Actually Existing Socialism

2025-09-25T17:43:21Z

MariaTR: other spelling mistake to test editing :>

<blockquote>''"AES" redirects here. For other uses, see [[AES (disambiguation)]].''</blockquote>[[File:AES map.png|thumb|472x472px|Map showing current AES in dark red and former AES in orange]]
'''Actually existing socialism''' ('''AES''') is a term commonly used to refer to [[Socialist state|socialist states]], that is, states governed by a [[dictatorship of the proletariat]].

The five predominantly recognized AES states are [[People's Republic of China|China]], [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]], [[Lao People's Democratic Republic|Laos]], [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam|Vietnam]], and, [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|Korea]], while examples of [[Former Existing Socialism|former AES states]] include the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]], [[Mongolian People's Republic|Mongolia]], and the [[Warsaw Pact]] countries of [[Eastern Europe]].

== Controversies ==

=== Ultra-leftist denial ===
[[Ultra-leftism|Ultra-leftists]] (particularly [[Maoism|Maoists]] and [[Hoxhaism|Hoxhaists]]) deny the existence of currently existing socialist states on the basis of them being [[revisionism|revisionist]] and, in the case of the Soviet Union and China, displaying what they claim to be [[social-imperialism]]. They also argue that the term 'AES' was coined by Soviet leader [[Leonid Brezhnev]] and thus is inherently a revisionist term.<ref>{{Citation|author=Leonid Brezhnev|year=1977|title=Brezhnev on the Theory of Developed Socialism|title-url=https://soviethistory.msu.edu/1980-2/our-little-father/our-little-father-texts/brezhnev-on-the-theory-of-developed-socialism/}}</ref> Brezhnev, however, used the term to mean countries following the Soviet method of economic planning.

== References ==
[[Category:Marxist terminology]]

Kingdom of Denmark

2025-09-24T18:25:52Z

MariaTR: /* Second World War */ corrected a minor spelling mistake to test editing :)

{{Infobox country|name=Kingdom of Denmark|native_name=Kongeriget Danmark<br>Kongsríki Danmarkar<br>Kunngeqarfik Danmarki|image_flag=Flag of Kingdom of Denmark.svg|image_coat=Royal coat of arms of Denmark.svg|capital=Copenhagen|largest_city=Copenhagen|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|government_type=Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy under a [[dictatorship of the bourgeoisie]]|leader_title1=Monarch|leader_name1=[[Frederik X]]|leader_title2=Prime Minister|leader_name2=[[Mette Frederiksen]]|image_map=Denmark map.svg|map_width=320|official_languages=Danish|recognized_regional_languages=Faroese<br>Greenlandic|area_km2=42,926|area_footnote=(metropolitan Denmark)<br>2,210,408 (entire realm)|population_census=5,930,998|population_census_year=2020|currency=Danish krone}}

The '''Kingdom of Denmark''' is an [[Imperialism|imperialist]] country in [[Northern Europe]] and a part of [[Scandinavia]]. It shares a short land border with [[Federal Republic of Germany|Germany]] to the south and is close to [[Kingdom of Sweden|Sweden]] and [[Kingdom of Norway|Norway]] by sea. Much of Denmark's wealth comes from [[colonialism]] and [[slavery]].<ref name=":4" /> It is a member of [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]] and the [[European Union|EU]] and consists of metropolitan Denmark and its colonies of [[Greenland]] and the [[Faroe Islands]]. [[Iceland]] was also previously a Danish colony.

== History ==

=== Kalmar Union ===
{{Main article|Kalmar Union (1397–1523)}}

=== Denmark-Norway ===
{{Main article|Denmark-Norway (1524–1814)}}

=== Unitary State ===
Denmark was once a significant power within Europe and occupied and claimed most of Scandinavia.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Jon Mathorne|newspaper=Videnskab.dk|title=Så stort har Danmark været|date=06 april 2017|url=https://videnskab.dk/kultur-samfund/saa-stort-har-danmark-vaeret}}</ref> However, due to wars of imperialism, the Danish empire reached the brink of collapse and after a war with [[Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918)|Prussia]] in 1848–50 and a war with [[Empire of Austria (1804–1867)|Austria]] and Prussia in 1864, Denmark lost [[Schleswig]], [[Holstein]], and [[Lauenburg]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=V. V. Pokhlebkin|year=1979|title=The Great Soviet Encyclopedia|title-url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Denmark|chapter=Denmark|section=The strengthening of capitalist relations and the emergence of imperialism}}</ref>

In the early 20th century Denmark entered the imperialist stage of development but orientated itself towards providing [[Agriculture|agricultural]] products for the European empires. During the [[First World War]], Denmark maintained a neutral position due to its links to both the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] and [[German Empire (1871–1918)|German]] [[bourgeoisie]] and continued trading with both sides.<ref name=":0" />

Following the defeat of Germany, Denmark was offered the lands it had previously lost to Prussia in 1864, but only ended up taking northern Schleswig, the area inhabited by Danes rather than Germans, after a plebiscite in 1920.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=V. V. Pokhlebkin|year=1979|title=The Great Soviet Encyclopedia|title-url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Denmark|chapter=Denmark|section=The period of the general crisis of the capitalist system}}</ref>

=== Second World War ===
The rise of [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]] greatly concerned the Danish government, and they attempted to keep good relations with the [[Fascism|fascist]] power by concluding trade agreements and non-aggression pacts with them.<ref name=":1" /> However, not long after the [[Second World War]] began in 1939, Germany invaded Denmark on April 9, 1940, swiftly occupying the country. From 1940 to 1943 the Danish government mostly operated as normal, albeit under heavy Nazi scrutiny, until the government of [[Erik Scavenius]] was removed in August 1943 and Denmark placed under direct Nazi occupation.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|author=V. V. Pokhlebkin|year=1979|title=The Great Soviet Encyclopedia|title-url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Denmark|chapter=Denmark|section=1940–45}}</ref>

Germany relied on Denmark as a producer of food and between 1940 and 1945 11bn kroner worth of goods, most agricultural, were stolen from Denmark. The government began a crackdown on [[Communism|communists]] under Nazi direction with Denmark joining the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]] in 1941, but in 1942 the resistance movement began to take action with communists taking a leading role. In August 1943, following anti-fascist strikes, the Nazis removed the government, but when they attempted to disarm the army, sailors scuttled part of the Danish Navy and brought another part to Sweden. On September 16, 1943, the Freedom Council was formed becoming the directing body for the resistance and began organising an underground Danish army, which culminated with them disarming German soldiers on May 5, 1945.<ref name=":2" />

=== Cold War ===
After the Second World War, Danish economic difficulties caused it to become increasingly dependent on the [[United States of America|United States]] and Great Britain with the [[Marshall Plan]] causing a large part of this dependence. As a result, a devaluation of the Danish krone by 30.5% occurred and Denmark tied its fate to imperialist interests both economically and militarily. Denmark became a founding member of NATO on 4 April 1949 and although originally refusing to allow foreign troops or [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapons]] on its territory it quickly reneged on that, starting with allowing Statesian troops to occupy Greenland in 1951. Denmark's subservience to the imperialist powers only continued to grow with Denmark approving of [[United States imperialism|Statesian imperialism]] in many cases such as the [[Korean War]] and despite the workers multiple attempts to declare their wish to leave NATO.<ref name=":3">{{Citation|author=P. Vasil’ev|year=1979|title=The Great Soviet Encyclopedia|title-url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Denmark|chapter=Denmark|section=After 1945}}</ref>

From the early 1960s foreign [[Capital|capita]]<nowiki/>l flooded into Denmark taking over significant portions of the economy and absorbing Danish companies into foreign firms. In January 1960 Denmark joined the [[European Free Trade Association]] (EFTA), set up as a counterweight to the [[European Economic Community]] (EEC), but failed to achieve many benefits from it so it attempted to join the EEC instead. Due to its reliance on the UK economically, Denmark tied its application to the EEC with the UK's application which resulted in several failed attempts before the pair were allowed into the EEC in January 1972 along with [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] and Norway.<ref name=":3" />

=== Post-Cold War ===

==== Iraq Wars ====
[[File:Danish soldiers in Iraq.png|thumb|Danish soldiers occupying [[Republic of Iraq|Iraq]]]]
In 1991, Denmark sent a ship to support the [[United States of America|U.S.]] [[Iraq War|invasion of Iraq]]. The Danish company [[A.P. Møller – Mærsk A/S|Møller Mærsk]] sent dozens more ships to transport 500,000 invading troops and equipment. Between 1990 and 2017, 30,000 Danish troops and mercenaries attacked seven countries.<ref name=":4" />

==== Ukraine War ====
Denmark is one of the largest per capita supporters of [[Ukraine]] in the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]] [[2022 Russo-Ukrainian conflict|proxy war against Russia]].<ref name=":4">{{Web citation|author=Ron Ridenour|newspaper=[[CovertAction Magazine]]|title=Scandinavians, the World’s Happiest People, Love Killing for the USA|date=2024-11-11|url=https://covertactionmagazine.com/2024/11/11/scandinavians-the-worlds-happiest-people-love-killing-for-the-usa/}}</ref>

== NSA surveillance ==
The Danish military allows the [[National Security Agency|NSA]] to spy on the Danish Finance Ministry, Foreign Ministry, weapons companies, and civilian population.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Ron Ridenour|newspaper=[[CovertAction Magazine]]|title=Outposts of the U.S. Surveillance Empire: Denmark and Beyond|date=2020-12-10|url=https://covertactionmagazine.com/2020/12/10/outposts-of-the-u-s-surveillance-empire-denmark-and-beyond/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023041347/https://covertactionmagazine.com/2020/12/10/outposts-of-the-u-s-surveillance-empire-denmark-and-beyond/|archive-date=2022-10-23|retrieved=2022-12-28}}</ref>

== Politics ==
The [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[Danish People's Party]] has been decreasing in strength since 2014. A new far-right party, [[Hard Line]], advocates for banning [[Islam]] and deporting all Muslims from Denmark.<ref>{{Web citation|date=2019-07-22|title=Dissecting Identity & Democracy: the EU’s new far-right super group|url=https://covertactionmagazine.com/2019/07/22/dissecting-identity-democracy-the-eus-new-far-right-super-group/|newspaper=[[CovertAction Magazine]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921200918/https://covertactionmagazine.com/2019/07/22/dissecting-identity-democracy-the-eus-new-far-right-super-group/|archive-date=2020-09-21|retrieved=2022-11-23|author=Ellen Rivera, Marsha P. Davis}}</ref>

== References ==
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:European countries]]
[[Category:Imperialist countries]]
[[Category:Global north]]
<references />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Denmark}}

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Actually Existing Socialism

Kingdom of Denmark