[[File:New Cold War.png|thumb|539x539px|Blue: [[NATO]] and allies (black stripes for [[Settler colonialism|settler-colonies]])
 
Red: [[Actually Existing Socialism|AES]] and allies
 
Green: [[CSTO]] and allies
 
Yellow: [[Axis of Resistance]]
 
Purple: Other [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] states ]]
The '''Second Cold War''', or '''New Cold War''', is a term used to describe conflicts and international tension that are reminiscent of the first [[Cold War]], particularly those seen between [[NATO]] and the [[People's Republic of China]] and [[Russian Federation]], along with their respective allies.<ref>[https://monthlyreview.org/2021/07/01/the-new-cold-war-on-china/ The New Cold War on China] by the [[Monthly Review]]</ref><ref>{{News citation|title=The second Cold War is here — and supply chains will be the front lines|url=https://www.freightwaves.com/news/the-second-cold-war-is-here-and-supply-chains-will-be-the-front-lines|newspaper=Freight Waves}}</ref> Less than 15% of the world population supports the New Cold War.<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Benjamin Norton]]|newspaper=[[Multipolarista]]|title=87% of world doesn’t support West’s new cold war on Russia|date=2022-09-21|url=https://multipolarista.com/2022/09/21/global-south-west-cold-war-russia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924041727/https://multipolarista.com/2022/09/21/global-south-west-cold-war-russia/|archive-date=2022-09-24|retrieved=2022-09-24}}</ref> Like the first [[Cold War]], its goal is to destroy the communist movement and anything that may threaten the [[Imperial core|Western bourgeoisie]]'s power.

The diplomatic and economic confrontations between the Western and Sino-Russian blocs, especially after the [[2022 Russo-Ukrainian conflict]] began, have resulted in numerous commercial [[Economic sanctions|embargoes]], travel restrictions, and even discriminatory violence against people of Asian or Russian ethnicity abroad, which has been further encouraged by the [[reactionary]] [[bourgeois media]].<ref>[https://youtu.be/7_dIEZhdacc Daily Mail, The Times Both Repeat China "Dune" Poster Lies DAYS After Others Retracted False Claims] by [[The New Atlas]]</ref><ref>{{News citation|title=How to satisfy the US Empire: smear the left, demonize China|url=https://socialistchina.org/2022/01/14/how-to-satisfy-the-us-empire-smear-the-left-demonize-china/}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|journalist=Josh Campbell|title=Anti-Asian hate crimes surged in early 2021, study says|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/05/us/anti-asian-hate-crimes-study/index.html|newspaper=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|journalist=Rachel Hu and Chris Garaffa|date=2022-03-16|title=CovertAction Bulletin Podcast: The Role of War Propaganda in Anti-Asian Violence|url=https://covertactionmagazine.com/2022/03/16/covertaction-bulletin-podcast-the-role-of-war-propaganda-in-anti-asian-violence/|newspaper=[[CovertAction Magazine]]}}</ref>

On 10 January, 2023 the United States House of Representatives established the [[United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party]]. The "Select Committee" comprised of not more than 16 Members appointed by the Speaker and 7 appointed in consultation with the minority leader, are tasked with advising on the “…status of the economic, technological, and security progress of the Chinese Communist Party and its competition with the United States.”<ref>{{Web citation|author=Kevin McCarthy|newspaper=[[United States Congress]]|title=H.Res.11 - Establishing the Select Committee on the Strategic Competition Between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party.|date=2023-10-01|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/11|retrieved=2023-02-14|quote=The resolution authorizes the committee to investigate and submit policy recommendations concerning the status of the economic, technological, and security progress of the Chinese Communist Party and its competition with the United States.}}</ref> The development presents a further escalation of the New Cold War against China.

== History ==

=== US-aligned bloc ===
At the end of the [[Second World War]], the United States created the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] to fight against [[communism]] and the international proletarian movement.<ref>[https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/nato Office of the Historian]</ref> Since then, the alliance has grown to 32 member states, all of them dictatorships of the bourgeoisie and located, as per NATO's charter, in Europe and North America. NATO has instigated several wars despite calling itself a defensive alliance,<ref name=":1">{{News citation|author=[[Chris Hedges]]|newspaper=[[MintPress News]]|title=Chris Hedges: NATO—The Most Dangerous Military Alliance on the Planet|date=2022-07-12|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/chris-hedges-nato-most-dangerous-military-alliance/281304/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721133324/https://www.mintpressnews.com/chris-hedges-nato-most-dangerous-military-alliance/281304/|archive-date=2022-07-21|retrieved=2022-07-26}}</ref> and funded terror cells in Italy as part of [[Operation Gladio]] and in Ukraine during the [[2014 Ukrainian coup d'etat]].<ref>[https://mronline.org/2022/03/23/u-s-and-nato-allies-arm-neo-nazi-units-in-ukraine-as-foreign-policy-elites-yearn-for-afghan-style-insurgency/ U.S. and NATO allies arm neo-Nazi units in Ukraine as Foreign Policy elites yearn for Afghan-style insurgency]</ref>

The end of the war was itself a pivotal moment in global politics, as the US was able to dictate terms to [[Japan]],<ref>The [https://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/etc/c06.html Potsdam Declaration], accepted by Japan on 14 August 1945.</ref> [[Republic of Korea|Korea]]<ref>Douglas MacArthur, [https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v06/d776 Proclamation No. 1], 1945.</ref> and keep the [[Republic of China]] alive in [[Taiwan Province|Taiwan province]] after the establishment of the People's Republic. In Europe, the [[Marshall Plan]] as well as NATO/CIA intervention kept their influence high against the worker's movement. To this day, these states are still aligned against communism and with the interests of the Statesian [[bourgeoisie]].

In the 1980s, the United States forced Japan to appreciate the Yen in the [[1985 Plaza Accord]], making Japanese exports (which the Japanese economy relies on) less competitive.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=Ken Dow|title=How the Plaza Accord helped the US destroy the Japanese economy|date=2020|url=https://kendawg.medium.com/how-the-plaza-accord-helped-the-us-destroy-the-japanese-economy-b4b24c20a9af}}</ref> Because the Yen was more valuable compared to other currencies, importing Japanese goods became more expensive to consumers and they turned to other providers. Reagan, who was president of the United States at the time, imposed tariffs and trade restrictions on Japanese goods.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Los Angeles Time|title=Reagan Imposes 100% Tariffs on Japan Goods : Retaliatory Sanctions Aimed at $300 Million in Electronic Products in Semiconductor Dispute|date=1987|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-03-28-mn-698-story.html}}</ref> This caused the [[Lost decade]] in Japan, a period of stagnation and recession in the 1990s that the country still has not recovered from.<ref name=":0" />

To this day there are US military bases and troops occupying Japan, South Korea and Taiwan.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-United-States-Military-Presence-in-the-West-Pacific-Region-in-2014-Source-Asia_fig6_333663475 US Military presence in West Pacific map, 2014]</ref>

=== New opposition bloc ===
After the [[overthrow of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, itself a continuation of many attempts by the Statesian bourgeoisie to destroy the first successful socialist state, the Cold War was declared over by the West.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Britannica|title=Toward a new world order|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Cold-War/Toward-a-new-world-order|quote=In late 1991 the Soviet Union collapsed and 15 newly independent nations were born from its corpse, including a Russia with a democratically elected, anticommunist leader. The Cold War had come to an end.}}</ref> The [[German Democratic Republic (1949–1990)|German Democratic Republic]] was annexed into the [[Federal Republic of Germany]], the constitutive states of the USSR seceded into their own bourgeois states, and [[Boris Yeltsin]] was elected with US help.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|title=Americans Claim Role in Yeltsin Win|date=July 9, 1996|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-07-09-mn-22423-story.html|journalist=ELEANOR RANDOLPH}}</ref> Between 1991 and 2001, NATO bombed states of the ex-Yugoslavia as part of the [[Yugoslav Wars]].<ref name=":023">{{Citation|author=[[Michael Parenti]]|year=2000|title=To Kill a Nation|chapter=NATO's War Crimes|page=115–126|pdf=https://leftychan.net/edu/src/1614706295182-3.pdf|publisher=Verso}}</ref>

In 1978, the People's Republic of China had formally started its [[Reform and Opening Up]] plans under [[Deng Xiaoping]]. This followed the [[Sino-Soviet split]] in the 1950s, and China realized that it needed to develop its [[productive forces]] to stand on its own against anti-communist [[Reactionary|reaction]] and infiltration.

In parallel, [[Vladimir Putin]] was elected president of the Russian Federation in March 2000. While he was originally courted by the West to become a [[comprador]] like Yeltsin had been,<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Kremlin|title=President Vladimir Putin and British Prime Minister Tony Blair held a joint news conference|date=2001|url=http://www.en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/26903}}</ref> Putin moved away from participating in Western hegemony (including joining NATO and the EU when Russia saw that this was going to be impossible) and has since then been considered an enemy by the [[imperial core]].

For a time after 1991, the Cold War was believed to be over and anti-imperialist forces to have been defeated. However, both Russia and China were able to build their productive forces at breakneck speed over the past decades. In 1991, China's GDP per capita (the average value produced by a person in the country) was 333 USD. By 2000, this value had tripled to 959 USD. By 2010, the GDP per capita had reached 4550 USD.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Macrotrends|title=China GDP per capita|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/countries/chn/china/gdp-per-capita}}</ref> Since 2013, China has invested in the [[Belt and Road Initiative]], a worldwide program that aims to build economic self-sufficiency in countries that are either ex-[[Colonialism|colonies]] or imperialized. Since the 2000s, Russia has militarily supported self-determination movements across the world that fight against imperialist meddling. For example, after [[Mali]] and [[Burkina Faso]] (former colonies of France and part of the [[ECOWAS]] system until 2022) kicked out French troops in late 2022 and early 2023,<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Al Jazeera|title=Timeline: Nine years of French troops in Mali|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/17/timeline-what-led-france-to-withdraw-its-troops-from-mali}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Reuters|title=Burkina Faso marks official end of French military operations on its soil|date=2023|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/burkina-faso-marks-official-end-french-military-operations-its-soil-2023-02-19/}}</ref> they invited Russian troops to replace them, creating room to form the [[Alliance of Sahel States]].

== New Cold War ==
The Cold War has never really ended; at most, it was dormant for a period between 1991 and 2010. However, the term has uses to combat the idea that the Cold War is a thing of the past.

In terms of ''cold'' wars being waged, there was the [[Syrian Civil War]] and the 2022 Russo-Ukrainian conflict being fought through proxies.

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Geopolitics]]
[[Category:Cold War]]

Panhellenic Socialist Movement

2025-06-24T14:28:27Z

ComradeSyntrofos:

Panhellenic Socialist Movement

2025-06-13T07:07:07Z

ComradeSyntrofos: Restructuring

{{Message box/Incomplete}}{{Infobox political party|name=Panhellenic Socialist Movement|native_name=Πανελλήνιο Σοσιαλιστικό Κίνημα|logo=P A S O K.png|founded=3 September 1974|abbr=PASOK|president=[[Nikos Androulakis]]|founder=[[Andreas Papandreou]]|political_orientation=[[Social Democracy]] [[Imperialism]]|position=Centre-left|national=Panhellenic Socialist Movement - Movement for Change|colours=Green|anthem=Ο ήλιος ο πράσινος (The green sun)}}
'''PASOK''' is a social democratic party in Greece.

== History ==

=== Orthodox Period (1974-1996) ===
Andreas Papandreou founded PASOK along with other anti-Junta resistance members in 1974.

Andreas Papandreou remained president until his death in 1996.

=== Modernization Period (1996-2009) ===
After Papandreou's death, party elections happened. [[Costas Simitis]] and his more [[centrist]], [[imperialist]] "modernizers" wing took over the party, beating the rival "orthodox" faction of Akis Tzochatzopoulos, a [[Corruption|corrupt]] minister of Papandreou's governments. The party's positions changed radically since then, with it adopting a very pro-[[European Union|EU]] stance. Corruption with in the party and its governments skyrocketed as well.

In 2004, Simitis resigned from the party leadership and [[George Papandreou]], the son of Andreas Papandreou took over. He led the party to a victory in 2009, getting 43%. This was due to [[New Democracy (political party in the Hellenic Republic)|New Democracy]] rapidly losing its voting base ([[Panhellenic Socialist Movement#Papandreou Jr. Government (2009-2011)|see below]]).

=== Collapse and coalitions (2012-present) ===
After the start of the [[Greek government-debt crisis]], PASOK lost most of its voters, falling down to less than 12.3% by June 2012. In the meantime, Papandreou had resigned from government and Evangelos Venizelos had taken his position.

PASOK participated in the 2012 government along with New Democracy and Democratic Left. To this day, it is the last government PASOK has ever participated in.

In 2014, it formed a coalition with Democratic Left and some other minor parties as it was on the point of being left out of parliamentt

In January 2015, PASOK reached an all-time low of 4.68% and was in the 7th place, almost a third of the percentage it had in the first elections it participated in (the 1974 elections).

In June 2015, Fofi Gennimata assumed leadership of the party and formed a new coalition called "Democratic Alignment", with which she participated in the September 2015 elections.

During late 2017 and early 2018, a new coalition called Movement for Change was formed. In the 2019 elections, the party scored 8.1% and reached the 3rd place.

After Gennimata died in October 2021, Nikos Androulakis assumed leadership and renamed it to PASOK - Movement for Change in a desperate attempt to gain voters back. This was effective, as the coalition had an increase of 3.75% from the 2019 elections in the June 2023 elections.

In opinion polls after mid-November 2023, PASOK has reached the 2nd place again, surpassing [[Coalition of the Radical Left – Progressive Alliance|Syriza]], due to the latter's collapse.<ref>{{Web citation |date=2023-11-16 |title=Η πρώτη δημοσκόπηση που δείχνει δεύτερο κόμμα το ΠΑΣΟΚ και τρίτο τον ΣΥΡΙΖΑ|url=https://www.ieidiseis.gr/politiki/223269/i-proti-dimoskopisi-pou-deixnei-deytero-komma-to-pasok-kai-trito-ton-syriza|website=iediseis.gr |language=el }}</ref>

== Governments ==

=== Papandreou Governments (1981-1989, 1993-1996) ===
{{Main article|Andreas Papandreou}}

=== Simitis Governments (1996-2004) ===
During Simitis, while infrastructure was upgraded (the so-called "Modernization"), Greece adopted the Euro as official currency and abolished the Drachma in 2001-02, causing a big rise in prices and crippling the purchase power of Greek citizens.

In 1997, the International Olympic Committee selected Athens to organize the 2004 Summer Olympics.

=== Papandreou Jr. Government (2009-2011) ===
Karamanlis resigned in 2009, as the [[CIA]] allegedly plotted to assassinate him, as he planned the participation of Greece in the construction of South Stream, a [[Russian Federation|Russian]] gas pipeline connecting Burgas with Alexandroupoli.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=CNN (although the sources for the claim are provided by Russian State Television)|title=Ντοκιμαντέρ για το σχέδιο δολοφονίας του Κώστα Καραμανλή έπαιξε η ρωσική τηλεόραση (vid)|url=https://www.cnn.gr/kosmos/story/102050/ntokimanter-gia-to-sxedio-dolofonias-toy-kosta-karamanli-epaixe-i-rosiki-tileorasi-vid}}</ref> In order to lose the elections, he told people the actual economic state of Greece and proclaimed austerity measures, whereas PASOK leader George Papandreou (the son of Andreas Papandreou), proclaimed social expenditures that Greece could not actually afford. This led to a financial crisis.

The social expenditures that Papandreou proclaimed caused a deficit in the Greek economy, which made Greece turn to the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] to get a loan. IMF required Greece to take harsh austerity measures.

The first austerity package got approved on 9 February 2010. It froze all wages of government employees, cut 10% of bonuses and overtime workers' and public employees wages and work-related travel subsidies. <ref>{{Web citation|title=Πάγωμα μισθών και περικοπές επιδομάτων ανακοίνωσε η κυβέρνηση|publisher=enet.gr|trans-title=Government announced cuts and a freeze in salaries|url=http://www.enet.gr/?i=news.el.article&id=130472|date=9 February 2010|access-date=14 August 2011}}</ref>

Another austerity package was approved just a month later, in March 2010. <ref name=":0">{{Web citation|title=Αξέχαστη (!) και δυσοίωνη η 3η Μαρτίου|publisher=enet.gr|trans-title=An unforgettable (!) and ominous 3 March|url=http://www.enet.gr/?i=issue.el.home&date=04/03/2010&id=137789|date=4 March 2010|access-date=14 August 2011}}</ref> On 2 May 2010, the first IMF/EU loan known as the First Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece and commonly referred to as the "first memorandum" got signed, after a request on 23 April of the same year. <ref>{{Web citation|title=Greece, Out of Ideas, Requests Global Aid|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/24/business/global/24drachma.html|work=The New York Times|access-date=11 August 2013|first1=Niki|last1=Kitsantonis|first2=Matthew|last2=Saltmarsh|date=23 April 2010}}</ref> <ref>{{Web citation|title=EU, IMF agree $147 billion bailout for Greece|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eurozone-idUSTRE6400PJ20100502|work=Reuters|access-date=11 August 2013|date=2 May 2010}}</ref> The European Commission, European Central Bank and the IMF formed the so-called Troika. These measures led to massive protests in Greece and the rise of the so-called anti-austerity movement. 2 days after the memorandum got signed, massive protests happened where 3 people died during the arson of a bank.<ref>{{Web citation|title=The Greek spirit of resistance turns its guns on the IMF|date=2010-05-08|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/09/greece-debt-crisis-euro-imf|access-date=2022-12-09|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

Another austerity package was approved by the Parliament in 6 May 2010, privatizing 4,000 companies, cutting wages and pensions and increasing taxes. <ref>{{Web citation|title=Greek Bailout Talks Could Take Three Weeks|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-04-20/greek-bailout-talks-could-take-three-weeks-bond-payment-looms.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422033111/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-04-20/greek-bailout-talks-could-take-three-weeks-bond-payment-looms.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref>

In February 2011, massive protests occurred again in all major Greek cities. Protests re-began in May and happened continuously until December 2011. Many [[Bourgeois media|private TV channels]] did not cover the protests during their early days. During May-August 2011, an "Indignant Citizens Movement" emerged, inspired by the 15-M Spanish movement. In late May, a "Real Democracy Now!" movement emerged inspired by the Spanish one. The first vote of the People's Assembly in Greece got signed in 27 May 2011. The proceedings were:

* Any corrupt politician should either be sent home or to jail.
* When we, the people, start discussions without fear, fear grips them, inside the parliament building.
* This is not just the politician's fault. It's all our faults, with our selfish attitudes.
* Demonstrations should take place every evening at 6 pm and an assembly at 9 pm.
* Their democracy guarantees neither Justice nor Equality.
* The taxation system is not the same for the rich and the poor. Equal rights for everyone.

A fourth austerity package got signed in June 2011, further cutting wages and pensions and doing more privatizations. Another one got signed in October 2011, reducing the tax-free threshold from 12,000€ to only 5,000€, as well as closing schools and cutting pensions, as well as other measures. In the protests during the same month, there were violent demonstrations and [[strikes]], inspired by the Statesian [[Occupy Wall Street]] movement. Communist Party of Greece members and hard-line protesters tried to invade the parliament, resulting in the death of one KKE member.

In 28 October, a national holiday about Greece's refusal to be used as a base for [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]], the military parade officially got cancelled due to protests. The then-President of the Hellenic Republic, Karolos Papoulias, was forced to leave.

=== Papademos Unity Government (2011-2012) ===
Papandreou resigned on 11 November 2011, due to the protests that happened. A provisional government was formed, led by [[Lucas Papademos]]. PASOK participated in the unity government, along with New Democracy and LAOS.

In February 2012, another wave of protests started against the provisional government, since in the 13th day of the same month the parliament approved the sixth package of austerity measures. In fact, the passing of the austerity measures was a precondition for the next €130 billion lending package from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund to the Greek government, without which the country would have faced sovereign default by 20 March. The Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece, usually referred to as the "second memorandum" was signed in 1 March. In 20 March, the government finally announced they had defaulted and had rejected another package from Brussels Bailout and were starting to reform the system. On 5 April, people once again demonstrated against the government after a pensioner named Dimitris Christoulas committed suicide by shooting himself, refusing to share the fate of those people who have had to search for food in garbage.

The two major labor unions of Greece warned that the harsh austerity measures would "drive Greece to despair".

=== Collaboration with Samaras Government (2012-2015) ===
In May 2012, elections happened, but no government was formed, so new elections happened in June. New Democracy became the first party, acquiring almost 30% of the votes, whereas PASOK fell at less than 12.3% of the votes.

As such, [[Antonis Samaras]] became the new Prime Minister.

A new austerity package was approved in October-November 2012.

On 28 April, a new austerity package was signed. The law created a new tax for immovable property that would be defined later. The teachers reacted to the bill by declaring strikes. However, the government prohibited the strikes, proceeding to implement Civil mobilization. The package was finalized on 17 July. The package laid off another 15,000 public employees, among them high school teachers, school guards and municipal policemen.

On 11 June 2013, Simos Kedikoglou, the government's spokesman, at approximately 17:45 EEST announced the shutdown of the Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT), which would make almost 3,000 employees reduntant. This closure was undemocratic.

ERT was dissolved by a Common Ministerial Decision that was enacted by virtue of Article 14B of Law 3429/2005 (regarding the dissolution, merger and restructuring of public companies) as amended by an urgent government Legislative Ordinace (FEK 139/11.06.2013, Issue A').

NET (the main channel) and ET1, which were based in Athens, interrupted programming. So did ET3, which is based in Thessaloniki. Thousands of people gathered in the Radio Hall, the building where ET1 and NET were based and practically ERT's main headquarters, and protested against the decision. This happened in Thessaloniki as well. Analog signal ceased at 22:54 EEST. The last (digital terrestrial television) ERT transmitters were closed at 23:17 EEST. However, 20 seconds later, 902TV, controlled by the KKE, retransmitted the signal and as such got shut down as well. Radio signals stopped at 23:22 EEST. Later on, the ERT World feed got shut down as well. On 12 June, all internet assets of ERT got erased from the Greek internet registry. Massive strikes happened the same day.

However, with the help of EBU initially, ERT's employees, now integrated into the ERT Open initiative, continued to broadcast two of the three channels (NET and ET3) via Internet and satellite signals, and even reopened some analog transmitters. On 24 October, EBU ceased its aid to ERT and as such most signals ceased. ERT continued to broadcast via Internet only. On 7 November, police invaded the Radio Hall (prosecuting 4 people) and later that day, NET ceased broadcasting. Until its reopening on 11 June 2015, ET3 and some radio stations were the only services that never stopped broadcasting.

Democratic Left exited the coalition because of this decision. PASOK still remained though.

In place of ERT, a new organization, NERIT, was expected to start broadcasting on 29 August. However, a transitional and terribly designed one, called Public Television was launched on 10 July instead and got replaced by NERIT on 4 May 2014.

It should be noted that Public Television changed its name within just the first day (as it was called Hellenic Public Television) and changed logos 4 times during its first 2 months of operation. It started normal programming only on 21 August. Before then, the programming did not cover all 24 hours (akin to pre-1996 ERT).

In fact, up until 7 November, Public Television broadcasted from a private studio and it also did not legally exist, as it did not have a VAT.

In 2014, a new austerity package was approved. The bill froze wages and pensions until 2018. It cut public sector expenses, such as the Ministry of Health. It provided that the primary surplus in 2014 would be 2.3% of GDP (€4.19 billion) 5.3% (€11.585 billion) in 2018.

On 4 May, NERIT was launched.

On 31 December, the Parliament was dissolved.

== References ==
[[Category:Social democratic parties]]
[[Category:Imperialist political parties]]
<references />
[[Category:Pages needing references]]

June 2025 Iran-"Israel" strikes

2025-06-13T06:52:57Z

ComradeSyntrofos:

{{Message box/currentevent}}{{Message box/Missing Sources}}

On 13 June 2025, the zionist entity launched a series of strikes on the Iranian capital of Tehran and other locations. The attacks were dubbed „Operation Nation of Lions” or „Operation Rising Lion”, with the entity claiming them to have been preemptive strike against the Iranian nuclear program. Iranian media however described the attacks as having targeted residential buildings.

As a result of the attacks, flights where suspended at Tehran's Imam Khomeini International Airport, while the airspace over the entity had been nearly entirely cleared.

American officials are believed to have been informed in advance of the strikes, leading to the US advising that Americans leave the region, in anticipation of Iranian retaliation in Iraq.

Reactions:

• Zionist entity: Zionist prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu declared that the operation will continue indefinitely. Defense minister Israel Katz announced that the entity is expecting missile and drone retaliation from Iran.

Zionist entity:

Zionist prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu declared that the operation will continue indefinitely. Defense minister Israel Katz announced that the state of Israel expects missile and drone retaliation from Iran.
• United States:

• United States:

Secretary of State Marco Rubio claimed that the US has not been involved in the strikes, and warned Iran against striking American targets in the region. Prior to the attacks, US president Donald Trump is quoted as saying that he doesn't condone a zionist attack on Iran, but considers it „fairly close”.

• Australia:

Foreign Minister Penny Wong of the settler colonial entity of Australia declared she was alarmed by the escalation, urging all parties to deescalate.

June 2025 Iran-"Israel" strikes

2025-06-13T06:50:44Z

ComradeSyntrofos: ComradeSyntrofos moved page 13th of January zionist strikes on Iran to 13th of June Zionist strikes on Iran

On 13-June-2025, the zionist entity launched a series of strikes on the Iranian capital of Tehran and other locations. The attacks were dubbed „Operation Nation of Lions” or „Operation Rising Lion”, with the entity claiming them to have been preemptive strike against the Iranian nuclear program. Iranian media however described the attacks as having targeted residential buildings.

As a result of the attacks, flights where suspended at Tehran's Imam Khomeini International Airport, while the airspace over the entity had been nearly entirely cleared.

American officials are believed to have been informed in advance of the strikes, leading to the US advising that Americans leave the region, in anticipation of Iranian retaliation in Iraq.

Reactions:

• Zionist entity: Zionist prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu declared that the operation will continue indefinitely. Defense minister Israel Katz announced that the entity is expecting missile and drone retaliation from Iran.

Zionist entity:

Zionist prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu declared that the operation will continue indefinitely. Defense minister Israel Katz announced that the state of Israel expects missile and drone retaliation from Iran.
• United States:

• United States:

Secretary of State Marco Rubio claimed that the US has not been involved in the strikes, and warned Iran against striking American targets in the region. Prior to the attacks, US president Donald Trump is quoted as saying that he doesn't condone a zionist attack on Iran, but considers it „fairly close”.

• Australia:

Foreign Minister Penny Wong of the settler colonial entity of Australia declared she was alarmed by the escalation, urging all parties to deescalate.

Federal Republic of Germany

2025-05-30T15:11:47Z

ComradeSyntrofos: /* Lack of democracy */

{{Infobox country
| name = Federal Republic of Germany
| native_name = Bundesrepublik Deutschland
| image_flag = File:Flag of Germany.svg
| image_coat = File:Coat of arms of Germany.svg
|national_motto=Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit<ref group=Note>From 1949 to 1962, this was 'Gott mit uns' ('God with us').</ref>|englishmotto=Unity and Justice and Freedom| image_map = Germany (ortographic projection).svg
| map_width = 320px
| capital = [[Berlin]]<ref group=Note>From 1949 until unification in 1990, the capital city was [[Bonn]]. In 1990, as dictated by the [[Two plus Four Agreement]], Berlin was made the capital; and in the following year, the [[Bundestag]] was moved there.</ref>
| largest_city = capital
|mode_of_production=[[Imperialism|Imperialist capitalism]]| government_type = [[Federation|Federal]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[Bourgeois democracy|bourgeois republic]]
| established_event1 = Dissolution of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]
| established_date1 = 6 August 1806
| established_event2 = Creation of the [[German Confederation]]
| established_date2 = 8 June 1815
| established_event3 = [[German Revolutions of 1848–1849|German Revolutions]]
| established_date3 = 13 March 1848
| established_event4 = Dissolution of the German Confederation
| established_date4 = 24 August 1866
| established_event5 = [[North German Confederation]] gains statehood
| established_date5 = 1 July 1867
|established_event6=Proclamation of the [[German Empire]]|established_date6=18 January 1871|established_event7=Proclamation of the [[Weimar Republic]]|established_date7=9 November 1918|established_event8=Beginning of the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi regime]]|established_date8=30 January 1933|established_event9=[[German Instrument of Surrender|Nazi surrender]]|established_date9=8 May 1945|established_event10=Proclamation of the Federal Republic|established_date10=27 May 1949|established_event11=[[German reunification|West German annexation of the GDR]]|established_date11=3 October 1990| population_estimate = 83,190,556
| population_estimate_year = 2020
|currency=Euro (€)|currency_code=EUR|calling_code=+49|iso3166code=DE|cctld=.de| leader_title1 = President
| leader_name1 = [[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]]
| leader_title2 = Chancellor
| leader_name2 = [[Friedrich Merz]]
}}'''Germany''', officially the '''Federal Republic of Germany''' (German: ''Bundesrepublik Deutschland''), is a country in [[Central Europe]]. It is bordered by [[French Republic|France]], [[Grand Duchy of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]], [[Kingdom of Belgium|Belgium]], [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Netherlands]], [[Kingdom of Denmark|Denmark]], [[Republic of Poland|Poland]], [[Czech Republic|Czechia]], [[Republic of Austria|Austria]] and [[Swiss Confederation|Switzerland]] as well as having northern coasts on the [[North Sea]] and [[Baltic Sea]]. It is an [[Imperialism|imperialist]] state in [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]], the second-most populous country in [[Europe]] after [[Russian Federation|Russia]], and the most populous and influential member state of the [[European Union]].

==History==
=== Medieval history ===
{{Main article|Holy Roman Empire (800–1806)}}

=== Unification and German Empire ===
{{Main article|German Empire (1871–1918)}}

=== Weimar Republic ===
{{Main article|German Reich (1918–1933)}}

=== Nazi Germany ===
{{Main article|German Reich (1933–1945)}}

=== West Germany ===
[[File:Divided Germany.png|thumb|280x280px|British-occupied Germany (green), French-occupied Germany (blue), Soviet-occupied Germany (red), and US-occupied Germany (yellow)]]
After the defeat of Axis forces during the [[Second World War]], Germany was divided into four zones occupied by the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]], [[United States of America|USA]], France and [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Great Britain]]. At the [[Yalta Conference]] in early 1945, they agreed to make all of Germany pay $10 billion reparations to the USSR. The USA violated this agreement in May 1946 and only let the USSR take reparations from the east.<ref name=":052" />

In 1946, Hesse (part of the US zone) held a referendum on nationalizing [[Bank|banks]] and essential industries. 62% voted in favor for the first vote and 72% did the second time. In British-occupied North Rhine-Westphalia, a majority also voted to expropriate the ruling class. The occupying powers vetoed the results of these referendums.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=Bruni de la Motte, John Green|year=2015|title=Stasi State or Socialist Paradise?|chapter=A Difficult Birth - How the GDR Came About|page=|city=London|publisher=Artery Publications|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=F1F044D71B58A8E0438E6343D942F662}}</ref>:14–5

In 1948, France, the UK, and the USA merged their occupation zones to form West Germany. The Soviet Union then tried to blockade West Berlin to make it pay reparations, but the USA broke the blockade with an airlift.<ref name=":052">{{Citation|author=Austin Murphy|year=2000|title=The Triumph of Evil|chapter=A Comparative Analysis of East and West German Financial Systems in Light of the New Evidence|page=154|pdf=https://mltheory.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/austin-murphy-the-triumph-of-evil.pdf|city=Fucecchio|publisher=European Press Academic Publishing|isbn=8883980026}}</ref> The USA wrote the constitution of West Germany, which was never approved by voters. The constitution refused to recognize the GDR as a legitimate country.<ref name=":05">{{Citation|author=Austin Murphy|year=2000|title=The Triumph of Evil|chapter=A Detailed Autopsy of the Collapse of the Superior System in the Divided Germany|page=|pdf=https://mltheory.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/austin-murphy-the-triumph-of-evil.pdf|city=Fucecchio|publisher=European Press Academic Publishing|isbn=8883980026}}</ref>:114

In 1952, Chancellor [[Konrad Adenauer]] rejected a Soviet offer for reunification.<ref name=":1" />:17

In November 1951, the Adenauer government instituted legal proceedings aimed at outlawing the Communist Party of Germany. Organizations such as the Free German Youth League, the Democratic Women’s League, the Kulturbund, and the Peace Committee were persecuted by the state.<ref name="GSE">{{Citation|year=1977|chapter=Germany, Federal Republic of|chapter-url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Germany,+Federal+Republic+of|title=[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] (3rd ed.)|volume=27|page=231-254|city=Moscow|pdf=https://dn720004.ca.archive.org/0/items/B-001-032-507-748-ALL/БСЭ_3изд_т27_604.pdf|trans-title=Boljšaja sovjetskaja enciklopjedija|trans-lang=Russian}}</ref>

=== Annexation of the GDR ===
In December 1989, the West pressured the GDR into adopting a 3:1 exchange rate between the Eastern and Western currencies even though the eastern mark had a much higher purchasing power for basic consumer goods. Westerners flowed into the GDR and plundered the country by buying commodities for less than 10% of their normal prices using the new exchange rate.

The majority of East Germans only began to support unification in 1990, when Westerners had dropped the GDR's standard of living by more than two-thirds by shopping there with the 3:1 exchange rate. At this time, they still wanted a left-wing government. Western conservatives promised to establish a 1:1 exchange rate if bourgeois parties won the GDR's elections, leading those parties to narrowly win the 1990 elections and impose a [[Capitalism|capitalist]] counterrevolution.<ref name=":05" />:149–50

=== Russo-Ukrainian conflict ===
Germany joined NATO's sanctions regime against Russia during the [[2022 Russo-Ukrainian conflict]], and have supplied billions of dollars to support Ukraine.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Russia Today|title=Germany to spend billions on weapons for Ukraine – media|date=2022-04-15|url=https://www.rt.com/news/553958-germany-ukraine-weapons-funding/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=RSS|archive-url=https://archive.ph/uYl7S|archive-date=2023-07-23|retrieved=2023-10-01}}</ref> Despite promises early in the war that they would not send tanks, eventually acquiesced to demands to supply Ukraine with Leopard and Leopard II tanks.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Adam Durbin|newspaper=BBC|title=Ukraine war: Germany sends much-awaited Leopard tanks|date=2023-03-28|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65095126|archive-url=https://archive.ph/8Nqrt|archive-date=2023-03-28|retrieved=2023-10-01}}</ref>

Chancellor [[Olaf Scholz]] announced he would more than double Germany's military budget, putting it on track to become the third largest military in the world.<ref>{{News citation|author=Rob Schmitz|newspaper=NPR|title=Germany is building what's expected to become Europe's largest military|date=2022-03-17|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/03/17/1087137501/germany-is-building-whats-expected-to-become-europe-s-largest-military?t=1647958115615|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324053152/https://www.npr.org/2022/03/17/1087137501/germany-is-building-whats-expected-to-become-europe-s-largest-military|archive-date=2022-03-24|retrieved=2022-05-08}}</ref> The German government banned displaying the [[Flag of the Soviet Union|Soviet flag]], flown by the liberators during the Second World War, and allowed the use of the [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] flag, which was only used by Nazi collaborators during the war.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Peter Schwarz|newspaper=[[WSWS]]|title=May 8 and the rehabilitation of Nazism in Germany|date=2023-05-12|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2023/05/12/agbd-m12.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512063725/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2023/05/12/agbd-m12.html|archive-date=2023-05-12}}</ref>

As a consequence of the [[Economic sanctions|sanctions regime]] against Russia, and particularly because of the country's refusal to buy relatively cheap Russian natural gas via pipelines and the [[26 September Nord Stream explosion]], the German economy has fallen into a prolonged economic stagnation and recession.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=People's Daily|title=Germany's economy mired in woes|date=2023-09-29|url=http://en.people.cn/n3/2023/0929/c90000-20078556.html|archive-url=https://archive.ph/MX0Rk|archive-date=2023-09-30|retrieved=2023-10-01}}</ref> The German GDP was expected to shrink by 0.6% in 2023 as industry and private consumption remained muted due to high energy costs and interest rates.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Doloresz Katanich|newspaper=Euro News|title=The German GDP is shrinking by 0.6% this year|date=2023-09-28|url=https://www.euronews.com/2023/09/28/the-german-gdp-is-shrinking-by-06-this-year|archive-url=https://archive.ph/ky0we|archive-date=2023-09-28|retrieved=2023-10-27}}</ref> One third of Germany's industrial companies are planning to, or are in the process of moving their facilities abroad.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=People's Daily Online|title=Germany's economy mired in woes|date=2023-09-29|url=http://en.people.cn/n3/2023/0929/c90000-20078556.html|archive-url=https://archive.ph/MX0Rk|archive-date=2023-09-30|retrieved=2023-10-27}}</ref>

==Economy==
The vast amount of [[Welfare state|social programs]] in Germany are largely sustained off economic exploitation of less developed parts of [[Europe]], with German finance capital having a large amount of influence over the European banking system, the [[eurozone]], and the euro. Furthermore, the German economy, along with the other highly developed economies of Western Europe, are able to benefit greatly as a result of human capital flight from other areas in Europe, particularly the former [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)|Yugoslavia]] and Balkans,<ref>{{News citation|author=Satyajit Das|newspaper=MarketWatch|title=Germany and France can’t afford euro-zone bailout|date=2012-6-7|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/germany-and-france-cant-afford-euro-zone-bailout-2012-06-07?link=MW_story_investinginsight|retrieved=2022-7-2}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|author=Fred Goldstein|newspaper=Workers World|title=German imperialism and the Greek debt crisis|date=2015-3-15|url=https://www.workers.org/2015/03/18697/|retrieved=2022-7-2}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|newspaper=OECD|title=HIGH-LEVEL CONFERENCE ON SOUTH EAST EUROPE
HUMAN CAPITAL FLIGHT - SHAPING THE FUTURE TOGETHER|date=2022-5-17|url=https://www.oecd.org/south-east-europe/programme/up-coming.htm|retrieved=2022-7-2|quote=Emigration from the Western Balkan Six (WB6) region has been significant for decades, generating a large diaspora. In 2020, more than one in five citizens born in the region lived abroad, predominantly in a handful of OECD countries. This trend is set to continue as more than one third of WB6 citizens surveyed in 2021 consider emigrating. While sustained high emigration levels, especially of young talents}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|newspaper=The Global Economy|title=Human flight and brain drain in Europe|date=2021|url=https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/human_flight_brain_drain_index/Europe/|retrieved=2022-7-2}}</ref> which is one of the primary goals of the European Union, that being the unfettered transportation of capital.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=The EU single market|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001122551/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm|archive-date=2007-9-1}}</ref>

Soon after the FRG was founded, the power of monopoly corporations in the countries was strengthened. In the year 1954, 72 percent of the metallurgical industry was dominated by eight firms, 82 percent of the coal industry by fifteen companies, and 75 percent of the electrical engineering industry by only two companies (namely AEG and Siemens).<ref name="GSE" />

As of 2023, Germany is the sixth largest producer of motor vehicles in the world<ref>{{Web citation|title=Motor vehicle production volume worldwide in 2023, by country|newspaper=Statistica|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/584968/leading-car-manufacturing-countries-worldwide/|date=2024-03-28}}</ref>; in 1977, it was the third largest.<ref name="GSE" />

==Politics==
[[File:Germany election map.png|thumb|2019 German election: [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] (gray), [[Alliance 90/The Greens|Greens]] (green), [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] (red), and [[Alternative for Germany|AfD]] (blue)]]
The [[Far-right politics|far-right]] Alternative for Germany received 11% of the vote in the 2019 German elections, and is polling at 20% as of early 2024.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Statista|title=Voting intentions for the German parliament from the 2021 General Election to the 22nd of March 2024, by party|date=2024-04-02|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1257178/voting-intention-in-germany/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411122522/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1257178/voting-intention-in-germany/|archive-date=2024-04-11}}</ref>

Since 2015, the AfD has become openly [[Racism|racist]] and [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitic]] and many of its leaders promote Nazi concepts. They also deny [[climate change]]<ref>{{Web citation|date=2019-07-22|title=Dissecting Identity & Democracy: the EU’s new far-right super group|url=https://covertactionmagazine.com/2019/07/22/dissecting-identity-democracy-the-eus-new-far-right-super-group/|newspaper=[[CovertAction Magazine]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921200918/https://covertactionmagazine.com/2019/07/22/dissecting-identity-democracy-the-eus-new-far-right-super-group/|archive-date=2020-09-21|retrieved=2022-11-23|author=Ellen Rivera, Marsha P. Davis}}</ref> and are Germany's biggest supporters of Israel.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Raphael Ahren|newspaper=The Times of Israel|title=Loathed by Jews, Germany’s far-right AfD loves the Jewish state|date=2017-09-24|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/loathed-by-jews-germanys-far-right-afd-loves-the-jewish-state/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128094523/https://www.timesofisrael.com/loathed-by-jews-germanys-far-right-afd-loves-the-jewish-state/|archive-date=2023-11-28}}</ref>

=== Lack of democracy ===
Unlike the later formed DDR, the West German constitution was passed without ratification of citizens and a thorough denazification policy was not implemented.

Candidates for elections were chosen by rich bureaucrats, and write-in votes were not allowed.<ref name=":05" />:122–3

=== Neo-Nazism ===
The majority of officials in the West German Justice Ministry were former members of the [[National Socialist German Workers' Party|Nazi Party]]. 34 out of 170 officials had been members of the ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' Nazi paramilitary. In 1957, there were more senior officials who were former Nazis than there had been during [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]'s rule. Between 1949 and 1980, 54% of interior ministry staffers had been Nazis and 8% had been in the Nazi Interior Ministry led by [[Heinrich Himmler]].<ref name=":0">{{News citation|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|title=Report: Majority of West German Justice Ministry officials were ex-Nazis following WWII|date=2016-10-11|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/report-majority-of-west-german-justice-ministry-officials-were-ex-nazis-following-wwii-469899|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920141306/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/report-majority-of-west-german-justice-ministry-officials-were-ex-nazis-following-wwii-469899|archive-date=2021-09-20|retrieved=2022-06-11}}</ref>

The [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] [[National Democratic Party of Germany]] was founded in 1964 and grew from 473 to 50,000 members in 1969. It held sixty seats in the legislatures of eight German states. In 1968, West Germany appointed General [[Albert Schnez]] to commander-and-chief of the Bundeswehr. Schnez had joined the Nazi Party in 1933 and was a colonel in the Nazi army.<ref>{{Citation|author=Herbert Aptheker|year=1969|title=Czechoslovakia and Counter-Revolution|title-url=https://archive.org/details/ApthekerCzechoslovakia/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater|chapter=The Question of West Germany|page=12–13|city=[[New York City]]|publisher=[[New Outlook Publishers]]}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
=== Energy ===
The German economy is highly dependent on fossil fuel.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=International Trade Administration|title=Germany - Country Commercial Guide|date=2023-12-06|url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/germany-energy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404235347/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/germany-energy|archive-date=2024-04-04}}</ref> Renewable energy has plateaued in the last decade at 15% of total consumption.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=EnergyTransition|title=History of the German Energiewende|url=https://wiki.energytransition.org/wiki/history-of-the-energiewende/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204154243/http://wiki.energytransition.org/wiki/history-of-the-energiewende/|archive-date=2023-12-04}}</ref> Germany shut down its last nuclear power plant in 2023.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Federal Office for the Safety of Nuclear Waste Management|title=The nuclear phase-out in Germany|url=https://www.base.bund.de/EN/ns/nuclear-phase-out/nuclear-phase-out_node.html#:~:text=The%20last%20three%20nuclear%20power%20plants%20in%20Germany%20were%20shut,April%202023%20at%20the%20latest.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417112115/https://www.base.bund.de/EN/ns/nuclear-phase-out/nuclear-phase-out_node.html#:~:text=The%20last%20three%20nuclear%20power%20plants%20in%20Germany%20were%20shut,April%202023%20at%20the%20latest.|archive-date=2024-04-17}}</ref>
==Demographics==
==Culture==

== References ==
<references />

===Notes===
<references group=Note />
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:European countries]]
[[Category:Formerly fascist countries]]
[[Category:Global north]]
[[Category:Imperialist countries]]
[[Category:Member states of NATO]]
[[Category:Member states of the European Union]]

2025-05-16T08:57:29Z

ComradeSyntrofos: Wayyy more accurate article

{{Infobox politician|name=Andreas Papandreou|native_name=Ανδρέας Παπανδρέου|birth_date=5 February 1919|birth_place=[[Chios]], Greece|death_date=23 June 1996|death_place=Ekali, Greece|nationality=[[Greece|Greek]]|political_orientation=[[Social democracy]] [[Democratic socialism]] (alleged by some)|political_party=[[PASOK]]|image=Andreas Papandreou.jpg}}

'''Andreas Papandreou''' was a Greek politician who served as the Prime Minister of Greece from 1981 to 1989 and again from 1993 to 1996.

== Prime Minister of Greece ==

=== Economic Policy ===
During his first tenure, Papandreou nationalized some enterprises. <ref>{{Citation|author=Προβόπουλος, Γεώργιος|year=1985|title=Οι δημόσιες επιχειρήσεις και οργανισμοί.|city=Athens|publisher=IOBE}}</ref>

Papandreou's economic policies resulted in inflation dropping to 13,1% in June 1989 from 24,2% in October 1981.<ref>{{Citation|author=Πάνος Καζάκος|year=2000|title=Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους|chapter=Παροχές και λιτότητα: η οικονομία στη δεκαετία του 1980|page=364-371|city=Athens|publisher=Εκδοτική Αθηνών}}</ref>

The per capita income in US dollars increased by 5.2% from 1981 to 1989, from 13,443$ in 1981 to 14,148$ in 1989. <ref>{{Citation|title=International Macroeconomic Data Set|title-url=https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/international-macroeconomic-data-set.aspx}}</ref>

During his final 1993 - 1996 tenure, inflation dropped from 14,4% in 1993 to 8,2% in 1996. <ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=National Statistic Authority of Greece|url=http://www.statistics.gr/gr_tables/S1000_DK_12_TS_01_59_05_09_5_Y.pdf}}</ref>

=== Social Policy ===
Papandreou established the National Health System, which is regarded as PASOK's best governmental action, even as of today.

He also allowed [[National Liberation Front (Greece)|EAM]] activists to return in Greece and receive special pensions, while many of their secret service folders were passed to the civilian administration. The purpose of this was to repatriate many Greek war refugees as well. <ref>{{Citation|author=Τζούκας, Βαγγέλης· Παναγιωτόπουλος, Π.|year=2010|title=Η αναγνώριση της Εθνικής Αντίστασης|city=Athens|publisher=Το Πέρασμα|isbn=978-960-98310-8-6}}</ref>

The Woman Association of Greece also got strengthened.

Finally, the police state Greece had got reduced, as the Gendarmerie, and the City Police got merged and formed today's Hellenic Police, whereas the Central Information Service got disbanded and reformed into the present-day National Information Service. <ref>{{Web citation|author=Βαμβακάς, Β.|title=Η Ελλάδα στη δεκαετία του 80: κοινωνικό, πολιτικό και πολιτισμικό λεξικό|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/59921571/%CE%97-%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BD%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7-%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82-%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82-%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82-%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF-%CE%92-%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%82-%CE%A0-%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BC-%CE%97-%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1-%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7-%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1-%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85-80-%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C-%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C-%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9-%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C-%CE%BB%CE%B5}}</ref>

However, he also contributed to the de-industrialization of Greece and its 2009 financial crisis.{{Citation needed}} PASOK also subjugated the trade unions that existed during that time.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|newspaper=Ημερόδρομος|title=Ο Ανδρέας «απαντά» στον Αλέξη (κι ένα υστερόγραφο του Τσε…)|url=https://www.imerodromos.gr/o-andreas-apanta-ston-alexi-ki-ena-ysterografo-tou-tse/}}</ref>

=== Foreign Policy ===
Papandreou, in his 1981 campaign, used the slogans "Out of NATO", "Out of EEC", "EEC, the pit of lions" and "EEC and NATO, the same syndicate". However, Greece never exited either organization. Instead, Statesian bases remained in Greece, while PASOK also stated that Greece shouldn't exit the EEC.<ref name=":0" /> Later, during the time when Bill Clinton was the US President, Papandeou also expressed the will to cooperate with him.<ref name=":0" />

He pushed for some better terms for Greece and other South European countries regarding their staying in the EEC, some of which got accepted,<ref>{{Web citation|url=http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/el-GR/Policy/European+Policy/Greece+in+EU/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060717045858/http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/el-GR/Policy/European+Policy/Greece+in+EU/|archive-date=2006-07-17|retrieved=2023-12-03}}</ref> with then [[Neoliberalism|Neoliberal]] [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Prime Minister of the UK]] [[Margaret Thatcher]] said about him: <ref>{{Web citation|author=Νίκος Νικολάου|newspaper=Καθημερινή|title=Αφηγησεις / Η κοινωνία και όχι η οικονομία, η προτεραιότητα του Ανδρέα|date=2008-01-26|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117013524/http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_2_26/01/2008_257006|archive-url=http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_2_26/01/2008_257006|archive-date=2012-11-17|retrieved=2023-12-03}}</ref><blockquote>"I never liked him, but he never left any EEC summit without getting something for his country"</blockquote>He supported a two-state solution in the "Israeli" - Palestinian conflict and he had a close relation with PLO leader [[Yasser Arafat]]. He also praised anti-imperialist leaders [[Idi Amin]] of Uganda and [[Muammar Gaddafi]] of the [[Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]]. More specifically, during an interview in 1977, he said about Amin: <ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Τα Νέα|title=Συνέντευξη με τον Ανδρέα Παπανδρέου|date=1977-02-28}}</ref><blockquote>He fights against the metropolitan centers of the West and he himself is their target. That alone puts him, in the worldwide chess board, in the place of anti-imperialist powers.</blockquote>About Gaddafi, he said: <ref>{{Citation|author=Robert D. Kaplan|title=Phantoms of the Balkans|page=467}}</ref><blockquote>Libya isn't a military dictatorship. In fact, it's the opposite. It is a government in the model of the Ancient Athenian democracy.</blockquote>He also denounced the [[anti-communist]] leader of the [[Polish People's Republic (1947–1989)|Polish]] organization [[Solidarity (organization)|Solidarity]], [[Lech Wałęsa]] and supported [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]] instead, possibly to appease [[Communist Party of Greece|the communists]]. <ref>{{Citation|author=Gabriele, Simoncini|year=2003|title=National Minorities of Poland at the end of the Twentieth Century|publisher=The Polish Review. Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America.}}</ref> In a meeting there, he said:<blockquote>Since the [[USSR]] is not a capitalist country, one cannot label it an imperialist power. The Soviet Union represents a factor that restricts the expansion of capitalism and its imperialistic aims.</blockquote>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Former heads of government]]

Tufan Al-Aqsa

2025-04-25T13:42:28Z

ComradeSyntrofos: Changed redirect target from Operation Flood of Al-Aqsa to Israel-Gaza war and genocide

#REDIRECT [[Israel-Gaza war and genocide]]

Turfan Al-Aqsa

2025-04-25T13:42:21Z

ComradeSyntrofos: Changed redirect target from Operation Flood of Al-Aqsa to Israel-Gaza war and genocide

#REDIRECT [[Israel-Gaza war and genocide]]