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Black people

2026-09-25T00:02:08Z

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Black people

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2026-09-23T12:32:56Z

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King Leopold II of Belgium slicing into a cake labeled ''CONGO''.

Segregation

2026-09-20T22:14:59Z

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[[File:Segregation.png|thumb|392x392px|A sign erected on city property by police on 31 October 1961.]]
'''Segregation''' is the legal or customary separation of [[Race|racial]], ethnic, or national groups within a society, and in its most historically notable form the system of forced separation of [[African diaspora in the United States|African Americans]] from [[White people|whites]] that prevailed in the United States. Worst in the former [[Confederate States of America (1861–1865)|slave states]] of the South, which spanned from the late nineteenth century until the 1960s. Segregation was a product and instrument of [[class society]].<ref>民权运动 - 中国百科网 - Civil Rights Movement - Encyclopedia of China, <nowiki>https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=OPGIb&Type=bkzyb&SubID=58759</nowiki></ref><ref>Сегрегация - Большая советская энциклопедия. - Segregation - Great Soviet Encyclopedia, <nowiki>https://gufo.me/dict/bse/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F</nowiki></ref>

Segregation and racial terror did not follow immediately upon the abolition of [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]], in the [[Reconstruction era|Reconstruction period]] following [[Statesian Civil War|the Civil War]], the freed slaves won citizenship and the right to vote, and for roughly a decade a significant democratic advance was registered by the African Americans and in some places, interracial political cooperation between the black and white working class. Two decades later, judicial rulings such as Plessy v. Ferguson and primarily the Compromise of 1877, led to the [[Jim Crow]] laws being established. That is not to say though, that there weren’t any lynchings during the Reconstruction. <ref name=":0">From Slavery to Segregation, Equal Justice Initiative, <nowiki>https://segregationinamerica.eji.org/report/from-slavery-to-segregation.html</nowiki></ref>

{{Quote|''”Racial segregation as a way of life did not come about as a natural result of hatred between the races immediately after the Civil War. There were no laws segregating the races then. And as the noted historian, C. Vann Woodward, points out in his book, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, the segregation of the races was really a political stratagem employed by the emerging Bourbon interests in the South to keep the Southern masses divided and Southern labor the cheapest in the land.”''|Martin Luther King, Jr|Our God is Marching On! Speech in Montgomery, Alabama.}}

== History ==
[[Racism]] and segregation was a means to the end of political control and, through that, [[Class struggle|class domination]]. It was precisely the threat of the unity of black and white sharecroppers, poor farmers, and workers that drove the ruling class to institutionalize racial segregation and to encourage racist terror.

The Compromise of 1877, installed [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] in the [[President of the United States|White House]] in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from the former Confederacy. Having established its victory through the Civil War, the Northern [[bourgeoisie]] was willing to make a deal with its former foes and this deal allowed the Southern states to establish the Jim Crow system of segregation, terror, and second-class citizenship. <ref name=":0" />

Poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses, and the separate but equal doctrine codified in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896, disenfranchised the vast majority of black people but also many poor whites. Voter turnout collapsed across the country, most extreme in the Deep South, where a small number of white and wealthy voters were eligible. <ref name=":0" />

The 1898 [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] coup in Wilmington, [[State of North Carolina|North Carolina]], in which an white armed mob overthrew a legally elected multiracial government, murdered masses of black workers, and expelled elected black citizens. It was carried out by leading business and military figures who would succeed within the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. The federal government's refusal to intervene was not accidental. <ref name=":0" />

The Great Migration of millions of African Americans from [[Agriculture|agricultural labor]] in the South to urban [[Wage-slavery|wage labor]] in the North created the social basis for organized struggle alongside the building of the industrial [[Trade union|unions]]. It was from this the [[civil rights movement]] was born which achieved the abolition of legal segregation and the ruling class made these concessions only under the pressure of mass struggle during the short [[World War II|postwar]] period of American capitalist reform. But these concessions were never extended to the economic and social sphere and even the legal reforms faced strong resistance by the southern wing of the Democratic Party. <ref>Beyond Brown: Opposition Intensifies, Equal Justice Initiative, <nowiki>https://segregationinamerica.eji.org/report/beyond-brown.html</nowiki></ref>

Since the 1970s, there has been a social [[counterrevolution]], the ruling class rolled back social reform while promoting [[affirmative action]] and black capitalism which allowed them to elevate [[Labor aristocracy|upper-middle-class]] African-Americans into positions of power while gutting [[Education|public education]], [[housing]], and social services for the working class as a whole which disproportionally hit the working-class African-American communities. <ref>How Segregation Survived, Equal Justice Initiative, <nowiki>https://segregationinamerica.eji.org/report/how-segregation-survived.html</nowiki></ref>

Income segregation in urban areas has the visuals of being simultaneously racial. Nearly 80 percent of highly segregated schools are found in highly impoverished districts, whereas elite black families, like their white counterparts, can buy access to the prestigious schools. <ref>Janie Boschma, R. B, The Concentration of Poverty in American Schools, The Atlantic, <nowiki>https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/02/concentration-poverty-american-schools/471414/</nowiki></ref>

== References ==
[[Category:History of the USA]]

File:Segregation.png

2026-09-20T20:46:37Z

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French Indochina

2026-09-20T12:55:39Z

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{{Infobox country|name=Indochinese Union|image_flag=Flag of Colonial Annam.svg.png|capital=Saigon|year_start=1887|year_end=1954|flag_size=350|population_estimate=23,300,000|population_estimate_year=1937}}

'''French Indochina''' was a [[Colonialism|colonial]] merge of territories in [[Southeast Asia]] ruled by [[French Republic|France]] from 1887 to 1954. It comprised the colony of Cochinchina and the protectorates of Annam and Tonkin, all which are present-day [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam|Vietnam]], the [[Kingdom of Cambodia]], and [[Lao People's Democratic Republic|Laos]] along with the leased Guangzhouwan in southern [[People's Republic of China|China]]. It was the final result of a century of French [[imperialism]] and its de-colonization came only after three decades of revolutionary war. <ref name=":0">Вьетнам - Большая советская энциклопедия - Vietnam - Great Soviet Encyclopedia, <nowiki>https://gufo.me/dict/bse/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC</nowiki></ref>

== History ==
French colonization of the region began in the 1850s, driven by the [[French Empire (1852–1870)|Second Empire]]'s finance capital for new markets, raw materials, and strategic bases on the route to China. The occupation of southern Vietnam occurred in 1867, central Vietnam and northern Vietnam were occupied in the 1880s following the Sino-French War. Cambodia became occupied in 1863 and Laos was carved out of [[Kingdom of Thailand|Thai]]-controlled territory in 1893. The union was formalized as the Indochinese Union in 1887, with a governor-general at its head, and was consolidated as French Indochina in 1907.<ref name=":0" />

French Indochina‏‎ was an instrument of French [[Bank|banks]] and [[Monopoly|monopolies]], primarily the Bank of Indochina, which controlled currency issue and credit. The economy was reorganized around the extraction of rice, [[Natural rubber|rubber]], coal, tin, and other raw materials, worked by a brutally exploited [[peasantry]] and an emerging [[proletariat]]. The rubber plantations of Cochinchina and Annam and the coal mines of Tonkin were notorious for [[slavery]] and high mortality. The Vietnamese peasantry was subjected to colonial [[Tax|taxation]], monopolies on salt and alcohol, and the retention of [[Landlord|landlords]].<ref name=":0" />

Colonial rule was always challenged. Armed resistance to the French occupation persisted into the early twentieth century, and a modern nationalist and revolutionary movement emerged after the [[World War I|First World War]], empowered by the [[Russian revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution of 1917]]. Nguyen Ai Quoc, later [[Hồ Chí Minh|Ho Chi Minh]], was among the founders of the [[French Communist Party]] and of the [[Indochinese Communist Party]] (ICP), formed in 1930. <ref name=":0" />

The Japanese occupation of Indochina in 1941 overthrew the French colonial regime, The ICP, under Ho Chi Minh, began to organize armed resistance under the Viet Minh banner, with [[Võ Nguyên Giáp|Vo Nguyen Giap]] as its military commander. When Japan surrendered in August 1945, Viet Minh forces marched into [[Hà Nội|Hanoi]] and declared independence. But, in November 1946, French gunboats shelled Haiphong, killing 6,000 people in a single day, and full-scale war broke out the next month. The Viet Minh waged [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla war]] from the countryside for nearly eight years.<ref name=":1">越南抗法战争 - 中国百科网 - Vietnam's War of Resistance Against France - Encyclopedia of China, <nowiki>https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=3WR4Ln&Type=bkzyb&SubID=51333</nowiki></ref>

The Viet Minh defeated the French at the siege of Dien Bien Phu in the spring of 1954, forcing the surrender of the garrison on May 7th and forcing the French government to leave Indochina. At the Geneva Conference in 1954, the country was split in half, with the Viet Minh in power in the north and a [[United States of America|US]]-backed puppet regime under [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] installed in the south. The split in 1954 was the precursor to the [[Vietnam War]], in which the United States replaced France as the imperialist power in the region. <ref name=":1" />

The United States deployed more than half a million troops and murdered an estimated two to three million Vietnamese. <ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:History of Vietnam]]

2026-09-15T22:14:52Z

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15th Congress

Abolitionism

2026-09-15T19:43:15Z

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[[File:British Anti-Slavery Society.jpg|thumb|Official medallion of the British Anti-Slavery Society.]]
'''Abolitionism''' was the political movement for the immediate and uncompensated end of [[Slavery|chattel slavery]]. Abolitionism took root primarily in the [[United States of America|United States]] and [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]] during the 18th and 19th centuries. In the United States, it reached its highest and most revolutionary development culminating in the [[Statesian Civil War]], which ended chattel slavery and was the largest expropriation of private property in world history before the [[Russian revolution of 1917|Russian]] and [[Chinese Revolution (disambiguation)|Chinese Revolution]]. <ref name=":0">The Abolition of Slavery In Britain - Historic UK, 2025, August 23, <nowiki>https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Abolition-Of-Slavery</nowiki></ref><ref name=":1">美国废奴运动 - 中国百科网 - Abolitionist Movement in the United States - Encyclopedia of China, <nowiki>https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=1RatXa&Type=bkzyb&SubID=51422</nowiki></ref>

In the United States, the [[Confederate States of America (1861–1865)|Confederacy]] wagered that British workers, suffering from the "cotton famine" caused by the Union blockade, would demand intervention assisting the South. Instead, the opposition of British workers to slavery proved a big factor in preventing British recognition of the Confederacy. Abolitionism was a genuinely revolutionary movement, but it did not abolish exploitation. The exploitation of free labor by capital remained, and the Northern [[bourgeoisie]], abandoned Reconstruction and began the restoration of racial oppression in the form of [[Jim Crow]]. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
{{Quote|"Labour cannot emancipate itself in the white skin where in the black it is branded."|Karl Marx|Capital, Volume 1, Chapter 10.}}

== History ==
Abolitionism emerged out of the great [[Bourgeois revolution|bourgeois-democratic revolutions]] of the late 18th century. The [[Statesian Revolution|American Revolution of 1776]] and the [[French Revolution|French Revolution of 1789]], despite their limitations, established the principle that human beings were not to be treated as property and this inspired the first organized anti-slavery agitation. We see in Britain, the movement for the abolition of the slave trade, with figures such as [[William Wilberforce]] and [[Granville Sharp]], agitated for a century before achieving the abolition of the slave trade in 1807 and of slavery in the British colonies in 1833. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In the United States, the contradiction between the ideals within the Declaration of Independence and the existence of a slave state in the South, created an inevitable conflict. The slave-owning class, concentrated in the cotton-producing states, dominated the federal government through the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], founded in 1828 as an alliance between Southern slave-owners and Northern urban politicians to protect slavery and suppress the class struggle. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

The American abolitionist movement is dated from the publication of the first issue of [[William Lloyd Garrison|William Lloyd Garrison's]] newspaper The Liberator on January 1, 1831. The movement was not monolithic, with part of the movement who condemned the Constitution as a pro-slavery document and advocated disunion, few who sought to work through the electoral system and the revolutionaries such as [[John Brown]], who attempted to ignite a slave insurrection and [[Frederick Douglass]], one of the greatest orators and writers of the 19th century was a black abolitionist and an escaped slave. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Douglass broke with Lloyd Garrison over the question of the Constitution with him stating that anti-slavery advocates must claim its promises for Americans of African ancestry and articulated:
{{Quote|"If there is no struggle there is no progress... Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did and it never will."|Frederick Douglass|West India Emancipation Speech, 1857.}}
Abolitionists formed a key part in the founding of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] in 1854 on explicitly anti-slavery principles. [[Abraham Lincoln]], though not himself an abolitionist, was the political figure who carried through the end of slavery in the U.S. His Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863, freed the slaves in the Confederate states without compensation and made abolition an war aim. The 13th Amendment, ratified in December 1865, abolished chattel slavery completely. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Slavery]]
[[Category:History of the USA]]

2026-09-11T00:12:04Z

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Fasil Ghebbi