occupies the southern half of Korea and conducts antagonistic military exercises aimed at the "decapitation" of DPRK's leadership<ref>Flounders, Sara. [https://www.workers.org/2022/08/66398/ “Faced with U.S. ‘Decapitation Drill’ DPRK Korea Missile Launch Is Self-Defense.”] [[Workers World]]. August 26, 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230604132236/https://www.workers.org/2022/08/66398/ Archived] 2023-06-04.</ref> while also attempting to thwart DPRK's economic growth and sabotage its international relations through escalating [[economic sanctions]] programs that are designed to prevent economic growth, international travel, and inter-Korean cooperation.<ref>[https://nodutdol.org/sanctions-of-empire/ "제국의 제재 - Sanctions of Empire."] Nodutdol. October 20, 2020. [https://nodutdol.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Sanctions-of-Empire.pdf PDF]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220520095404/https://nodutdol.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Sanctions-of-Empire.pdf Archive].</ref> This direct and ongoing confrontation with US imperialism throughout the entirety of DPRK's existence as a nation has influenced DPRK's ideological developments and its focus on forming its own lines and policies from the standpoint of Juche, which keeps focus on Korea's specific material conditions and particular circumstances.

=== Relation to great powers ===
In addition to past and ongoing confrontations with colonialism and imperialism, the development of the Juche idea is influenced by Korea's historical experience as a country "sandwiched between big countries" which has caused Korea to have periods of history and ideological trends in which the "worship of big countries" became, in the words of Kim Jong Il, an "ideological malady" that has "long caused harm to the liberation struggle, the communist movement and the construction of a new society." In order for Korea to put itself on a successful path to revolution, Kim Il-sung put forward a policy of rejecting sycophancy and dogmatism and establishing a Juche orientation for the revolutionary movement.<ref name=":7" />

=== Relation to other socialist nations ===
Along with Korea's anti-imperialist struggle and Korea's position between influential world powers, the development of the Juche idea has also been influenced by DPRK's focus on their own particular circumstances in revolution and socialist construction, rather than mechanically following the ideological lines of its neighboring socialist countries, China and the Soviet Union. Although DPRK at times received help from each nation and has maintained friendly, peaceful relations with them, the Juche idea was emphasized to avoid extreme dependence on either country's applications of Marxism–Leninism. This was to avoid dogmatic and mechanical application of their ideas and to prioritize the importance of focusing on the material conditions within Korea.
Providing context for the role of Juche in Korea in respect to the advances of Marxism–Leninism in the Soviet Union, [[Kim Jong-il|Kim Jong-Il]] said in a 1990 speech:<blockquote>In the past, many countries, while building socialism guided by Marxism-Leninism, applied the propositions of Marxism-Leninism advanced long before as they were, and imitated the Soviet experience in a mechanical manner. [...] As a matter of fact, we cannot deny the historic exploits and experience of the Soviet Union which built socialism for the first time in the world. However, the experience of the Soviet Union in socialist construction is, in every point, the reflection of the then historical conditions and the concrete situation of the Soviet Union. [...] In our country, once a backward, colonial semi-feudal society, we could not literally accept the Marxist theory which had been advanced on the premises of the socio-historical conditions of the developed European capitalist countries, or the Leninist theory presented in the situation of Russia where capitalism was developed to the secondary grade. We had had to find a solution to every problem arising in the revolution by racking our own brains and with our own efforts to suit our country’s socio-historical conditions. Immediately after liberation we started building a new society under the situation in which our country was divided into north and south and we were in direct confrontation with the US imperialists; this situation urgently required us to solve every problem from the standpoint of Juche. Such a requirement of the developing revolution was fulfilled satisfactorily by the great leader who, on the basis of the Juche idea, put forward original lines and policies suited to our people’s aspirations and the specific situation of our country.<ref>Kim Jong Il. [https://www.marxists.org/archive/kim-jong-il/works/Socialism-Of-Our-Country-Is-A-Socialism-Of-Our-Style-As-The-Embodiment-Of-The-Juche-Idea.pdf "Socialism of Our Country is a Socialism of Our Style as the Embodiment of the Juche Idea."] Speech Delivered to the Senior Officials of the Central Committee of the Workers’ Party of Korea. December 27, 1990. Marxists.org.</ref> </blockquote>

== See also ==

* [[Workers' Party of Korea]]

==References==
<references />

=== Notes ===
<references group="lower-alpha" />
[[Category:Ideology of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea]]
[[Category:State ideologies]]
[[Category:Left-wing ideologies]]
[[Category:Communist ideologies]]
[[Category:Pages to be protected]]

Socialist state

2023-12-06T18:09:16Z

CommissarMar: Not sure why this section gives a voice to anti-AES ideas. Replaced with actually factual reasons for the transition to market socialist economies.

{{Marxism–Leninism sidebar}}
A '''socialist state''', '''socialist republic''', or '''socialist country''', sometimes referred to as a '''workers' state''' or '''workers' republic''', is a [[Sovereign state|sovereign]] [[State (polity)|state]] which is constitutionally dedicated to the establishment of [[socialism]]. The term ''communist state'' is often used synonymously in the [[West]] specifically when referring to one-party socialist states governed by [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] [[communist parties]], despite these countries being officially socialist states in the process of building [[socialism]]. These countries have not described themselves as ''[[Communism|communist]]'' nor as having implemented a [[communist society]], but are in the process of doing so.

== Overview ==
Socialist states commonly have centrally [[Planned economy|planned economies]], [[democratic centralism]], and maintain a policy of [[secularism]] or [[state atheism]]. In recent decades, many socialist states have adopted [[Socialist market economy|market socialist economies]] in response to changing geopolitical circumstances.

== Current socialist states ==

=== Marxist–Leninist states ===

* [[File:Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg|20px]] [[People's Republic of China]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg|20px]] [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam]]
* [[File:Flag_of_the_DPRK.svg|20px]] [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg|20px]] [[Republic of Cuba]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Laos.svg|20px]] [[Lao People's Democratic Republic]]

=== Countries with constitutional references to socialism ===

* [[File:Flag_of_Algeria.png|20px]] [[People's Democratic Republic of Algeria]]
* [[People's Republic of Bangladesh]]
* [[Co‑operative Republic of Guyana]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Nicaragua.png|20px]] [[Republic of Nicaragua]]
* [[File:Flag_of_sri_lanka.png|20px]] [[Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Tanzania.svg|20px]] [[United Republic of Tanzania]]

=== Socialist territories with limited recognition ===

* [[File:Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg|20px]] [[South Yemen Movement]]

== Former socialist states ==

=== Marxist–Leninist states ===

* [[File:Red_flag.svg|20px]] [[Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (1918)]]
* [[File:Red_flag.svg|20px]] [[Hungarian Soviet Republic (1919)]]
* [[File:Red_flag.svg|20px]] [[Bavarian Soviet Republic (1919)]]
* [[Far Eastern Republic (1920–1922)]]
* [[Tuvan People’s Republic (1921–1944)]]
* [[File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1955-1991).svg|20px]] [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)]]
* [[File:Mongolian_People's_Republic_Flag.png|20px]] [[Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992)|Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1990)]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg|20px]] [[Chinese Soviet Republic (1931–1937)]]
* [[File:Yugoslav_flag.png|20px]] [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)]]
* [[File:People's_Republic_of_Bulgaria_flag.png|20px]] [[People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990)]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Albania_(1946–1992).svg|20px]] [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1946–1992)]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Poland_(1927–1980).svg|20px]] [[Polish People's Republic (1947–1989)]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Romania_(1965–1989).png|20px]] [[Socialist Republic of Romania (1947–1989)]]
* [[File:GDR_flag.png|20px]] [[German Democratic Republic (1949–1990)]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Hungary_(1949–1956).svg|20px]] [[Hungarian People's Republic (1949–1989)]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg|20px]] [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1954–1975)]]
* [[File:Czech_flag.png|20px]] [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1948–1990)]]
* [[File:Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg|20px]] [[People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1967–1990)]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Somalia.svg|20px]] [[Somali Democratic Republic (1969–1991)]]
* [[People's Republic of the Congo (1969–1992)]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Derg.png|20px]] [[Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia (1974–1987)]]
* [[People's Republic of Mozambique (1975–1990)]]
* [[People's Republic of Benin (1975–1992)]]
* [[People's Republic of Angola (1975–1992)]]
* [[Democratic Republic of Madagascar (1975–1992)]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Afghanistan_(1980–1987).svg|20px]] [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992)|Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1987)]]
* [[File:Grenada_flag.png|20px]] [[People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)|People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada]]
* [[People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–1989)]]
* [[People's Republic of Burkina Faso (1984–1987)]]

== States with governing communist or socialist parties ==

== See also ==

* [[Marxism–Leninism]]
* [[Socialism]]
* [[Dictatorship of the proletariat]]

== References ==
[[Category:Outline needs additional content]]
[[Category:Marxist terminology]]

Socialist state

2023-12-06T18:07:03Z

CommissarMar: /* Socialist territories with limited recognition */ The Wa State, Zapatistias, and Syrian Kurds shouldn't be included here as they don't claim to be sovereign states, but autonomous regions still under the official governance of a capitalist regime.

{{Marxism–Leninism sidebar}}
A '''socialist state''', '''socialist republic''', or '''socialist country''', sometimes referred to as a '''workers' state''' or '''workers' republic''', is a [[Sovereign state|sovereign]] [[State (polity)|state]] which is constitutionally dedicated to the establishment of [[socialism]]. The term ''communist state'' is often used synonymously in the [[West]] specifically when referring to one-party socialist states governed by [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] [[communist parties]], despite these countries being officially socialist states in the process of building [[socialism]]. These countries have not described themselves as ''[[Communism|communist]]'' nor as having implemented a [[communist society]], but are in the process of doing so.

== Overview ==
Socialist states commonly have centrally [[Planned economy|planned economies]], [[democratic centralism]], and maintain a policy of [[secularism]] or [[state atheism]]. In recent decades, many socialist states have adopted [[Socialist market economy|market socialist economies]], which many [[Marxism|Marxists]] have seen as not [[socialism]], but a form of [[state capitalism]].

== Current socialist states ==

=== Marxist–Leninist states ===

* [[File:Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg|20px]] [[People's Republic of China]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg|20px]] [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam]]
* [[File:Flag_of_the_DPRK.svg|20px]] [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg|20px]] [[Republic of Cuba]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Laos.svg|20px]] [[Lao People's Democratic Republic]]

=== Countries with constitutional references to socialism ===

* [[File:Flag_of_Algeria.png|20px]] [[People's Democratic Republic of Algeria]]
* [[People's Republic of Bangladesh]]
* [[Co‑operative Republic of Guyana]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Nicaragua.png|20px]] [[Republic of Nicaragua]]
* [[File:Flag_of_sri_lanka.png|20px]] [[Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Tanzania.svg|20px]] [[United Republic of Tanzania]]

=== Socialist territories with limited recognition ===

* [[File:Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg|20px]] [[South Yemen Movement]]

== Former socialist states ==

=== Marxist–Leninist states ===

* [[File:Red_flag.svg|20px]] [[Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (1918)]]
* [[File:Red_flag.svg|20px]] [[Hungarian Soviet Republic (1919)]]
* [[File:Red_flag.svg|20px]] [[Bavarian Soviet Republic (1919)]]
* [[Far Eastern Republic (1920–1922)]]
* [[Tuvan People’s Republic (1921–1944)]]
* [[File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1955-1991).svg|20px]] [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)]]
* [[File:Mongolian_People's_Republic_Flag.png|20px]] [[Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992)|Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1990)]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg|20px]] [[Chinese Soviet Republic (1931–1937)]]
* [[File:Yugoslav_flag.png|20px]] [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)]]
* [[File:People's_Republic_of_Bulgaria_flag.png|20px]] [[People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990)]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Albania_(1946–1992).svg|20px]] [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1946–1992)]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Poland_(1927–1980).svg|20px]] [[Polish People's Republic (1947–1989)]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Romania_(1965–1989).png|20px]] [[Socialist Republic of Romania (1947–1989)]]
* [[File:GDR_flag.png|20px]] [[German Democratic Republic (1949–1990)]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Hungary_(1949–1956).svg|20px]] [[Hungarian People's Republic (1949–1989)]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg|20px]] [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1954–1975)]]
* [[File:Czech_flag.png|20px]] [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1948–1990)]]
* [[File:Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg|20px]] [[People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1967–1990)]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Somalia.svg|20px]] [[Somali Democratic Republic (1969–1991)]]
* [[People's Republic of the Congo (1969–1992)]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Derg.png|20px]] [[Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia (1974–1987)]]
* [[People's Republic of Mozambique (1975–1990)]]
* [[People's Republic of Benin (1975–1992)]]
* [[People's Republic of Angola (1975–1992)]]
* [[Democratic Republic of Madagascar (1975–1992)]]
* [[File:Flag_of_Afghanistan_(1980–1987).svg|20px]] [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992)|Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1987)]]
* [[File:Grenada_flag.png|20px]] [[People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)|People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada]]
* [[People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–1989)]]
* [[People's Republic of Burkina Faso (1984–1987)]]

== States with governing communist or socialist parties ==

== See also ==

* [[Marxism–Leninism]]
* [[Socialism]]
* [[Dictatorship of the proletariat]]

== References ==
[[Category:Outline needs additional content]]
[[Category:Marxist terminology]]

Topic:Xuv2kxhiyxe559ur

2023-12-06T17:44:59Z

CommissarMar (talk | contribs) edited a post on "Patriotic socialists category"

Topic:Xuv2kxhiyxe559ur

2023-12-06T17:44:18Z

CommissarMar (talk | contribs) commented on "Patriotic socialists category" (I probably should've reached consensus before making this edit, but the reason I added the Patriotic socialists category was because on t...)

Empire of Japan (1868–1947)

2023-12-06T02:08:56Z

CommissarMar:

{{Infobox country|name=Empire of Japan|native_name=大日本帝國|image_flag=Flag of Japan.svg|image_coat=Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|capital=Tokyo City|largest_city=Tokyo City|mode_of_production=[[Imperialist capitalism]]|government_type=Absolute monarchy (1868–1890) Semi-absolute monarchy (1890–1947) under a [[fascist]] military dictatorship (1931–1945)|year_start=1868|year_end=1947|image_map=Imperial Japan map.png|map_width=290|map_caption=Medium green: Colonies Light green: Puppet states and occupied territories|official_languages=Japanese|area_km2=7,400,000|area_footnote= (1942)|population_estimate=105,200,000|population_estimate_year=1940}}

The '''Empire of Japan''' was a country in [[East Asia]]. It existed from the [[Meiji Restoration]] in 1868 until the enactment of the post-[[Second World War|World War II]] 1947 constitution and subsequent formation of modern-day [[Japan]]. During the Second World War, Japan was a [[Fascism|fascist]] country and part of the Axis along with [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]].

The memories of Japan's [[imperialism]] and [[colonialism]], exemplified by events such as the [[Nanjing massacre]], the sexual exploitation of [[comfort women]] in Korea and other countries, criminal medical experimentation, [[Slavery|slave labor]], human rights abuses in [[Unit 731|development unit 731]], and other such atrocities still affect Japan's relations with other [[Asia|Asian]] countries in the present day.<ref name=":1" />

== History ==

=== Meiji Restoration ===
Between 1867 and 1869, an alliance of lords and samurai overthrew the [[Feudalism|feudal]] [[Tokugawa Shogunate]] and made Emperor [[Meiji]] the ruler of the country. They introduced conscription and remodeled the military to be based on the [[German Empire (1871–1918)|German]] army and [[British]] navy. Japan began building railroads and factories and faced revolts from reactionary samurai as well as impoverished [[Peasantry|peasants]].<ref name=":0222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=The Age of Blood and Iron|page=158–159|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref>

=== Early expansion ===
[[File:Japanese Empire Building 1870-1942.png|thumb|Map depicting territory under the control of the Japanese Empire at different times, from 1870-1942.]]
Early in the Meiji period, the Japanese government consolidated its hold on the peripheral islands of the Japanese archipelago. In the territory inhabited by the [[Ainu]], the Meiji regime tried to wipe out markers of Ainu ethnicity (earrings and tattoos, for example) and prohibited the Ainu from practicing their religion or hunting in their ancestral hunting grounds. In 1899, the state enacted the "Law for the Protection of Former Hokkaidō Aborigines," which removed land from communal control, thereby forcing the Ainu to become petty farmers. Japanese assimilation policies not only dispossessed the Ainu, they destroyed nearly all indicators of Ainu cultural and ethnic identity. The Japanese government also embarked on a policy of cultural assimilation in [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]], paying particular attention to discouraging the use of the native Okinawan language and enforcing the use of standard Japanese among schoolchildren.

Eventually, leading Japanese intellectuals and government officials in the 1880s and 1890s began to support the idea of winning control over neighboring regions. Three factors were responsible for this drive: a nationalist desire for equality, desire for access to the raw materials and markets of East Asia (which could be lost if a Western power gained control of the regions first), and other strategic goals, and Japan eventually aimed to bring China and Korea under its control.<ref name=":0" />

In the nineteenth century, Western powers had saddled non-Western states with a variety of unequal arrangements, from fixed tariffs and extraterritoriality to formal colonization. In the case of Japan, a treaty was signed between Japan and the U.S., which Japanese nationalists protested as being disadvantageous to Japan. Leading their list of goals was the need to strengthen the military in order to withstand future Western impositions. They studied the organizations and techniques of Western governments and militaries, and they modeled their own institutions on them. Thus the Meiji government was born in an imperialistic milieu, and their primary models were the world's leading imperialistic states.<ref name=":0">Andrew Reed Hall. [https://www.japanpitt.pitt.edu/essays-and-articles/history/japanese-imperialism-and-colonialism “Japanese Imperialism and Colonialism | Japan Module.”] University of Pittsburgh. ‌</ref> According to Encyclopedia Britannica, "Achieving equality with the West was one of the primary goals of the Meiji leaders."<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Japan/World-War-II-and-defeat "Japan: The emergence of imperial Japan"]. ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220712060836/https://www.britannica.com/place/Japan/World-War-II-and-defeat Archived] from the original.</ref> According to Peter J. Seybolt of the Center for Asian Studies at the University of Vermont, "In the 19th century, Britain, the United States and France, soon followed by Russia, Germany and other Western nations, forcefully 'opened' a reluctant East Asia to Western trade and religious proselytizing by imposing a series of 'unequal treaties'" and, after a period of internal turmoil, "the Japanese united as a nation determined to learn from the West techniques for 'strengthening the army and enriching the country.'"<ref name=":1">Peter J. Seybolt. [https://asiasociety.org/china-korea-and-japan-forgiveness-and-mourning "China, Korea and Japan: Forgiveness and Mourning"] Asia Society. [https://web.archive.org/web/2/https://asiasociety.org/china-korea-and-japan-forgiveness-and-mourning Archived] from the original on 2022-08-14.</ref> According to Seybolt:<blockquote>Within a remarkably short time the Japanese had acquired the power to compete with the West on its own terms, whereupon they took the initiative to "open" Korea, the most conservative of the three East Asian nations, and join Western nations in imposing unequal treaties on it. In 1894-95 Japan defeated [[Qing dynasty (1636–1912)|China]] in a war to determine control of Korea, and a decade later it decisively defeated Russia in a war over exploitation rights in Korea and Manchuria in northeastern China. [...] Chinese historians estimate that more than 20 million of their compatriots died as a direct result of the war, and uncounted millions of others were injured. In the most notorious single incident of the war an estimated 150,000 to 350,000 Chinese men, women, and children were slaughtered in a frenzy of indiscriminate killing by Japanese troops when they entered Nanjing, then the capital of the [[Republic of China]]. The infamous [[Nanjing massacre]] was a calculated attempt by local Japanese commanders to terrorize the Chinese into capitulating. The effect was the opposite. Chinese resistance stiffened, and memories of the atrocity are still fresh.<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>During the [[Russian Civil War]], Japanese forces invaded parts of [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991)|Russia]] both to gain territory and to stop the spread of communism. The Japanese state persecuted [[Communism|communists]] and [[Anarchism|anarchists]] in the 1920s.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|author=Tatiana Linkhoeva|newspaper=[[Jacobin]]|title=Imperial Japan and the Russian Revolution|date=2020-07-16|url=https://jacobin.com/2020/07/imperial-japan-russian-revolution|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622184719/https://jacobin.com/2020/07/imperial-japan-russian-revolution|archive-date=2022-06-22|retrieved=2022-09-04}}</ref>

=== Colonization of Korea ===
Japan annexed and colonized [[Korea]] in 1910.

Between 1910 and 1945, Japan tried to wipe out Korean culture, language and history and took control over Korea's labor power and land.<ref>Erin Blakemore (July 28, 2020.). [https://www.history.com/news/japan-colonization-korea "How Japan Took Control of Korea"] ''History.com''.</ref> At the height of its power in 1942, the Japanese Empire controlled Korea, [[Empire of (Great) Manchuria|Manchuria]], and parts of China and [[Indonesia]].<ref>[https://marlboro.emerson.edu/plan/fragments-of-empire-effects-of-japanese-imperialism-in-korea-china-japan-and-vietnam/ “Fragments of Empire: Effects of Japanese Imperialism in Korea, China, Japan, and Vietnam – Marlboro College Archives.”] Emerson.edu.</ref>

=== Second World War ===
While fighting [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Germany]] in Europe, the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|UK]], [[France]], and the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Netherlands]] left their colonies largely undefended. Japan attacked [[United States of America|U.S.]] forces in [[Hawaii]], incapacitating the U.S. military in the Pacific for half a year. Japan seized several Statesian, British, and Dutch colonies including the [[Philippines]], [[Malaya]], [[Singapore]], the [[Dutch East Indies]], [[Borneo]], and [[New Guinea]], and exploited them for oil, rubber, and tin. The U.S. then blockaded Japan to prevent it from receiving imports from its colonies. In August of 1945, the [[Workers' and Peasants' Red Army|Red Army]] liberated Manchuria and Korea, causing Japan to surrender.<ref name=":12">{{Citation|author=Stephen Gowans|year=2018|title=Patriots, Traitors and Empires: The Story of Korea’s Struggle for Freedom|chapter=The Patriot|page=70–72|pdf=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaced4iiga4ngtxusr2civjxewbili5jne2sbpefbx2s3im2kphattzc?filename=Stephen%20Gowans%20-%20Patriots%2C%20Traitors%20and%20Empires_%20The%20Story%20of%20Korea%E2%80%99s%20Struggle%20for%20Freedom-Baraka%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf|city=Montreal|publisher=Baraka Books|isbn=9781771861427|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=8435F6FF91279531705764823FDC2A7F}}</ref>

== References ==
[[Category:Fascist countries]]
<references />
[[Category:History of Japan]]

United States Intelligence Community

2023-12-06T01:41:23Z

CommissarMar: Categories

[[File:United States Intelligence Community.png|thumb|An image depicting the seals of the various organizations officially considered to compose the United States Intelligence Community.]]
The '''United States Intelligence Community''' ('''IC''') refers to the federation of various [[United States of America]] intelligence organizations headed by the [[United States Director of National Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] (DNI). The [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA), [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI), the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]] (DHS) and [[National Security Agency]] (NSA) are some of the more well-known agencies in this grouping. Officially, 18 organizations are considered to compose the IC, according to the website of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence.<ref name=":0">Office of the Director of National Intelligence. "Members of the IC." [https://web.archive.org/web/20230316202951/https://www.dni.gov/index.php/what-we-do/members-of-the-ic Archived] 2023-03-16.</ref>

Similar to the [[Military–industrial complex|defense industry]], U.S. intelligence is driven by a network of lobbyists and a web of close connections between government and the [[Bourgeoisie|private sector]]. The bidding for intelligence contracts is often secret, and there is virtually no oversight of the intelligence community and its corporate partners.<ref name=":1">[[Tim Shorrock|Shorrock, Tim]]. [https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2005/01/spy-who-billed-me/ “The Spy Who Billed Me.”] [[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]. January/February 2005 Issue. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230401042006/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2005/01/spy-who-billed-me/ Archived] 2023-04-01.</ref>

A 2005 article in [[Mother Jones (magazine)|''Mother Jones'']] noted that hundreds of private companies contract with the IC, stating: "The people hired for these jobs may be doing government work in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] or [[Baghdad]], but they will be paid by firms such as the international consulting giant [[Booz Allen Hamilton]] or [[CACI International]], one of the companies whose employees were implicated in prisoner abuse at [[Abu Ghraib]]." Other corporations noted in the article include [[Northrop Grumman]], [[Boeing]], [[General Dynamics]], and [[Computer Sciences Corporation]] (CSC), some of which were represented under the [[Security Affairs Support Association]] (SASA) at the time of writing.<ref name=":1" />

In 2010, an article in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' noted that both government and private organizations are involved in the IC, counting 1,271 government organizations at the time of writing, and 1,931 private companies working on programs "related to counterterrorism, homeland security and intelligence" in about 10,000 locations across the United States. The article also stated that in Washington and the surrounding area, "33 building complexes for top-secret intelligence work are under construction or have been built since September 2001. Together they occupy the equivalent of almost three [[United States Department of Defense|Pentagons]] or 22 [[U.S. Capitol building|U.S. Capitol buildings]] - about 17 million square feet of space."<ref name=":2">Dana Priest and William M. Arkin. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100720183755/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/top-secret-america/articles/a-hidden-world-growing-beyond-control/ "A hidden world, growing beyond control."] [[The Washington Post|''The Washington Post'']]. 7-19-2010.</ref>

== History ==
In a 2005 ''Mother Jones'' article, journalist [[Tim Shorrock]] described an "outsourcing revolution" in the intelligence community which occurred at the end of the [[Cold War]], and noted that their business "boomed" after [[September 11 attacks|9/11]], resulting in intelligence agencies and the private sector becoming difficult to distinguish from each other, with a revolving door of employees between them:<blockquote>The outsourcing revolution began with the end of the Cold War, when hundreds of intelligence jobs were eliminated, and quickened in the mid-1990s under Vice President [[Al Gore]]’s Reinventing Government initiative. Sensing a niche, [[information technology]] companies like CACI and Titan began hiring retired intelligence employees and contracting them back to the agencies they had once worked for; their business boomed after 9/11, when the intelligence community found itself awash in money and desperate to catch up. Today, the ties between intelligence agencies and the private sector are so close, it’s sometimes hard to tell the difference. [[Joan Dempsey]], a former CIA deputy director, recently — and approvingly — referred to consulting firm Booz Allen as “the shadow intelligence community.” Three of Booz Allen’s current and former vice presidents previously served as intelligence agency directors, including [[James Woolsey]], who headed the CIA during the [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]] administration. Connections with the private sector are especially close at the NSA, where outsourcing has grown rapidly. Former NSA director [[William Studeman]] is now a vice president of [[Northrop Grumman]], and [[Barbara McNamara]], a former deputy director, is on the board of CACI. After leaving government, these officials keep their high-level security clearances, which makes them extremely valuable to their new employers.<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>A 2010 article in ''The Washington Post'' noted that the size of the IC in terms of budget, employees, and buildings used by intelligence organizations increased considerably after the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center attacks. The article states: "With the quick infusion of money, military and intelligence agencies multiplied. Twenty-four organizations were created by the end of 2001, including the Office of Homeland Security and the Foreign Terrorist Asset Tracking Task Force. In 2002, 37 more were created to track weapons of mass destruction, collect threat tips and coordinate the new focus on counterterrorism. That was followed the next year by 36 new organizations; and 26 after that; and 31 more; and 32 more; and 20 or more each in 2007, 2008 and 2009."<ref name=":2" />

== Official agencies ==
The official agencies listed as comprising the IC include: [[United States Air Force Intelligence|Air Force Intelligence]], [[United States Army Intelligence|Army Intelligence]], Central Intelligence Agency, [[United States Coast Guard Intelligence|Coast Guard Intelligence]], [[United States Defense Intelligence Agency|Defense Intelligence Agency]], [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]], [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]], [[United States Department of State|Department of State]], [[United States Department of the Treasury|Department of the Treasury]], [[Drug Enforcement Administration]], [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], [[United States Marine Corps Intelligence|Marine Corps Intelligence]], [[United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]], [[United States National Reconnaissance Office|National Reconnaissance Office]], [[National Security Agency]], [[United States Navy Intelligence|Navy Intelligence]], and [[United States Space Force Intelligence|Space Force Intelligence]].<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[Central Intelligence Agency]]
* [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]
* [[National Security Agency]]
* [[United States Department of State]]
* [[United States Department of Homeland Security]]
* [[Drug Enforcement Administration]]

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:United States of America]]
[[Category:Imperialist secret police]]

Redneck Revolt

2023-12-06T01:35:25Z

CommissarMar:

{{Infobox political party|name=Redneck Revolt|logo=Redneck Revolt.png|founded=June 2016|political_orientation=[[Socialism]] [[Anti-capitalism]] [[Anti-racism]] [[LGBT+|LGBT rights]]|website=https://www.redneckrevolt.org/home}}{{Stub}}
'''Redneck Revolt''' is a far-left revolutionary militant organization in the [[United States of America|United States]] founded in 2016.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Redneck Revolt|title=About|url=https://www.redneckrevolt.org/about|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706234753/https://www.redneckrevolt.org/about|archive-date=2022-07-06|retrieved=2022-07-27}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Huey P. Newton Gun Club]]
* [[Socialist Rifle Association]]

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Socialism in the United States]]

Lyndon LaRouche

2023-12-06T01:31:24Z

CommissarMar: If Earl Browder is considered a PatSoc, shouldn't he too?

{{Infobox politician|name=Lyndon LaRouche|birth_date=September 8, 1922|birth_place=Rochester, New Hampshire, [[United States of America|United States]]|death_date=February 12, 2019|image=Lyndon larouche.jpeg|political_line=[[Nationalism|Reactionary nationalism]] [[Patriotic socialism]] LaRoucheism}}
'''Lyndon LaRouche''' was a [[United States of America|Statesian]] [[reactionary]] who claimed to be a [[Socialism|socialist]]. He was born on September 8, 1922 in Rochester, New Hampshire and died on February 12, 2019.

LaRouche's wife, [[Helga Zepp-LaRouche]], was inspired by her husband's ideas and founded the [[Schiller institute]] to continue their work.<ref>[https://schillerinstitute.com/inalienable-rights-man/ The Schiller Institute admitting that Zelga LaRouche is the Founder.]</ref>

LaRouche amassed a community after him, whose followers are known as LaRouchites. Affiliated personalities and organisations include [[Daniel Burke]],<ref>[https://twitter.com/Burke4Senate Daniel Burke - Exonerate LaRouche, Twitter Bio]</ref> Helga Zepp-LaRouche, and the Schiller institute. [[Patriotic socialism|Patriotic socialists]] such as the [[Infrared]] collective, [[Jackson Hinkle]] and [[Caleb Maupin]] also have ties to the LaRouche movement.<ref>[https://twitter.com/Burke4Senate/status/1572669744636903426 Daniel Burke mentioning Infrared and Jackson Hinkle]</ref>

== Background ==

=== Early life ===
Lyndon LaRouche was born in a far-right [[Quaker]] family. His father was reportedly a paranoid right-wing figure who accused the Quaker movement of being communist agents (as Quakers were heavily involved in the peace movement).

LaRouche rebelled against his upbringing by becoming a [[Marxism|Marxist]] after meeting communists in Calcutta, [[Republic of India|India]] during his time in the army. It was there that he suggested to his comrades that they should stage a revolution right away against the British colonial government, to which he was told that this was [[Ultra-leftism|ultra-communism]] as they were only a handful of soldiers. This made LaRouche disillusioned with the Marxist left and was a factor towards his appeal for [[Trotskyism]].

=== Trotskyist phase ===
After the war, he joined the [[Socialist Workers Party (United States)|Socialist Workers Party]], which was the main Trotskyist party in the [[United States of America]] at the time. One of the main activities of this party was to send their members to work factory jobs to recruit among the industrial [[proletariat]]. LaRouche did not agree with being a factory worker and ended up taking a job as a management consultant for corporations as a freelancer.

Eventually, he split from the SWP with 19 other members which became the first incarnation of LaRouche's cult but fell apart soon after.

In the late 60s, he started teaching Marxism classes at the New York City Free School. He rejected the trend of the [[New Left]] (Che Guevera, Mao) and remained interested in the roots of Marxism such as [[Rosa Luxemburg]], Marx's book [[Capital, vol. I (1867)|Capital]], [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], [[Emmanuel Kant|Kant]], etc. This built up his reputation as a very theory-oriented and intellectual Marxist in the Free School.

This reputation allowed him to build his own organisation. The [[Sino-Soviet split]] was going on at that time and, combined with the SWP's legacy of sending recruits to work industrial jobs, LaRouche was able to find students who did not agree with those positions to join his more intellectually-oriented organisation.

=== National Caucus of Labor Committees ===
This is around the time LaRouche formed the [[National Caucus of Labor Committees]] (NCLC), his own organisation which soon became his very own cult. It was reportedly a very centralised, bureaucratic and elitist organisation. They believed revolution was imminent and that the NCLC would be the intellectual vanguard of revolution, seizing leadership of strikes and labour movements. At this point, LaRouche did not identify as a Trotskyist any more but just generally as a Marxist.

In 1969 (early on in the NCLC's lifetime), a teacher's strike took place in New York City (called the [[Ocean Hill-Brownsville strike]]) to allow [[Person of color|POC]] communities control over their own schools. LaRouche's group made its mark by supporting the counter-strike, which was the first event that cemented their reputation as a racist group.

== Cult leader ==
LaRouche ran the NCLC like a cult. According to [[Donald Parkinson]] from [[Cosmonaut Magazine]] on [[Revolutionary Left Radio]],<ref>{{Web citation|author=Revolutionary Left Radio|newspaper=Libsyn|title=Lyndon LaRouche: A Warning & Lesson For The Communist Left|date=2022-10-03|url=https://revolutionaryleftradio.libsyn.com/larouche}}</ref> he isolated members from family and friends and made them work on raising donations by phone for up to 12 hours a day, sometimes more.

=== CIA ties ===
LaRouche's organisation also had ties to intelligence agencies. LaRouche willingly surrendered information to the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] at various points in time, despite also believing his self-proclaimed communist activities put him at risk with intelligence agencies.

== Controversies ==

=== Conspiracy theories ===
LaRouche is well known to be a [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theorist]] and actively used conspiracy theories as justification for criticism of ideologies.<ref>https://www.foxnews.com/politics/lyndon-larouche-perennial-presidential-candidate-dead-at-96</ref><ref>https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2011/08/02/%E2%80%98prophet%E2%80%99-debt-crisis-new-world-order-plot</ref>

=== Homophobia ===

LaRouche called anyone who he disliked as a "faggot" and believed that [[LGBT+|homosexuality]] would destroy the United States:<blockquote>According to a variety of very authoritative sources, [[Henry Kissinger|Henry A. Kissinger]] is not a Jew, but a faggot…The problem with Kissinger is like that of that flaming, fascistic faggot Roy M. Cohn, who is justly hated by most of the ordinary homosexuals of the United States, and a number of those from other nations. Similarly, Henry A. Kissinger is no ordinary, common, garden-variety of homosexual. His heathen sexual inclinations are merely an integral part of a larger evil…To understand the kind of faggot Henry Kissinger is, what Roy Cohn is, think back to the Emperor [[Nero]] and his court…That is the kind of faggot Henry Kissinger is. That kind of faggotry destroyed [[Roman Empire (27 BCE–395 CE)|Rome]]. Will you permit it also to destroy the United States?<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110713184401/http://larouchewatch.com/ugliest-larouche-rant.pdf Kissinger, The Politics of Faggotry - Lyndon LaRouche]</ref></blockquote>

=== Anti-Marxism ===

LaRouche was also a staunch [[Anti-communism|anti-Marxist]] because he believed [[Marxism]] to be [[Satanism|Satanic]]. He also claimed that he was sent by God to destroy Marxism and other socialist tendencies:<blockquote>Why not destroy the common author of Walpole [[liberalism]], [[Jacobins|Jacobinism]], [[anarchism]], Marxism, [[fascism]], and [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevism]]? Why not kill that Satan whom such as [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] and Aleister Crowley worshipped? Better, why not destroy that Whore of Babylon, that Shakti, that Ishtar, who is the great whore-mother of all such Satans and Molochs? Can we not do those necessary things? Kill Satan? Kill his mother, the Whore of Babylon? Obliterate such Holy Scriptual figures? Is such business of God the business of man? Are we not the Creator’s Right Arm, endowed with that reason which no other earthly creature possesses, that we, as dutiful creatures of Providence, might do precisely such awesome deeds when the time came we must do so? That is no word-play with symbolisms. The words touch the essence of the most concrete grand strategy required for resisting and defeating the forces of the threatened New Dark Age. The Creator beckons us to kill that evil “Whore of Babylon.” To obey that command, first we must track that foul mother of Satan to her lair…As [[Benito Mussolini]] referenced this, Fascism and Bolshevism are twins born of the same, Venetian Party mother. At the time Mussolini made that reference, he professed that the Fascist Romulus had triumphed over the Bolshevik Remus. Since Yalta and Potsdam, it appears that Remus has prevailed. No matter, the point is that they are twins, skunks of the same stripe and satanic aromas…The real, ultimate enemy, Satan's mother, has residence much closer to your home, perhaps the office of your favorite daily newspaper.<ref>[https://larouchepub.com/eiw/public/1988/eirv15n44-19881104/eirv15n44-19881104_026-the_myth_of_marxian_communism-lar.pdf The Myth of Marxian Communism - Lyndon LaRouche]</ref></blockquote>

=== Malthusianism ===
LaRouchites typically misuse the word "Malthusianism" to mean anyone who supports [[climate change]] reduction, even going to the extent to call it "[[Eco-fascism|green fascism]]".<ref>[https://schillerinstitute.com/stop-green-fascism/ “Green” Means No Humanity – Stop the Great Reset!]</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Reactionaries]]
[[Category:Patriotic socialists]]
[[Category:Anti-communists]]

Category:Patriotic socialism

2023-12-06T01:25:21Z

CommissarMar: Refined category.

For topics, people, and event which relate to [[patriotic socialism]].
[[Category:Neo-fascism]]
[[Category:Revisionism]]
[[Category:Settler colonialism]]
[[Category:Far-right groups in the United States]]

ProleWiki:Principles/Signed

2023-12-06T01:12:23Z

CommissarMar: Signed principles.

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— ''Comrade'' ''[[Comrade:Ferret|Ferret]]'' ([[Comrade talk:Ferret|talk]]) 09:05, 31 May 2021 (UTC)

— ''Comrade'' ''[[Comrade:DioneBigode|DioneBigode]]'' ([[Comrade talk:DioneBigode|talk]]) 19:00, 17 August 2021 (UTC)

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— ''Comrade [[Comrade:Pabeggetour|Pabeggetour]]'' ([[Comradeship:Pabeggetour|talk]]) 19:26, 13 September 2021 (UTC)

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— ''Comrade [[Comrade:Ledlecreeper27|Ledlecreeper27]]'' ([[Comradeship:Ledlecreeper27|talk]]) 18:01, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

— ''Comrade [[Comrade:Aspensmonster|Aspensmonster]]'' ([[Comradeship:Aspensmonster|talk]]) 22:54, 10 June 2022 (CEST)

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Mikhail Gorbachev

2023-12-06T01:05:40Z

CommissarMar: Category

{{Infobox politician|name=Mikhail Gorbachyov|native_name=Михаил Горбачёв|nationality=Russian|political_line=[[Anti-communism]] [[Revisionism]] [[Social democracy]]|birth_date=2 March 1931|birth_place=Privolnoye, [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]]|image=Mikhail Gorbachev.png|caption=Gorbachev in 1987|death_date=30 August 2022|death_place=[[Moscow]], [[Russian Federation]]}}

'''Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev''' (2 March 1931 – 30 August 2022) was a Soviet politician who is known for organizing the [[overthrow of the Soviet Union]]. He supported the [[1989 Tian'anmen Square riots|1989 CIA-backed riots in Beijing]] and advocated for the overthrow of remaining [[Socialist state|socialist states]] in Asia and the rest of the world.<ref>{{Citation|author=Mikhail Gorbachev|year=2000|title=My Ambition was to Liquidate Communism|title-url=https://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv6n1/gorbach.htm|publisher=[[Revolutionary Democracy]]}}</ref> Gorbachev lacked experience in the military, foreign affairs, industry, science, and [[Trade union|trade unions]] and did not understand [[Marxism]] or Soviet history.<ref name=":022">{{Citation|author=Roger Keeran, Thomas Kenny|year=2010|title=Socialism Betrayed: Behind the Collapse of the Soviet Union|chapter=Promise and Foreboding, 1985-86|page=95–101, 120–128|pdf=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceaj5ucph44bjwyhlhsbycckr3ts76zbucn2hbrea32tltcd4s5ekg?filename=Roger%20Keeran_%20Thomas%20Kenny%20-%20Socialism%20Betrayed_%20Behind%20the%20Collapse%20of%20the%20Soviet%20Union-iUniverse.com%20%282010%29.pdf|publisher=iUniverse.com|isbn=9781450241717}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Gorbachev was born in the farming village of Privolnoye, south of Stavropol. [[German Reich (1933–1945)|German]] invaders killed seven of his relatives during the [[Great Patriotic War]]. He moved to Moscow in 1950 to study at Lomonosov State University and joined the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] in college. He returned to Stavropol after graduating and supported [[Alexander Dubček]]'s [[Revisionism|revisionist]] policies in [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990)|Czechoslovakia]].<ref name=":022" />

== Political career ==
In 1970, Gorbachev became First Secretary of Stavropol Krai and was elected to the [[Supreme Soviet]]. He became a member of the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Central Committee]] in 1971 and became its head of agriculture in 1978. In 1979, he became a member of the Politburo.<ref name=":022" /> He visited [[Kingdom of Belgium|Belgium]], the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Netherlands]], [[French Republic|France]], and [[Federal Republic of Germany|West Germany]] in the 1970s during the peak of [[Eurocommunism]].<ref name=":02222">{{Citation|author=Roger Keeran, Thomas Kenny|year=2010|title=Socialism Betrayed: Behind the Collapse of the Soviet Union|chapter=Turning Point, 1987-88|page=156–158|pdf=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceaj5ucph44bjwyhlhsbycckr3ts76zbucn2hbrea32tltcd4s5ekg?filename=Roger%20Keeran_%20Thomas%20Kenny%20-%20Socialism%20Betrayed_%20Behind%20the%20Collapse%20of%20the%20Soviet%20Union-iUniverse.com%20%282010%29.pdf|publisher=iUniverse.com|isbn=9781450241717}}</ref>

== General Secretary ==

=== Early leadership ===
Gorbachev became General Secretary in 1985 and initially followed [[Yuri Andropov|Andropov]]'s line, continuing the anti-alcohol campaign and encouraging new cadre. He increased support for [[Republic of Nicaragua|Nicaragua]] and [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992)|Afghanistan]] while trying to improve relations with the [[Imperial core|West]]. Within a year, he replaced half of all Politburo members and the leaders of five republics and promoted his supporters to Foreign Minister and Premier. Beginning in the fall of 1985, he reduced assistance to Afghanistan.<ref name=":022" />

By the 27th congress of the CPSU in 1986, [[Counterrevolution|counterrevolutionaries]] controlled much of the party leadership. Gorbachev worked with other traitors including [[Alexander Yakovlev]], [[Eduard Shevardnadze]], and [[Boris Yeltsin]] to overthrow [[socialism]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Nikos Mottas|newspaper=[[In Defense of Communism]]|title=Mikhail Gorbachev, a modern Judas|date=2022-09-01|url=http://www.idcommunism.com/2022/09/mikhail-gorbachev-modern-judas.html|retrieved=2022-09-04}}</ref> He ended Soviet nuclear tests and reduced strategic arms by 50% while receiving no concessions from the [[United States of America|United States]] and reduced government planning of enterprises.<ref name=":022" />

Gorbachev removed deputies from the [[Central Asia|Central Asian]] and [[Caucasus|Caucasian]] republics from the Politburo. In December 1986, he replaced [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)|Kazakh]] General Secretary [[Dinmukhamed Kunaev]] with [[Gennady Kolbin]], an ethnic [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991)|Russian]], which caused nationalist riots in Kazakhstan.<ref name=":022" />

=== Dismantling of socialism ===
In 1988, Gorbachev began dismantling [[Planned economy|central planning]] and abandoned international solidarity. He and Yakovlev sabotaged the media to air criticisms of [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] and central planning and demonize their political opponents. Gorbachev replaced worker [[Worker cooperative|co-ops]] with crime-infested private enterprises. In March 1988, [[Nina Andreyeva]] published a letter condemning Gorbachev and his followers as well as Russian [[Nationalism|nationalists]]. Following the release of the letter, Gorbachev and Yakovlev stripped [[Anti-revisionism|anti-revisionist]] [[Yegor Ligachyov]] of his authority and purged supporters of the letter from the Politburo.<ref name=":0222">{{Citation|author=Roger Keeran, Thomas Kenny|year=2010|title=Socialism Betrayed: Behind the Collapse of the Soviet Union|chapter=Turning Point, 1987-88|page=132–143|pdf=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceaj5ucph44bjwyhlhsbycckr3ts76zbucn2hbrea32tltcd4s5ekg?filename=Roger%20Keeran_%20Thomas%20Kenny%20-%20Socialism%20Betrayed_%20Behind%20the%20Collapse%20of%20the%20Soviet%20Union-iUniverse.com%20%282010%29.pdf|publisher=iUniverse.com|isbn=9781450241717}}</ref>

At a party conference in June 1988, Gorbachev proposed a new form of government with an executive president and a Congress of People's Deputies replacing the Council of Ministers and Supreme Soviet. The proposal reduced the CPSU from a vanguard party to an electoral party in a parliamentary system. Against the wishes of the Afghan government and other [[Warsaw Pact|Soviet allies]], he withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan in early 1989 and allowed the [[Taliban]] to take over.<ref name=":02222" />

== Later life ==
In 1996, Gorbachev ran for president of Russia but received less than 1% of the vote.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=Gorbachev: Darling of the West, despised at home & worldwide|date=2022-08-31|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/gorbachev-darling-of-the-west-despised-at-home-worldwide/|retrieved=2022-09-01}}</ref>

== Political positions ==
Gorbachev promoted a policy of glasnost<ref group="lower-alpha">Russian: гласность</ref> (openness), which resulted in [[Communism|communists]] being purged from the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] and mass media. He established market reforms called perestroika<ref group="lower-alpha">Russian: перестройка</ref> (restructuring), which diminished state support for the [[Proletariat|working class]]. He reduced assistance to less developed parts of the Soviet Union, increasing national conflict,<ref name=":0" /> and rejected the [[Leninism|Leninist]] concept of the [[vanguard party]].<ref name=":0222" />

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Anti-communists]]
[[Category:Counterrevolutionaries]]
[[Category:Soviet politicians]]
[[Category:Revisionists]]
[[Category:Wreckers]]

Republic of Zaire (1971–1997)

2023-12-04T23:43:40Z

CommissarMar:

{{Infobox country|name=Republic of Zaire|native_name=Repubilika ya Zaïre Republíki ya Zaïre Jamhuri ya Zaïre Ditunga dia Zaïre|image_flag=Flag of Zaire.svg|image_coat=Coat of arms of Zaire.svg|capital=Kinshasa|largest_city=capital|mode_of_production=[[Dependent capitalism]]|government_type=[[Neo-fascism|Fascist]] military dictatorship|leader_title1=President|leader_name1=[[Mobutu Sese Seko]]|image_map=Map of DR Congo.png|official_languages=French|area_km2=2,345,409|population_estimate=46,498,539|population_estimate_year=1997}}

'''Zaire''', officially the '''Republic of Zaire''', was a [[United States of America|U.S.]] puppet state in [[Central Africa]] ruled by the multibillionaire [[Mobutu Sese Seko]]. [[George H. W. Bush]] described Mobutu as the USA's "best friend in Africa."<ref name=":122">{{Citation|author=[[William Blum]]|year=2002|title=Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower|chapter=A Concise History of United States Global Interventions, 1945 to the Present|page=117–8|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedas5bwprytpzcih6tof3ipede5uzmcvt47tfzwp4cptdau6vmjpy?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Rogue%20State_%20A%20Guide%20to%20the%20World%27s%20Only%20Superpower-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282002%29.pdf|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|isbn=9781842772201|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=29EED3C6906FF165E08303B9EAF66B4F}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Formation ===
In 1965, Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, then a Lieutenant General in the national military, as well as a [[fascist]] and hardline [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]], overthrew the [[liberal]] government, creating a fascist dictatorship. This coup d'état was greatly supported by the United States of America, whose [[Bourgeoisie|ruling class]] had an interest in creating a servile government which would repress communists and give the [[imperial core]] access to the country's vast natural resources.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Stephen R. Weissman|newspaper=Foreign Affairs|title=What Really Happened in Congo
The CIA, the Murder of Lumumba, and the Rise of Mobutu|date=2014|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/democratic-republic-congo/2014-06-16/what-really-happened-congo|retrieved=2022-8-15}}</ref> In 1971, the country was renamed to the Republic of Zaire.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Natasha Tworoski|newspaper=PASA|title=Democratic Republic Of Congo: A Brutal History of Conflict|url=https://pasa.org/awareness/drc1/|retrieved=2022-8-15|quote=In the 1950’s, protests and riots lead to the country gaining its independence from Belgium and in 1960, Patrice Lumumba was elected prime minister. It seemed like things would finally improve for the Congolese.

However, the DRC has a huge abundance of natural resources such as copper, diamonds, cobalt, gold, uranium and oil. Lumumba’s resistance to Western powers’ attempts to continue mining lead to the West backing his opponents. In 1961 he was arrested, tortured and publicly executed. After a period of uncertainty, a man named Mobutu Sese Seko emerged as the president of DRC. Friendly to western powers, he built an extravagant life for himself with the money that came from foreign mining, including building himself palaces, collecting Mercedes-Benz and taking regular shopping sprees to Europe. When the Cold War with Russia came to an end in the 90’s, the United States and other countries became less dependent on the DRC for oil and Mobutu’s wealth drastically dwindled while he simultaneously began to face health concerns.}}</ref>

=== Republic of Zaire (1971–1997) ===
The Republic of Zaire under Mobutu's regime, existing until 1997, was characterised by a highly dictatorial government, extreme anti-communism, and a rampant kleptocracy, with rates of bribery and embezzlement of government funds being particularly high.<ref>{{Citation|author=Steve Askin; Carole Collins|year=2007|title=Review of African Political Economy|title-url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03056249308704005|section=External collusion with kleptocracy: can Zaïre recapture its stolen wealth?|page=72-85|quote=For 28 years, Mobutu Sese Seko has carefully and thoughtfully refined his system for transforming the public resources of Zaïre into private wealth, while using bribery, coercion and violence to thwart all movements for change. The consequences of his system, commonly known as ‘kleptocracy’ or government by theft, are well known: immiseration of the people; destruction of the nation's infrastructure; enrichment of Mobutu and his collaborators; the transformation of Zaïre into the prime staging ground for foreign intervention against other African nations. This article will focus neither on the consequences of kleptocracy nor the growing opposition which, for the past three years, has aggressively but so far unsuccessfully challenged Mobutu's rule.|publisher=Taylor & Francis Group|doi=https://doi.org/10.1080/03056249308704005|series=57|volume=20|trans-lang=English}}</ref> The fascist government was also greatly supported by the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|Western bloc]], including by United States of America,<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=François Soudan|newspaper=The Africa Report|title=DRC: How the CIA got Patrice Lumumba|date=2021-1-13|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/58653/drc-how-the-cia-got-under-patrice-lumumbas-skin/|retrieved=2022-8-15}}</ref> the [[French Republic]],<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=The New York Times|title=France Is Again Strengthening Ties With Zaire|date=1977-4-17|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/04/17/archives/france-is-again-strengthening-ties-with-zaire.html|retrieved=2022-8-17}}</ref> and the [[Kingdom of Belgium]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=BCC|title=Belgium link in Lumumba death|date=2001-10-16|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1660615.stm|retrieved=2022-8-17}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=Eduard Bustin|year=1987|title=The Foreign Policy of the Republic of Zaire|title-url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0002716287489001006|doi=https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716287489001006|volume=489|trans-lang=English}}</ref> While most of the country lived in [[poverty]], Mobutu became a multibillionaire.<ref name=":12">{{Citation|author=[[William Blum]]|year=2002|title=Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower|chapter=A Concise History of United States Global Interventions, 1945 to the Present|page=117|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedas5bwprytpzcih6tof3ipede5uzmcvt47tfzwp4cptdau6vmjpy?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Rogue%20State_%20A%20Guide%20to%20the%20World%27s%20Only%20Superpower-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282002%29.pdf|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|isbn=9781842772201|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=29EED3C6906FF165E08303B9EAF66B4F}}</ref>

In 1977, [[Jimmy Carter]] airlifted [[Kingdom of Morocco|Moroccan]] troops to Zaire to put down a rebellion.<ref name=":12" />

The fascist regime ended in the late 1990s, during the [[First Congo War]], when after a large withdrawal of NATO support, major ethnic tensions, and foreign intervention, Mobutu's dictatorship was overthrown, and the country was remained to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with a bourgeois-democratic government being created.<ref>{{Citation|author=Peter Abbott|year=2014|title=Modern African Wars (4): The Congo 1960–2002|title-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j6ajCwAAQBAJ|quote=n the 1970s, during the ruinous 30-year dictatorship of General Mobutu, periodic rebellions required the hasty insertion once again of Belgian and French paratroops to save European lives. From the mid-1990s the country split again, becoming the battleground for the largest African war in history, as armies and rebel groups from Rwanda, Angola, Zimbabwe, Uganda, Namibia and other countries crossed into the Congo to support one side or the other, or simply to loot the rich resources. Major operations ended – or paused – in 2002, but the old hatreds and constant lure of the Congo's natural resources continue to boil over into periodic outbreaks.|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781782000778|trans-lang=English}}</ref>

=== Congo Wars and collapse ===
Rwanda and Uganda invaded the Congo in 1996 with US support and pillaged its natural resources, including gold, diamonds, tantalum, and niobium. They installed [[Joseph Kabila]] as the puppet ruler of the Congo and displaced half a million people from the Ituri region.<ref name=":02">{{Web citation|author=Maurice Carney|newspaper=[[Black Agenda Report]]|title=A Quarter Century of a Western-backed War of Aggression Against the Congolese People|date=2022-06-17|url=https://blackagendareport.com/quarter-century-western-backed-war-aggression-against-congolese-people|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822215618/https://blackagendareport.com/quarter-century-western-backed-war-aggression-against-congolese-people|archive-date=2022-08-22|retrieved=2022-09-08}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Web citation|author=[[Jeremy Kuzmarov]]|newspaper=[[CovertAction Magazine]]|title=International Court of Justice Ruled that Uganda Must Pay $325 Million in Reparations to the Democratic Republic of Congo—But What About U.S. and UK?|date=2022-05-19|url=https://covertactionmagazine.com/2022/05/19/international-court-of-justice-ruled-that-uganda-must-pay-325-million-in-reparations-to-the-democratic-republic-of-congo-but-what-about-u-s-and-uk/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822215632/https://covertactionmagazine.com/2022/05/19/international-court-of-justice-ruled-that-uganda-must-pay-325-million-in-reparations-to-the-democratic-republic-of-congo-but-what-about-u-s-and-uk/|archive-date=2022-08-22|retrieved=2022-12-24}}</ref>

== References ==
[[Category:African countries]]
[[Category:Fascist countries]]
<references />
[[Category:Neocolonial outposts]]

MAGACommunism

2023-12-04T23:21:44Z

CommissarMar: "Poster" suggests that this image is actually found in real life, as opposed to just being circulated on the internet.

[[File:Communists for trump image.jpg|thumb|MAGA Communist propaganda which calls for [[Communist|"communists"]] to support the [[far-right]] [[Bourgeoisie|billionaire]] [[Donald Trump]].]]
'''MAGA Communism'''<ref group="Note">Often displayed as a hashtag: '''''#MAGACommunism'''''.</ref> is a [[Neo-fascism|neo-fascist]], [[alt-right]] subset of [[patriotic socialism]] and online slogan that calls for the ideological unification of "[[Marxism|Marxists]]" (as defined by them) and the [[reactionary]] [[Capitalism|capitalist]] [[Trumpism|Trumpist]] movement and is grounded in [[Opportunism|opportunist]] and [[tailist]] positions.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Danny Haiphong|newspaper=[[Black Agenda Report]]|title=A Final Word on “MAGA Communism” and Social Conservatism|date=2022-9-21|url=https://www.blackagendareport.com/final-word-maga-communism-and-social-conservatism|retrieved=2022-9-21}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=Haz Al-Din|newspaper=[[Infrared]]|title=THE RISE OF MAGA COMMUNISM|date=2022-9-18|url=https://showinfrared.substack.com/p/the-rise-of-maga-communism?sd=pf|retrieved=2022-9-22}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Infrared]]|newspaper=YouTube|title=MAGA Communism Taking America by STORM|date=2022-9-19|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1kRbwJYPB6s|retrieved=2022-9-21}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Infrared]]|newspaper=YouTube|title=A Guide to MAGA COMMUNISM|date=2022-9-13|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1LrOJjRaNvQ|retrieved=2022-9-21}}</ref> Promoters of this "movement" enjoy no basis or support in reality and are entirely confined to online spaces, including [[alt-tech]] platforms.

So-called "MAGA Communists" have promoted and root their views in [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]], [[racism]], [[anti-intellectualism]], and [[anti-Semitism]] in order to appeal to other members of the [[Far-right politics|far-right]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Alfonso Casal|newspaper=[[The Red Phoenix]]|title=Editorial: On “Patriotic Socialism” and “MAGA Communism”|date=2022-09-22|url=https://theredphoenixapl.org/2022/09/22/editorial-on-patriotic-socialism-and-maga-communism/|retrieved=2022-09-22}}</ref>

== Description ==
The slogan appeared in August 2022 on [[Twitter]].{{Citation needed}} Its most notable promoters are [[Jackson Hinkle]] and [[Infrared]], whose rhetoric concerning this slogan has inspired a small online clique of "MAGA Communist" propagandists and trolls to emerge, largely from their respective followers.

While this clique is highly vocal, it has convinced very few people, and remains entirely internet-based. Their social media strategy is to spam content, no matter how nonsensical, to create virality through engagement and the illusion of popularity. It has yet to be organized in an actual political party or have its theory practiced.

MAGA Communism can be compared to [[Strasserism]] due to their mutual opposition to finance capital, "globalists," and their "pro-[[Petty bourgeoisie|small business]]" effectively echoing Strasser's "guild socialism".

== See also ==

* [[Infrared]]
* [[Jackson Hinkle]]
* [[National Bolshevism]]
*[[National Socialism]]
*[[Alt-right]]

== References ==
<references />

=== Notes ===
<references group="Note" />
[[Category:Reactionary slogans]]
[[Category:Neo-fascism]]
[[Category:Revisionism]]
[[Category:Hashtags]]
[[Category:Alt-right]]

MAGACommunism

2023-12-04T23:18:54Z

CommissarMar: Rewrote introduction part somewhat to be more accurate to how they developed over the course of a year or so.

[[File:Communists for trump image.jpg|thumb|MAGA Communist propaganda poster which calls for [[Communist|communists]] to support the [[Far-right|Far-Right]] [[Bourgeoisie|billionaire]] [[Donald Trump]].]]
'''MAGA Communism'''<ref group="Note">Often displayed as a hashtag: '''''#MAGACommunism'''''.</ref> is a [[Neo-fascism|neo-fascist]], [[alt-right]] subset of [[patriotic socialism]] and online slogan that calls for the ideological unification of "[[Marxism|Marxists]]" (as defined by them) and the [[reactionary]] [[Capitalism|capitalist]] [[Trumpism|Trumpist]] movement and is grounded in [[Opportunism|opportunist]] and [[tailist]] positions.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Danny Haiphong|newspaper=[[Black Agenda Report]]|title=A Final Word on “MAGA Communism” and Social Conservatism|date=2022-9-21|url=https://www.blackagendareport.com/final-word-maga-communism-and-social-conservatism|retrieved=2022-9-21}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=Haz Al-Din|newspaper=[[Infrared]]|title=THE RISE OF MAGA COMMUNISM|date=2022-9-18|url=https://showinfrared.substack.com/p/the-rise-of-maga-communism?sd=pf|retrieved=2022-9-22}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Infrared]]|newspaper=YouTube|title=MAGA Communism Taking America by STORM|date=2022-9-19|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1kRbwJYPB6s|retrieved=2022-9-21}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Infrared]]|newspaper=YouTube|title=A Guide to MAGA COMMUNISM|date=2022-9-13|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1LrOJjRaNvQ|retrieved=2022-9-21}}</ref> Promoters of this "movement" enjoy no basis or support in reality and are entirely confined to online spaces, including [[alt-tech]] platforms.

So-called "MAGA Communists" have promoted and root their views in [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]], [[racism]], [[anti-intellectualism]], and [[anti-Semitism]] in order to appeal to other members of the [[Far-right politics|far-right]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Alfonso Casal|newspaper=[[The Red Phoenix]]|title=Editorial: On “Patriotic Socialism” and “MAGA Communism”|date=2022-09-22|url=https://theredphoenixapl.org/2022/09/22/editorial-on-patriotic-socialism-and-maga-communism/|retrieved=2022-09-22}}</ref>

== Description ==
The slogan appeared in August 2022 on [[Twitter]].{{Citation needed}} Its most notable promoters are [[Jackson Hinkle]] and [[Infrared]], whose rhetoric concerning this slogan has inspired a small online clique of "MAGA Communist" propagandists and trolls to emerge, largely from their respective followers.

While this clique is highly vocal, it has convinced very few people, and remains entirely internet-based. Their social media strategy is to spam content, no matter how nonsensical, to create virality through engagement and the illusion of popularity. It has yet to be organized in an actual political party or have its theory practiced.

MAGA Communism can be compared to [[Strasserism]] due to their mutual opposition to finance capital, "globalists," and their "pro-[[Petty bourgeoisie|small business]]" effectively echoing Strasser's "guild socialism".

== See also ==

* [[Infrared]]
* [[Jackson Hinkle]]
* [[National Bolshevism]]
*[[National Socialism]]
*[[Alt-right]]

== References ==
<references />

=== Notes ===
<references group="Note" />
[[Category:Reactionary slogans]]
[[Category:Neo-fascism]]
[[Category:Revisionism]]
[[Category:Hashtags]]
[[Category:Alt-right]]

Alternative social media platforms

2023-12-04T22:25:57Z

CommissarMar:

'''Alternative social media platforms''' aim to challenge the societal control of Western corporate [[social media]], such as [[Facebook, Inc.|Facebook]] and [[Twitter]].

These platforms tend to either be based in countries outside of the [[imperial core]] or are open source alternatives which tend to avoid any jurisdiction at all.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Alternative social media<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Jamie Redman|date=2021-01-09|title=Big Tech's Freedom of Speech Purge Pushes People to Censorship-Resistant Blockchain Social Media|url=https://news.bitcoin.com/big-techs-freedom-of-speech-purge-pushes-people-to-censorship-resistant-blockchain-social-media/}}</ref>
!Name
!Notes
!Link
|-
|[[Lemmy]]
|[[Free and open-source software|FOSS]] [[Reddit]] alternative with [[Lemmygrad]] and [[Hexbear]] as openly leftist instances.
|https://join-lemmy.org
|-
|[[Mastodon]]
|FOSS Twitter alternative
|https://joinmastodon.org
|-
|[[PeerTube]]
|FOSS [[YouTube]] alternative.
|https://joinpeertube.org
|-
|[[Invidious]]
|FOSS YouTube alternative. Mirrors the same content as YouTube but without ads or tracking
|https://invidious.io/
|-
|[[VK]]
|[[Russian Federation|Russian]] social media
|http://vk.com
|-
|[[Telegram]]
|Russian chat app, considered social media because some chats are used as interactive feeds (like [[ASB News]])
|https://telegram.org/
|-
|[[Weibo]]
|[[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] social media
|http://weibo.com
|-
|[[Minds]]
|FOSS [[cryptocurrency]]-based social media
|https://www.minds.com
|-
|[[Panquake]]
|FOSS cryptocurrency-based social media (yet to be launched)
|https://panquake.com
|-
|[[Gab]]
|Statesian alt-tech microblogging, tends to attract right wingers.
|http://gab.com
|-
|Diaspora
|
|https://diasporafoundation.org
|-
|[[Parler]]
|Tends to attract right-wingers
|https://parler.com
|-
|Flote
|
|https://flote.app
|-
|Sola
|
|
|-
|Manyverse
|
|https://www.manyver.se
|}

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Social media]]

Communist International (Stalinists-Hoxhaists)

2023-12-04T22:23:36Z

CommissarMar:

{{Distinguish|the [[Communist International (1919–1943)]].}}{{Infobox political party|name=Communist International (Stalinists-Hoxhaists)|logo=Hoxhaist flag.png|founded=1997 (As the Communist Party of Germany / Marxist Leninist)|leader=Wolfgang Eggers|split=United Socialist Party|political_orientation=[[Hoxhaism]] [[Internationalism]]|position=[[Ultra-left]]|website=http://ciml.250x.com/aboutus.html}}

The '''Communist International (Stalinists-Hoxhaists)''', also known as the '''Comintern (SH)''', is an international organization of self-declared "[[Stalinist|Stalinist-]][[Hoxhaism|Hoxhaists]]".

== History ==
The Comintern (SH) started as a late reaction to the merger between the [[Communist Party of Germany/Marxists–Leninists|Communist Party of Germany/Marxist-Leninist]] (KPD/ML) and the [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]] [[International Marxist Group]]<ref>{{Web citation|author=F. J.|newspaper=Roter Morgen|title=Die KPD/ML – gegründet vor 54 Jahren als revolutionäre kommunistische Partei der deutschen Arbeiterklasse|url=https://rotermorgen.eu/54-jahre-kpd-ml/|quote=Erst Aust sagte 1987, nach der Zerschlagung der KPD durch die Trotzkisten, und kurz vor seinem Tode, dass die Zeit gekommen ist, wieder völlig von vorne an zu fangen. Das ist trotz mehrerer Versuche bisher nicht gelungen. Also packen wir es an! Vorwärts auf den Weg zur Schaffung einer neuen Partei der deutschen Arbeiterklasse im Sinne von Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin und Thälmann.}}</ref>. The party was founded by Wolfgang Eggers, who was a member of the KPD/ML for around two decades until the merger. After an 11-year wait, the internet made it possible for Eggers to organize once again, and thus, in 1997, he started up a website where he attempted to build a continuation of the KPD/ML<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Communist Party of Germany (Marxist-Leninist)|title=Homepage|date=1998-12-05|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981205114753/http://members.xoom.com/cpgerml/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981205114753/http://members.xoom.com/cpgerml/|quote=Copyright © 1997 , KPD/ML}}</ref>.

=== Pre-International (1997–2000) ===
For his new successor party, Eggers reverted to the 1976 programme of the KPD/ML, which set the organization foward on an [[Anti-revisionism|anti-revisionist]] path. Overall, the early years of the party's operation remained quiet, with a barely-active mailing list that contained discussion threads in both English and German. The most notable action of the party during this time was that it hosted an archive which contained English and German-language works by [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]], [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] and [[Enver Hoxha|Hoxha]], making it one of the earliest websites for Marxist literature in history<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Wolfgang Eggers' Private Pages|title=Archive|date=1999-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990302024642/http://www.lueneburg.net/privatseiten/Eggers_Wolfgang/eng/archive.html}}</ref>.

== Censorship==
In late 2022, members of the Comintern (SH) where subjected to censorship on social media, particularly on the platforms of [[Facebook]] and [[Instagram]], with a large amount of Stalinist-Hoxhaist content being taken down on labeled "spam", and the party symbol of the [[Hammer and sickle|hammer-sickle]]-rifle<ref group="note">Which is commonly used as a symbol of Hoxhaism in general.</ref> being branded as a "terrorist emblem". Other Comintern (SH) content on those platforms, especially those which were protesting the [[Queen Elizabeth II|British monarchy]], [[Zionism]], and others were similarly removed.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Comintern (S-H)|title=On the Censorship of the Party Emblem by the Bourgeoisie|date=2022-9-14|url=http://ciml.250x.com/sections/german_section/rfb/the_red_world_front.html|retrieved=2022-10-8|quote=[[File:2022 facebook censorship against Comintern (S-H).jpg|100px]]|image-caption=}}</ref>

== Notes ==
<references group="note" />
==References==
<references />
[[Category:Communist parties]]
[[Category:Hoxhaist organisations]]
[[Category:Targets of censorship]]
[[Category:International communist organizations]]

Maoism

2023-12-04T22:20:27Z

CommissarMar: "Maoism" is in direct opposition to modern Marxist-Leninists.

{{Distinguish|[[Mao Zedong Thought]]}}
[[File:Maoist demonstration in the United States.jpg|thumb|Maoist [[Red Guards (United States)|Red Guards]] propagating the "[[Five Heads of Communism|Six Heads of Communism]]" in the United States.]]
'''Maoism''', also known as '''Marxism–Leninism–Maoism''' ('''MLM'''), is a [[Dogmatism|dogmatic]] current of communist thought. Being first synthesized as separate from [[Mao Zedong Thought]] (MZT) by [[Abimael Guzmán]] of the [[Shining Path]] party, the ideology has also been adopted by other groups such as the [[New People's Army]] (NPA) of the [[Philippines]] and the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]]. Maoism considers itself to be a step forward from Marxism–Leninism, differing from MZT.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9Q5_m07JUI Marxism-Leninism-Maoism Basic Course by Foreign Languages Press Chapters 1-8 (Audiobook)]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYg9tA22O_Y&t Marxism-Leninism-Maoism Basic Course by Foreign Languages Press Chapters 9-16 (Audiobook)]</ref><ref>{{Citation | title-url=https://foreignlanguages.press/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/S01-MLM-Basic-Course-Revised-Edition-10th-Printing.pdf | title=Marxism–Leninism–Maoism basic course (PDF) (5th ed.)}}</ref> Maoism believes in the ideas of the [[Cultural Revolution]], [[Protracted People's War]] (PPW), [[New Democracy]], and [[Mass Line]], all of which take inspiration from MZT. People's War is a the form of guerrilla warfare which was developed specifically for the material conditions of [[People's Republic of China|China]] in the previous century, although it is usually adopted as a universal dogma by Maoists, even in [[Imperial core|developed countries]].

{{Maoism sidebar}}

==Development==

===Origin of the term===

Maoism was first coined by bourgeois historians and politicians to describe the conditions of [[People's Republic of China|China]] under [[Mao Zedong]].

Mao never preferred the term, not allowing his name along with Marx, Lenin or Stalin and even stated that "there is no Maoism",<ref>[https://armedwithapen.com/mao-on-maoism/ Mao on Maoism: The Dialectical Case for Mao Zedong Thought]</ref> which is true, as the specific set of policies taken by Mao were merely Sinicized Marxism–Leninism.

The term Marxism–Leninism–Maoism represents the Maoist view of their ideology being a development and "higher stage" of Marxism–Leninism.

===Synthesis of Maoism===
Chairman Gonzalo is the first person to synthesise the term "Maoism" although the application of Maoism appears significantly earlier starting with the [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] in 1968.<ref>[https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/communist-party-philippines-new-peoples-army Stanford CISAC - Communist Party of the Philippines]</ref>

Gonzalo states that Maoism is the third stage of Marxism, and that it had to be synthesised due to the following three reasons: Mao's contribution to the idea of "Bureaucrat Capitalism", Mao's establishment of the "Socialist Political Economy", and Mao's military theory.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071108165711/http://www.blythe.org/peru-pcp/docs_en/interv.htm Interview with Chairman Gonzalo]</ref>

===Using the ideology "Maoism"===
The [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] has adopted the term after the foundation of Gonzalo Thought, along with the Communist Party of India (Maoist) once it was formed. Other notable Marxist–Leninist–Maoist movements can be seen in [[Russian Maoist Party|Russia]] and [[Maoist Communist Party of China|China]].

==Characteristics ==

===Mao Zedong Thought===
{{Main article|Mao Zedong Thought}}
Maoism follows the aspects of Mao Zedong Thought, which include the few new developments made by Mao such as New Democracy, the Mass Line, and Mao's [[Three Worlds Theory]].

===Anti-revisionism===
{{Main article|Anti-revisionism}}

Gonzalo emphasises the strength to be against revisionism, stating that<blockquote>"Revisionism obviously is a cancer, a cancer that has to be ruthlessly eliminated."<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Thus Maoism, like [[Hoxhaism]], puts a further emphasis on anti-revisionism, stating it to be "substituting [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] philosophy into Marxism,"<ref name=":0" /> but in practice, as with Hoxhaism, it only ends being a dogmatic and revisionist position which doesn't let one surpass the infantilism that this generates and provokes division in the communist movement.

===Universality of Protracted People's War===
{{Main article|Protracted people's war}}

Gonzalo puts an emphasis that a Protracted People's War is universal, stating that it is adaptable to the countryside and the city,<blockquote>People's war is universally applicable, in accordance with the character of the revolution and adapted to the specific conditions of each country.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

===Emphasis of a joint dictatorship===
Gonzalo stated, due to the material conditions of Peru, that a joint dictatorship had to form between the [[proletariat]], [[peasantry]] and the progressives ([[Petty bourgeoisie|petit bourgeoisie]])<ref name=":0" />.

===Emphasis on revolutionary violence===
Gonzalo also stated that violence must be done, that reform is impossible to achieve.<blockquote>With regard to violence we start from the principle established by Chairman Mao Tsetung: violence, '''that is the need for revolutionary violence, is a universal law with no exception.''' Revolutionary violence is what allows us to resolve fundamental contradictions by means of an army, through people's war.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

==Criticism==

===Universality of PPW===
A lot of Marxist–Leninists do not think that a protracted people's war is universal, that it is only adaptable to the material conditions presented in particular [[Third World|Third World Nations]], and it couldn't be accomplished in the [[First World]] particularly due to a lack of peasantry and the logistics that the bourgeois state holds that are able to destroy the PPW in developed countries.

===Anti-AES===
Maoists often view present or past [[Socialist state|socialist states]] especially the post-[[Stalin]] [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] and [[Warsaw Pact]] as losing their [[socialist]] aspects and instead, according to Maoists, becoming [[Revisionism|revisionist]] or [[Social-imperialism|social-imperialist]].

====Soviet Union====
Gonzalo views [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] as a great person, and not revisionist.{{Citation needed}} When [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] and [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Gorbachev]] were the leaders of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]], Gonzalo denounces them as "revisionist", as Gonzalo stated Khrushchev's utopian ideas such as "Communism could be reached by 1980."<ref name=":0" />

====China====
[[File:Chairman Gonzalo Poster.jpg|thumb|Poster of Chairman Gonzalo]]Gonzalo views [[Mao Zedong|Mao]] as a great person, and the person that he believes to have created a new stage for Marxism. During the [[Deng Xiaoping]] era of reforms, Gonzalo called him a revisionist and stated that he "restored capitalism".<ref name=":0" /> Most Maoists think that the modern [[People's Republic of China]] is social imperialist, and a [[dictatorship of the bourgeoisie]].

====Vietnam====
Gonzalo views [[Ho Chi Minh]] as a "centrist", that aligns with the Marxists and Revisionists.<ref name=":0" /> He claims that he was a revisionist, because he didn't tackle revisionism, and after his death, the [[Doi Moi reforms]] occurred.

====DPRK====
Gonzalo never specifically states that the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]] is a revisionist nation,<ref name=":0" /> however, most Maoists despise the DPRK and its Eternal Leader [[Kim Il-sung|Kim Il-Sung]]. They regard ''[[Juche]]'' as an ultranationalist deviation from Marxism and argue that the [[planned economy]] of the DPRK is operated by a hidden class of bourgeoisie.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=massline.org|title=Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)|url=https://massline.org/Dictionary/DE.htm#DPRK|retrieved=2023-12-4|quote=The country which in the West is usually called “North Korea”. The DPRK was established in the northern part of Korea by Communist anti-Japanese guerrilla forces at the end of World War II, and with the substantial support of the Soviet Union. At the same time U.S. imperialism—with the help of the defeated Japanese military forces—quickly established its control over the southern part of Korea, which set the stage for its horrendous imperialist Korean War (1950-1953) and the continued division of the Korean nation since that time.
The highly deficient sort of top-down socialism which was originally established in the DPRK was—if anything—a more extreme form of the bureaucratic type of socialism which existed in the Soviet Union in the Stalin era. Since—as in the USSR—the DPRK regime did not know or use the mass line in politics, industry or agriculture, this type of society tended to soon become more and more undemocratic and authoritarian. Over the years it has degenerated totally away from anything which can be remotely considered as genuine “socialism” (which, after all, must most essentially be based on the rule of the people themselves). The DPRK is now best characterized as an ultra-nationalistic form of state capitalism, directed by a tiny militarily-obsessed elite social class, and for the primary benefit of that very privileged governing class. Even more absurdly, this DPRK ruling class has turned its regime into one which is very close to a hereditary absolute monarchy, which was ruled first by Kim Il Sung, then by his son Kim Jong Il, and now by his son, Kim Jong Un.}}</ref>

====Cuba====
Gonzalo never specifically states that [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]] is a revisionist nation, however, he claims that [[Fidel Castro|Castro]] let the Soviet Union commit "social-imperialism" onto the nation.<ref name=":0" /> Most Maoists also despise Cuba, especially during the private reforms that have taken place.

===Aim for revolutionary violence===
Most Marxist–Leninists despise the aim that Maoism achieves, particularly because it is acting in a similar that [[Vladimir Lenin]] described as "[[Adventurism|Revolutionary Adventurism]]".

=== Use of the peasantry===
Gonzalo stated that the number of the proletariat is insufficient,<blockquote>The peasantry, especially the poor peasants, are the main participants, as fighters and commanders at different levels in the People's Guerrilla Army. The workers participate in the same ways, although the percentage of workers at this time is insufficient.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>This could mean that this is a peasant-led revolution and not a proletarian-led one.

==See also==

*[[Gonzalo Thought]]
*[[New Synthesis]]
*[[Hoxhaism]]

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Maoism]]
[[Category:Communist ideologies]]
[[Category:Revisionism]]

Template:Maoism sidebar

2023-12-04T22:18:14Z

CommissarMar: The PRC was never "Maoist".

{{Sidebar with collapsible lists
|name = Maoism sidebar
|pretitle = Part of [[:Category:Maoism|a series]] on
|title = [[Maoism]]
|imagestyle = padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;
|image = [[File:MLM faces.png|120px]]
|expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}
|listtitlestyle = border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;
|list1name = concepts
|list1title = Concepts
|list1class = hlist
|list1 = 
* [[Mao Zedong thought]]
* [[Cultural Revolution]]
* [[New democracy]]
* [[Marxism-leninism]]
* [[Mass line]]
* [[Anti-revisionism]]
* [[Anti-imperialism]]
* [[People's war|Protracted people's war]]
|list2name = variants
|list2title = Variants
|list2class = hlist
|list2 = 
* [[Prachanda Path]]
* [[New Communism]]
* [[Gonzalo thought]]
* [[Maoism-third worldism]]
* [[Mao-spontex]]
|list3name = people
|list3title = People
|list3class = hlist
|list3 = 
* [[Abimael Guzmán]]
* [[Bob Avakian]]
* [[Alain Badiou]]
* [[İbrahim Kaypakkaya]]
* [[Jose Maria Sison]]
* [[Jason Unruhe]]
* [[Nambala Keshava Rao]]
* [[Pushpa Kamal Dahal]]
|list4name = works
|list4title = Theoretical works
|list4class = hlist
|list4style = font-style:italic;
|list4 = 

* [[On Contradiction]]
* [[On Practice]]
* [[On Guerrilla Warfare]]
* [[On Protracted War]]
* [[Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong|Quotations from Chairman Mao]]
|list5name = history
|list5title = History
|list5class = hlist
|list5 = 
* [[People's Republic of China#First Generation (1949–1976)|China under Mao Zedong]]
* [[Black Power movement]]
* [[New Communist movement|New Communist Movement]]
* [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]
* [[Communist insurgency in the Philippines]]
* [[Maoist insurgency in Turkey]]
* [[Shining Path insurgency in Peru]]
* [[Nepalese Civil War]]
|list6name = by country
|list6title = By country
|list6class = hlist
|list6 = 
* [[Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]
* [[Maoism in the Philippines|the Philippines]]
* [[Maoism in Peru|Peru]]
* [[Maoism in Nepal|Nepal]]
* [[:Category:Maoism in India|India]]
* [[:Category:Maoism in the United States|USA]]
* [[Democratic Kampuchea|Cambodia]]
* [[Maoism in China|China]]
* [[Maoism in Türkiye|Türkiye]]
|list7name = organizations
|list7title = Organizations
|list7class = hlist
|list7 = 
* [[Communist Party of Peru]]
* [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]]
* [[Maoist Communist Party of China]]
* [[Red Guards (United States)]]
* [[Revolutionary Communist Party USA]]
* [[Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan]]
* [[Maoist Communist Party of Manipur]]
* [[Nepal Communist Party]]
* [[Russian Maoist Party]]
* [[Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist]]
* [[National Democratic Front of the Philippines]]
* [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)]]
* [[Communist Party of the Philippines]]
|belowclass = plainlist
|belowstyle = font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom:1px solid #CC0000;
|below = 
}}

Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path

2023-12-04T22:14:38Z

CommissarMar:

{{Infobox political party|name=Peruvian Communist Party|native_name=Partido Comunista del Perú|logo=Flag of the Shining Path.png|caption=Flag of the PCP|abbreviation=PCP|founder=[[Abimael Guzmán]]|foundation=1969|split=[[Peruvian Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)]]|successor=[[Militarized Communist Party of Peru]]|political_orientation=[[Maoism]] [[Gonzalo Thought]] [[Anti-revisionism]] [[Terrorism]]|position=[[Ultra-left]]|international=[[Revolutionary Internationalist Movement]] [[International Communist League (2023)|International Communist League]] (since 2023)|slogan=¡Viva la Guerra Popular! ¡Guerra Popular hasta el comunismo!
("Long live the People's War! People's War until communism!")}}
{{Maoism sidebar}}{{Communist Parties}}
The '''Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path''' ('''PCP-SL'''),<ref group="lower-alpha">Spanish: Partido Comunista del Perú – Sendero Luminoso (PCP-SL)</ref> more commonly known as the '''Shining Path''', is a [[Marxism-Leninism-Maoism|Marxist-Leninist-Maoist]] party and [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] organization in [[Republic of Peru|Peru]] founded by [[Abimael Guzmán]]<ref group="lower-alpha">Commonly referred to as "Chairman Gonzalo"</ref> in 1969 after an organizational split with the [[Communist Party of Peru – Red Flag]].

The party organized its own militia, the [[People's Guerrilla Army]] and claimed to have begun a [[protracted people's war]] against the [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|bourgeois government]] of Peru since 1980, with the intention of establishing a [[dictatorship of the proletariat]].<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|newspaper=Tjen Folket Media|title=Eternal Glory to Chairman Gonzalo|date=2021-9-25|url=https://tjen-folket.no/index.php/en/2021/09/25/eternal-glory-to-chairman-gonzalo/|retrieved=2022-10-16}}</ref> Throughout its period of highest activity, the party frequently engaged in terrorist tactics, and has committed brutal and violent attacks on peasants, including children.<ref>{{Citation|author=Lewis Taylor|year=1983|title=Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru|page=31 & 39|quote=Sendero have also assassinated peasant members of other revolutionary left Cadres of other organizations groups in the highlands. who disagree with Sendero's rural guerrilla strategy under present circumstances are dennounced 'as agents of the bourgeoisie infiltrated into the workers movement'. According to Sendero it is the rest of the Peruvian left who by their 'parliamentary cretinism' are preventing the In January 1983 masses from flocking to Sendero's banner. they hung dogs from lamp posts in the Lima suburb of Rímac as a sign of their contempt for the Maoist organization Patria Roja and its general secretary Rolando Breña. Patria Roja support the existing Chinese leadership. (p.31)

In one community in Ayacucho (Lucanamarca) 50 of Sendero Luminoso's cadres accompanied by 140 of their peasant supporters are reported to have killed 67 peasants with machetes and spades (p. 39)|city=Liverpool|publisher=University of Liverpool|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C861ED398D1FE3E28ADEDFF3600CA294}}</ref> The class composition of the party consisted in mostly petty-bourgeois intellectuals, and the growth of the party was closely linked with student movements in universities.<ref>{{Citation|author=Lewis Taylor|year=1983|title=Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru|page=19|quote=The growth of Maoist-orientated political organizations has also been assisted by the large expansion in the university population originating from the provinces (many of these students coming from families of artisans, peasants or other petty bourgeois backgrounds). In Maoism these students found simple and clear explanations for the social backwardness and misery that envelopes the highlands through reference to concepts such as 'feudalism', ' dependency' and the like, Mao's easily readable tracts fitting in well with their limited horizons. Given this situation, it is no coincidence that Sendero Luminoso and its brand of politics took deepest root in some of the most backward zones of Andean Peru. Nor is it coincidental that in Latin America, only in the Andean countries has Maoism as a political doctrine dominated student politics in the universities.|city=Liverpool|publisher=University of Liverpool|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C861ED398D1FE3E28ADEDFF3600CA294}}</ref>

The PCP rejected all [[Actually Existing Socialism|socialist states]] at their time, labeling them as [[revisionist]] and as having restored [[capitalism]]. The party based its ideology of "Marxism-Leninism-Maoism" around the figure of [[Mao Zedong]] and Guzmán, which they claimed to be a "higher stage of Marxism".<ref name=":2" />

The party has received extensive criticism for the large centralization of its leadership,<ref>[https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2021/09/23/gonz-s23.html Peru’s ruling elite unleashes anti-communist tirade after Shining Path leader’s death]</ref> and crimes against peasants it committed during its People's War against the Peruvian corporate-military dictatorship.<ref>{{Web citation|author=BJ Murphy|newspaper=The prison gates are open|title=The Shining Path Revealed: Behind the Lies & Propaganda|date=2010-8-1|url=https://redantliberationarmy.wordpress.com/2010/08/01/the-shining-path-revealed-behind-the-lies-propaganda/|retrieved=2022-10-16}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=Silvio Rendon|year=2019|title=A truth commission did not tell the truth: A rejoinder to Manrique-Vallier and Ball|title-url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2053168019840972|pdf=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/2053168019840972|publisher=SAGE journals|doi=10.1177/2053168019840972|trans-lang=English}}</ref>

==History==
The Shining Path began to organize between 1968 and 1970 when Abimael Guzmán and his followers split from the [[Maoism|Maoist]] organization Communist Party of Peru – Red Flag after conflicts between the center and periphery of the party.<ref>{{Citation|author=David Scott Palmer|year=1986|title=Rebellion in Rural Peru: The Origins and Evolution of Sendero Luminoso|quote=By 1966, Guzman and his followers at Huamanga were part of the Maoist Partido Comunista del Peru- Bandera Roja (PCP-BR, Communist Party of Peru-Red Flag). The relationship between center and periphery in the party was an uneasy one, nevertheless, with the withdrawal/expulsion of the "country bumpkins" of Huamanga occurring between 1968 and 1970. It was at this time that the Guzman faction adopted the title of Partido Comunista del Peru en el Sendero Luminoso de Mariátegui (Communist Party of Peru in the Shining Path of Mariátegui), known to outsiders as Sendero Luminoso.|doi=10.2307/421840|series=Comparative Politics|volume=18, no. 2}}</ref> At the time, Guzmán was a professor of philosophy at the University of San Cristóbal de Huamanga since 1962 in the city of Ayacucho, then a remote city neglected by the Peruvian state.<ref>{{Citation|author=David Scott Palmer|year=2016|title=Shining Path of Peru: a product of Latin American university radicalism?|page=7|quote=The University of San Cristóbal de Huamanga, where Abimael Guzmán taught for 12 years, starting in 1962, is located in what was then a remote capital, Ayacucho, connected to the outside world by a one-lane road in the indigenous heartland of the Peruvian sierra.|pdf=https://guvenlikcalismalari.pa.edu.tr/Upload/DergiDosya/perue28099nun-e28098aydinlik-yole28099-orgutu-latin-amerika-universite-radikalliginin-bir-urunu-mu-dergidosya5a9df161-1e28-4b9c-9e75-09af7db6cea1.pdf|city=Ankara|publisher=Turkish National Police Academy|series=Journal of Security Studies}}</ref>

During the early 70's, the party began to participate in the student movements of Peru, achieving support in the university Guzmán taught and in the National University of Engineering, but having insignificant support elsewhere.<ref>{{Citation|author=Lewis Taylor|year=1983|title=Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru|page=9|quote=At this stage the Sendero Luminoso group were concen- trating their organizational efforts in the student movement, with the Party's name originating from their control of the Frente Estudiantil Revolucionario por el Sendero Luminoso Mariátegui de (the 'Revolutionary Student Front for the Shining Path of Mariátegui'). One of its most important bases was the University of Huamanga located in the small sierran town of Ayacucho, where Abimael Guzmán taught philosophy. Other educational establishments where the Frente Estudiantil had support were the Universidad National de Ingenería (National Engineering University - UNI) and the University of San Martin de Porres in Lima. Other important universities in the capital, such as San Marcos and La Católica, were dominated by Patria Roja, Vanguardia Revolucionaria and other left-wing organizations between 1970 and 1979, with Sendero Luminoso having but a relatively insignificant presence.|city=Liverpool|publisher=University of Liverpool|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C861ED398D1FE3E28ADEDFF3600CA294}}</ref> At the time, the Shining Path was building a party apparatus, achieving considerable success in student circles. Party cells and regional committees were established throughout Peru, with a concentration of cadres in Central Sierra and Lima.<ref>{{Citation|author=Lewis Taylor|year=1983|title=Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru|page=9-10|quote=The first phase of Sendero Luminoso's existence covered the years 1970 to 1977. During this period they began to construct a party apparatus, achieving a surprising ; degree of success, especially in student circles. Cells were formed throughout Peru, as were regional committees:, with the main concentration of cadres (then and now) being found in the Central Sierra and Lima. Quickly gaining a reputa- tion as extreme dogmatists, Sendero's members were regarded somewhat dismissively by the other revolutionary left groups as 'nutters'.|city=Liverpool|publisher=University of Liverpool|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C861ED398D1FE3E28ADEDFF3600CA294}}</ref> The party constantly engaged in political campaigns against other organizations of the revolutionary left.<ref>{{Citation|author=Lewis Taylor|year=1983|title=Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru|page=10|quote=For its part, Sendero launched vilification campaigns against the rest of the revolutionary left that were so intense that they even surprised many activists with long experience of working in a political environment not noted for gentlemanly behaviour.|city=Liverpool|publisher=University of Liverpool|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C861ED398D1FE3E28ADEDFF3600CA294}}</ref>

Between 1977 and 1980, the party began to re-structure itself and create a political and military apparatus capable of engaging in armed struggle. As part of this effort, the student cadres, along with urban militants, were withdrawn from universities in 1977 and sent into the countryside in 1978, establishing training camps in a few rural districts.<ref>{{Citation|author=Lewis Taylor|year=1983|title=Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru|page=10-11|quote=The second phase in Sendero Luminoso's development began in 1977 and lasted until early 1980. Those cadres who were deemed responsible for the organization's over-attention to purely educational matters and its failure to become involved in practical politics between 1970 and 1977, were censored ( they were mostly to be found in the Lima section of the Party), and the new central task was declared to be 'reconstructing the Party'. In effect this meant the creation of a political and military apparatus that would be Capable of waging armed struggle. By late 1976 Sendero Luminoso had increased its influence in the student movement, especially in the Central Andes and Lima. As part of this policy of 'reconstructing the Party', a majority of these student cadres were withdrawn from the universities in 1977 and 1978 and sent into the countryside. So too were a number of the non-student activists who lived in urban areas. Training camps were established in certain rural districts (such as the puna around Julcamarca in Ayacucho)|city=Liverpool|publisher=University of Liverpool|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C861ED398D1FE3E28ADEDFF3600CA294}}</ref> During this period of re-structuring, the party increased its members by attracting members of other revolutionary organizations, and even infiltrating them.<ref>{{Citation|author=Lewis Taylor|year=1983|title=Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru|page=11|quote=The years 1977 to 1980 are characterized by the careful contruction of a national organization (but still with a significant majority of the membership located in the Central Sierra and Lima). This process was aided by attracting members from other left groups. In 1976 a split occurred in Vanguardia Revolucionaria, with approximately 25 to 10% of the organization leaving to establish a new party called Vanguardia Revolucionaria – Proletaria Comunista (VR-PC). [...] VR-PC adopted an ultra-left position with respect to the 1978 Constituent Assembly elections, failing to participate on the same grounds as Sendero, but only to undertake later an abrupt volte-face in 1979-1980. This, in additon to other rather strange positions taken up by the organization in these years, created a high degree of confusion and disenchantment among YR-PC's membership. Into this situation stepped Sendero Luminoso, infiltrating VR-PC in 1978 and later leaving, taking with them many of V8-PC's cadres, including several of their most important and experienced peasant militants in 1979 (e.g. Felix Calderón from Cajamarca, among others). Similarly, in 1979 the Puka LLacta (Tierra Raja in Quechua) faction broke off from Patria Raja to join Sendero Luminoso. Puka LLacta's membership in the main consisted of miners in the departments of Junín and Pasco.|city=Liverpool|publisher=University of Liverpool|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C861ED398D1FE3E28ADEDFF3600CA294}}</ref>

In the early 80's, the party leadership concluded that they were ready to commence armed struggle.<ref>{{Citation|author=Lewis Taylor|year=1983|title=Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru|page=12|quote=As a result of natural growth and defections from other left organizations, during the first months of 1980 Sendero's leaders arrived at the conclusion that the Party apparatus had been sufficiently 'reconstructed'. Having reached this decision, given the logic in which they were caught up, they then proceeded to commence the armed struggle. This, the third phase in Sendero Luminoso's trajectory, was launched on 18 May 1980 with actions synchronized to coincide with the general election of that month.|city=Liverpool|publisher=University of Liverpool|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C861ED398D1FE3E28ADEDFF3600CA294}}</ref> In May 1980, while Peru was undergoing its first elections in almost 20 years, Shining Path militants stormed into the place where ballot boxes of a small village were being stored and burned them in public square.<ref>{{Citation|author=Carlos Iván Degregori|year=2012|title=How difficult it is to be God: Shining Path’s politics of war in Peru, 1980–1999|page=21|quote=The night of 17 May 1980, in the small village of Chuschi in Ayacucho, a group of young people burst into the place where ballot boxes and voting lists were being stored for the national elections taking place the following day, and burned them in the public square. The news was published a few days later in some newspaper, lost among the avalanche of information about the first presidential elections to take place in Peru in seven teen years.|city=Madison|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=FC2D0DD3C7C7C55EE4F69AE99683CEC3}}</ref> The party also began to steal dynamite from mines, and in the following months organized several terrorist attacks, including in a school parade and in a peasant assembly.<ref>{{Citation|author=Carlos Iván Degregori|year=2012|title=How difficult it is to be God: Shining Path’s politics of war in Peru, 1980–1999|city=Madison|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=FC2D0DD3C7C7C55EE4F69AE99683CEC3|page=21|quote=In the following months, as the press reported the theft of dynamite in some mines, isolated petards started to explode in unlikely places: the tomb of General Velasco in Lima; a school parade in Ayacucho; a peasant assembly in the same city. [...] The government as well as other political forces, including the parties that made up the United Left, downplayed the importance of these events.}}</ref> They also hanged dead dogs in the city of Lima, with a sign written "[[Deng Xiaoping]] son of a bitch."<ref>{{Citation|author=Carlos Iván Degregori|year=2012|title=How difficult it is to be God: Shining Path’s politics of war in Peru, 1980–1999|city=Madison|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=FC2D0DD3C7C7C55EE4F69AE99683CEC3|page=21|quote=The situation acquired touches of sinister folklore when toward the end of the year, early rising limeños (residents of Lima) found dogs hanging from traffic lights with a sign around their neck that read: “Deng Xiaoping son of a bitch.”}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Ideology ==
The Shining Path adheres militantly to the ideology of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism, with Maoism being principal, and with which they regard as constituting a higher stage of [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxism-Leninism]], and an overall [[Scientific socialism|scientific]] development of [[Marxism]]. Furthermore, basing themselves on the anti-revisionist position formed by [[Mao Zedong]], they were highly critical of perceived Revisionist and Social-imperialist states and tendencies within the Marxist movement, including all self-proclaimed Socialist states which existed such as the [[Soviet Union]], [[China]], and [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1946–1992)|Albania]].

The Shining Path upholds the doctrine of Protracted People's War as a universal military strategy for the international [[proletariat]], and further intended to enact [[New Democracy]] and a [[Cultural Revolution]], with the aims of world revolution and the ultimate development of [[Communism]].<ref>{{Web citation|title=General Political Line of the Communist Party of Peru|url=http://bannedthought.net/Peru/CPP/Documents/GeneralPoliticalLineOfTheCommunistPartyOfPeru-1988-OCR.pdf|retrieved=2022-10-17}}</ref>

==List of criminal acts==

*Killing of dogs in 1980<ref name=":0">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OHqJDs3OuhQ The Shining Path of Peru]</ref><ref name=":1">[https://granta.com/dengs-dogs/ Deng's Dogs]</ref>
* 69 killed during the [[Lucanamarca massacre]] in 1983<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://borealisthreatandrisk.com/1983-lucanamarca-massacre/ April 3, 1983 | Massacre of peasants in Peru]</ref><ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/8/the-shining-path-controversies-that-spurred-peru-govt-shakeup The Shining Path controversies that spurred Peru’s gov’t shake-up]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071108165711/http://www.blythe.org/peru-pcp/docs_en/interv.htm Interview with Chairman Gonzalo]</ref>
*3 killed in April 1992 (suspected)<ref>[https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/04/13/Three-dead-homes-and-school-damaged-in-rebel-attack/4863703137600/ Three dead, homes and school damaged in rebel attack]</ref>

==References==
<references/>
===Notes===
<references group="lower-alpha"/>
[[Category:Maoist organisations]]
[[Category:Communist underground movements]]

Maoism

2023-12-04T22:04:28Z

CommissarMar:

{{Distinguish|[[Mao Zedong Thought]]}}
[[File:Maoist demonstration in the United States.jpg|thumb|Maoist [[Red Guards (United States)|Red Guards]] propagating the "[[Five Heads of Communism|Six Heads of Communism]]" in the United States.]]
'''Maoism''', also known as '''Marxism–Leninism–Maoism''' ('''MLM'''), is a [[Dogmatism|dogmatic]] current of communist thought. Being first synthesized as separate from [[Mao Zedong Thought]] (MZT) by [[Abimael Guzmán]] of the [[Shining Path]] party, the ideology has also been adopted by other groups such as the [[New People's Army]] (NPA) of the [[Philippines]] and the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]]. Maoism considers itself to be a step forward from Marxism–Leninism, differing from MZT.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9Q5_m07JUI Marxism-Leninism-Maoism Basic Course by Foreign Languages Press Chapters 1-8 (Audiobook)]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYg9tA22O_Y&t Marxism-Leninism-Maoism Basic Course by Foreign Languages Press Chapters 9-16 (Audiobook)]</ref><ref>{{Citation | title-url=https://foreignlanguages.press/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/S01-MLM-Basic-Course-Revised-Edition-10th-Printing.pdf | title=Marxism–Leninism–Maoism basic course (PDF) (5th ed.)}}</ref> Maoism believes in the ideas of the [[Cultural Revolution]], [[Protracted People's War]] (PPW), [[New Democracy]], and [[Mass Line]], all of which take inspiration from MZT. People's War is a the form of guerrilla warfare which was developed specifically for the material conditions of [[People's Republic of China|China]] in the previous century, although it is usually adopted as a universal dogma by Maoists, even in [[Imperial core|developed countries]].

{{Maoism sidebar}}

==Development==

===Origin of the term===

Maoism was first coined by bourgeois historians and politicians to describe the conditions of [[People's Republic of China|China]] under [[Mao Zedong]].

Mao never preferred the term, not allowing his name along with Marx, Lenin or Stalin and even stated that "there is no Maoism",<ref>[https://armedwithapen.com/mao-on-maoism/ Mao on Maoism: The Dialectical Case for Mao Zedong Thought]</ref> which is true, as the specific set of policies taken by Mao were merely Sinicized Marxism–Leninism.

The term Marxism–Leninism–Maoism represents the Maoist view of their ideology being a development and "higher stage" of Marxism–Leninism.

===Synthesis of Maoism===
Chairman Gonzalo is the first person to synthesise the term "Maoism" although the application of Maoism appears significantly earlier starting with the [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] in 1968.<ref>[https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/communist-party-philippines-new-peoples-army Stanford CISAC - Communist Party of the Philippines]</ref>

Gonzalo states that Maoism is the third stage of Marxism, and that it had to be synthesised due to the following three reasons: Mao's contribution to the idea of "Bureaucrat Capitalism", Mao's establishment of the "Socialist Political Economy", and Mao's military theory.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071108165711/http://www.blythe.org/peru-pcp/docs_en/interv.htm Interview with Chairman Gonzalo]</ref>

===Using the ideology "Maoism"===
The [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] has adopted the term after the foundation of Gonzalo Thought, along with the Communist Party of India (Maoist) once it was formed. Other notable Marxist–Leninist–Maoist movements can be seen in [[Russian Maoist Party|Russia]] and [[Maoist Communist Party of China|China]].

==Characteristics ==

===Mao Zedong Thought===
{{Main article|Mao Zedong Thought}}
Maoism follows the aspects of Mao Zedong Thought, which include the few new developments made by Mao such as New Democracy, the Mass Line, and Mao's [[Three Worlds Theory]].

===Anti-revisionism===
{{Main article|Anti-revisionism}}

Gonzalo emphasises the strength to be against revisionism, stating that<blockquote>"Revisionism obviously is a cancer, a cancer that has to be ruthlessly eliminated."<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Thus Maoism, like [[Hoxhaism]], puts a further emphasis on anti-revisionism, stating it to be "substituting [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] philosophy into Marxism,"<ref name=":0" /> but in practice, as with Hoxhaism, it only ends being a dogmatic and revisionist position which doesn't let one surpass the infantilism that this generates and provokes division in the communist movement.

===Universality of Protracted People's War===
{{Main article|Protracted people's war}}

Gonzalo puts an emphasis that a Protracted People's War is universal, stating that it is adaptable to the countryside and the city,<blockquote>People's war is universally applicable, in accordance with the character of the revolution and adapted to the specific conditions of each country.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

===Emphasis of a joint dictatorship===
Gonzalo stated, due to the material conditions of Peru, that a joint dictatorship had to form between the [[proletariat]], [[peasantry]] and the progressives ([[Petty bourgeoisie|petit bourgeoisie]])<ref name=":0" />.

===Emphasis on revolutionary violence===
Gonzalo also stated that violence must be done, that reform is impossible to achieve.<blockquote>With regard to violence we start from the principle established by Chairman Mao Tsetung: violence, '''that is the need for revolutionary violence, is a universal law with no exception.''' Revolutionary violence is what allows us to resolve fundamental contradictions by means of an army, through people's war.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

==Criticism==

===Universality of PPW===
A lot of Marxist–Leninists do not think that a protracted people's war is universal, that it is only adaptable to the material conditions presented in particular [[Third World|Third World Nations]], and it couldn't be accomplished in the [[First World]] particularly due to a lack of peasantry and the logistics that the bourgeois state holds that are able to destroy the PPW in developed countries.

===Anti-AES===
Maoists often view present or past [[Socialist state|socialist states]] especially the post-[[Stalin]] [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] and [[Warsaw Pact]] as losing their [[socialist]] aspects and instead, according to Maoists, becoming [[Revisionism|revisionist]] or [[Social-imperialism|social-imperialist]].

====Soviet Union====
Gonzalo views [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] as a great person, and not revisionist.{{Citation needed}} When [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] and [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Gorbachev]] were the leaders of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]], Gonzalo denounces them as "revisionist", as Gonzalo stated Khrushchev's utopian ideas such as "Communism could be reached by 1980."<ref name=":0" />

====China====
[[File:Chairman Gonzalo Poster.jpg|thumb|Poster of Chairman Gonzalo]]Gonzalo views [[Mao Zedong|Mao]] as a great person, and the person that he believes to have created a new stage for Marxism. During the [[Deng Xiaoping]] era of reforms, Gonzalo called him a revisionist and stated that he "restored capitalism".<ref name=":0" /> Most Maoists think that the modern [[People's Republic of China]] is social imperialist, and a [[dictatorship of the bourgeoisie]].

====Vietnam====
Gonzalo views [[Ho Chi Minh]] as a "centrist", that aligns with the Marxists and Revisionists.<ref name=":0" /> He claims that he was a revisionist, because he didn't tackle revisionism, and after his death, the [[Doi Moi reforms]] occurred.

====DPRK====
Gonzalo never specifically states that the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]] is a revisionist nation,<ref name=":0" /> however, most Maoists despise the DPRK and its Eternal Leader [[Kim Il-sung|Kim Il-Sung]]. They regard ''[[Juche]]'' as an ultranationalist deviation from Marxism and argue that the [[planned economy]] of the DPRK is operated by a hidden class of bourgeoisie.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=massline.org|title=Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)|url=https://massline.org/Dictionary/DE.htm#DPRK|retrieved=2023-12-4|quote=The country which in the West is usually called “North Korea”. The DPRK was established in the northern part of Korea by Communist anti-Japanese guerrilla forces at the end of World War II, and with the substantial support of the Soviet Union. At the same time U.S. imperialism—with the help of the defeated Japanese military forces—quickly established its control over the southern part of Korea, which set the stage for its horrendous imperialist Korean War (1950-1953) and the continued division of the Korean nation since that time.
The highly deficient sort of top-down socialism which was originally established in the DPRK was—if anything—a more extreme form of the bureaucratic type of socialism which existed in the Soviet Union in the Stalin era. Since—as in the USSR—the DPRK regime did not know or use the mass line in politics, industry or agriculture, this type of society tended to soon become more and more undemocratic and authoritarian. Over the years it has degenerated totally away from anything which can be remotely considered as genuine “socialism” (which, after all, must most essentially be based on the rule of the people themselves). The DPRK is now best characterized as an ultra-nationalistic form of state capitalism, directed by a tiny militarily-obsessed elite social class, and for the primary benefit of that very privileged governing class. Even more absurdly, this DPRK ruling class has turned its regime into one which is very close to a hereditary absolute monarchy, which was ruled first by Kim Il Sung, then by his son Kim Jong Il, and now by his son, Kim Jong Un.}}</ref>

====Cuba====
Gonzalo never specifically states that [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]] is a revisionist nation, however, he claims that [[Fidel Castro|Castro]] let the Soviet Union commit "social-imperialism" onto the nation.<ref name=":0" /> Most Maoists also despise Cuba, especially during the private reforms that have taken place.

===Aim for revolutionary violence===
Most Marxist–Leninists despise the aim that Maoism achieves, particularly because it is acting in a similar that [[Vladimir Lenin]] described as "[[Adventurism|Revolutionary Adventurism]]".

=== Use of the peasantry===
Gonzalo stated that the number of the proletariat is insufficient,<blockquote>The peasantry, especially the poor peasants, are the main participants, as fighters and commanders at different levels in the People's Guerrilla Army. The workers participate in the same ways, although the percentage of workers at this time is insufficient.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>This could mean that this is a peasant-led revolution and not a proletarian-led one.

==See also==

*[[Gonzalo Thought]]
*[[New Synthesis]]
*[[Mao Zedong Thought]]
*[[Marxism–Leninism]]

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Maoism]]
[[Category:Communist ideologies]]
[[Category:Revisionism]]

Maoism

2023-12-04T21:56:52Z

CommissarMar: The peasantry is usually considered a separate class from the petite-bourgeoisie by most Marxist-Leninists.

{{Distinguish|[[Mao Zedong Thought]]}}
[[File:Maoist demonstration in the United States.jpg|thumb|Maoist [[Red Guards (United States)|Red Guards]] propagating the "[[Five Heads of Communism|Six Heads of Communism]]" in the United States.]]
'''Maoism''', also known as '''Marxism–Leninism–Maoism''' ('''MLM'''), is a [[Dogmatism|dogmatic]] current of communist thought. Being first synthesized as separate from [[Mao Zedong Thought]] (MZT) by [[Abimael Guzmán]] of the [[Shining Path]] party, the ideology has also been adopted by other groups such as the [[New People's Army]] (NPA) of the [[Philippines]] and the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]]. Maoism considers itself to be a step forward from Marxism–Leninism, differing from MZT.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9Q5_m07JUI Marxism-Leninism-Maoism Basic Course by Foreign Languages Press Chapters 1-8 (Audiobook)]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYg9tA22O_Y&t Marxism-Leninism-Maoism Basic Course by Foreign Languages Press Chapters 9-16 (Audiobook)]</ref><ref>{{Citation | title-url=https://foreignlanguages.press/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/S01-MLM-Basic-Course-Revised-Edition-10th-Printing.pdf | title=Marxism–Leninism–Maoism basic course (PDF) (5th ed.)}}</ref> Maoism believes in the ideas of the [[Cultural Revolution]], [[Protracted People's War]] (PPW), [[New Democracy]], and [[Mass Line]], all of which take inspiration from MZT. People's War is a the form of guerrilla warfare which was developed specifically for the material conditions of [[People's Republic of China|China]] in the previous century, although it is usually adopted as a universal dogma by Maoists, even in [[Imperial core|developed countries]].

{{Maoism sidebar}}

==Development==

===Origin of the term===

Maoism was first coined by bourgeois historians and politicians to describe the conditions of [[People's Republic of China|China]] under [[Mao Zedong]].

Mao never preferred the term, not allowing his name along with Marx, Lenin or Stalin and even stated that "there is no Maoism",<ref>[https://armedwithapen.com/mao-on-maoism/ Mao on Maoism: The Dialectical Case for Mao Zedong Thought]</ref> which is true, as the specific set of policies taken by Mao were merely Sinicized Marxism–Leninism.

The term Marxism–Leninism–Maoism represents the Maoist view of their ideology being a development and "higher stage" of Marxism–Leninism.

===Synthesis of Maoism===
Chairman Gonzalo is the first person to synthesise the term "Maoism" although the application of Maoism appears significantly earlier starting with the [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] in 1968.<ref>[https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/communist-party-philippines-new-peoples-army Stanford CISAC - Communist Party of the Philippines]</ref>

Gonzalo states that Maoism is the third stage of Marxism, and that it had to be synthesised due to the following three reasons: Mao's contribution to the idea of "Bureaucrat Capitalism", Mao's establishment of the "Socialist Political Economy", and Mao's military theory.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071108165711/http://www.blythe.org/peru-pcp/docs_en/interv.htm Interview with Chairman Gonzalo]</ref>

===Using the ideology "Maoism"===
The [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] has adopted the term after the foundation of Gonzalo Thought, along with the Communist Party of India (Maoist) once it was formed. Other notable Marxist–Leninist–Maoist movements can be seen in [[Russian Maoist Party|Russia]] and [[Maoist Communist Party of China|China]].

==Characteristics ==

===Mao Zedong Thought===
{{Main article|Mao Zedong Thought}}
Maoism follows the aspects of Mao Zedong Thought, which include the few new developments made by Mao such as New Democracy, the Mass Line, and Mao's [[Three Worlds Theory]].

===Anti-revisionism===
{{Main article|Anti-revisionism}}

Gonzalo emphasises the strength to be against revisionism, stating that<blockquote>"Revisionism obviously is a cancer, a cancer that has to be ruthlessly eliminated."<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Thus Maoism, like [[Hoxhaism]], puts a further emphasis on anti-revisionism, stating it to be "substituting [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] philosophy into Marxism,"<ref name=":0" /> but in practice, as with Hoxhaism, it only ends being a dogmatic and revisionist position which doesn't let one surpass the infantilism that this generates and provokes division in the communist movement.

===Universality of Protracted People's War===
{{Main article|Protracted people's war}}

Gonzalo puts an emphasis that a Protracted People's War is universal, stating that it is adaptable to the countryside and the city,<blockquote>People's war is universally applicable, in accordance with the character of the revolution and adapted to the specific conditions of each country.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

===Emphasis of a joint dictatorship===
Gonzalo stated, due to the material conditions of Peru, that a joint dictatorship had to form between the [[proletariat]], [[peasantry]] and the progressives ([[Petty bourgeoisie|petit bourgeoisie]])<ref name=":0" />.

===Emphasis on revolutionary violence===
Gonzalo also stated that violence must be done, that reform is impossible to achieve.<blockquote>With regard to violence we start from the principle established by Chairman Mao Tsetung: violence, '''that is the need for revolutionary violence, is a universal law with no exception.''' Revolutionary violence is what allows us to resolve fundamental contradictions by means of an army, through people's war.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

==Criticism==

===Universality of PPW===
A lot of Marxist–Leninists do not think that a protracted people's war is universal, that it is only adaptable to the material conditions presented in particular [[Third World|Third World Nations]], and it couldn't be accomplished in the [[First World]] particularly due to a lack of peasantry and the logistics that the bourgeois state holds that are able to destroy the PPW in developed countries.

===Anti-AES===
Maoists often view present or past [[Socialist state|Socialist States]], especially the post-[[Stalin]] [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] and [[Warsaw Pact]], as losing their [[socialist]] aspects, and instead, according to Maoists, becoming [[Revisionism|Revisionist]] or [[Social Imperialism|Social Imperialist]].

====Soviet Union====
Gonzalo views [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] as a great person, and not revisionist. When [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] and [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Gorbachev]] were the leaders of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]], Gonzalo denounces them as "revisionist", as Gonzalo stated Khrushchev's utopian ideas such as "Communism could be reached by 1980."<ref name=":0" />

====China====
[[File:Chairman Gonzalo Poster.jpg|thumb|Poster of Chairman Gonzalo]]Gonzalo views [[Mao Zedong|Mao]] as a great person, and the person that he believes to have created a new stage for Marxism. During the [[Deng Xiaoping]] era of reforms, Gonzalo called him a revisionist and stated that he "restored capitalism".<ref name=":0" /> Most Maoists think that the modern [[People's Republic of China]] is social imperialist, and a [[dictatorship of the bourgeoisie]].

====Vietnam====
Gonzalo views [[Ho Chi Minh]] as a "centrist", that aligns with the Marxists and Revisionists.<ref name=":0" /> He claims that he was a revisionist, because he didn't tackle revisionism, and after his death, the [[Doi Moi reforms]] occurred.

====DPRK====
Gonzalo never specifically states that the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]] is a revisionist nation,<ref name=":0" /> however, most Maoists despise the DPRK and the Leader [[Kim Il-sung|Kim Il-Sung]].

====Cuba====
Gonzalo never specifically states that [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]] is a revisionist nation, however, he claims that [[Fidel Castro|Castro]] let the Soviet Union commit "social imperialism" onto the nation.<ref name=":0" /> Most Maoists also despise Cuba, especially during the private reforms that have taken place.

===Aim for revolutionary violence===
Most Marxist–Leninists despise the aim that Maoism achieves, particularly because it is acting in a similar that [[Vladimir Lenin]] described as "[[Adventurism|Revolutionary Adventurism]]".

=== Use of the peasantry===
Gonzalo stated that the number of the proletariat is insufficient,<blockquote>The peasantry, especially the poor peasants, are the main participants, as fighters and commanders at different levels in the People's Guerrilla Army. The workers participate in the same ways, although the percentage of workers at this time is insufficient.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>This could mean that this is a peasant-led revolution and not a proletarian-led one.

==See also==

*[[Gonzalo Thought]]
*[[New Synthesis]]
*[[Mao Zedong Thought]]
*[[Marxism–Leninism]]

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Maoism]]
[[Category:Communist ideologies]]
[[Category:Revisionism]]

American Party of Labor

2023-12-04T21:50:32Z

CommissarMar: This article is a barely modified copy of Wikipedia's article (before they deleted it for lack of notability). This article also doesn't mention this org's ultra-left Hoxhaist deviations.

{{Infobox political party|name=American Party of Labor|logo=APL flag.png|founded=December 6, 2008|caption=Flag|leader1_title=National Chair|leader1_name=Alfonso Casal|leader2_title=National Secretary|leader2_name=Victor Vaughn|foundation=December 6, 2008|newspaper=''[[The Red Phoenix]]''|political_orientation=[[Marxism–Leninism]] [[Anti-imperialism]] [[Anti-revisionism]] [[Anti-fascism]] '''Factions:''' [[Hoxhaism]]|international=[[International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle)|ICMLPO (US)]] {{small|(observer)}}|website=https://americanpartyoflabor.com/}}{{Communist parties}}
{{Copiedfromwiki Message box}}{{Message box/ideologicaldeviation}}

The '''American Party of Labor''' ('''APL''') is an [[Anti-revisionism|anti-revisionist]] [[communist party]] in the [[United States of America|United States]]. It opposes [[Titoism]], [[Trotskyism]], and [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]]'s [[revisionism]].<ref name=":0">{{News citation|newspaper=American Party of Labor|title=Our History|url=https://www.americanpartyoflabor.com/our-history|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615044632/https://www.americanpartyoflabor.com/our-history|archive-date=2022-06-15|retrieved=2022-06-18}}</ref>

== Demands ==

=== Health care ===
The APL demands a national healthcare system and the nationalization of the pharmaceutical industry. It supports the legalization of [[marijuana]] but not hard drugs such as cocaine.<ref name=":1">{{News citation|newspaper=American Party of Labor|title=Our Platform|url=https://www.americanpartyoflabor.com/our-platform|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303134358/https://www.americanpartyoflabor.com/our-platform|archive-date=2022-03-03|retrieved=2022-06-18}}</ref>

=== Housing ===
The APL advocates for state-funded construction of apartments to provide housing as well as remodeling of old homes. It also demands an end to foreclosures.<ref name=":1" />

=== Military ===
The APL demands and an end to [[Imperialism|imperialist]] wars and [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] regime change operations and the withdrawal of U.S. military bases and personnel from all other countries. It also supports withdrawal of the United States from [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]].

=== Work ===
The APL supports a 30-hour work week and at least six weeks of paid vacation per year. It also supports a [[universal basic income]] for all adults, an end to the [[gender pay gap]], and at least a year of paid parental leave. The party advises limiting the income of the richest people in society to ten times that of the poorest people.<ref name=":1" />

== History ==
The American Party of Labor was founded in 2008 by associates of [[Jack Shulman]], who died in 1999. The party was reorganized at a party congress in 2016. In November 2018, the party was granted observer status at the [[International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle)|ICMLPO]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
[[Category:Statesian communist parties]]
[[Category:Anti-revisionism]]

Maoism

2023-12-04T14:26:59Z

CommissarMar:

{{Distinguish|[[Mao Zedong Thought]]}}
[[File:Maoist demonstration in the United States.jpg|thumb|Marxist-Leninist-Maoists propagating the "[[Five Heads of Communism|Six Heads of Communism]]" in the United States.]]
'''Maoism''', also known as '''Marxism–Leninism–Maoism''' ('''MLM'''), is a [[Dogmatism|dogmatic]] current of communist thought. Being first synthesized as separate from [[Mao Zedong Thought]] (MZT) by [[Abimael Guzmán]] of the [[Shining Path]] party, the ideology has also been adopted by other groups such as the [[New People's Army]] (NPA) of the [[Philippines]] and the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]]. Maoism considers itself to be a step forward from Marxism–Leninism, differing from MZT.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9Q5_m07JUI Marxism-Leninism-Maoism Basic Course by Foreign Languages Press Chapters 1-8 (Audiobook)]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYg9tA22O_Y&t Marxism-Leninism-Maoism Basic Course by Foreign Languages Press Chapters 9-16 (Audiobook)]</ref><ref>{{Citation | title-url=https://foreignlanguages.press/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/S01-MLM-Basic-Course-Revised-Edition-10th-Printing.pdf | title=Marxism–Leninism–Maoism basic course (PDF) (5th ed.)}}</ref> Maoism believes in the ideas of the [[Cultural Revolution]], [[Protracted People's War]] (PPW), [[New Democracy]], and [[Mass Line]], all of which take inspiration from MZT. People's War is a the form of guerrilla warfare which was developed specifically for the material conditions of [[People's Republic of China|China]] in the previous century, although it is usually adopted as a universal dogma by Maoists, even in [[Imperial core|developed countries]].

{{Maoism sidebar}}

==Development==

===Origin of the term===

Maoism was first coined by bourgeois historians and politicians to describe the conditions of [[People's Republic of China|China]] under [[Mao Zedong]].

Mao never preferred the term, not allowing his name along with Marx, Lenin or Stalin and even stated that "there is no Maoism",<ref>[https://armedwithapen.com/mao-on-maoism/ Mao on Maoism: The Dialectical Case for Mao Zedong Thought]</ref> which is true, as the specific set of policies taken by Mao were merely Sinicized Marxism–Leninism.

The term Marxism–Leninism–Maoism represents the Maoist view of their ideology being a development and "higher stage" of Marxism–Leninism.

===Synthesis of Maoism===
Chairman Gonzalo is the first person to synthesise the term "Maoism" although the application of Maoism appears significantly earlier starting with the [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] in 1968.<ref>[https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/communist-party-philippines-new-peoples-army Stanford CISAC - Communist Party of the Philippines]</ref>

Gonzalo states that Maoism is the third stage of Marxism, and that it had to be synthesised due to the following three reasons: Mao's contribution to the idea of "Bureaucrat Capitalism", Mao's establishment of the "Socialist Political Economy", and Mao's military theory.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071108165711/http://www.blythe.org/peru-pcp/docs_en/interv.htm Interview with Chairman Gonzalo]</ref>

===Using the ideology "Maoism"===
The [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] has adopted the term after the foundation of Gonzalo Thought, along with the Communist Party of India (Maoist) once it was formed. Other notable Marxist–Leninist–Maoist movements can be seen in [[Russian Maoist Party|Russia]] and [[Maoist Communist Party of China|China]].

==Characteristics ==

===Mao Zedong Thought===
{{Main article|Mao Zedong Thought}}
Maoism follows the aspects of Mao Zedong Thought, which include the few new developments made by Mao such as New Democracy, the Mass Line, and Mao's [[Three Worlds Theory]].

===Anti-revisionism===
{{Main article|Anti-revisionism}}

Gonzalo emphasises the strength to be against revisionism, stating that<blockquote>"Revisionism obviously is a cancer, a cancer that has to be ruthlessly eliminated."<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Thus Maoism, like [[Hoxhaism]], puts a further emphasis on anti-revisionism, stating it to be "substituting [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] philosophy into Marxism,"<ref name=":0" /> but in practice, as with Hoxhaism, it only ends being a dogmatic and revisionist position which doesn't let one surpass the infantilism that this generates and provokes division in the communist movement.

===Universality of Protracted People's War===
{{Main article|Protracted people's war}}

Gonzalo puts an emphasis that a Protracted People's War is universal, stating that it is adaptable to the countryside and the city,<blockquote>People's war is universally applicable, in accordance with the character of the revolution and adapted to the specific conditions of each country.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

===Emphasis of a joint dictatorship===
Gonzalo stated, due to the material conditions of Peru, that a joint dictatorship had to form between the [[proletariat]], [[peasantry]] and the progressives ([[Petty bourgeoisie|petit bourgeoisie]])<ref name=":0" />.

===Peasantry being a separate class===
Gonzalo states, although not directly, that a joint dictatorship had to be formed with an alliance of the proletariat, the peasantry and the progressives. This assumes that the peasantry are a separate class, with its different relations of production compared to the petit bourgeoisie.

===Emphasis on revolutionary violence===
Gonzalo also stated that violence must be done, that reform is impossible to achieve.<blockquote>With regard to violence we start from the principle established by Chairman Mao Tsetung: violence, '''that is the need for revolutionary violence, is a universal law with no exception.''' Revolutionary violence is what allows us to resolve fundamental contradictions by means of an army, through people's war.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

==Criticism==

===Universality of PPW===
A lot of Marxist–Leninists do not think that a protracted people's war is universal, that it is only adaptable to the material conditions presented in particular [[Third World|Third World Nations]], and it couldn't be accomplished in the [[First World]] particularly due to a lack of peasantry and the logistics that the bourgeois state holds that are able to destroy the PPW in developed countries.

===Anti-AES===
Maoists often view present or past [[Socialist state|Socialist States]], especially the post-[[Stalin]] [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] and [[Warsaw Pact]], as losing their [[socialist]] aspects, and instead, according to Maoists, becoming [[Revisionism|Revisionist]] or [[Social Imperialism|Social Imperialist]].

====Soviet Union====
Gonzalo views [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] as a great person, and not revisionist. When [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] and [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Gorbachev]] were the leaders of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]], Gonzalo denounces them as "revisionist", as Gonzalo stated Khrushchev's utopian ideas such as "Communism could be reached by 1980."<ref name=":0" />

====China====
[[File:Chairman Gonzalo Poster.jpg|thumb|Poster of Chairman Gonzalo]]Gonzalo views [[Mao Zedong|Mao]] as a great person, and the person that he believes to have created a new stage for Marxism. During the [[Deng Xiaoping]] era of reforms, Gonzalo called him a revisionist and stated that he "restored capitalism".<ref name=":0" /> Most Maoists think that the modern [[People's Republic of China]] is social imperialist, and a [[dictatorship of the bourgeoisie]].

====Vietnam====
Gonzalo views [[Ho Chi Minh]] as a "centrist", that aligns with the Marxists and Revisionists.<ref name=":0" /> He claims that he was a revisionist, because he didn't tackle revisionism, and after his death, the [[Doi Moi reforms]] occurred.

====DPRK====
Gonzalo never specifically states that the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]] is a revisionist nation,<ref name=":0" /> however, most Maoists despise the DPRK and the Leader [[Kim Il-sung|Kim Il-Sung]].

====Cuba====
Gonzalo never specifically states that [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]] is a revisionist nation, however, he claims that [[Fidel Castro|Castro]] let the Soviet Union commit "social imperialism" onto the nation.<ref name=":0" /> Most Maoists also despise Cuba, especially during the private reforms that have taken place.

===Aim for revolutionary violence===
Most Marxist–Leninists despise the aim that Maoism achieves, particularly because it is acting in a similar that [[Vladimir Lenin]] described as "[[Adventurism|Revolutionary Adventurism]]".

=== Use of the peasantry===
Gonzalo stated that the number of the proletariat is insufficient,<blockquote>The peasantry, especially the poor peasants, are the main participants, as fighters and commanders at different levels in the People's Guerrilla Army. The workers participate in the same ways, although the percentage of workers at this time is insufficient.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>This could mean that this is a peasant-led revolution and not a proletarian-led one.

==See also==

*[[Gonzalo Thought]]
*[[New Synthesis]]
*[[Mao Zedong Thought]]
*[[Marxism–Leninism]]

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Maoism]]
[[Category:Communist ideologies]]
[[Category:Revisionism]]

Maoism

2023-12-04T14:26:29Z

CommissarMar:

{{Distinguish|[[Mao Zedong Thought]]}}
[[File:Maoist demonstration in the United States.jpg|thumb|Marxist-Leninist-Maoists propagating the "[[Five Heads of Communism|Six Heads of Communism]]" in the United States.]]
'''Maoism''', also known as '''Marxism–Leninism–Maoism''' ('''MLM'''), is a dogmatic current if communist thought. Being first synthesized as separate from [[Mao Zedong Thought]] (MZT) by [[Abimael Guzmán]] of the [[Shining Path]] party, the ideology has also been adopted by other groups such as the [[New People's Army]] (NPA) of the [[Philippines]] and the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]]. Maoism considers itself to be a step forward from Marxism–Leninism, differing from MZT.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9Q5_m07JUI Marxism-Leninism-Maoism Basic Course by Foreign Languages Press Chapters 1-8 (Audiobook)]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYg9tA22O_Y&t Marxism-Leninism-Maoism Basic Course by Foreign Languages Press Chapters 9-16 (Audiobook)]</ref><ref>{{Citation | title-url=https://foreignlanguages.press/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/S01-MLM-Basic-Course-Revised-Edition-10th-Printing.pdf | title=Marxism–Leninism–Maoism basic course (PDF) (5th ed.)}}</ref> Maoism believes in the ideas of the [[Cultural Revolution]], [[Protracted People's War]] (PPW), [[New Democracy]], and [[Mass Line]], all of which take inspiration from MZT. People's War is a the form of guerrilla warfare which was developed specifically for the material conditions of [[People's Republic of China|China]] in the previous century, although it is usually adopted as a universal dogma by Maoists, even in [[Imperial core|developed countries]].

{{Maoism sidebar}}

==Development==

===Origin of the term===

Maoism was first coined by bourgeois historians and politicians to describe the conditions of [[People's Republic of China|China]] under [[Mao Zedong]].

Mao never preferred the term, not allowing his name along with Marx, Lenin or Stalin and even stated that "there is no Maoism",<ref>[https://armedwithapen.com/mao-on-maoism/ Mao on Maoism: The Dialectical Case for Mao Zedong Thought]</ref> which is true, as the specific set of policies taken by Mao were merely Sinicized Marxism–Leninism.

The term Marxism–Leninism–Maoism represents the Maoist view of their ideology being a development and "higher stage" of Marxism–Leninism.

===Synthesis of Maoism===
Chairman Gonzalo is the first person to synthesise the term "Maoism" although the application of Maoism appears significantly earlier starting with the [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] in 1968.<ref>[https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/communist-party-philippines-new-peoples-army Stanford CISAC - Communist Party of the Philippines]</ref>

Gonzalo states that Maoism is the third stage of Marxism, and that it had to be synthesised due to the following three reasons: Mao's contribution to the idea of "Bureaucrat Capitalism", Mao's establishment of the "Socialist Political Economy", and Mao's military theory.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071108165711/http://www.blythe.org/peru-pcp/docs_en/interv.htm Interview with Chairman Gonzalo]</ref>

===Using the ideology "Maoism"===
The [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] has adopted the term after the foundation of Gonzalo Thought, along with the Communist Party of India (Maoist) once it was formed. Other notable Marxist–Leninist–Maoist movements can be seen in [[Russian Maoist Party|Russia]] and [[Maoist Communist Party of China|China]].

==Characteristics ==

===Mao Zedong Thought===
{{Main article|Mao Zedong Thought}}
Maoism follows the aspects of Mao Zedong Thought, which include the few new developments made by Mao such as New Democracy, the Mass Line, and Mao's [[Three Worlds Theory]].

===Anti-revisionism===
{{Main article|Anti-revisionism}}

Gonzalo emphasises the strength to be against revisionism, stating that<blockquote>"Revisionism obviously is a cancer, a cancer that has to be ruthlessly eliminated."<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Thus Maoism, like [[Hoxhaism]], puts a further emphasis on anti-revisionism, stating it to be "substituting [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] philosophy into Marxism,"<ref name=":0" /> but in practice, as with Hoxhaism, it only ends being a dogmatic and revisionist position which doesn't let one surpass the infantilism that this generates and provokes division in the communist movement.

===Universality of Protracted People's War===
{{Main article|Protracted people's war}}

Gonzalo puts an emphasis that a Protracted People's War is universal, stating that it is adaptable to the countryside and the city,<blockquote>People's war is universally applicable, in accordance with the character of the revolution and adapted to the specific conditions of each country.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

===Emphasis of a joint dictatorship===
Gonzalo stated, due to the material conditions of Peru, that a joint dictatorship had to form between the [[proletariat]], [[peasantry]] and the progressives ([[Petty bourgeoisie|petit bourgeoisie]])<ref name=":0" />.

===Peasantry being a separate class===
Gonzalo states, although not directly, that a joint dictatorship had to be formed with an alliance of the proletariat, the peasantry and the progressives. This assumes that the peasantry are a separate class, with its different relations of production compared to the petit bourgeoisie.

===Emphasis on revolutionary violence===
Gonzalo also stated that violence must be done, that reform is impossible to achieve.<blockquote>With regard to violence we start from the principle established by Chairman Mao Tsetung: violence, '''that is the need for revolutionary violence, is a universal law with no exception.''' Revolutionary violence is what allows us to resolve fundamental contradictions by means of an army, through people's war.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

==Criticism==

===Universality of PPW===
A lot of Marxist–Leninists do not think that a protracted people's war is universal, that it is only adaptable to the material conditions presented in particular [[Third World|Third World Nations]], and it couldn't be accomplished in the [[First World]] particularly due to a lack of peasantry and the logistics that the bourgeois state holds that are able to destroy the PPW in developed countries.

===Anti-AES===
Maoists often view present or past [[Socialist state|Socialist States]], especially the post-[[Stalin]] [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] and [[Warsaw Pact]], as losing their [[socialist]] aspects, and instead, according to Maoists, becoming [[Revisionism|Revisionist]] or [[Social Imperialism|Social Imperialist]].

====Soviet Union====
Gonzalo views [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] as a great person, and not revisionist. When [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] and [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Gorbachev]] were the leaders of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]], Gonzalo denounces them as "revisionist", as Gonzalo stated Khrushchev's utopian ideas such as "Communism could be reached by 1980."<ref name=":0" />

====China====
[[File:Chairman Gonzalo Poster.jpg|thumb|Poster of Chairman Gonzalo]]Gonzalo views [[Mao Zedong|Mao]] as a great person, and the person that he believes to have created a new stage for Marxism. During the [[Deng Xiaoping]] era of reforms, Gonzalo called him a revisionist and stated that he "restored capitalism".<ref name=":0" /> Most Maoists think that the modern [[People's Republic of China]] is social imperialist, and a [[dictatorship of the bourgeoisie]].

====Vietnam====
Gonzalo views [[Ho Chi Minh]] as a "centrist", that aligns with the Marxists and Revisionists.<ref name=":0" /> He claims that he was a revisionist, because he didn't tackle revisionism, and after his death, the [[Doi Moi reforms]] occurred.

====DPRK====
Gonzalo never specifically states that the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]] is a revisionist nation,<ref name=":0" /> however, most Maoists despise the DPRK and the Leader [[Kim Il-sung|Kim Il-Sung]].

====Cuba====
Gonzalo never specifically states that [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]] is a revisionist nation, however, he claims that [[Fidel Castro|Castro]] let the Soviet Union commit "social imperialism" onto the nation.<ref name=":0" /> Most Maoists also despise Cuba, especially during the private reforms that have taken place.

===Aim for revolutionary violence===
Most Marxist–Leninists despise the aim that Maoism achieves, particularly because it is acting in a similar that [[Vladimir Lenin]] described as "[[Adventurism|Revolutionary Adventurism]]".

=== Use of the peasantry===
Gonzalo stated that the number of the proletariat is insufficient,<blockquote>The peasantry, especially the poor peasants, are the main participants, as fighters and commanders at different levels in the People's Guerrilla Army. The workers participate in the same ways, although the percentage of workers at this time is insufficient.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>This could mean that this is a peasant-led revolution and not a proletarian-led one.

==See also==

*[[Gonzalo Thought]]
*[[New Synthesis]]
*[[Mao Zedong Thought]]
*[[Marxism–Leninism]]

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Maoism]]
[[Category:Communist ideologies]]
[[Category:Revisionism]]

Red Guards (United States)

2023-12-04T14:20:08Z

CommissarMar:

{{Infobox guerilla organization|name=Red Guards|image=USA Red Guard symbol.png|active=2015-2018<ref group="lower-alpha">Certain Red Guard collectives maintained activity until 2020.</ref>|ideology=[[Ultra-leftism]] [[Maoism|Marxism–Leninism–Maoism]] [[Gonzalo Thought]] [[Terrorism]]|status=Inactive|motives=Initiation of a "[[protracted people's war]]" in the United States.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Red Guards Austin|title=DON’T VOTE, REVOLT!|date=2016-9-7|url=https://redguardsaustin.wordpress.com/2016/09/07/dont-vote-revolt/|retrieved=2022-9-10}}</ref> (officially)|leader=[[Jared Roark]]|leader_title=De-facto leader|crimes=[[Cult|Cultism]]<ref>https://redguardsaustin.wordpress.com/2023/01/29/statement-on-the-opportunist-former-leadership-of-the-us-maoist-movement/</ref>
*Harrassment
*Abuse
*Intimidation
*Social isolation|opponents=[[Democratic Socialists of America]] [[Party for Socialism and Liberation]] Other local socialist organizers|size=~200|merged_into=Committee to Reconstitute CPUSA}}

The '''Red Guards''' in the [[United States of America|United States]] were a collection of nominally decentralized [[Marxism-Leninism-Maoism|Marxist-Leninist-Maoist]] and [[Gonzalo thought|Gonzaloist]] organizations which effectively operated as a highly centralized [[cult]] focused around its leading cell in the city of Austin, [[State of Texas|Texas]].<ref name=":3">{{Web citation|author=Kelly Weill|newspaper=The Daily Beast|title=Ex-Members of This Maoist Clique Say It Was a ‘Cult’|date=2023-10-21|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/ex-members-of-the-red-guards-maoist-clique-say-it-was-a-cult|retrieved=2023-12-2}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=Joseph Caterine|newspaper=The Austin Chronicle|title=Red Guards and the Modern Face of Protest|date=2017-2-17|url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/news/2017-02-17/red-guards-and-the-modern-face-of-protest/|retrieved=2022-9-10}}</ref>

Adopting ultra-left and sectarian positions common with Maoists, the priorities of the Statesian Red Guards included a strong opposition to what they referred to as [[reformism]], and focus on petite-bourgeois [[adventurism]] and, eventually, the start of a [[Terrorism|terroristic]] "[[protracted people's war]]" against the government.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|author=Red Guards Austin|title=DON’T VOTE, REVOLT!|date=2016-9-7|url=https://redguardsaustin.wordpress.com/2016/09/07/dont-vote-revolt/|retrieved=2022-9-10}}</ref> The group took up violent approaches against local members of socialist organizations such as the [[Democratic Socialists of America]] and the [[Party for Socialism and Liberation]], leading to violent attacks on their gatherings which were done in the name of "[[anti-revisionism]]".<ref>{{Web citation|author=Red Guards Austin|title=DSA are capitalist pigs!|date=2018-10-21|url=https://redguardsaustin.wordpress.com/2018/10/21/dsa-are-capitalist-pigs/|retrieved=2022-9-10}}</ref>

The Red Guard formations disbanded and reformed into the clandestine Committee to Reconstitute CPUSA starting in 2018. This organization, led by criminal [[Jared Roark]], continued to practice its cult tactics against its members and adopt similar ultra-centralized leadership styles and cliquishness. This successor group, too, would be disbanded in 2022 and its leadership exposed by former members.<ref name=":3" />

== History ==

===Formation===
The Red Guard movement in the United States first originated in the city of Austin, Texas, when in 2015, communists that were previously participating in an effort to form a [[communist party]] based around Marxist-Leninist-Maoist ideology split, and instead organized into a smaller group of Gonzaloist cadres, known as the Austin Red Guards, whose activities were largely limited to charity and small-scale protests in favor of the [[LGBTQ+]] community, which were commonly done under the slogan "[[Serve the people (slogan)|serve the people]]."

Later on, the Austin Red Guards were able to gain popularity among other Maoists for their vocal denouncement of the widely-disliked [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]] party, the [[International Socialist Organization]], among other infamous groups. The Austin Red Guards exploited this popularity that was created from their polemical attacks against [[Opportunism|opportunists]] to create similar Gonzaloist Red Guard collectives (which largely functioned as merely front organizations) in other parts of the United States. These Red Guard organizations were allegedly created through coercively splitting rival Maoist collectives or, if that tactic failed, eliminating them as an effective organization entirely.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|newspaper=Cosmonaut|title=Criticism and Self-Criticism: Red Guards or Iron Guards?|date=2019-10-17|url=https://cosmonaut.blog/2019/10/17/criticism-and-self-criticism-red-guards-or-iron-guards/|retrieved=2022-9-10}}</ref>
===Anti-electoralism during the 2016 election===
At around the time of the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 election in the United States]], the Red Guards began to escalate both their rhetoric and tactics, with Red Guards beginning to take militant action against [[Donald Trump|Trump]] supporters, and calling on voters to boycott the presidential election and instead take revolutionary actions against the bourgeois democracy.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Also at this time, the Red Guards would attempt to attract support from protestors from [[Black Lives Matter]] as well as [[feminist]] and [[LGBT+|transgender]] movements, with one notable Red Guard cell renaming itself to the ''Popular Women’s Movement''. However, these efforts were not met with notable success, with the Red Guards later refuting the Black Lives Matter movement as [[liberal]] and reformist<ref>{{Web citation|author=Red Guards Austin|title=What the fuck is wrong with the Black Lives Matter Movement in Austin?!|date=2016-7-18|url=https://redguardsaustin.wordpress.com/2016/07/18/what-the-fuck-is-wrong-with-the-black-lives-matter-movement-in-austin/|retrieved=2022-9-11}}</ref> and even embracing quasi-transphobic tendencies.<ref name=":2" />

===Later activities===
After the conclusion of the presidential election, and in the immediate years following it, the Red Guards would largely maintain their anti-reformist rhetoric and [[Antifa|anti-fascist]] stance, with the Austin Red Guards publishing a statement which called on other collectives to begin "militarization," and declaring that "the war is not coming, it is here and now."<ref>{{Web citation|author=Red Guards Austin|title=Everywhere a Battlefield|date=2017-8-27|url=https://redguardsaustin.wordpress.com/2017/08/27/everywhere-a-battlefield/|retrieved=2022-9-11|quote=The war is not coming—it is here and now. We must take our historic task seriously. We must accumulate forces and steel them in small-scale street battles. We must respond accordingly to the apocalyptic reality that capitalism-imperialism has forced on us. There is no third way, no middle road, and all who refuse to grasp this have in fact chosen a side already—they have chosen the side of business as usual for oppression. We too have chosen our side and we have stood and will stand on the front lines of class struggles in the US. We are at war and we always have been—it is time we behave like soldiers. We are guided by the promise of communism. The world is in chaos, and we must choose either the socialist future or the barbarism of extinction, and this is what it means to live in the age of the strategic offensive.}}</ref> At this time, the Red Guards further intensified their attempts at creating and expanding aligned-cells. However, also at this point, the Red Guards would soon begin to direct criticism and even take forceful action against organizations which failed to adhere to a similar Gonzaloist line, which included reformist [[Socialist|socialists]] and even other [[Communist|communists]], with their tactics beginning to encapsulate what has been described as "street gang tactics."[[File:Austin red guard Anti-reformist graffiti.png|thumb|241x241px|Red Guard graffiti.]]Their actions at this time reportedly included disrupting tenant organizing efforts due to their location being within what Red Guards had claimed was their "turf," threatening rival Maoists by harassing them or leaving dead animal remains on their doorsteps,<ref name=":2" /> attempting to attack ''Democratic Socialists of America'' gatherings,<ref>{{Web citation|author=DSA Metro Cincinnati & Northern Kentucky|newspaper=DSA|title=Statement of Solidarity with KC DSA|date=2019-10-14|url=https://dsacincy.org/statement-of-solidarity-with-kc-dsa/|retrieved=2022-9-11}}</ref> and even physically assaulting a Democratic Socialist congressional candidate.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Asher Price|newspaper=Austin American-Statesman|title=Austin Democratic congressional candidate says she was assaulted|date=2020-1-13|url=https://www.statesman.com/story/news/local/flash-briefing/2020/01/13/austin-democratic-congressional-candidate-says-she-was-assaulted/1903834007/|retrieved=2022-9-11}}</ref>

===Statements of dissolution===
Following increasing controversy over alleged attacks on DSA and other organizations by Red Guards, along with other reasons, on December 17, 2018, a ''Red Guards Austin'' (RGA) WordPress account published the statement, "this project has reached its conclusion, we are no more."<ref>[https://redguardsaustin.wordpress.com/2018/12/17/important-notice/ "Important notice."] Red Guards Austin. December 17, 2018. WordPress. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220911032357/https://redguardsaustin.wordpress.com/2018/12/17/important-notice/ Archived] 2022-09-11.</ref> A ''Red Guards Los Angeles'' (RGLA) WordPress published a similar statement on May 17, 2019, stating, "Red Guards Los Angeles, as of today, is no more."<ref>[https://redguardsla.wordpress.com/2019/05/17/important-notice/ "Important notice."] Red Guards Los Angeles. May 17, 2019. WordPress. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220911032317/https://redguardsla.wordpress.com/2019/05/17/important-notice/ Archived] 2022-09-11.</ref>

With the largest and most influential Red Guard collectives disbanded, most other Red Guards followed suit and dispersed, with many collectives likely suffering from a lack of discipline, collective leadership and [[democratic centralism]], and internal unity.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Tampa Maoist Collective|title=Statement on the History of the Tampa Maoist Collective and its Dissolving: If You Don’t Dare to Struggle, You Don’t Deserve to Win.|date=2018-3-22|url=https://tampamaoistcollective.wordpress.com/2018/03/22/the-tampa-maoist-collective-year-summation-if-you-dont-dare-to-struggle-you-dont-deserve-to-win/|retrieved=2022-10-13}}</ref>

== Ideology ==
The Red Guards have described their ideology as "Marxism-Leninism-Maoism, principally Maoism," a variant of Maoism that is characterized by its dogmatic adherence and emphasis to the works of [[Mao Zedong]] and [[Abimael Guzmán]], also known as "Chairman Gonzalo." Viewing their ideology as being the "highest stage of [[Marxism]]," the Red Guards commonly viewed most other schools of thought in Marxism as being "[[Revisionism|revisionist]]" or "[[Social fascism|social-fascist]]," and therefore in contradiction with their own views.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Red Guards Austin|title=Condemned to Win! Position paper from Red Guards Austin, 2016|date=2016-6-5|url=https://redguardsaustin.wordpress.com/2016/07/05/condemned-to-win-position-paper-from-red-guards-austin-2016/|retrieved=2022-9-11}}</ref> Such a view likely would contribute to the militant sectarianism that the Red Guards were infamous for.

==Media==
[[File:Austin red guard demonstration.png|thumb|Red guard demonstration in Austin, [[Texas]].]]''see main article: [[Tribune of the People]]''

The publications [[Incendiary News]] and [[Tribune of the People]] have periodically reported on actions occurring around locations of some previous Red Guard activities. However, the actions reported on were carried out by different organizations or carried out anonymously. Photos of graffiti featuring hammers and sickles, Maoist and Gonzaloist slogans, and calls for justice alongside names of people who have been killed by police has been a common feature of the graffiti-related reports.<ref>[https://tribuneofthepeoplenews.wordpress.com/2022/02/11/week-in-struggle-february-4-10/ “Week in Struggle: February 4-10.”] Tribune of the People. February 11, 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220911035005/https://tribuneofthepeoplenews.wordpress.com/2022/02/11/week-in-struggle-february-4-10/ Archived] 2022-09-11.</ref><ref>[https://tribuneofthepeoplenews.wordpress.com/2022/02/25/week-in-struggle-february-18-24/ “Week in Struggle: February 18-24.”] Tribune of the People. February 25, 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220816204006/https://tribuneofthepeoplenews.wordpress.com/2022/02/25/week-in-struggle-february-18-24/ Archived] 2022-09-11.</ref>

Incendiary News ceased publishing in 2020 after its former publisher wrote a self-criticism, citing poor leadership and rightist errors, and endorsed Tribune of the People, with the statement, "I call on all readers, all supporters of ''Incendiary'', to all of its Support Committees, to cast away the stained and tattered paper and support the ''Tribune of the People''."<ref>Ruiz, Ruben. [https://incendiarynewscom.wordpress.com/2020/03/26/to-my-comrades-of-the-former-incendiary-editorial-board-the-tribune-of-the-people-incendiary-support-committees-and-the-revolutionary-movement/ “To My Comrades of the Former Incendiary Editorial Board, the Tribune of the People, Incendiary Support Committees and the Revolutionary Movement.”] March 26, 2020. Incendiary. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220911033300/https://incendiarynewscom.wordpress.com/2020/03/26/to-my-comrades-of-the-former-incendiary-editorial-board-the-tribune-of-the-people-incendiary-support-committees-and-the-revolutionary-movement/ Archived] 2022-09-11.</ref>

==See also==

*[[Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path]]
*[[Red Guard Party]]
*[[Communist Party of Ecuador – Red Sun]]
*[[Militarized Communist Party of Peru]]
*[[Library:If You Don’t Dare to Struggle, You Don’t Deserve to Win.|If You Don’t Dare to Struggle, You Don’t Deserve to Win (Library)]]

== External links ==

* [https://redguardsaustin.wordpress.com/ Red Guards Austin]
* [https://kcmlm.wordpress.com/ Red Guards Kansas City]
* [https://redguardscharlotte.wordpress.com/ Red Guards Charlotte]
* [https://tampamaoistcollective.wordpress.com/ Tampa Maoist Collective]

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />
==References==
<references />
[[Category:Maoism in the United States]]
[[Category:Maoist organisations]]
[[Category:Destructive cults]]

Lemmy

2023-12-04T14:19:28Z

CommissarMar:

[[File:Lemmy.svg|thumb|200x200px|Logo]]
'''Lemmy''' is a self-hosted, federated, [[Free and open-source software|free and open source]] social link aggregation and discussion platform.<ref>{{Web citation|title=Lemmy - A link aggregator for the fediverse.|title-url=https://join-lemmy.org/}}</ref> It was named after the lead singer from Motörhead, the old video game Lemmings, the Koopa Troopa from the Super Mario series, and the furry rodent.

There are two explicitly communist Lemmy instances: [[Lemmygrad]] and [[Hexbear]]. Lemmygrad is dedicated to [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxism-Leninism]],<ref>{{Web citation|author=@CriticalResist8|newspaper=Lemmygrad: Announcements|title=Please note Lemmygrad is a Marxist instance (principally Marxist-Leninist)!|date=2023-05-31|url=https://lemmygrad.ml/post/668436|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608014753/https://lemmygrad.ml/post/668436|archive-date=2023-06-08|retrieved=2023-06-15}}</ref> and Hexbear is dedicated to [[left unity]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Hexbear|title=Hexbear|url=https://www.hexbear.net/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803021931/https://www.hexbear.net/|archive-date=2023-08-03}}</ref>

The source code for Lemmy is hosted on yerbamate.ml and GitHub. Lemmy is licensed under the Affero GNU Public License version 3.

== History ==

=== Formation ===
Lemmy was created in August 2019 by two [[Communism|communist]] developers known as [[Comrade:Dessalines|Dessalines]] and Nutomic. Their goal for Lemmy was to provide an open-source alternative to [[Reddit]] that anyone could self-host and federate with other Lemmy instances, effectively exchanging content between platforms.

=== Growth ===
[[File:Lemmy posts graph.png|thumb|The total number of daily posts on all Lemmy instances grew by almost 500% from late May 2023 to late July]]
In the summer of 2023, Reddit increased its API prices, which destroyed third party apps and made many users defect to Lemmy.<ref>{{Web citation|author=@CriticalResist8|newspaper=Lemmygrad: Announcements|title=Please note Lemmygrad is a Marxist instance (principally Marxist-Leninist)!|date=2023-05-31|url=https://lemmygrad.ml/post/668436|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608014753/https://lemmygrad.ml/post/668436|archive-date=2023-06-08|retrieved=2023-06-15}}</ref> Between June 1 and July 1, the number of active users in the past month increased from 1,334 to 50,961, an increase of more than 38 times. During the same period, the number of daily posts rose from 261,601 to 877,571.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Fediverse Observer|title=Stats for Lemmy|url=https://lemmy.fediverse.observer/dailystats&days=60|retrieved=2023-07-01}}</ref>

== Federation ==
Lemmy is part of what is known as the Fediverse, a movement to make the web free, open source, and federated. Free can be understood as free in price as well as free from giant tech corporations such as [[Google Inc.|Google]], [[Meta Platforms, Inc.|Meta (Facebook)]], and [[Twitter]].

Federation allows an account made on one instance (one website using the Lemmy software) to interact in every way with another instance from their home instance.

Instances can block federation or individual instances if they do not wish to federate with them.

Since late 2021, Lemmy instances can also communicate with [[Mastodon]] (a federated micro-blogging software alternative to Twitter) and PeerTube (a federated video hosting platform, alternative to [[YouTube]]). This means that a user with a Lemmy account can subscribe to Mastodon accounts and see their content without ever leaving their home Lemmy instance.

== Instances ==
As of 23 July 2023, there are 1,604 total instances of Lemmy, with a total of 942,905 users. Lemmygrad is the 16th most popular instance in terms of monthly users.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=The Federation|title=Lemmy|url=https://the-federation.info/platform/73|retrieved=2023-08-07}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Instance
!Total users
!Monthly active users
!Percentage of total active users
|-
|lemmy.world
|124,626
|24,298
|40.4%
|-
|lemmy.ml
|45,369
|3,570
|5.94%
|-
|sh.itjust.works
|20,984
|2,676
|4.45%
|-
|lemm.ee
|16,946
|3,602
|5.99%
|-
|beehaw.org
|12,757
|2,271
|3.78%
|}

== External links ==

* [https://yerbamate.ml/LemmyNet/lemmy Yerbamate source code]
* [https://github.com/LemmyNet/lemmy GitHub source code]
* [https://yerbamate.ml/LemmyNet/lemmy/src/branch/main/LICENSE Licensing]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Alternative social media platforms]]
[[Category:Free and open-source software]]

Gonzalo Thought

2023-12-03T03:49:43Z

CommissarMar:

{{Stub}}
'''Gonzalo Thought''', along with [[Maoism|Marxism'''–'''Leninism'''–'''Maoism]], were both coined by Chairman [[Abimael Guzmán]] (better known as his ''nom de guerra'', Chairman Gonzalo). Gonzalo Thought is the guiding form of Marxism'''–'''Leninism'''–'''Maoism used by the [[Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path]], of which Guzmán was the "Chairman" and led a [[cult of personality]]. He believed that he had 'synthesized' Maoism, that [[Mao Zedong]] had advanced Marxism'''–'''Leninism to a new stage, thus 'Maoism'; however, this was never Mao Zedong's nor the [[People's Republic of China]]'s official stance. In fact, Chairman Gonzalo and his Maoist followers always supported the [[Gang of Four]] and the excesses of the [[Chinese Cultural Revolution]], and reject [[People's Republic of China]] as capitalist and revisionist. Gonzalo's theories include his own errant inventions.<ref>
{{Citation
| author = Central Committee of the Communist Party of Peru
| year = 1988
| title = Interview with Chairman Gonzalo
| title-url = http://www.redsun.org/pcp_doc/pcp_0788.htm
| pdf = https://michaelharrison.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Interview-with-Chairman-Gonzalo.pdf
| quote = In sum, Gonzalo Thought is none other than the application of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism to our concrete reality. This means that it is principal specifically for our Party, for the people's war and for the revolution in our country, and I want to emphasize that. But for us, looking at our ideology in universal terms, I emphasize once again, it is Maoism that is principal.
}}
</ref>

Gonzalo-aligned Maoists outside of Peru are often known by the epithet '''Gonzaloists''', although they usually self-describe their ideology as "'''Marxism–Leninism–Maoism, principally Maoism'''" ('''MLMpM''').

== See Also ==

* [[Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path]]
* [[Maoism]]
* [[Hoxhaism]]

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Maoism]]
[[Category:Maoism in Peru]]
[[Category:Revisionism]]

Red Guards (United States)

2023-12-03T03:20:05Z

CommissarMar: Added information on the cult-tactics used by this group's leadership.

{{Infobox guerilla organization|name=Red Guards|image=USA Red Guard symbol.png|active=2015-2018<ref group="lower-alpha">Certain Red Guard collectives maintained activity until 2020.</ref>|ideology=[[Ultra-leftism]] [[Maoism|Marxism–Leninism–Maoism]] [[Gonzalo Thought]] [[Terrorism]]|status=Inactive|motives=Initiation of a "[[protracted people's war]]" in the United States.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Red Guards Austin|title=DON’T VOTE, REVOLT!|date=2016-9-7|url=https://redguardsaustin.wordpress.com/2016/09/07/dont-vote-revolt/|retrieved=2022-9-10}}</ref> (officially)|leader=[[Jared Roark]]|leader_title=De-facto leader|crimes=[[Cult|Cultism]]<ref>https://redguardsaustin.wordpress.com/2023/01/29/statement-on-the-opportunist-former-leadership-of-the-us-maoist-movement/</ref>
*Harrassment
*Abuse
*Intimidation
*Social isolation|opponents=[[Democratic Socialists of America]] [[Party for Socialism and Liberation]] Other local socialist organizers|size=~200|merged_into=Committee to Reconstitute CPUSA}}

The '''Red Guards''' in the [[United States of America|United States]] were a collection of nominally decentralized [[Marxism-Leninism-Maoism|Marxist-Leninist-Maoist]] and [[Gonzalo thought|Gonzaloist]] organizations which effectively operated as a highly centralized [[cult]] focused around its leading cell in the city of Austin, [[State of Texas|Texas]].<ref name=":3">{{Web citation|author=Kelly Weill|newspaper=The Daily Beast|title=Ex-Members of This Maoist Clique Say It Was a ‘Cult’|date=2023-10-21|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/ex-members-of-the-red-guards-maoist-clique-say-it-was-a-cult|retrieved=2023-12-2}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=Joseph Caterine|newspaper=The Austin Chronicle|title=Red Guards and the Modern Face of Protest|date=2017-2-17|url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/news/2017-02-17/red-guards-and-the-modern-face-of-protest/|retrieved=2022-9-10}}</ref>

Adopting ultra-left and sectarian positions common with Maoists, the priorities of the Statesian Red Guards included a strong opposition to what they referred to as [[reformism]], and focus on petite-bourgeois [[adventurism]] and, eventually, the start of a [[Terrorism|terroristic]] "[[protracted people's war]]" against the government.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|author=Red Guards Austin|title=DON’T VOTE, REVOLT!|date=2016-9-7|url=https://redguardsaustin.wordpress.com/2016/09/07/dont-vote-revolt/|retrieved=2022-9-10}}</ref> The group took up violent approaches against local members of socialist organizations such as the [[Democratic Socialists of America]] and the [[Party for Socialism and Liberation]], leading to violent attacks on their gatherings which were done in the name of "[[anti-revisionism]]".<ref>{{Web citation|author=Red Guards Austin|title=DSA are capitalist pigs!|date=2018-10-21|url=https://redguardsaustin.wordpress.com/2018/10/21/dsa-are-capitalist-pigs/|retrieved=2022-9-10}}</ref>

The Red Guard formations disbanded and reformed into the clandestine Committee to Reconstitute CPUSA starting in 2018. This organization, led by criminal "Comrade Austin" ([[Jared Roark]]), continued to practice its cult tactics against its members and adopt similar ultra-centralized leadership styles and cliquishness. This successor group, too, would be disbanded in 2022 and its leadership exposed by former members.<ref name=":3" />

== History ==

===Formation===
The Red Guard movement in the United States first originated in the city of Austin, Texas, when in 2015, communists that were previously participating in an effort to form a [[communist party]] based around Marxist-Leninist-Maoist ideology split, and instead organized into a smaller group of Gonzaloist cadres, known as the Austin Red Guards, whose activities were largely limited to charity and small-scale protests in favor of the [[LGBTQ+]] community, which were commonly done under the slogan "[[Serve the people (slogan)|serve the people]]."

Later on, the Austin Red Guards were able to gain popularity among other Maoists for their vocal denouncement of the widely-disliked [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]] party, the [[International Socialist Organization]], among other infamous groups. The Austin Red Guards exploited this popularity that was created from their polemical attacks against [[Opportunism|opportunists]] to create similar Gonzaloist Red Guard collectives (which largely functioned as merely front organizations) in other parts of the United States. These Red Guard organizations were allegedly created through coercively splitting rival Maoist collectives or, if that tactic failed, eliminating them as an effective organization entirely.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|newspaper=Cosmonaut|title=Criticism and Self-Criticism: Red Guards or Iron Guards?|date=2019-10-17|url=https://cosmonaut.blog/2019/10/17/criticism-and-self-criticism-red-guards-or-iron-guards/|retrieved=2022-9-10}}</ref>
===Anti-electoralism during the 2016 election===
At around the time of the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 election in the United States]], the Red Guards began to escalate both their rhetoric and tactics, with Red Guards beginning to take militant action against [[Donald Trump|Trump]] supporters, and calling on voters to boycott the presidential election and instead take revolutionary actions against the bourgeois democracy.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Also at this time, the Red Guards would attempt to attract support from protestors from [[Black Lives Matter]] as well as [[feminist]] and [[LGBT+|transgender]] movements, with one notable Red Guard cell renaming itself to the ''Popular Women’s Movement''. However, these efforts were not met with notable success, with the Red Guards later refuting the Black Lives Matter movement as [[liberal]] and reformist<ref>{{Web citation|author=Red Guards Austin|title=What the fuck is wrong with the Black Lives Matter Movement in Austin?!|date=2016-7-18|url=https://redguardsaustin.wordpress.com/2016/07/18/what-the-fuck-is-wrong-with-the-black-lives-matter-movement-in-austin/|retrieved=2022-9-11}}</ref> and even embracing quasi-transphobic tendencies.<ref name=":2" />

===Later activities===
After the conclusion of the presidential election, and in the immediate years following it, the Red Guards would largely maintain their anti-reformist rhetoric and [[Antifa|anti-fascist]] stance, with the Austin Red Guards publishing a statement which called on other collectives to begin "militarization," and declaring that "the war is not coming, it is here and now."<ref>{{Web citation|author=Red Guards Austin|title=Everywhere a Battlefield|date=2017-8-27|url=https://redguardsaustin.wordpress.com/2017/08/27/everywhere-a-battlefield/|retrieved=2022-9-11|quote=The war is not coming—it is here and now. We must take our historic task seriously. We must accumulate forces and steel them in small-scale street battles. We must respond accordingly to the apocalyptic reality that capitalism-imperialism has forced on us. There is no third way, no middle road, and all who refuse to grasp this have in fact chosen a side already—they have chosen the side of business as usual for oppression. We too have chosen our side and we have stood and will stand on the front lines of class struggles in the US. We are at war and we always have been—it is time we behave like soldiers. We are guided by the promise of communism. The world is in chaos, and we must choose either the socialist future or the barbarism of extinction, and this is what it means to live in the age of the strategic offensive.}}</ref> At this time, the Red Guards further intensified their attempts at creating and expanding aligned-cells. However, also at this point, the Red Guards would soon begin to direct criticism and even take forceful action against organizations which failed to adhere to a similar Gonzaloist line, which included reformist [[Socialist|socialists]] and even other [[Communist|communists]], with their tactics beginning to encapsulate what has been described as "street gang tactics."[[File:Austin red guard Anti-reformist graffiti.png|thumb|241x241px|Red Guard graffiti.]]Their actions at this time reportedly included disrupting tenant organizing efforts due to their location being within what Red Guards had claimed was their "turf," threatening rival Maoists by harassing them or leaving dead animal remains on their doorsteps,<ref name=":2" /> attempting to attack ''Democratic Socialists of America'' gatherings,<ref>{{Web citation|author=DSA Metro Cincinnati & Northern Kentucky|newspaper=DSA|title=Statement of Solidarity with KC DSA|date=2019-10-14|url=https://dsacincy.org/statement-of-solidarity-with-kc-dsa/|retrieved=2022-9-11}}</ref> and even physically assaulting a Democratic Socialist congressional candidate.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Asher Price|newspaper=Austin American-Statesman|title=Austin Democratic congressional candidate says she was assaulted|date=2020-1-13|url=https://www.statesman.com/story/news/local/flash-briefing/2020/01/13/austin-democratic-congressional-candidate-says-she-was-assaulted/1903834007/|retrieved=2022-9-11}}</ref>

===Statements of dissolution===
Following increasing controversy over alleged attacks on DSA and other organizations by Red Guards, along with other reasons, on December 17, 2018, a ''Red Guards Austin'' (RGA) WordPress account published the statement, "this project has reached its conclusion, we are no more."<ref>[https://redguardsaustin.wordpress.com/2018/12/17/important-notice/ "Important notice."] Red Guards Austin. December 17, 2018. WordPress. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220911032357/https://redguardsaustin.wordpress.com/2018/12/17/important-notice/ Archived] 2022-09-11.</ref> A ''Red Guards Los Angeles'' (RGLA) WordPress published a similar statement on May 17, 2019, stating, "Red Guards Los Angeles, as of today, is no more."<ref>[https://redguardsla.wordpress.com/2019/05/17/important-notice/ "Important notice."] Red Guards Los Angeles. May 17, 2019. WordPress. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220911032317/https://redguardsla.wordpress.com/2019/05/17/important-notice/ Archived] 2022-09-11.</ref>

With the largest and most influential Red Guard collectives disbanded, most other Red Guards followed suit and dispersed, with many collectives likely suffering from a lack of discipline, collective leadership and [[democratic centralism]], and internal unity.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Tampa Maoist Collective|title=Statement on the History of the Tampa Maoist Collective and its Dissolving: If You Don’t Dare to Struggle, You Don’t Deserve to Win.|date=2018-3-22|url=https://tampamaoistcollective.wordpress.com/2018/03/22/the-tampa-maoist-collective-year-summation-if-you-dont-dare-to-struggle-you-dont-deserve-to-win/|retrieved=2022-10-13}}</ref>

== Ideology ==
The Red Guards have described their ideology as "Marxism-Leninism-Maoism, principally Maoism," a variant of Maoism that is characterized by its dogmatic adherence and emphasis to the works of [[Mao Zedong]] and [[Abimael Guzmán]], also known as "Chairman Gonzalo." Viewing their ideology as being the "highest stage of [[Marxism]]," the Red Guards commonly viewed most other schools of thought in Marxism as being "[[Revisionism|revisionist]]" or "[[Social fascism|social-fascist]]," and therefore in contradiction with their own views.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Red Guards Austin|title=Condemned to Win! Position paper from Red Guards Austin, 2016|date=2016-6-5|url=https://redguardsaustin.wordpress.com/2016/07/05/condemned-to-win-position-paper-from-red-guards-austin-2016/|retrieved=2022-9-11}}</ref> Such a view likely would contribute to the militant sectarianism that the Red Guards were infamous for.

==Media==
[[File:Austin red guard demonstration.png|thumb|Red guard demonstration in Austin, [[Texas]].]]''see main article: [[Tribune of the People]]''

The publications [[Incendiary News]] and [[Tribune of the People]] have periodically reported on actions occurring around locations of some previous Red Guard activities. However, the actions reported on were carried out by different organizations or carried out anonymously. Photos of graffiti featuring hammers and sickles, Maoist and Gonzaloist slogans, and calls for justice alongside names of people who have been killed by police has been a common feature of the graffiti-related reports.<ref>[https://tribuneofthepeoplenews.wordpress.com/2022/02/11/week-in-struggle-february-4-10/ “Week in Struggle: February 4-10.”] Tribune of the People. February 11, 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220911035005/https://tribuneofthepeoplenews.wordpress.com/2022/02/11/week-in-struggle-february-4-10/ Archived] 2022-09-11.</ref><ref>[https://tribuneofthepeoplenews.wordpress.com/2022/02/25/week-in-struggle-february-18-24/ “Week in Struggle: February 18-24.”] Tribune of the People. February 25, 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220816204006/https://tribuneofthepeoplenews.wordpress.com/2022/02/25/week-in-struggle-february-18-24/ Archived] 2022-09-11.</ref>

Incendiary News ceased publishing in 2020 after its former publisher wrote a self-criticism, citing poor leadership and rightist errors, and endorsed Tribune of the People, with the statement, "I call on all readers, all supporters of ''Incendiary'', to all of its Support Committees, to cast away the stained and tattered paper and support the ''Tribune of the People''."<ref>Ruiz, Ruben. [https://incendiarynewscom.wordpress.com/2020/03/26/to-my-comrades-of-the-former-incendiary-editorial-board-the-tribune-of-the-people-incendiary-support-committees-and-the-revolutionary-movement/ “To My Comrades of the Former Incendiary Editorial Board, the Tribune of the People, Incendiary Support Committees and the Revolutionary Movement.”] March 26, 2020. Incendiary. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220911033300/https://incendiarynewscom.wordpress.com/2020/03/26/to-my-comrades-of-the-former-incendiary-editorial-board-the-tribune-of-the-people-incendiary-support-committees-and-the-revolutionary-movement/ Archived] 2022-09-11.</ref>

==See also==

*[[Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path]]
*[[Red Guard Party]]
*[[Communist Party of Ecuador – Red Sun]]
*[[Militarized Communist Party of Peru]]
*[[Library:If You Don’t Dare to Struggle, You Don’t Deserve to Win.|If You Don’t Dare to Struggle, You Don’t Deserve to Win (Library)]]

== External links ==

* [https://redguardsaustin.wordpress.com/ Red Guards Austin]
* [https://kcmlm.wordpress.com/ Red Guards Kansas City]
* [https://redguardscharlotte.wordpress.com/ Red Guards Charlotte]
* [https://tampamaoistcollective.wordpress.com/ Tampa Maoist Collective]

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />
==References==
<references />
[[Category:Maoism in the United States]]
[[Category:Maoist organisations]]
[[Category:Destructive cults]]

Sino-Soviet split

2023-12-03T02:37:34Z

CommissarMar:

The '''Sino-Soviet Split''' was a period of worsening diplomatic relations between the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] and the [[People's Republic of China]] that arose from the [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchevite]] [[Revisionism|revisionist]] clique's takeover and subsequent decisions and legislation. The USSR deviated from the correct [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] line of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] under [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] and [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]'s terms as general secretary.{{Citation needed}}

== Background ==
In 1961, at the 22nd Congress of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], [[Nikita Khrushchev]] claimed that the party and the broader Soviet state, had become representative of not the proletariat, but "the whole people"<ref name=":2">{{Citation|author=[[Nikita Khrushchev]]|year=1963|title=Communism -- Peace and Happiness for the Peoples (Collected Speeches of Nikita Khrushchev from January-December 1961)|title-url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/khrushchev/1961/khrushchevcommunismvol2.pdf|chapter=Report of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to the 22nd Congress of the C.P.S.U., October 17, 1961|page=112|quote=Thus, now class relations in our country have entered a new stage. "Proletarian democracy" is becoming "socialist democracy of the whole people".|mia=https://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/government/party-congress/22nd/khrushchev-reports-22ndcong-v1.pdf}}</ref>. In Khrushchev's view, the [[Soviet Union]] had reached such an advanced stage of socialism that class struggle was no longer the primary purpose of the [[state]]. Instead, it was a purely administrative apparatus used for workers' self-management of the economy. This theory was considered by [[Mao Zedong]] and the [[Communist Party of China]] to be a fundamental [[revisionist]] betrayal of Marxism-Leninism, tantamount to calling for the overthrow of the proletarian state and the restoration of capitalism. Mao published a 1964 pamphlet titled [[Library:On Khrushchov’s Phony Communism and Its Historical Lessons for the World|''On Khrushchov’s Phony Communism and Its Historical Lessons for the World'']], in which he harshly criticized Khrushchev and the CPSU for these stances, calling them the "revisionist Khrushchov clique".<ref name=":999">{{Citation|author=[[Mao Zedong]]|year=1964|title=On Khrushchov’s Phony Communism and Its Historical Lessons for the World)|title-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/1964/phnycom.htm|quote=The Programme put forward by the revisionist Khrushchev clique at the 22nd Congress of the CPSU is a programme of phony communism, a revisionist programme, against proletarian revolution and for the abolition of the dictatorship of the proletariat and the proletarian party.
The revisionist Khrushchev clique abolishes the dictatorship of the proletariat behind the camouflage of the "state of the whole people", changes the proletarian character of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union behind the camouflage of the "party of the entire people", and paves the way for the restoration of capitalism.|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/1964/phnycom.htm}}</ref>

Mao emphasized the fact that [[continuation of class struggle under socialism|class struggle continues under socialism]], including both internal and external bourgeois subversion and attempts at capitalist restoration, by quoting Lenin.<ref name=":933499">{{Citation|author=[[Mao Zedong]]|year=1964|title=On Khrushchov’s Phony Communism and Its Historical Lessons for the World)|title-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/1964/phnycom.htm|quote=For a very long historical period after the proletariat takes power, class struggle continues as an objective law independent of man’s will, differing only in form from what it was before the taking of power.

After the October Revolution, Lenin pointed out a number of times that:

a) The overthrown exploiters always try in a thousand and one ways to recover the "paradise" they have been deprived of.

b) New elements of capitalism are constantly and spontaneously generated in the petty-bourgeois atmosphere.

c) Political degenerates and new bourgeois elements may emerge in the ranks of the working class and among government functionaries as a result of bourgeois influence and the pervasive, corrupting influence of the petty bourgeoisie.

d) The external conditions for the continuance of class struggle within a socialist society are encirclement by international capitalism, the imperialists’ threat of armed intervention and their subversive activities to accomplish peaceful disintegration.

Life has confirmed these conclusions of Lenin’s.

In socialist society, the overthrown bourgeoisie and other reactionary classes remain strong for quite a long time, and indeed in certain respects are quite powerful. They have a thousand and one links with the international bourgeoisie. They are not reconciled to their defeat and stubbornly continue to engage in trials of strength with the proletariat. They conduct open and hidden struggles against the proletariat in every field.|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/1964/phnycom.htm}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Sino-Albanian split]]
* [[Yugoslav–Soviet split]]

== References ==
[[Category:Sino-Soviet split]]
[[Category:Ideological conflicts]]
[[Category:Cold War]]

Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (1867–1918)

2023-12-03T02:28:55Z

CommissarMar: Austria-Hungary never had a single "flag", and the flag shown was actually their civil ensign (shown only on merchant ships and the like).

{{Infobox country|name=Austro-Hungarian Monarchy|native_name=Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie (German) Osztrák–Magyar Monarchia (Hungarian)|image_flag=Austria-Hungary flag.png|image_coat=Austro-Hungary COA.svg|capital=[[Vienna]] (Austria) [[Budapest]] (Hungary)|largest_city=[[Vienna]]|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|government_type=Monarchy|life_span=1867–1918|flag_caption=Civil ensign|motto=Indivisibiliter ac inseparabiliter|englishmotto=Indivisibly and inseparably|national_anthem=Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser|image_map=Austro-Hungary map.svg|map_width=260|map_caption=Austro-Hungary in 1914|official_languages=German Hungarian Serbo-Croatian|area_km2=621,538|p1=Austrian Empire (1804–1867){{!}}Austrian Empire|s1=Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938){{!}}Czechoslovak Republic|flag_p1=Habsburg_Monarchy_flag.svg.png|flag_s1=Czech_flag.png|flag_s2=Old_Hungarian_flag.png|flag_s3=Kingdom_of_Italy_flag.png|s2=Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946){{!}}Kingdom of Hungary|s3=Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946){{!}}Kingdom of Italy|flag_s4=Flag_of_Romania.png|s4=Kingdom of Romania (1881–1947){{!}}Kingdom of Romania|flag_s5=Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia.png|s5=Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (1918–1929){{!}}Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes|flag_s6=Flag_of_Austria.svg|s6=Republic of Austria (1919–1934){{!}}Republic of Austria|flag_s7=Five-coloured_flag.png|s7=Republic of China|flag_s8=Flag_of_the_Second_Polish_Republic.png|s8=Republic of Poland (1918–1939){{!}}Republic of Poland|flag_s9=Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|s9=West Ukrainian People's Republic (1918–1919){{!}}West Ukrainian People's Republic}}

'''Austria-Hungary''', officially the '''Austro-Hungarian Monarchy''', often referred to as the '''Austro-Hungarian Empire''' or the '''Dual Monarchy''', was a multi-ethnic state in [[Central Europe]], established in 1867 as [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867|a compromise]] between the declining [[Habsburg monarchy]] that was trying to preserve its power and Hungarians who sought greater autonomy. The ruler of the empire ruled as both Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary.<ref name=":02222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=Imperialism and War|page=183|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref>

== First World War ==
Austria-Hungary blamed [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]] for the death of Archduke [[Franz Ferdinand]], as the assassin ([[Gavrilo Princip]]) happened to be a [[Bosnian Serbs|Bosnian Serb]], and attacked Serbia on 28 July 1914, beginning the [[First World War]].<ref name=":02222" />

== Demographics ==
Austria-Hungary contained 12 million [[Republic of Austria|Austrians]], 10 million [[Hungary|Hungarians]], 6.6 million [[Czech Republic|Czechs]], 5 million [[Republic of Poland|Poles]], 4 million [[Ukraine|Ukrainians]], 3.2 million [[Republic of Croatia|Croats]], 2.9 million [[Romania|Romanians]], 2 million [[Slovak Republic|Slovaks]], 1.3 million [[Republic of Slovenia|Slovenes]], and 700,000 [[Italian Republic|Italians]].<ref name=":02222" />

== References ==
[[Category:Pages needing references]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Topic:Xum1mbg517cuwkkj

2023-12-03T02:23:47Z

CommissarMar (talk | contribs) commented on "Rename article?" (Although that's true, they only do so because it's still the common name for the platform. I personally lack a preference either way, but...)

InfraWiki

2023-12-02T18:38:23Z

CommissarMar:

[[File:Infrawiki logo.png|thumb|180x180px|Logo of InfraWiki, a combination of the [[Wikipedia]] and [[Infrared]] logos]]
'''InfraWiki''' is a [[Neo-fascism|neo-fascist]] and "[[MAGACommunism|MAGA Communist]]" wiki founded by supporters of [[Infrared]] in October 2022 in response to [[ProleWiki]]'s taking up a stance against [[Caleb Maupin]], [[Jackson Hinkle]], the Infrared community, and the [[Patriotic socialism|patriotic socialist]] movement in the [[United States of America|United States]] due to [[ProleWiki]]'s anti [[Opportunism]] stance. <ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=InfraWiki|title=InfraWiki|date=2023-01-27|url=https://wiki.infrawiki.us/index.php?title=InfraWiki&oldid=2658|retrieved=2023-01-27}}</ref><ref>[https://wiki.infrawiki.us/index.php?title=ProleWiki&oldid=3949 "ProleWiki"] (2023-04-13). ''InfraWiki''. Retrieved 2023-05-21.</ref> Although it nominally defends [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=InfraWiki|title=Joseph Stalin|date=2023-02-22|url=https://wiki.infrawiki.us/index.php?title=Joseph_Stalin&oldid=3266|quote=|retrieved=2023-02-22}}</ref> and [[People's Republic of China|China]]<ref><blockquote>The PRC was founded in 1949 by Mao Zedong, then head of the CPC, after the over two-decades long Chinese Civil War that had been waging since 1927. Since then, it has been one of the most successful socialist experiments in the world as it continues to thrive economically to this day.</blockquote>
<blockquote>The PRC has often been accused of genocide against the Uyghur Muslim ethnic group in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the northwest. This is largely a conspiracy theory, as life in Xinjiang has been proven to be prosperous and peaceful.</blockquote>
<blockquote>Many in the west have accused China of debt-trapping Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) members in Africa. This has been disproven, as China has forgiven billions [of dollars'] worth of debt to 17 different countries.</blockquote>
[https://wiki.infrawiki.us/index.php?title=China&oldid=2304| "China"] (2023-01-14). ''Infrawiki''. Retrieved 2023-05-21.</ref> from [[:Category:Capitalist progaganda|capitalist propaganda]], and similar to their [[Infrared]] counterparts, it claims that [[Donald Trump]] is in favor of the [[Proletariat|working class]] while ignoring his [[Far-right politics|far-right]] policies.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=InfraWiki|title=DeSantis Deception|date=2023-05-21|url=https://wiki.infrawiki.us/index.php?title=DeSantis_Deception&oldid=2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111081443/https://infrawiki.us/index.php/DeSantis_Deception|archive-date=2022-11-11|retrieved=2022-11-25|quote=Unlike Trump's working-class partisan agenda (seeking re-industrialization, and peace with China, Russia, Iran, North Korea, etc.) DeSantis' agenda looks to sell a war with Russia and China}}</ref> InfraWiki has established accounts on the alt-tech social media platforms [[TruthSocial]] and [[Parler]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=InfraWiki's Newsletter|title=An update ...|date=2022-11-23|url=https://infrawiki.substack.com/p/infrawiki-coming-soon?utm_source=profile&utm_medium=reader2|retrieved=2022-11-27}}</ref>

== Political positions==

=== Anti-LGBT bigotry and misogyny ===
InfraWiki contains [[Sexism|sexist]] and anti-[[LGBT+|LGBT]] statements and believes the LGBT community is [[Counterrevolution|counterrevolutionary]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=InfraWiki|title=Feminization of the Working Masses|date=2022-10-28|url=https://wiki.infrawiki.us/index.php/Feminization_of_the_Working_Masses|retrieved=2022-11-25|quote=The Feminization of the Working Masses can refer to a trend which has been pushed by the establishment and elite in order to weaken the working masses and make sure that they are unable to form effective resistance and rebellion against the powers that be. The promotion of LGBT Ideology in public schools and especially the demonization of working class men are examples of this trend.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126215112/https://infrawiki.us/index.php/Feminization_of_the_Working_Masses|archive-date=2022-11-26}}</ref> It calls [[ProleWiki]] "[[Wokeism|woke]]" and "[[Historical nihilism|historical nihilists]]."<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=InfraWiki's Newsletter|title=InfraWiki: Coming Soon|date=2022-10-04|url=https://infrawiki.substack.com/p/infrawiki-coming-soon?utm_source=profile&utm_medium=reader2|retrieved=2022-11-27}}</ref>

=== Racism and police apologia ===
InfraWiki claims that [[Black Lives Matter]] is a "[[Terrorist (insult)|domestic terrorist organization]]" and [[money laundering]] scheme as well as a front organization [[Conspiracy theory|secretly operated]] by the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] and [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=InfraWiki|title=Black Lives Matter|url=https://wiki.infrawiki.us/index.php/Black_Lives_Matter|retrieved=2023-12-2}}</ref> They also deny the [[Racism|racist]] murder of George Floyd by police and claim that the [[George Floyd protests|protests in response to his murder]] were "terrorist attacks" targeting "[[Police|LEOs]] and White Americans".<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=InfraWiki|title=2023 Derek Chauvin stabbing|url=https://wiki.infrawiki.us/index.php/2023_Derek_Chauvin_stabbing#cite_note-9|retrieved=2023-12-2}}</ref> They almost entirely use [[Fox News Channel|Fox News]] articles and "[[Alt-right|dissident right]]" Twitter accounts for sourcing.

==Sourcing==
InfraWiki uses unreliable sources that would never be taken seriously in any academic setting, including [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] posts,<ref name=":0">[https://wiki.infrawiki.us/index.php?title=Globalism&oldid=2874 "Globalism"] (2023-02-08). ''InfraWiki''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202349/https://infrawiki.us/index.php/Globalism Archived] from the original on 2023-02-25. Retrieved 2023-02-25.</ref> [[Quora]] posts,<ref name=":0" /> [[Twitter]] posts,<ref>[https://wiki.infrawiki.us/index.php?title=Ron_Paul_Maoism&oldid=1971 "Ron Paul Maoism"] (2023-01-06). ''InfraWiki''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230113222330/https://infrawiki.us/index.php/Ron_Paul_Maoism Archived] from the original on 2023-02-25. Retrieved 2023-02-25.</ref> and [[YouTube]] videos.<ref>[https://wiki.infrawiki.us/index.php?title=Germany&oldid=3197 "Germany"] (2023-02-19). ''InfraWiki''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202914/https://infrawiki.us/index.php/Germany Archived] from the original on 2023-02-25. Retrieved 2023-02-19.</ref><ref>[https://wiki.infrawiki.us/index.php?title=Vladimir_Putin&oldid=2344 "Vladimir Putin"] (2023-01-14). ''InfraWiki''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230225204624/https://infrawiki.us/index.php/Vladimir_Putin Archived] from the original on 2023-02-25. Retrieved 2023-02-25.</ref> In addition, it recommends that its editors visit [[Conservapedia]] (which is itself infamous for its lack of reliability) and [[KeyWiki]] (an [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] doxxing site) in order to find sources to back up their claims.<ref>[https://wiki.infrawiki.us/index.php?title=Resources_for_finding_sources&oldid=2803 "Resources for finding sources"] (2023-02-03). ''InfraWiki''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221219074021/https://infrawiki.us/index.php/Resources_for_finding_sources Archived] from the original on 2022-12-19. Retrieved 2023-02-25.</ref>

For "reliable sources", InfraWiki recommends far-right conspiracy theory propaganda like [[Alex Jones|InfoWars]] and [[Islamophobia|islamophobic]] outlets like [[Jihad Watch]] as "always reliable" sources.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=InfraWiki|title=Reliable sources|url=https://wiki.infrawiki.us/index.php/Reliable_sources|retrieved=2023-12-2}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Metapedia]]
* [[Conservapedia]]
* [[KeyWiki]]

==References==
[[Category:Patriotic socialism]]
[[Category:Wikis]]

<references />
[[Category:Alt-right]]
[[Category:Antisemitic propaganda]]