ProleWiki - User contributions [en]

Historical materialism

2020-11-21T00:50:07Z

H. Vilaverde: Undo revision 3006 by FelipeForte (talk)

'''Historical materialism''' broadly refers to applying the philosophy of materialism to the study of social life.<ref>ENGELS; Friederich: "Socialism: Utopian and Scientific" ([https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/ch03.htm Read on Marxists.org])</ref>

In this way, one is able to understand how material conditions affected societies of the past, how they reacted to them and thus how these societies came to be or ceased to exist; ultimately explaining why the world is how it is today.

It is often used alongside [[dialectical materialism]] as dialectics are also an inextricable part of historical development.

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
{{External links|Wikipedia=Historical_materialism|Leftypedia=Historical_materialism|EcuRed=Materialismo_Histórico}}

Vladimir Lenin

2020-11-20T01:29:28Z

H. Vilaverde: I need to go to sleep in like 20 minutes, so i only removed the most baffling line. Lenin's developments to marxism are not Marxism-Leninism, ML was synthetized and built upon from Lenin's works by Stalin.

'''Vladimir Ilyich Lenin''' was a Russian revolutionary, political and economic theorist and an important figure in proletarian history. He is often considered one of the most important figures for communism and socialism. Author of several books contributing to Marxist theory, Lenin was responsible for the development of the understanding of the imperialist trend in capitalist mode of production and was a key figure in the 1917 revolution that led to the establishment of the [[Soviet Union]].

== Life and work ==
'''LENIN, Vladimir Ilyich.''' Lenin was born April 22 (10 Old Style), 1870, in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk), Russia. His father, Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov, was an inspector of the public schools of Simbirsk Province. In his student years Lenin came into conflict with the authorities for his activities in Marxist circles.

In 1895 Lenin united the Marxist workers’ study circles of St. Petersburg into the “League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class” which represented the embryo of the revolutionary proletarian party in Russia. At the Second Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party which took place in July 1903, Lenin, having exposed and isolated the opportunist trend of economism, made possible the victory of revolutionary Marxism and united around himself the group known as the “Bolsheviks” (from bolshinstvo-majority).In the struggle with the Mensheviks (from menshinstvo-minority) at and after the Congress he worked out the organizational foundations of the Bolshevik Party, a party of a new type.

Lenin’s book, Materialism and Empirio-Criticism, which appeared in 1909, made an immense contribution to the task of forming a party of social revolution conceived along new lines. In this book Lenin defended the theoretical foundations of the Marxist party—dialectical and historical materialism—in the struggle against revisionists, defeatists, and falsifiers, and developed further the philosophy of Marxism, incorporating the results of developments in science since the days of Engels. During World War I, in addition to his other activities, Lenin worked strenuously to develop further the philosophical foundations of Marxism. His philosophical notes, abstracts, and fragments of this period represent an important source of material for Marxist philosophy. These appear in Philosophical Notebooks.

In April 1917, Lenin returned to Russia from exile and immediately began preparing the Bolshevik Party for the proletarian revolution which came in November. During the summer he completed his cele-brated work, State and Revolution, in which he developed further the teachings of Marx and Engels on the dictatorship of the proletariat. With the establishment of the Soviet Republic, Lenin threw his full energies into organizing the new socialist state, winning the support of the peasantry for the new order, and conducting a successful struggle against the forces of counter-revolution and foreign intervention. In 1919, as a result of many years of work, the Third Communist International was established, reviving the best traditions of the revolutionary struggles of the working class.

At the conclusion of the Civil War, Lenin organized and directed the work of reconstructing the Soviet national economy, effected the transition from war communism to the “New Economic Policy” (N.E.P.) and carried on a struggle against the Trotskyites, Bukharinites, and other enemies of Bolshevism who were undermining the unity and sapping the fighting strength of the Party. The difficult conditions of Lenin’s life in the days of tsarism, his inhumanly strenuous practical and theoretical work, together with the serious wound he received from a would-be assassin in 1918, overtaxed the strength of the great leader and shortened his life. He died on January 21, 1924.
[[es:Lenin]]
[[fr:Lénine]]
[[pt:Lenin]]

Historical materialism

2020-11-20T01:25:42Z

H. Vilaverde: Has the author actually read Marx and Engels before citing Stalin as their primary source for historical materialism?

People's Republic of China

2020-11-20T01:19:06Z

H. Vilaverde: Fixed references.

'''China''', officially the '''People's Republic of China''' ('''PRC'''), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population of around 1.4 billion in 2019. It is led by the Communist Party of China (CPC). The Chinese constitution states that The People's Republic of China "is a socialist state under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants," and that the state organs "apply the principle of democratic centralism."<ref name=":0">Constitution of the People's Republic of China ([https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/China_2018.pdf?lang=en Read in English])</ref>

The question of "is modern China socialist?" is one that is fiercely debated in many leftist spaces, it has been accused of abandoning their path towards socialism altogether, and even many marxists loyal to China believe that without great economic and political reforms, it may not reach it's famed goal of abandoning their special economic plan and embracing a socialist economic structure.<ref>SMITH; John: "Imperialism in the 21st Century" ([http://resistir.info/livros/imperialism_john_smith.pdf Download])</ref><ref>ALTHUSSER; Louis: "On the Primacy of the Relations of Production over the Productive Forces" </ref> Supporters of China point towards chinese economic growth, social welfare, and nationalization programs, as proof that it is on track to socialism by 2050.

== Economy ==
The current economy of China is a mixed [[socialist market economy]] which is composed of state-owned enterprises and domestic and foreign private businesses,<ref name=":3">[https://www.invent-the-future.org/2018/10/is-china-still-socialist/ Invent the Future: "Is China Still Socialist?"] </ref>

Since 1990 up until the present day, China has lifted 800 million people out of poverty and claims to be on track to end absolute poverty by the end of 2020.<ref>https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-10-17/China-is-set-to-end-absolute-poverty-by-2020-what-s-next--UF1rzv5WH6/index.html</ref>

Since 2010, China had the world's second-largest economy in terms of nominal GDP, totaling approximately US$13.5 trillion (90 trillion Yuan) as of 2018. In terms of purchasing power parity (PPP GDP). Between 2010 and 2019, China's contribution to global GDP growth has been 25% to 39%.<ref>[https://tradingeconomics.com/china/gdp-growth-annual Trading Economics: "China GDP Annual Growth Rate"]</ref>

== Relationship with imperialism ==
China is credited by some with being an obstacle to european-american hegemony while commiting acts that could be very well considered as acts of imperialism. China has constantly given loans to African countries, which, under Lenin's definitions, does constitute a clear form of imperialism.<ref>LENIN; Vladimir: "Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism" [Chapter 4] ([https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc/ch04.htm Read on Marxists.org])</ref> Additionaly, China has been criticized for it's friendly economic relationship to the apartheid state of Israel<ref>YASHAR; Ari: "Israel, China in Talks to Become Major Econ Allies", 7th of July 2015 ([http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/197800 Read])</ref> and has notably been accused of allying with the United States in certain occasions where it feels it is fit to do so.<ref>HOXHA; Enver: "Imperialism and the Revolution" [Part Two] ([https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/imp_rev/imp_ch5.htm Read on Marxists.org])</ref>

== References ==
<references />

People's Republic of China

2020-11-20T01:11:25Z

H. Vilaverde:

'''China''', officially the '''People's Republic of China''' ('''PRC'''), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population of around 1.4 billion in 2019. It is led by the Communist Party of China (CPC). The Chinese constitution states that The People's Republic of China "is a socialist state under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants," and that the state organs "apply the principle of democratic centralism."<ref name=":0">Constitution of the People's Republic of China ([https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/China_2018.pdf?lang=en Read in English])</ref>

The question of "is modern China socialist?" is one that is fiercely debated in many leftist spaces, it has been accused of abandoning their path towards socialism altogether, and even many marxists loyal to China believe that without great economic and political reforms, it may not reach it's famed goal of abandoning their special economic plan and embracing a socialist economic structure.<ref>SMITH; John: "Imperialism in the 21st Century" ([http://resistir.info/livros/imperialism_john_smith.pdf Download])</ref><ref>ALTHUSSER; Louis: "On the Primacy of the Relations of Production over the Productive Forces" </ref> Supporters of China point towards chinese economic growth, social welfare, and nationalization programs, as proof that it is on track to socialism by 2050.

== Economy ==
The current economy of China is a mixed [[socialist market economy]] which is composed of state-owned enterprises and domestic and foreign private businesses,

Since 1990 up until the present day, China has lifted 800 million people out of poverty and claims to be on track to end absolute poverty by the end of 2020.<ref>https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-10-17/China-is-set-to-end-absolute-poverty-by-2020-what-s-next--UF1rzv5WH6/index.html</ref>

Since 2010, China had the world's second-largest economy in terms of nominal GDP, totaling approximately US$13.5 trillion (90 trillion Yuan) as of 2018. In terms of purchasing power parity (PPP GDP). Between 2010 and 2019, China's contribution to global GDP growth has been 25% to 39%.

== Relationship with imperialism ==
China is credited by some with being an obstacle to european-american hegemony while commiting acts that could be very well considered as acts of imperialism. China has constantly given loans to African countries, which, under Lenin's definitions, does constitute a clear form of imperialism.<ref name=":0" /> Additionaly, China has been criticized for it's friendly economic relationship to the apartheid state of Israel<ref name=":3">[https://www.invent-the-future.org/2018/10/is-china-still-socialist/ Invent the Future: "Is China Still Socialist?"] </ref> and has notably been accused of allying with the United States in certain occasions where it feels it is fit to do so.<ref name=":2">Trading Economics: "China GDP Annual Growth Rate"</ref>

== References ==
<references />

People's Republic of China

2020-11-20T01:07:46Z

H. Vilaverde: Added sources, rewrote a good part of the content and removed claims i could not find even a passing anectodal source for. There seemed to be no attempt inside the article to give justice to contrasting views of Marxist-Leninist sects.

'''China''', officially the '''People's Republic of China''' ('''PRC'''), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population of around 1.4 billion in 2019. It is led by the Communist Party of China (CPC). The Chinese constitution states that The People's Republic of China "is a socialist state under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants," and that the state organs "apply the principle of democratic centralism."<ref name=":0">Constitution of the People's Republic of China ([https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/China_2018.pdf?lang=en Read in English])</ref>

The question of "is modern China socialist?" is one that is fiercely debated in many leftist spaces, it has been accused of abandoning their path towards socialism altogether, and even many marxists loyal to China believe that without great economic and political reforms, it may not reach it's famed goal of abandoning their special economic plan and embracing a socialist economic structure.<ref>SMITH; John: "Imperialism in the 21st Century" ([http://resistir.info/livros/imperialism_john_smith.pdf Download])</ref><ref>ALTHUSSER; Louis: "On the Primacy of the Relations of Production over the Productive Forces" </ref> Supporters of China point towards chinese economic growth, social welfare, and nationalization programs, as proof that it is on track to socialism by 2050.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">Trading Economics: "China GDP Annual Growth Rate"</ref>

== Economy ==
The current economy of China is a mixed [[socialist market economy]] which is composed of state-owned enterprises and domestic and foreign private businesses, <ref name=":3">[https://www.invent-the-future.org/2018/10/is-china-still-socialist/ Invent the Future: "Is China Still Socialist?"] </ref>

Since 1990 up until the present day, China has lifted 800 million people out of poverty and claims to be on track to end absolute poverty by the end of 2020.<ref>https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-10-17/China-is-set-to-end-absolute-poverty-by-2020-what-s-next--UF1rzv5WH6/index.html</ref>

Since 2010, China had the world's second-largest economy in terms of nominal GDP, totaling approximately US$13.5 trillion (90 trillion Yuan) as of 2018. In terms of purchasing power parity (PPP GDP). Between 2010 and 2019, China's contribution to global GDP growth has been 25% to 39%.<ref name=":2" />

== Relationship with imperialism ==
China is credited by some with being an obstacle to european-american hegemony while commiting acts that could be very well considered as acts of imperialism. China has constantly given loans to African countries, which, under Lenin's definitions, does constitute a clear form of imperialism.<ref name=":0" /> Additionaly, China has been criticized for it's friendly economic relationship to the apartheid state of Israel<ref name=":3" /> and has notably been accused of allying with the United States in certain occasions where it feels it is fit to do so.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
<references />

George Washington

2020-11-19T14:05:59Z

H. Vilaverde:

''This article is a translation from an original work, for more details, check the citations.''

George Washington (1732-99), commander-in-chief of the American troops in the struggle of the colonies with England for independence and then the first president of the North American United States. The son of a wealthy colonist planter in Virginia, Washington received a very inadequate schooling, which he subsequently supplemented to a certain extent with reading; knowledge in mathematics he acquired, mainly self-taught. From 1748 Washington for three years served as a government surveyor, b. h., in border areas. Early assessing the future of the western lands, Washington since then engaged in land speculation.

From the spring of 1754 to the end of 1758, Britain took part with honors in military operations against the French and Indians. Participated in the British expedition against the French in Canada. After the war ended, he lived as a private man on the Mount Vernon estate. Washington's personal qualities brought him great popularity, and in 1774 he was elected to the National Convention, and in 1775, when the inevitability of war with England became clear, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the North American army. In this position,

Washington showed great administrative and organizational skills; he created an army, managed to reconcile the conflicting interests of the colonies, organized the supply of the army and, thus, greatly contributed to the final success of the war. At the end of it (in 1783) Washington transferred his powers to Congress and retired to Mount Vernon. With the entry into force of the Constitution of the North-American United States, Washington was unanimously elected president of the republic (1789). Washington tried to rely equally on federalists (later Republicans) and anti-federalists (future Democrats). In 1792, Washington was elected president for the second time, but did not agree to be elected for the third time. In 1798, in view of the threatening war with France, Washington again assumed the post of commander-in-chief of the troops and organized the army and the country's defense.

In foreign policy, Britain invariably strove to preserve the peace necessary for the new republic. Several cities are named after Washington. States, including the capital (see Washington, city); until now, the time Washington remains in the eyes of the Americans as a model of a statesman, although the "true" Washington did not correspond to the idealized image created by the historical legend.<ref>Lit.: Washington Papers (official and private), - Washington's Writings, ed. Sparks, 12 vis, Boston, 1837; the biography of Washington, attached to them, was revised by Guizot and translated into Russian (Essay on the Life of Washington, St. Petersburg, 1863).</ref>
<references />

ProleWiki talk:Editorial guidelines/Archive

2020-11-19T14:04:37Z

H. Vilaverde: /* Translations */ new section

Promote discussions here about editorial styles
--[[User:FelipeForte|FelipeForte]] ([[User talk:FelipeForte|talk]]) 23:39, 17 November 2020 (-03)

I'm going to be adding my suggestions to the talk page and I guess we use the actual page for the things we agree on? In any case I added several suggestions with this edit, hopefully categorized in the new chapters below. Remember that whatever we decide, the important thing is to be consistent across the whole wiki. --[[User:CriticalResist|CriticalResist]] ([[User talk:CriticalResist|talk]]) 22:51, 18 November 2020 (-03)

== Article title ==
* Only the first letter should be capitalized, as well as proper nouns (city names, people's names, etc).--[[User:CriticalResist|CriticalResist]] ([[User talk:CriticalResist|talk]]) 22:51, 18 November 2020 (-03)

== Article body ==
* When writing the page title in the body the first time, it should be '''bolded''' if that name is in the introductory paragraph (before any headings).--[[User:CriticalResist|CriticalResist]] ([[User talk:CriticalResist|talk]]) 22:51, 18 November 2020 (-03)
* When writing down the title of a creative work (see External works below) it should be put in ''italics''.--[[User:CriticalResist|CriticalResist]] ([[User talk:CriticalResist|talk]]) 22:51, 18 November 2020 (-03)
* When directly quoting someone or something, the quote should use the quote template (see [[imperialism]] and the Engels quote) if the quote goes on several lines, or simply in "quotation marks" if the quote is shorter.--[[User:CriticalResist|CriticalResist]] ([[User talk:CriticalResist|talk]]) 22:51, 18 November 2020 (-03)
</br>
::Unless the quote is too big, blockquotes should be used instead (like used in this answer or by the use of <nowiki><blockquote></blockquote></nowiki>). Refer to, for instance, [[Library:Elementary_principles_of_philosophy/en#Why_should_we_study_Berkeley.27s_idealism.3F|this edited book chapter]], where the smaller quotes are put in blockquotes. --[[User:FelipeForte|FelipeForte]] ([[User talk:FelipeForte|talk]]) 09:27, 19 November 2020 (-03)

== Article media ==
(pictures in articles, as well as meta templates)
* Should always follow the reading direction. In left-to-right languages, they should always be to the right of the text (pictures should be thumbnailed). In right-to-left languages, they should always be to the left of the text. --[[User:CriticalResist|CriticalResist]] ([[User talk:CriticalResist|talk]]) 08:10, 19 November 2020 (-03)
* Pictures inserted in articles should always have a description added to them --[[User:CriticalResist|CriticalResist]] ([[User talk:CriticalResist|talk]]) 08:10, 19 November 2020 (-03)

== External works ==
(such as movies, interviews, books, novels, etc)
* We should, if known, include the date the work was first published in parentheses. For example: ''The Wretched of the Earth'' (1961). --[[User:CriticalResist|CriticalResist]] ([[User talk:CriticalResist|talk]]) 22:51, 18 November 2020 (-03)
* We should also respect the naming convention as published. Again taking this book as example, it's either published under ''The Wretched of the Earth'' (not the capitalisations) or ''Wretched of the Earth'', so both would be acceptable. --[[User:CriticalResist|CriticalResist]] ([[User talk:CriticalResist|talk]]) 22:51, 18 November 2020 (-03)

::''The Wretched of the Earth'' or ''The wretched of the Earth''? Considering we're editors, we're free to not follow the editorial rules of the market, so I kinda tend to prefer lowercasing it as much as possible. I consider ''The wretched of the Earth'' the better option when citing this work. --[[User:FelipeForte|FelipeForte]] ([[User talk:FelipeForte|talk]]) 09:36, 19 November 2020 (-03)

== Talk pages ==

== Edit reasons ==

== Translations ==

I noticed that there are a few articles that are extrapolated from old dictionaries, when that is the case, i propose the following:

A disclaimer on the top of the page, that goes as follows:

''This article is a translation from an original work, for more details, check the citations.''

And that details about the translation go down to the references section, e.g what i did in the [[George_Washington|George Washington]] article.

George Washington

2020-11-19T13:58:38Z

H. Vilaverde: Formatting changes and added the final note on the translation as a citation.

George Washington (1732-99), commander-in-chief of the American troops in the struggle of the colonies with England for independence and then the first president of the North American United States. The son of a wealthy colonist planter in Virginia, Washington received a very inadequate schooling, which he subsequently supplemented to a certain extent with reading; knowledge in mathematics he acquired, mainly self-taught. From 1748 Washington for three years served as a government surveyor, b. h., in border areas. Early assessing the future of the western lands, Washington since then engaged in land speculation.

From the spring of 1754 to the end of 1758, Britain took part with honors in military operations against the French and Indians. Participated in the British expedition against the French in Canada. After the war ended, he lived as a private man on the Mount Vernon estate. Washington's personal qualities brought him great popularity, and in 1774 he was elected to the National Convention, and in 1775, when the inevitability of war with England became clear, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the North American army. In this position,

Washington showed great administrative and organizational skills; he created an army, managed to reconcile the conflicting interests of the colonies, organized the supply of the army and, thus, greatly contributed to the final success of the war. At the end of it (in 1783) Washington transferred his powers to Congress and retired to Mount Vernon. With the entry into force of the Constitution of the North-American United States, Washington was unanimously elected president of the republic (1789). Washington tried to rely equally on federalists (later Republicans) and anti-federalists (future Democrats). In 1792, Washington was elected president for the second time, but did not agree to be elected for the third time. In 1798, in view of the threatening war with France, Washington again assumed the post of commander-in-chief of the troops and organized the army and the country's defense.

In foreign policy, Britain invariably strove to preserve the peace necessary for the new republic. Several cities are named after Washington. States, including the capital (see Washington, city); until now, the time Washington remains in the eyes of the Americans as a model of a statesman, although the "true" Washington did not correspond to the idealized image created by the historical legend.<ref>Lit.: Washington Papers (official and private), - Washington's Writings, ed. Sparks, 12 vis, Boston, 1837; the biography of Washington, attached to them, was revised by Guizot and translated into Russian (Essay on the Life of Washington, St. Petersburg, 1863).</ref>
<references />

Global North and South

2020-11-19T13:53:06Z

H. Vilaverde: Removed unfounded and straight up incorrect claims from the page, and also added sources.

[[File:1920px-North South divide.svg.png|thumb|Global North is in blue, Global South is in red]]
In geopolitics, the Global South is a general term that roughly designates the least advanced capitalist economies and economically enslaved countries, in contrast, the Global North are the most advanced capitalist economies<ref>IGI Global Publisher Dictionary, "[https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/global-northsouth/50101 What is Global North/South?]"</ref>, meaning the ones that benefit from imperialism.<ref name=":0">LENIN; Vladimir, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism ([https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc/ Read on Marxists.org])</ref>

It's important to note that as this is a geopolitical term, some leeway must be accounted for. For example, [[China]] is generally considered by financial institutions to be part of the South, despite them soon achieving the highest GDP in the world. Israel is considered to be part of the Global North, due to their strategic value in the Middle East<ref>Maps of the World, [https://www.mapsofworld.com/answers/regions/division-global-north-global-south/ What is the division between the Global North and the Global South?]</ref>.

The term Third-World is a disambiguation; it reffered to underdeveloped capitalist countries which were not totally aligned with either bloc during the Cold War<ref>World of Education; First. Second and Third World ([https://mundoeducacao.uol.com.br/geografia/primeiro-segundo-terceiro-mundo.htm In Portuguese])</ref>. The term "developing countries" is partially misleading, as it ignores the fact that their development is impeded by already developed countries that either maintain them as client states or make them economically dependent on export/imports from the rich parts of the world.<ref name=":0" />
<references />

Moscow trials

2020-11-18T23:22:53Z

H. Vilaverde: Fixed a mistake in source placement, also, check my internal comments in edit mode for places where citation is needed.

The '''Moscow Trials''' were a series of trials held in the [[Soviet Union]] against alleged Trotskyists and members of Right Opposition who were carrying out acts of sabotage and assasination. The way the trials actually went is unclear, as different factions inside the CPSU would, over the years, bend the reality of the trials for their own interests<ref>"Speech to the 20th Congress of the CPSU", more commonly known as the Secret Speech, is the first example where documents would be bended and allegations would be made about the trials to fit the goals of Kruschev's new government. ([https://www.marxists.org/archive/khrushchev/1956/02/24.htm Marxists.org])</ref>, eventually making the actual truth unrecovereable.

== Background ==

There were three Moscow Trials<ref name=":0">[https://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/government/law/1936/moscow-trials/index.htm The Case of the Trotskyite-Zinovievite Terrorist Centre; Heard Before the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the U.S.S.R.]</ref>, including:<blockquote>
# the Case of the Trotskyite-Zinovievite Terrorist Center (Zinoviev-Kamenev Trial, or the "Trial of the Sixteen;" 1936);
# the Case of the Anti-Soviet Trotskyist Center (Pyatakov-Radek Trial; 1937); and
# the Case of the Anti-Soviet "Bloc of Rights and Trotskyites" (Bukharin-Rykov Trial, or "Trial of the Twenty-One;" 1938)
</blockquote>There were five soviet officials assasinated by the bloc, including:<blockquote>
*[[Kirov|Sergei Kirov]]
* Gorky
* Peshko
* Kuibyshev
* Menzhinsky
</blockquote>The defendants of these were Bolshevik Party leaders and top officials of the Soviet secret police. Most defendants were charged under Article 58 of the RSFSR Penal Code with conspiring with the Western powers to assassinate Stalin and other Soviet leaders, dismember the Soviet Union, and restore capitalism<ref name=":0" />. These trials would later be characterized as show trials, mostly from a lack of assertiveness to preserve any of the documents that would allegedly prove their legitimacy.

In the first trial, Trotskyite-Zinovievite Terrorist Center, all 16 of the defendants were executed for crimes against the Soviet state. Before their executions they gave deeply political reasons for how they had become counter-revolutionaries. The trials would be notable for their public aspect, and for the thousands of pages of confessions they would spawn. 

== Involvement of Yezhov ==
Nikolai Yezhov, a known nazi spy<ref>Kudrinskikh, A. ''Nikolai Yezhov: Bloody dwarf'' </ref> which would later be executed for treason in 1940 and served as a functionary of the NKVD during the time of the trials and would later serve as head of the intelligence agency<ref>On the appointment of Comrade N. I. YEZHOV as People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR ([http://www.cyberussr.com/rus/y-appt-eng.html Read on CyberUSSR])</ref>, was assigned to handle the gathering of information that would prove or disprove the involvement of various defendants in various plots, and there are many suspicions that Yezhov may have used the trial as his first opportunity for sabotage.

== References ==
<references />

Moscow trials

2020-11-18T23:21:25Z

H. Vilaverde: Did what could be considered an overhaul, and added some much needed sources and cleaned the article of the parts that make it look more like a drama story. Many parts of the article are still unfounded, and the original editor and subsequent editors need to recognize the very real obscured reality of the trials, that can be presented in no certain light, even if we are a leftist wiki.

The '''Moscow Trials''' were a series of trials held in the [[Soviet Union]] against alleged Trotskyists and members of Right Opposition who were carrying out acts of sabotage and assasination. The way the trials actually went is unclear, as different factions inside the CPSU would, over the years, bend what actually happened<ref>"Speech to the 20th Congress of the CPSU", more commonly known as the Secret Speech, is the first example where documents would be bended and allegations would be made about the trials to fit the goals of Kruschev's new government. ([https://www.marxists.org/archive/khrushchev/1956/02/24.htm Marxists.org])</ref> for their own interests, eventually making the actual truth unrecovereable.

== Background ==

There were three Moscow Trials<ref name=":0">[https://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/government/law/1936/moscow-trials/index.htm The Case of the Trotskyite-Zinovievite Terrorist Centre; Heard Before the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the U.S.S.R.]</ref>, including:<blockquote>
# the Case of the Trotskyite-Zinovievite Terrorist Center (Zinoviev-Kamenev Trial, or the "Trial of the Sixteen;" 1936);
# the Case of the Anti-Soviet Trotskyist Center (Pyatakov-Radek Trial; 1937); and
# the Case of the Anti-Soviet "Bloc of Rights and Trotskyites" (Bukharin-Rykov Trial, or "Trial of the Twenty-One;" 1938)
</blockquote>There were five soviet officials assasinated by the bloc, including:<blockquote>
*[[Kirov|Sergei Kirov]]
* Gorky
* Peshko
* Kuibyshev
* Menzhinsky
</blockquote>The defendants of these were Bolshevik Party leaders and top officials of the Soviet secret police. Most defendants were charged under Article 58 of the RSFSR Penal Code with conspiring with the Western powers to assassinate Stalin and other Soviet leaders, dismember the Soviet Union, and restore capitalism<ref name=":0" />. These trials would later be characterized as show trials, mostly from a lack of assertiveness to preserve any of the documents that would allegedly prove their legitimacy.

In the first trial, Trotskyite-Zinovievite Terrorist Center, all 16 of the defendants were executed for crimes against the Soviet state. Before their executions they gave deeply political reasons for how they had become counter-revolutionaries. The trials would be notable for their public aspect, and for the thousands of pages of confessions they would spawn. 

== Involvement of Yezhov ==
Nikolai Yezhov, a known nazi spy<ref>Kudrinskikh, A. ''Nikolai Yezhov: Bloody dwarf'' </ref> which would later be executed for treason in 1940 and served as a functionary of the NKVD during the time of the trials and would later serve as head of the intelligence agency<ref>On the appointment of Comrade N. I. YEZHOV as People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR ([http://www.cyberussr.com/rus/y-appt-eng.html Read on CyberUSSR])</ref>, was assigned to handle the gathering of information that would prove or disprove the involvement of various defendants in various plots, and there are many suspicions that Yezhov may have used the trial as his first opportunity for sabotage.

== References ==
<references />

Brazilian Communist Party

2020-11-18T22:13:01Z

H. Vilaverde: Corrected an apostrophe i missed.

The '''Brazilian Communist Party''' (PCB, ''Partido Comunista Brasileiro'') is a Brazilian political party that defines itself as a party of militants and revolutionary cadres that are formed in the class struggle, in the organization of the proletariat, and in the study of the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Its theoretical basis for practical action is [[Marxism-leninism|Marxism-Leninism]], which is based on the principles developed by Vladimir Lenin.

Its symbol, according to its statutes, "is a sickle and a hammer, crossed, symbolizing the worker-peasant alliance, under which the legend 'Brazilian Communist Party' is written". Its electoral code number is 21. In October 2020 the PCB had 12,754 affiliates according to the Supreme Electoral Court <ref>[https://www.tse.jus.br/eleitor/estatisticas-de-eleitorado/filiados Supreme Electoral Court - Affiliates]</ref>, however, the vast majority of their militants are not officially registered.

== History ==

=== Dissolution of the old party and reconstruction period. (1992 — 2001) ===
After the fall of the Brazilian military dictatorship, a group led by Roberto Freire which held a majority within the party leadership of the former PCB, declared the extinction of the party, and the creation, in its place, of the Popular Socialist Party (PSP/PPS).

The convention, considered controversial, ended up being recognized by the Superior Electoral Court of Brazil. Older members classified the action of the group linked to its then president, Roberto Freire, as a coup, and decided to launch a founding notice for a new party, which would then use the name of the now defunct association: Brazilian Communist Party <ref>A Criação do PPS ([https://web.archive.org/web/20180618230119/http://radiovox.org/2016/05/13/a-criacao-do-pps/ Archived Copy])</ref>.

=== The PCB today (2002 —) ===
With the rise of widespread reactionary rethoric in Brazil, the entire left spectrum faces a new challenge. In more recent years, when it became clear that the right would completely win over electoral politics, the PCB held its 15th National Congress in São Paulo <ref>[https://pcb.org.br/portal2/6591/resolucoes-do-xv-congresso-do-pcb/ Resolutions of the 15th National Congress.]</ref>, in which it discussed the need to build a broad anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist front, in addition to taking stock and prospects of the process revolutionary reconstruction of the PCB. The prospects of alliance were exemplified when, in 2018, the PCB created a coallition with the PSOL (which in of itself is already a union of smaller sects of the left) for the 2018 general elections in Brazil.<ref>ANDRIOLA, Carolina. PSOL formalizes alliance with the PCB. Journal of Commerce, Rio Grande do Sul. 16th of July, 2018 ([https://www.jornaldocomercio.com/_conteudo/politica/2018/07/638519-psol-fecha-coligacao-com-pcb-e-define-candidatos-no-rio-grande-do-sul.html In Portuguese])</ref>

The PCB has recently bolstered its propaganda efforts, investing into its current publication, ''People's power'' (''O poder popular''), since 2018. The PCB has never been successful in electoral politics and are most likely to lose their only city council member in the 2020 mayoral elections. Over the years, their focus has shifted to militant work and social work towards desperate communities in Brazil.<ref>[15th NC] [https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B9OkSrCIvhFlY3c2NDQyYW01a1BKa3FPZmVSczZrSDUtWHNF/edit Revolutionary Reconstruction] (Point 87)</ref>

== References ==
<references />

Brazilian Communist Party

2020-11-18T22:09:11Z

H. Vilaverde: Added more sources and made minor gramatical corrections.

The '''Brazilian Communist Party''' (PCB, ''Partido Comunista Brasileiro'') is a Brazilian political party that defines itself as a party of militants and revolutionary cadres that are formed in the class struggle, in the organization of the proletariat, and in the study of the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It's theoretical basis for practical action is [[Marxism-leninism|Marxism-Leninism]], which is based on the principles developed by Vladimir Lenin.

Its symbol, according to its statutes, "is a sickle and a hammer, crossed, symbolizing the worker-peasant alliance, under which the legend 'Brazilian Communist Party' is written". Its electoral code number is 21. In October 2020 the PCB had 12,754 affiliates according to the Supreme Electoral Court <ref>[https://www.tse.jus.br/eleitor/estatisticas-de-eleitorado/filiados Supreme Electoral Court - Affiliates]</ref>, however, the vast majority of their militants are not officially registered.

== History ==

=== Dissolution of the old party and reconstruction period. (1992 — 2001) ===
After the fall of the Brazilian military dictatorship, a group led by Roberto Freire which held a majority within the party leadership of the former PCB, declared the extinction of the party, and the creation, in its place, of the Popular Socialist Party (PSP/PPS).

The convention, considered controversial, ended up being recognized by the Superior Electoral Court of Brazil. Older members classified the action of the group linked to its then president, Roberto Freire, as a coup, and decided to launch a founding notice for a new party, which would then use the name of the now defunct association: Brazilian Communist Party <ref>A Criação do PPS ([https://web.archive.org/web/20180618230119/http://radiovox.org/2016/05/13/a-criacao-do-pps/ Archived Copy])</ref>.

=== The PCB today (2002 —) ===
With the rise of widespread reactionary rethoric in Brazil, the entire left spectrum faces a new challenge. In more recent years, when it became clear that the right would completely win over electoral politics, the PCB held its 15th National Congress in São Paulo <ref>[https://pcb.org.br/portal2/6591/resolucoes-do-xv-congresso-do-pcb/ Resolutions of the 15th National Congress.]</ref>, in which it discussed the need to build a broad anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist front, in addition to taking stock and prospects of the process revolutionary reconstruction of the PCB. The prospects of alliance were exemplified when, in 2018, the PCB created a coallition with the PSOL (which in of itself is already a union of smaller sects of the left) for the 2018 general elections in Brazil.<ref>ANDRIOLA, Carolina. PSOL formalizes alliance with the PCB. Journal of Commerce, Rio Grande do Sul. 16th of July, 2018 ([https://www.jornaldocomercio.com/_conteudo/politica/2018/07/638519-psol-fecha-coligacao-com-pcb-e-define-candidatos-no-rio-grande-do-sul.html In Portuguese])</ref>

The PCB has recently bolstered its propaganda efforts, investing into its current publication, ''People's power'' (''O poder popular''), since 2018. The PCB has never been successful in electoral politics and are most likely to lose their only city council member in the 2020 mayoral elections. Over the years, their focus has shifted to militant work and social work towards desperate communities in Brazil.<ref>[15th NC] [https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B9OkSrCIvhFlY3c2NDQyYW01a1BKa3FPZmVSczZrSDUtWHNF/edit Revolutionary Reconstruction] (Point 87)</ref>

== References ==
<references />

Brazilian Communist Party

2020-11-18T14:34:51Z

H. Vilaverde: Added two new sections and a sources list, needs more sources as always and some improvements. Will go back to editing after lunch.

{{Infobox political party
| name = Brazilian Communist Party
| native_name = Partido Comunista Brasileiro
| colorcode = #FF0000
| general_secretary = Edmilson Costa
| foundation = 25th of March, 1993
| ideology = Marxism-Leninism
| international = São Paulo Forum
| country = Federative Republic of Brazil
| newspaper = The People's Power
| youth_wing = Union of the Communist Youth (UCY/UJC)
| position = Far-Left
}}

The '''Brazilian Communist Party''' (PCB, ''Partido Comunista Brasileiro'') is a Brazilian political party that defines itself as a party of militants and revolutionary cadres that are formed in the class struggle, in the organization of the proletariat, and in the study of the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Its theoretical basis for practical action is [[Marxism-leninism|Marxism-Leninism]], which is based on the principles developed by Vladimir Lenin. The party claims to be the true successor of the original PCB, a claim that is contested by the PCdoB.

It1s symbol, according to it's statutes, "Is a sickle and a hammer, crossed, symbolizing the worker-peasant alliance, under which the legend 'Brazilian Communist Party' is written". It's electoral code number is 21. In October 2020 the PCB had 12,754 affiliates according to the Supreme Electoral Court<ref>[https://www.tse.jus.br/eleitor/estatisticas-de-eleitorado/filiados Supreme Electoral Court - Affiliates].</ref>, however, the vast majority of their militants are not officially registered.

== History ==

=== Dissolution of the old party and reconstruction period. (1992-2001) ===
After the fall of the brazilian military dictatorship, a group led by Roberto Freire which held a majority within the party leadership of the former PCB, declared the extinction of the party, and the creation, in its place, of the Popular Socialist Party (PSP/PPS). The convention, considered controversial, ended up being recognized by the Superior Electoral Court of Brazil. Older members classified the action of the group linked to it's then president, Roberto Freire, as a coup, and decided to launch a founding notice for a new party, which would then use the name of the now defunct association: Brazilian Communist Party.<ref>A Criação do PPS ([https://web.archive.org/web/20180618230119/http://radiovox.org/2016/05/13/a-criacao-do-pps/ Archived Copy])</ref>

=== The PCB today (2002-) ===
With the rise of widespread reactionary rethoric in Brazil, the entire left spectrum faces a new challenge. In more recent years, when it became clear that the right would completely win over electoral politics, the PCB held its 15th National Congress in São Paulo<ref>[https://pcb.org.br/portal2/6591/resolucoes-do-xv-congresso-do-pcb/ Resolutions of the 15th National Congress.]</ref>, in which it discussed the need to build a broad anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist front, in addition to taking stock and prospects of the process Revolutionary Reconstruction of the PCB. The prospects of alliance were exemplified when, in 2018, the PCB created a coallition with the PSOL (which in of itself is already a union of smaller sects of the left) for the 2018 general elections in Brazil.

The PCB has recently bolstered it's propaganda efforts, Investing into it's old publication, "The Unitary Voice", since 2018. The PCB has never been successful in electoral politics and are most likely to lose their only city council member in the 2020 mayoral elections. Over the years, their focus has shifted to militant work and social work towards desperate communities in Brazil.

<references />

Brazilian Communist Party

2020-11-18T12:37:25Z

H. Vilaverde: Added a small infobox, couldn't figure out how to put it to the side, apparently you have to use a meta-template? I'm new to brand new page creation lol. Anyways if someone could put it to the side, that'd be nice.