ProleWiki - User contributions [en]

Republic of South Africa

2025-02-17T16:34:45Z

Nieboer: wording change

{{Infobox country|name=Republic of South Africa|image_flag=Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|image_coat=South Africa COA.svg|national_motto=ǃke e: ǀxarra ǁke|englishmotto=Unity in diversity|image_map=South_Africa_Map.svg|map_width=290|capital=[[Pretoria]] (executive) [[Cape Town]] (legislative) [[Bloemfontein]] (judicial)|largest_city=[[Johannesburg]]|official_languages=Afrikaans English Ndebele Sepedi Sesotho Setswana Swazi Tshivenda Xhosa Xitsonga Zulu|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|government_type=Unitary parliamentary republic with an executive presidency|leader_title1=President|leader_name1=[[Cyril Ramaphosa]]|leader_title2=Deputy President|leader_name2=[[Paul Mashatile]]|leader_title3=Speaker of the National Assembly|leader_name3=[[Thoko Didiza]]|leader_title4=Chairperson of the National Council of Provinces|leader_name4=[[Refilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane]]|legislature=[[Parliament of the Republic of South Africa|Parliament]]|upper_house=[[National Council of Provinces]]|lower_house=[[National Assembly of South Africa|National Assembly]]|area_km2=1,221,037|population_census=62,027,503|population_census_year=2022|population_census_rank=23rd|population_density_km2=50.8|population_density_rank=169th|currency=South African rand|currency_code=ZAR|drives_on=left|calling_code=+27|iso3166code=ZA|cctld=.za}}

'''South Africa''', officially the '''Republic of South Africa''', is the southernmost country in [[Africa]] with a coastline that borders both the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Indian Ocean]]. It borders [[Republic of Namibia|Namibia]] and [[Republic of Botswana|Botswana]] to the northwest, [[Republic of Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]], [[Kingdom of Eswatini|Eswatini]], and [[Republic of Mozambique|Mozambique]] to the northeast and it encloses [[Kingdom of Lesotho|Lesotho]].

== History ==

=== Pre-colonization ===
South Africa has been continuously inhabited by humans for nearly two million years and is one of the regions where modern humans evolved during the Middle Stone Age, between 200,000 and 100,000 years ago. Significant social changes began around 2,000 years ago when several waves of migrants moved southward from West and Central Africa. These groups brought with them domesticated animals and crops, as well as technologies such as pottery-making, mining, and metalworking. The [[Khoikhoi]], former hunter-gatherers in [[Republic of Botswana|Botswana]], adopted domesticated sheep and cattle from these Iron Age migrants and migrated south toward the Cape Coast. Simultaneously, Bantu-speaking Iron Age migrants settled south of the Limpopo River and rapidly expanded across eastern South Africa. By AD 400, they had established settlements in KwaZulu-Natal, and by AD 600, they settled the Eastern Cape.<ref name=":6">{{Citation|author=Hermann Giliomee, Bernard Mbenga, Bill Nasson|year=2022|title=New History of South Africa|page=6,7|publisher=Tafelberg|isbn=9780624092230}}</ref>

=== Dutch colonization ===
On 6 April 1652, a group of 90 European colonists, employed by the [[Dutch East India Company]], arrived at Table Bay to establish the Cape Colony. At the time of their arrival, an estimated 75,000 Khoikhoi pastoralists and San hunter-gatherers inhabited the region known today as the Northern Cape, Western Cape, and Eastern Cape provinces.<ref name=":6" />

Initially intended to be a modest resupply post for ships traversing the Europe-Asia trade route, the Cape Colony gradually expanded over the following century. <ref name=":6" /> Through systematic colonisation, land encroachment, and the appropriation of resources, by 1795, the Colony had come to occupy the entirety of the area today known as the Western Cape. This expansion caused the widespread dispossession of the Khoikhoi and San peoples, whose pastoral and hunter-gatherer livelihoods were disrupted by the seizure of pastures, livestock, and water sources.<ref>{{Citation|author=Richard Elphick|year=1985|title=Khoikhoi and the founding of White South Africa|title-url=https://archive.org/details/khoikhoifounding0000elph|page=173,174}}</ref>

In the early 19th century the [[Colonialism|colony]] was seized by the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] during the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref name=":5">{{Citation|author=A. B. Davidson|year=1979|title=The Great Soviet Encyclopedia|title-url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/South+Africa%2c+Republic+of|chapter=South Africa, Republic of}}</ref>

=== British colonization ===
Although the British Empire defeated the Boer [[Settler colonialism|settlers]] they let them create their own state and racially segregate Africans.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=The West and the Barbarians|page=221–222|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf}}</ref> African dockworkers first [[Strike action|struck]] in 1874.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|title=The 1973 Durban Strikes: Building Popular Democratic Power in South Africa|date=2023-01-24|url=https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-1973-durban-strikes/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124145200/https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-1973-durban-strikes/|archive-date=2023-01-24|retrieved=2023-02-10}}</ref> At the 1885 [[Berlin Conference]], European powers divided and colonized Africa, and the British took control of what is now South Africa.<ref name=":3">{{News citation|title=South Africa and the continental struggle for socialism|date=2014-01-26|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/south-africa-and-the-struggle-for-socialism-html/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714090508/https://www.liberationnews.org/south-africa-and-the-struggle-for-socialism-html/|archive-date=2019-07-14|retrieved=2022-07-02|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]}}</ref> They fought against the Boers again from 1899 to 1902.<ref name=":4">{{Web citation|date=2023-03-31|title=Josie Mpama|url=https://thetricontinental.org/studies-feminisms-5-josie-mpama-of-struggle-women-in-struggle/|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412070443/https://thetricontinental.org/studies-feminisms-5-josie-mpama-of-struggle-women-in-struggle/|archive-date=2023-04-12|retrieved=2023-04-16|author=Josie Mpama}}</ref> Africans rebelled again in 1906 under the leadership of [[Bambatha kaMancinza]] following a poll tax.<ref name=":3" /> In 1910, the UK united various Boer settlements and British colonies into a single state.<ref name=":4" />

=== Apartheid era ===
The [[Afrikaner Nationalist Party]] took power in 1948 and had direct connections to [[National Socialism|German fascism]].<ref name=":4" />

During the apartheid era, many Black Africans were confined to puppet states called [[Bantustan|Bantustans]] that were nominally independent. Bantustans made up 13% of the country's area and were on poor land far from urban areas. Africans who left the Bantustans without identification documents could be arrested and deported to the nearest Bantustan.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=Lewis Barnes|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=South Africa: Major developments in the long struggle for land reform|date=2018-05-05|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/south-africa-major-developments-in-the-long-struggle-for-land-reform/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714114629/https://www.liberationnews.org/south-africa-major-developments-in-the-long-struggle-for-land-reform/|archive-date=2019-07-14|retrieved=2022-07-02}}</ref>

In 1960, [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] forces killed members of the [[Pan-Africanist Congress]] who were protesting against apartheid in the [[Sharpeville massacre]]. Dockworkers in Durban struck in 1969 and again in 1972. [[Inkatha Freedom Party|Inkatha]], a [[reactionary]] [[Zulu]] [[Nationalism|nationalist]] organization, opposed the strikes.<ref name=":2" />

The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] suppressed the anti-apartheid movement from the 1960s to 1980s and provided information about [[African National Congress|ANC]] members and activities. In 1981, they sent the South African military into [[People's Republic of Mozambique (1975–1990)|Mozambique]] to assassinate ANC members in exile. The CIA was responsible for the arrest of [[Nelson Mandela]] and violated a [[United Nations|UN]] policy by sending weapons to South Africa.<ref>{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=2002|title=Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower|chapter=A Concise History of United States Global Interventions,
1945 to the Present|isbn=9781842772201|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=29EED3C6906FF165E08303B9EAF66B4F|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedas5bwprytpzcih6tof3ipede5uzmcvt47tfzwp4cptdau6vmjpy?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Rogue%20State_%20A%20Guide%20to%20the%20World%27s%20Only%20Superpower-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282002%29.pdf|page=122–123}}</ref>

In the 1980s, the [[United States of America|United States]] provided hundreds of thousands of dollars to South African media to promote Western [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] ideals and counter [[Marxism]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Ajit Singh, Roscoe Palm|newspaper=[[Monthly Review]]|title=Manufacturing consent: How the United States has penetrated South African media|date=2022-08-08|url=https://mronline.org/2022/08/08/manufacturing-consent-how-the-united-states-has-penetrated-south-african-media/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808182146/https://mronline.org/2022/08/08/manufacturing-consent-how-the-united-states-has-penetrated-south-african-media/|archive-date=2022-08-08|retrieved=2022-08-09}}</ref>

=== Post-apartheid ===
In the 2024 national election, the alliance of the ANC, [[South African Communist Party|SACP]], and the [[Congress of South African Trade Unions]] secured a combined 40.18% compared to 59.50% in 2019. The [[MK Party|MK]] and [[Economic Freedom Fighters|EFF]] parties, which previously broke away from the ANC, secured 14.58% and 9.52% respectively.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Independent Electoral Comission (IEC) of South Africa|newspaper=IEC Election Results|title=NPE Results Dashboard 2024|url=https://results.elections.org.za/dashboards/npe/|retrieved=2025-01-21|quote=ANC 40.18%, DA 21.81%, M.K. 14.58%, EFF 9.52%, IFP 3.85%, PA 2.06%, VF+ 1.36%, ACTIONSA 1.2%}}</ref>

== Current racial inequality ==
White settlers own over 70% of South Africa's farmland despite only being 8% of the population,<ref>{{News citation|author=Francis Njubi Nesbitt|newspaper=[[MintPress News]]|title=In South Africa, Trump Embraces a Global Neo-Nazi Myth|date=2018-08-27|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/south-africa-white-genocide/248288/|retrieved=2022-07-02}}</ref> whereas Africans only own 4% of the farmland.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|title=This Land Is the Land of Our Ancestors|date=2022-06-22|url=https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-farmworkers-south-africa/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905041651/https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-farmworkers-south-africa/|archive-date=2022-09-05|retrieved=2022-11-12}}</ref> The average income for settlers is five times higher than for Black Africans.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
[[Category:South Africa]]
[[Category:African countries]]
[[Category:BRICS]]
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Former settler-colonial states]]
[[Category:Global south]]
<references />
{{DEFAULTSORT:South_Africa}}
[[Category:G20 members]]

Republic of South Africa

2025-02-12T18:19:40Z

Nieboer: /* Dutch colonization */

{{Infobox country|name=Republic of South Africa|image_flag=Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|image_coat=South Africa COA.svg|national_motto=ǃke e: ǀxarra ǁke|englishmotto=Unity in diversity|image_map=South_Africa_Map.svg|map_width=290|capital=[[Pretoria]] (executive) [[Cape Town]] (legislative) [[Bloemfontein]] (judicial)|largest_city=[[Johannesburg]]|official_languages=Afrikaans English Ndebele Sepedi Sesotho Setswana Swazi Tshivenda Xhosa Xitsonga Zulu|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|government_type=Unitary parliamentary republic with an executive presidency|leader_title1=President|leader_name1=[[Cyril Ramaphosa]]|leader_title2=Deputy President|leader_name2=[[Paul Mashatile]]|leader_title3=Speaker of the National Assembly|leader_name3=[[Thoko Didiza]]|leader_title4=Chairperson of the National Council of Provinces|leader_name4=[[Refilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane]]|legislature=[[Parliament of the Republic of South Africa|Parliament]]|upper_house=[[National Council of Provinces]]|lower_house=[[National Assembly of South Africa|National Assembly]]|area_km2=1,221,037|population_census=62,027,503|population_census_year=2022|population_census_rank=23rd|population_density_km2=50.8|population_density_rank=169th|currency=South African rand|currency_code=ZAR|drives_on=left|calling_code=+27|iso3166code=ZA|cctld=.za}}

'''South Africa''', officially the '''Republic of South Africa''', is the southernmost country in [[Africa]] with a coastline that borders both the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Indian Ocean]]. It borders [[Republic of Namibia|Namibia]] and [[Republic of Botswana|Botswana]] to the northwest, [[Republic of Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]], [[Kingdom of Eswatini|Eswatini]], and [[Republic of Mozambique|Mozambique]] to the northeast and it encloses [[Kingdom of Lesotho|Lesotho]].

== History ==

=== Pre-colonization ===
South Africa has been continuously inhabited by humans for nearly two million years and is one of the regions where modern humans evolved during the Middle Stone Age, between 200,000 and 100,000 years ago. Significant social changes began around 2,000 years ago when several waves of migrants moved southward from West and Central Africa. These groups brought with them domesticated animals and crops, as well as technologies such as pottery-making, mining, and metalworking. The [[Khoikhoi]], former hunter-gatherers in [[Republic of Botswana|Botswana]], adopted domesticated sheep and cattle from these Iron Age migrants and migrated south toward the Cape Coast. Simultaneously, Bantu-speaking Iron Age migrants settled south of the Limpopo River and rapidly expanded across eastern South Africa. By AD 400, they had established settlements in KwaZulu-Natal, and by AD 600, they settled the Eastern Cape.<ref name=":6">{{Citation|author=Hermann Giliomee, Bernard Mbenga, Bill Nasson|year=2022|title=New History of South Africa|page=6,7|publisher=Tafelberg|isbn=9780624092230}}</ref>

=== Dutch colonization ===
On 6 April 1652, a group of 90 European colonists, employed by the [[Dutch East India Company]], arrived at Table Bay to establish the Cape Colony. At the time of their arrival, an estimated 75,000 Khoikhoi pastoralists and San hunter-gatherers inhabited the region known today as the Northern Cape, Western Cape, and Eastern Cape provinces.<ref name=":6" />

Initially intended to be a modest resupply post for ships traversing the Europe-Asia trade route, the Cape Colony gradually expanded over the following century. <ref name=":6" /> Through systematic colonisation, land encroachment, and the appropriation of resources, by 1795, the Colony had come to occupy the entirety of the area today known as the Western Cape. This expansion caused the widespread dispossession of the Khoikhoi and San peoples, whose pastoral and hunter-gatherer livelihoods were disrupted by the seizure of ancestral lands, livestock, and water sources.<ref>{{Citation|author=Richard Elphick|year=1985|title=Khoikhoi and the founding of White South Africa|title-url=https://archive.org/details/khoikhoifounding0000elph|page=173,174}}</ref>

In the early 19th century the [[Colonialism|colony]] was seized by the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] during the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref name=":5">{{Citation|author=A. B. Davidson|year=1979|title=The Great Soviet Encyclopedia|title-url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/South+Africa%2c+Republic+of|chapter=South Africa, Republic of}}</ref>

=== British colonization ===
Although the British Empire defeated the Boer [[Settler colonialism|settlers]] they let them create their own state and racially segregate Africans.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=The West and the Barbarians|page=221–222|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf}}</ref> African dockworkers first [[Strike action|struck]] in 1874.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|title=The 1973 Durban Strikes: Building Popular Democratic Power in South Africa|date=2023-01-24|url=https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-1973-durban-strikes/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124145200/https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-1973-durban-strikes/|archive-date=2023-01-24|retrieved=2023-02-10}}</ref> At the 1885 [[Berlin Conference]], European powers divided and colonized Africa, and the British took control of what is now South Africa.<ref name=":3">{{News citation|title=South Africa and the continental struggle for socialism|date=2014-01-26|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/south-africa-and-the-struggle-for-socialism-html/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714090508/https://www.liberationnews.org/south-africa-and-the-struggle-for-socialism-html/|archive-date=2019-07-14|retrieved=2022-07-02|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]}}</ref> They fought against the Boers again from 1899 to 1902.<ref name=":4">{{Web citation|date=2023-03-31|title=Josie Mpama|url=https://thetricontinental.org/studies-feminisms-5-josie-mpama-of-struggle-women-in-struggle/|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412070443/https://thetricontinental.org/studies-feminisms-5-josie-mpama-of-struggle-women-in-struggle/|archive-date=2023-04-12|retrieved=2023-04-16|author=Josie Mpama}}</ref> Africans rebelled again in 1906 under the leadership of [[Bambatha kaMancinza]] following a poll tax.<ref name=":3" /> In 1910, the UK united various Boer settlements and British colonies into a single state.<ref name=":4" />

=== Apartheid era ===
The [[Afrikaner Nationalist Party]] took power in 1948 and had direct connections to [[National Socialism|German fascism]].<ref name=":4" />

During the apartheid era, many Black Africans were confined to puppet states called [[Bantustan|Bantustans]] that were nominally independent. Bantustans made up 13% of the country's area and were on poor land far from urban areas. Africans who left the Bantustans without identification documents could be arrested and deported to the nearest Bantustan.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=Lewis Barnes|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=South Africa: Major developments in the long struggle for land reform|date=2018-05-05|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/south-africa-major-developments-in-the-long-struggle-for-land-reform/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714114629/https://www.liberationnews.org/south-africa-major-developments-in-the-long-struggle-for-land-reform/|archive-date=2019-07-14|retrieved=2022-07-02}}</ref>

In 1960, [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] forces killed members of the [[Pan-Africanist Congress]] who were protesting against apartheid in the [[Sharpeville massacre]]. Dockworkers in Durban struck in 1969 and again in 1972. [[Inkatha Freedom Party|Inkatha]], a [[reactionary]] [[Zulu]] [[Nationalism|nationalist]] organization, opposed the strikes.<ref name=":2" />

The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] suppressed the anti-apartheid movement from the 1960s to 1980s and provided information about [[African National Congress|ANC]] members and activities. In 1981, they sent the South African military into [[People's Republic of Mozambique (1975–1990)|Mozambique]] to assassinate ANC members in exile. The CIA was responsible for the arrest of [[Nelson Mandela]] and violated a [[United Nations|UN]] policy by sending weapons to South Africa.<ref>{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=2002|title=Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower|chapter=A Concise History of United States Global Interventions,
1945 to the Present|isbn=9781842772201|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=29EED3C6906FF165E08303B9EAF66B4F|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedas5bwprytpzcih6tof3ipede5uzmcvt47tfzwp4cptdau6vmjpy?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Rogue%20State_%20A%20Guide%20to%20the%20World%27s%20Only%20Superpower-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282002%29.pdf|page=122–123}}</ref>

In the 1980s, the [[United States of America|United States]] provided hundreds of thousands of dollars to South African media to promote Western [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] ideals and counter [[Marxism]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Ajit Singh, Roscoe Palm|newspaper=[[Monthly Review]]|title=Manufacturing consent: How the United States has penetrated South African media|date=2022-08-08|url=https://mronline.org/2022/08/08/manufacturing-consent-how-the-united-states-has-penetrated-south-african-media/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808182146/https://mronline.org/2022/08/08/manufacturing-consent-how-the-united-states-has-penetrated-south-african-media/|archive-date=2022-08-08|retrieved=2022-08-09}}</ref>

=== Post-apartheid ===
In the 2024 national election, the alliance of the ANC, [[South African Communist Party|SACP]], and the [[Congress of South African Trade Unions]] secured a combined 40.18% compared to 59.50% in 2019. The [[MK Party|MK]] and [[Economic Freedom Fighters|EFF]] parties, which previously broke away from the ANC, secured 14.58% and 9.52% respectively.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Independent Electoral Comission (IEC) of South Africa|newspaper=IEC Election Results|title=NPE Results Dashboard 2024|url=https://results.elections.org.za/dashboards/npe/|retrieved=2025-01-21|quote=ANC 40.18%, DA 21.81%, M.K. 14.58%, EFF 9.52%, IFP 3.85%, PA 2.06%, VF+ 1.36%, ACTIONSA 1.2%}}</ref>

== Current racial inequality ==
White settlers own over 70% of South Africa's farmland despite only being 8% of the population,<ref>{{News citation|author=Francis Njubi Nesbitt|newspaper=[[MintPress News]]|title=In South Africa, Trump Embraces a Global Neo-Nazi Myth|date=2018-08-27|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/south-africa-white-genocide/248288/|retrieved=2022-07-02}}</ref> whereas Africans only own 4% of the farmland.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|title=This Land Is the Land of Our Ancestors|date=2022-06-22|url=https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-farmworkers-south-africa/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905041651/https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-farmworkers-south-africa/|archive-date=2022-09-05|retrieved=2022-11-12}}</ref> The average income for settlers is five times higher than for Black Africans.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
[[Category:South Africa]]
[[Category:African countries]]
[[Category:BRICS]]
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Former settler-colonial states]]
[[Category:Global south]]
<references />
{{DEFAULTSORT:South_Africa}}
[[Category:G20 members]]

Republic of South Africa

2025-02-12T08:37:28Z

Nieboer: /* Pre-colonization */

{{Infobox country|name=Republic of South Africa|image_flag=Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|image_coat=South Africa COA.svg|national_motto=ǃke e: ǀxarra ǁke|englishmotto=Unity in diversity|image_map=South_Africa_Map.svg|map_width=290|capital=[[Pretoria]] (executive) [[Cape Town]] (legislative) [[Bloemfontein]] (judicial)|largest_city=[[Johannesburg]]|official_languages=Afrikaans English Ndebele Sepedi Sesotho Setswana Swazi Tshivenda Xhosa Xitsonga Zulu|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|government_type=Unitary parliamentary republic with an executive presidency|leader_title1=President|leader_name1=[[Cyril Ramaphosa]]|leader_title2=Deputy President|leader_name2=[[Paul Mashatile]]|leader_title3=Speaker of the National Assembly|leader_name3=[[Thoko Didiza]]|leader_title4=Chairperson of the National Council of Provinces|leader_name4=[[Refilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane]]|legislature=[[Parliament of the Republic of South Africa|Parliament]]|upper_house=[[National Council of Provinces]]|lower_house=[[National Assembly of South Africa|National Assembly]]|area_km2=1,221,037|population_census=62,027,503|population_census_year=2022|population_census_rank=23rd|population_density_km2=50.8|population_density_rank=169th|currency=South African rand|currency_code=ZAR|drives_on=left|calling_code=+27|iso3166code=ZA|cctld=.za}}

'''South Africa''', officially the '''Republic of South Africa''', is the southernmost country in [[Africa]] with a coastline that borders both the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Indian Ocean]]. It borders [[Republic of Namibia|Namibia]] and [[Republic of Botswana|Botswana]] to the northwest, [[Republic of Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]], [[Kingdom of Eswatini|Eswatini]], and [[Republic of Mozambique|Mozambique]] to the northeast and it encloses [[Kingdom of Lesotho|Lesotho]].

== History ==

=== Pre-colonization ===
South Africa has been continuously inhabited by humans for nearly two million years and is one of the regions where modern humans evolved during the Middle Stone Age, between 200,000 and 100,000 years ago. Significant social changes began around 2,000 years ago when several waves of migrants moved southward from West and Central Africa. These groups brought with them domesticated animals and crops, as well as technologies such as pottery-making, mining, and metalworking. The Khoikhoi, former hunter-gatherers in [[Republic of Botswana|Botswana]], adopted domesticated sheep and cattle from these Iron Age migrants and migrated south toward the Cape Coast. Simultaneously, Bantu-speaking Iron Age migrants settled south of the Limpopo River and rapidly expanded across eastern South Africa. By AD 400, they had established settlements in KwaZulu-Natal, and by AD 600, they settled the Eastern Cape.<ref>{{Citation|author=Hermann Giliomee, Bernard Mbenga, Bill Nasson|year=2022|title=New History of South Africa|page=6,7|publisher=Tafelberg|isbn=9780624092230}}</ref>

=== Dutch colonization ===
[[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Dutch]] colonists arrived in 1652 when the [[Dutch East India Company]] established the [[Dutch Cape Colony|Cape Colony]]. The Colony created a class of land-holding Boers who either exterminated or displaced the native San and Khoekhoe peoples from their land. Local livestock was seized and farms were established using [[Slavery|slave]] labour imported from elsewhere in Africa, or Southeast Asia. In the early 19th century the [[Colonialism|colony]] was seized by the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] during the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref name=":5">{{Citation|author=A. B. Davidson|year=1979|title=The Great Soviet Encyclopedia|title-url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/South+Africa%2c+Republic+of|chapter=South Africa, Republic of}}</ref>

=== British colonization ===
Although the British Empire defeated the Boer [[Settler colonialism|settlers]] they let them create their own state and racially segregate Africans.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=The West and the Barbarians|page=221–222|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf}}</ref> African dockworkers first [[Strike action|struck]] in 1874.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|title=The 1973 Durban Strikes: Building Popular Democratic Power in South Africa|date=2023-01-24|url=https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-1973-durban-strikes/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124145200/https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-1973-durban-strikes/|archive-date=2023-01-24|retrieved=2023-02-10}}</ref> At the 1885 [[Berlin Conference]], European powers divided and colonized Africa, and the British took control of what is now South Africa.<ref name=":3">{{News citation|title=South Africa and the continental struggle for socialism|date=2014-01-26|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/south-africa-and-the-struggle-for-socialism-html/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714090508/https://www.liberationnews.org/south-africa-and-the-struggle-for-socialism-html/|archive-date=2019-07-14|retrieved=2022-07-02|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]}}</ref> They fought against the Boers again from 1899 to 1902.<ref name=":4">{{Web citation|date=2023-03-31|title=Josie Mpama|url=https://thetricontinental.org/studies-feminisms-5-josie-mpama-of-struggle-women-in-struggle/|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412070443/https://thetricontinental.org/studies-feminisms-5-josie-mpama-of-struggle-women-in-struggle/|archive-date=2023-04-12|retrieved=2023-04-16|author=Josie Mpama}}</ref> Africans rebelled again in 1906 under the leadership of [[Bambatha kaMancinza]] following a poll tax.<ref name=":3" /> In 1910, the UK united various Boer settlements and British colonies into a single state.<ref name=":4" />

=== Apartheid era ===
The [[Afrikaner Nationalist Party]] took power in 1948 and had direct connections to [[National Socialism|German fascism]].<ref name=":4" />

During the apartheid era, many Black Africans were confined to puppet states called [[Bantustan|Bantustans]] that were nominally independent. Bantustans made up 13% of the country's area and were on poor land far from urban areas. Africans who left the Bantustans without identification documents could be arrested and deported to the nearest Bantustan.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=Lewis Barnes|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=South Africa: Major developments in the long struggle for land reform|date=2018-05-05|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/south-africa-major-developments-in-the-long-struggle-for-land-reform/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714114629/https://www.liberationnews.org/south-africa-major-developments-in-the-long-struggle-for-land-reform/|archive-date=2019-07-14|retrieved=2022-07-02}}</ref>

In 1960, [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] forces killed members of the [[Pan-Africanist Congress]] who were protesting against apartheid in the [[Sharpeville massacre]]. Dockworkers in Durban struck in 1969 and again in 1972. [[Inkatha Freedom Party|Inkatha]], a [[reactionary]] [[Zulu]] [[Nationalism|nationalist]] organization, opposed the strikes.<ref name=":2" />

The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] suppressed the anti-apartheid movement from the 1960s to 1980s and provided information about [[African National Congress|ANC]] members and activities. In 1981, they sent the South African military into [[People's Republic of Mozambique (1975–1990)|Mozambique]] to assassinate ANC members in exile. The CIA was responsible for the arrest of [[Nelson Mandela]] and violated a [[United Nations|UN]] policy by sending weapons to South Africa.<ref>{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=2002|title=Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower|chapter=A Concise History of United States Global Interventions,
1945 to the Present|isbn=9781842772201|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=29EED3C6906FF165E08303B9EAF66B4F|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedas5bwprytpzcih6tof3ipede5uzmcvt47tfzwp4cptdau6vmjpy?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Rogue%20State_%20A%20Guide%20to%20the%20World%27s%20Only%20Superpower-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282002%29.pdf|page=122–123}}</ref>

In the 1980s, the [[United States of America|United States]] provided hundreds of thousands of dollars to South African media to promote Western [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] ideals and counter [[Marxism]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Ajit Singh, Roscoe Palm|newspaper=[[Monthly Review]]|title=Manufacturing consent: How the United States has penetrated South African media|date=2022-08-08|url=https://mronline.org/2022/08/08/manufacturing-consent-how-the-united-states-has-penetrated-south-african-media/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808182146/https://mronline.org/2022/08/08/manufacturing-consent-how-the-united-states-has-penetrated-south-african-media/|archive-date=2022-08-08|retrieved=2022-08-09}}</ref>

=== Post-apartheid ===
In the 2024 national election, the alliance of the ANC, [[South African Communist Party|SACP]], and the [[Congress of South African Trade Unions]] secured a combined 40.18% compared to 59.50% in 2019. The [[MK Party|MK]] and [[Economic Freedom Fighters|EFF]] parties, which previously broke away from the ANC, secured 14.58% and 9.52% respectively.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Independent Electoral Comission (IEC) of South Africa|newspaper=IEC Election Results|title=NPE Results Dashboard 2024|url=https://results.elections.org.za/dashboards/npe/|retrieved=2025-01-21|quote=ANC 40.18%, DA 21.81%, M.K. 14.58%, EFF 9.52%, IFP 3.85%, PA 2.06%, VF+ 1.36%, ACTIONSA 1.2%}}</ref>

== Current racial inequality ==
White settlers own over 70% of South Africa's farmland despite only being 8% of the population,<ref>{{News citation|author=Francis Njubi Nesbitt|newspaper=[[MintPress News]]|title=In South Africa, Trump Embraces a Global Neo-Nazi Myth|date=2018-08-27|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/south-africa-white-genocide/248288/|retrieved=2022-07-02}}</ref> whereas Africans only own 4% of the farmland.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|title=This Land Is the Land of Our Ancestors|date=2022-06-22|url=https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-farmworkers-south-africa/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905041651/https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-farmworkers-south-africa/|archive-date=2022-09-05|retrieved=2022-11-12}}</ref> The average income for settlers is five times higher than for Black Africans.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
[[Category:South Africa]]
[[Category:African countries]]
[[Category:BRICS]]
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Former settler-colonial states]]
[[Category:Global south]]
<references />
{{DEFAULTSORT:South_Africa}}
[[Category:G20 members]]

Republic of South Africa

2025-02-12T08:35:20Z

Nieboer: /* Pre-colonization */

{{Infobox country|name=Republic of South Africa|image_flag=Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|image_coat=South Africa COA.svg|national_motto=ǃke e: ǀxarra ǁke|englishmotto=Unity in diversity|image_map=South_Africa_Map.svg|map_width=290|capital=[[Pretoria]] (executive) [[Cape Town]] (legislative) [[Bloemfontein]] (judicial)|largest_city=[[Johannesburg]]|official_languages=Afrikaans English Ndebele Sepedi Sesotho Setswana Swazi Tshivenda Xhosa Xitsonga Zulu|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|government_type=Unitary parliamentary republic with an executive presidency|leader_title1=President|leader_name1=[[Cyril Ramaphosa]]|leader_title2=Deputy President|leader_name2=[[Paul Mashatile]]|leader_title3=Speaker of the National Assembly|leader_name3=[[Thoko Didiza]]|leader_title4=Chairperson of the National Council of Provinces|leader_name4=[[Refilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane]]|legislature=[[Parliament of the Republic of South Africa|Parliament]]|upper_house=[[National Council of Provinces]]|lower_house=[[National Assembly of South Africa|National Assembly]]|area_km2=1,221,037|population_census=62,027,503|population_census_year=2022|population_census_rank=23rd|population_density_km2=50.8|population_density_rank=169th|currency=South African rand|currency_code=ZAR|drives_on=left|calling_code=+27|iso3166code=ZA|cctld=.za}}

'''South Africa''', officially the '''Republic of South Africa''', is the southernmost country in [[Africa]] with a coastline that borders both the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Indian Ocean]]. It borders [[Republic of Namibia|Namibia]] and [[Republic of Botswana|Botswana]] to the northwest, [[Republic of Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]], [[Kingdom of Eswatini|Eswatini]], and [[Republic of Mozambique|Mozambique]] to the northeast and it encloses [[Kingdom of Lesotho|Lesotho]].

== History ==

=== Pre-colonization ===
South Africa has been continuously inhabited by humans for nearly two million years and is one of the regions where modern humans evolved during the Middle Stone Age, between 200,000 and 100,000 years ago. Significant social changes began around 2,000 years ago when several waves of migrants moved southward from West and Central Africa. These groups brought with them domesticated animals and crops, as well as technologies such as pottery-making, mining, and metalworking. The Khoikhoi, former hunter-gatherers in Botswana, adopted domesticated sheep and cattle from these Iron Age migrants and migrated south toward the Cape Coast. Simultaneously, Bantu-speaking Iron Age migrants settled south of the Limpopo River and rapidly expanded across eastern South Africa. By AD 400, they had established settlements in KwaZulu-Natal, and by AD 600, they settled the Eastern Cape.<ref>{{Citation|author=Hermann Giliomee, Bernard Mbenga, Bill Nasson|year=2022|title=New History of South Africa|page=6,7|publisher=Tafelberg|isbn=9780624092230}}</ref>

=== Dutch colonization ===
[[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Dutch]] colonists arrived in 1652 when the [[Dutch East India Company]] established the [[Dutch Cape Colony|Cape Colony]]. The Colony created a class of land-holding Boers who either exterminated or displaced the native San and Khoekhoe peoples from their land. Local livestock was seized and farms were established using [[Slavery|slave]] labour imported from elsewhere in Africa, or Southeast Asia. In the early 19th century the [[Colonialism|colony]] was seized by the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] during the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref name=":5">{{Citation|author=A. B. Davidson|year=1979|title=The Great Soviet Encyclopedia|title-url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/South+Africa%2c+Republic+of|chapter=South Africa, Republic of}}</ref>

=== British colonization ===
Although the British Empire defeated the Boer [[Settler colonialism|settlers]] they let them create their own state and racially segregate Africans.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=The West and the Barbarians|page=221–222|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf}}</ref> African dockworkers first [[Strike action|struck]] in 1874.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|title=The 1973 Durban Strikes: Building Popular Democratic Power in South Africa|date=2023-01-24|url=https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-1973-durban-strikes/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124145200/https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-1973-durban-strikes/|archive-date=2023-01-24|retrieved=2023-02-10}}</ref> At the 1885 [[Berlin Conference]], European powers divided and colonized Africa, and the British took control of what is now South Africa.<ref name=":3">{{News citation|title=South Africa and the continental struggle for socialism|date=2014-01-26|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/south-africa-and-the-struggle-for-socialism-html/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714090508/https://www.liberationnews.org/south-africa-and-the-struggle-for-socialism-html/|archive-date=2019-07-14|retrieved=2022-07-02|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]}}</ref> They fought against the Boers again from 1899 to 1902.<ref name=":4">{{Web citation|date=2023-03-31|title=Josie Mpama|url=https://thetricontinental.org/studies-feminisms-5-josie-mpama-of-struggle-women-in-struggle/|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412070443/https://thetricontinental.org/studies-feminisms-5-josie-mpama-of-struggle-women-in-struggle/|archive-date=2023-04-12|retrieved=2023-04-16|author=Josie Mpama}}</ref> Africans rebelled again in 1906 under the leadership of [[Bambatha kaMancinza]] following a poll tax.<ref name=":3" /> In 1910, the UK united various Boer settlements and British colonies into a single state.<ref name=":4" />

=== Apartheid era ===
The [[Afrikaner Nationalist Party]] took power in 1948 and had direct connections to [[National Socialism|German fascism]].<ref name=":4" />

During the apartheid era, many Black Africans were confined to puppet states called [[Bantustan|Bantustans]] that were nominally independent. Bantustans made up 13% of the country's area and were on poor land far from urban areas. Africans who left the Bantustans without identification documents could be arrested and deported to the nearest Bantustan.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=Lewis Barnes|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=South Africa: Major developments in the long struggle for land reform|date=2018-05-05|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/south-africa-major-developments-in-the-long-struggle-for-land-reform/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714114629/https://www.liberationnews.org/south-africa-major-developments-in-the-long-struggle-for-land-reform/|archive-date=2019-07-14|retrieved=2022-07-02}}</ref>

In 1960, [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] forces killed members of the [[Pan-Africanist Congress]] who were protesting against apartheid in the [[Sharpeville massacre]]. Dockworkers in Durban struck in 1969 and again in 1972. [[Inkatha Freedom Party|Inkatha]], a [[reactionary]] [[Zulu]] [[Nationalism|nationalist]] organization, opposed the strikes.<ref name=":2" />

The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] suppressed the anti-apartheid movement from the 1960s to 1980s and provided information about [[African National Congress|ANC]] members and activities. In 1981, they sent the South African military into [[People's Republic of Mozambique (1975–1990)|Mozambique]] to assassinate ANC members in exile. The CIA was responsible for the arrest of [[Nelson Mandela]] and violated a [[United Nations|UN]] policy by sending weapons to South Africa.<ref>{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=2002|title=Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower|chapter=A Concise History of United States Global Interventions,
1945 to the Present|isbn=9781842772201|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=29EED3C6906FF165E08303B9EAF66B4F|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedas5bwprytpzcih6tof3ipede5uzmcvt47tfzwp4cptdau6vmjpy?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Rogue%20State_%20A%20Guide%20to%20the%20World%27s%20Only%20Superpower-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282002%29.pdf|page=122–123}}</ref>

In the 1980s, the [[United States of America|United States]] provided hundreds of thousands of dollars to South African media to promote Western [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] ideals and counter [[Marxism]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Ajit Singh, Roscoe Palm|newspaper=[[Monthly Review]]|title=Manufacturing consent: How the United States has penetrated South African media|date=2022-08-08|url=https://mronline.org/2022/08/08/manufacturing-consent-how-the-united-states-has-penetrated-south-african-media/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808182146/https://mronline.org/2022/08/08/manufacturing-consent-how-the-united-states-has-penetrated-south-african-media/|archive-date=2022-08-08|retrieved=2022-08-09}}</ref>

=== Post-apartheid ===
In the 2024 national election, the alliance of the ANC, [[South African Communist Party|SACP]], and the [[Congress of South African Trade Unions]] secured a combined 40.18% compared to 59.50% in 2019. The [[MK Party|MK]] and [[Economic Freedom Fighters|EFF]] parties, which previously broke away from the ANC, secured 14.58% and 9.52% respectively.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Independent Electoral Comission (IEC) of South Africa|newspaper=IEC Election Results|title=NPE Results Dashboard 2024|url=https://results.elections.org.za/dashboards/npe/|retrieved=2025-01-21|quote=ANC 40.18%, DA 21.81%, M.K. 14.58%, EFF 9.52%, IFP 3.85%, PA 2.06%, VF+ 1.36%, ACTIONSA 1.2%}}</ref>

== Current racial inequality ==
White settlers own over 70% of South Africa's farmland despite only being 8% of the population,<ref>{{News citation|author=Francis Njubi Nesbitt|newspaper=[[MintPress News]]|title=In South Africa, Trump Embraces a Global Neo-Nazi Myth|date=2018-08-27|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/south-africa-white-genocide/248288/|retrieved=2022-07-02}}</ref> whereas Africans only own 4% of the farmland.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|title=This Land Is the Land of Our Ancestors|date=2022-06-22|url=https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-farmworkers-south-africa/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905041651/https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-farmworkers-south-africa/|archive-date=2022-09-05|retrieved=2022-11-12}}</ref> The average income for settlers is five times higher than for Black Africans.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
[[Category:South Africa]]
[[Category:African countries]]
[[Category:BRICS]]
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Former settler-colonial states]]
[[Category:Global south]]
<references />
{{DEFAULTSORT:South_Africa}}
[[Category:G20 members]]

Republic of South Africa

2025-01-21T18:28:13Z

Nieboer: inaccurate source, replaced it with IEC results

{{Infobox country|name=Republic of South Africa|image_flag=Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|image_coat=South Africa COA.svg|national_motto=ǃke e: ǀxarra ǁke|englishmotto=Unity in diversity|image_map=South_Africa_Map.svg|map_width=290|capital=[[Pretoria]] (executive) [[Cape Town]] (legislative) [[Bloemfontein]] (judicial)|largest_city=[[Johannesburg]]|official_languages=Afrikaans English Ndebele Sepedi Sesotho Setswana Swazi Tshivenda Xhosa Xitsonga Zulu|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|government_type=Unitary parliamentary republic with an executive presidency|leader_title1=President|leader_name1=[[Cyril Ramaphosa]]|leader_title2=Deputy President|leader_name2=[[Paul Mashatile]]|leader_title3=Speaker of the National Assembly|leader_name3=[[Thoko Didiza]]|leader_title4=Chairperson of the National Council of Provinces|leader_name4=[[Refilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane]]|legislature=[[Parliament of the Republic of South Africa|Parliament]]|upper_house=[[National Council of Provinces]]|lower_house=[[National Assembly of South Africa|National Assembly]]|area_km2=1,221,037|population_census=62,027,503|population_census_year=2022|population_census_rank=23rd|population_density_km2=50.8|population_density_rank=169th|currency=South African rand|currency_code=ZAR|drives_on=left|calling_code=+27|iso3166code=ZA|cctld=.za}}

'''South Africa''', officially the '''Republic of South Africa''', is the southernmost country in [[Africa]] with a coastline that borders both the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Indian Ocean]]. It borders [[Republic of Namibia|Namibia]] and [[Republic of Botswana|Botswana]] to the northwest, [[Republic of Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]], [[Kingdom of Eswatini|Eswatini]], and [[Republic of Mozambique|Mozambique]] to the northeast and it encloses [[Kingdom of Lesotho|Lesotho]].

== History ==

=== Pre-colonization ===
The earliest inhabitants of Southern Africa were the [[San people|San]] and the [[Khoekhoe]] whilst the [[Bantu]] peoples occupied all but the west of the region. The native peoples were relatively advanced, engaging in metalworking, [[agriculture]] and livestock farming.<ref name=":5">{{Citation|author=A. B. Davidson|year=1979|title=The Great Soviet Encyclopedia|title-url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/South+Africa%2c+Republic+of|chapter=South Africa, Republic of}}</ref>

=== Dutch colonization ===
[[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Dutch]] colonists arrived in 1652 when the [[Dutch East India Company]] established the [[Dutch Cape Colony|Cape Colony]]. The Colony created a class of land-holding Boers who either exterminated or displaced the native San and Khoekhoe peoples from their land. Local livestock was seized and farms were established using [[Slavery|slave]] labour imported from elsewhere in Africa, or Southeast Asia. In the early 19th century the [[Colonialism|colony]] was seized by the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] during the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref name=":5" />

=== British colonization ===
Although the British Empire defeated the Boer [[Settler colonialism|settlers]] they let them create their own state and racially segregate Africans.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=The West and the Barbarians|page=221–222|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf}}</ref> African dockworkers first [[Strike action|struck]] in 1874.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|title=The 1973 Durban Strikes: Building Popular Democratic Power in South Africa|date=2023-01-24|url=https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-1973-durban-strikes/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124145200/https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-1973-durban-strikes/|archive-date=2023-01-24|retrieved=2023-02-10}}</ref> At the 1885 [[Berlin Conference]], European powers divided and colonized Africa, and the British took control of what is now South Africa.<ref name=":3">{{News citation|title=South Africa and the continental struggle for socialism|date=2014-01-26|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/south-africa-and-the-struggle-for-socialism-html/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714090508/https://www.liberationnews.org/south-africa-and-the-struggle-for-socialism-html/|archive-date=2019-07-14|retrieved=2022-07-02|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]}}</ref> They fought against the Boers again from 1899 to 1902.<ref name=":4">{{Web citation|date=2023-03-31|title=Josie Mpama|url=https://thetricontinental.org/studies-feminisms-5-josie-mpama-of-struggle-women-in-struggle/|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412070443/https://thetricontinental.org/studies-feminisms-5-josie-mpama-of-struggle-women-in-struggle/|archive-date=2023-04-12|retrieved=2023-04-16|author=Josie Mpama}}</ref> Africans rebelled again in 1906 under the leadership of [[Bambatha kaMancinza]] following a poll tax.<ref name=":3" /> In 1910, the UK united various Boer settlements and British colonies into a single state.<ref name=":4" />

=== Apartheid era ===
The [[Afrikaner Nationalist Party]] took power in 1948 and had direct connections to [[National Socialism|German fascism]].<ref name=":4" />

During the apartheid era, many Black Africans were confined to puppet states called [[Bantustan|Bantustans]] that were nominally independent. Bantustans made up 13% of the country's area and were on poor land far from urban areas. Africans who left the Bantustans without identification documents could be arrested and deported to the nearest Bantustan.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=Lewis Barnes|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=South Africa: Major developments in the long struggle for land reform|date=2018-05-05|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/south-africa-major-developments-in-the-long-struggle-for-land-reform/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714114629/https://www.liberationnews.org/south-africa-major-developments-in-the-long-struggle-for-land-reform/|archive-date=2019-07-14|retrieved=2022-07-02}}</ref>

In 1960, [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] forces killed members of the [[Pan-Africanist Congress]] who were protesting against apartheid in the [[Sharpeville massacre]]. Dockworkers in Durban struck in 1969 and again in 1972. [[Inkatha Freedom Party|Inkatha]], a [[reactionary]] [[Zulu]] [[Nationalism|nationalist]] organization, opposed the strikes.<ref name=":2" />

The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] suppressed the anti-apartheid movement from the 1960s to 1980s and provided information about [[African National Congress|ANC]] members and activities. In 1981, they sent the South African military into [[People's Republic of Mozambique (1975–1990)|Mozambique]] to assassinate ANC members in exile. The CIA was responsible for the arrest of [[Nelson Mandela]] and violated a [[United Nations|UN]] policy by sending weapons to South Africa.<ref>{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=2002|title=Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower|chapter=A Concise History of United States Global Interventions,
1945 to the Present|isbn=9781842772201|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=29EED3C6906FF165E08303B9EAF66B4F|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedas5bwprytpzcih6tof3ipede5uzmcvt47tfzwp4cptdau6vmjpy?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Rogue%20State_%20A%20Guide%20to%20the%20World%27s%20Only%20Superpower-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282002%29.pdf|page=122–123}}</ref>

In the 1980s, the [[United States of America|United States]] provided hundreds of thousands of dollars to South African media to promote Western [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] ideals and counter [[Marxism]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Ajit Singh, Roscoe Palm|newspaper=[[Monthly Review]]|title=Manufacturing consent: How the United States has penetrated South African media|date=2022-08-08|url=https://mronline.org/2022/08/08/manufacturing-consent-how-the-united-states-has-penetrated-south-african-media/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808182146/https://mronline.org/2022/08/08/manufacturing-consent-how-the-united-states-has-penetrated-south-african-media/|archive-date=2022-08-08|retrieved=2022-08-09}}</ref>

=== Post-apartheid ===
In the 2024 national election, the alliance of the ANC, [[South African Communist Party|SACP]], and the [[Congress of South African Trade Unions]] secured a combined 40.18% compared to 59.50% in 2019. The [[MK Party|MK]] and [[Economic Freedom Fighters|EFF]] parties, which previously broke away from the ANC, secured 14.58% and 9.52% respectively.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Independent Electoral Comission (IEC) of South Africa|newspaper=IEC Election Results|title=NPE Results Dashboard 2024|url=https://results.elections.org.za/dashboards/npe/|retrieved=2025-01-21|quote=ANC 40.18%, DA 21.81%, M.K. 14.58%, EFF 9.52%, IFP 3.85%, PA 2.06%, VF+ 1.36%, ACTIONSA 1.2%}}</ref>

== Current racial inequality ==
White settlers own over 70% of South Africa's farmland despite only being 8% of the population,<ref>{{News citation|author=Francis Njubi Nesbitt|newspaper=[[MintPress News]]|title=In South Africa, Trump Embraces a Global Neo-Nazi Myth|date=2018-08-27|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/south-africa-white-genocide/248288/|retrieved=2022-07-02}}</ref> whereas Africans only own 4% of the farmland.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|title=This Land Is the Land of Our Ancestors|date=2022-06-22|url=https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-farmworkers-south-africa/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905041651/https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-farmworkers-south-africa/|archive-date=2022-09-05|retrieved=2022-11-12}}</ref> The average income for settlers is five times higher than for Black Africans.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
[[Category:South Africa]]
[[Category:African countries]]
[[Category:BRICS]]
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Former settler-colonial states]]
[[Category:Global south]]
<references />
{{DEFAULTSORT:South_Africa}}
[[Category:G20 members]]

Settler colonialism

2025-01-21T17:53:48Z

Nieboer: south africa is also listed in the source

[[File:USA settler expansion.png|thumb|Settler conquest of native land in the USA from 1783 to 1893]]
[[File:Colonization of Palestine.png|thumb|[[Zionism|Zionist]] conquest of Palestinian land from 1947 to the present]]
'''Settler colonialism''' is a form of [[colonialism]] that seeks to eliminate or assimilate the indigenous population instead of exploiting their [[Labour|labor]]. Examples of settler colonial states are [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[Republic of South Africa|South Africa]], the [[State of Israel|Zionist Entity]], [[New Zealand]], and the [[United States of America|United States]]. The [[ruling class]] can use settler colonialism to discourage [[revolution]] by allowing impoverished [[Proletariat|proletarians]] to take indigenous land.<ref>{{Citation|author=Stephen Gowans|year=2018|title=Patriots, Traitors and Empires: The Story of Korea’s Struggle for Freedom|chapter=Imperialism|page=54|pdf=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaced4iiga4ngtxusr2civjxewbili5jne2sbpefbx2s3im2kphattzc?filename=Stephen%20Gowans%20-%20Patriots%2C%20Traitors%20and%20Empires_%20The%20Story%20of%20Korea%E2%80%99s%20Struggle%20for%20Freedom-Baraka%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf|city=Montreal|publisher=Baraka Books|isbn=9781771861427|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=8435F6FF91279531705764823FDC2A7F}}</ref>

== Resistance ==

=== United States ===
The [[Shawnee people|Shawnee]] leaders [[Tecumseh]] and [[Tenskwatawa]] organized a [[Pan-Indianism|pan-indigenous]] resistance against settler colonialism in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. In the late 19th century, the [[Northern Paiute people|Paiute]] leader [[Wovoka]] founded the [[Ghost Dance]] movement.<ref>{{News citation|author=Nodrada|newspaper=Orinoco Tribune|title=Decolonization and Communism|date=2021-05-19|url=https://orinocotribune.com/decolonization-and-communism/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606081108/https://orinocotribune.com/decolonization-and-communism/|archive-date=2022-06-06|retrieved=2022-06-17}}</ref>

=== Palestine ===
{{Main article|Hamas}}

== References ==
[[Category:Settler colonialism]]
<references />
[[Category:Colonialism]]
[[Category:Pages to be protected]]

Republic of South Africa

2025-01-16T19:00:23Z

Nieboer: /* Dutch colonization */

{{Infobox country|name=Republic of South Africa|image_flag=Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|image_coat=South Africa COA.svg|national_motto=ǃke e: ǀxarra ǁke|englishmotto=Unity in diversity|image_map=South_Africa_Map.svg|map_width=290|capital=[[Pretoria]] (executive) [[Cape Town]] (legislative) [[Bloemfontein]] (judicial)|largest_city=[[Johannesburg]]|official_languages=Afrikaans English Ndebele Sepedi Sesotho Setswana Swazi Tshivenda Xhosa Xitsonga Zulu|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|government_type=Unitary parliamentary republic with an executive presidency|leader_title1=President|leader_name1=[[Cyril Ramaphosa]]|leader_title2=Deputy President|leader_name2=[[Paul Mashatile]]|leader_title3=Speaker of the National Assembly|leader_name3=[[Thoko Didiza]]|leader_title4=Chairperson of the National Council of Provinces|leader_name4=[[Refilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane]]|legislature=[[Parliament of the Republic of South Africa|Parliament]]|upper_house=[[National Council of Provinces]]|lower_house=[[National Assembly of South Africa|National Assembly]]|area_km2=1,221,037|population_census=62,027,503|population_census_year=2022|population_census_rank=23rd|population_density_km2=50.8|population_density_rank=169th|currency=South African rand|currency_code=ZAR|drives_on=left|calling_code=+27|iso3166code=ZA|cctld=.za}}

'''South Africa''', officially the '''Republic of South Africa''', is the southernmost country in [[Africa]] with a coastline that borders both the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Indian Ocean]]. It borders [[Republic of Namibia|Namibia]] and [[Republic of Botswana|Botswana]] to the northwest, [[Republic of Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]], [[Kingdom of Eswatini|Eswatini]], and [[Republic of Mozambique|Mozambique]] to the northeast and it encloses [[Kingdom of Lesotho|Lesotho]].

== History ==

=== Pre-colonization ===
The earliest inhabitants of Southern Africa were the [[San people|San]] and the [[Khoekhoe]] whilst the [[Bantu]] peoples occupied all but the west of the region. The native peoples were relatively advanced, engaging in metalworking, [[agriculture]] and livestock farming.<ref name=":5">{{Citation|author=A. B. Davidson|year=1979|title=The Great Soviet Encyclopedia|title-url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/South+Africa%2c+Republic+of|chapter=South Africa, Republic of}}</ref>

=== Dutch colonization ===
[[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Dutch]] colonists arrived in 1652 when the [[Dutch East India Company]] established the [[Dutch Cape Colony|Cape Colony]]. The Colony created a class of land-holding Boers who either exterminated or displaced the native San and Khoekhoe peoples from their land. Local livestock was seized and farms were established using [[Slavery|slave]] labour imported from elsewhere in Africa, or Southeast Asia. In the early 19th century the [[Colonialism|colony]] was seized by the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] during the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref name=":5" />

=== British colonization ===
Although the British Empire defeated the Boer [[Settler colonialism|settlers]] they let them create their own state and racially segregate Africans.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=The West and the Barbarians|page=221–222|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf}}</ref> African dockworkers first [[Strike action|struck]] in 1874.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|title=The 1973 Durban Strikes: Building Popular Democratic Power in South Africa|date=2023-01-24|url=https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-1973-durban-strikes/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124145200/https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-1973-durban-strikes/|archive-date=2023-01-24|retrieved=2023-02-10}}</ref> At the 1885 [[Berlin Conference]], European powers divided and colonized Africa, and the British took control of what is now South Africa.<ref name=":3">{{News citation|title=South Africa and the continental struggle for socialism|date=2014-01-26|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/south-africa-and-the-struggle-for-socialism-html/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714090508/https://www.liberationnews.org/south-africa-and-the-struggle-for-socialism-html/|archive-date=2019-07-14|retrieved=2022-07-02|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]}}</ref> They fought against the Boers again from 1899 to 1902.<ref name=":4">{{Web citation|date=2023-03-31|title=Josie Mpama|url=https://thetricontinental.org/studies-feminisms-5-josie-mpama-of-struggle-women-in-struggle/|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412070443/https://thetricontinental.org/studies-feminisms-5-josie-mpama-of-struggle-women-in-struggle/|archive-date=2023-04-12|retrieved=2023-04-16|author=Josie Mpama}}</ref> Africans rebelled again in 1906 under the leadership of [[Bambatha kaMancinza]] following a poll tax.<ref name=":3" /> In 1910, the UK united various Boer settlements and British colonies into a single state.<ref name=":4" />

=== Apartheid era ===
The [[Afrikaner Nationalist Party]] took power in 1948 and had direct connections to [[National Socialism|German fascism]].<ref name=":4" />

During the apartheid era, many Black Africans were confined to puppet states called [[Bantustan|Bantustans]] that were nominally independent. Bantustans made up 13% of the country's area and were on poor land far from urban areas. Africans who left the Bantustans without identification documents could be arrested and deported to the nearest Bantustan.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=Lewis Barnes|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=South Africa: Major developments in the long struggle for land reform|date=2018-05-05|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/south-africa-major-developments-in-the-long-struggle-for-land-reform/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714114629/https://www.liberationnews.org/south-africa-major-developments-in-the-long-struggle-for-land-reform/|archive-date=2019-07-14|retrieved=2022-07-02}}</ref>

In 1960, [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] forces killed members of the [[Pan-Africanist Congress]] who were protesting against apartheid in the [[Sharpeville massacre]]. Dockworkers in Durban struck in 1969 and again in 1972. [[Inkatha Freedom Party|Inkatha]], a [[reactionary]] [[Zulu]] [[Nationalism|nationalist]] organization, opposed the strikes.<ref name=":2" />

The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] suppressed the anti-apartheid movement from the 1960s to 1980s and provided information about [[African National Congress|ANC]] members and activities. In 1981, they sent the South African military into [[People's Republic of Mozambique (1975–1990)|Mozambique]] to assassinate ANC members in exile. The CIA was responsible for the arrest of [[Nelson Mandela]] and violated a [[United Nations|UN]] policy by sending weapons to South Africa.<ref>{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=2002|title=Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower|chapter=A Concise History of United States Global Interventions,
1945 to the Present|isbn=9781842772201|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=29EED3C6906FF165E08303B9EAF66B4F|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedas5bwprytpzcih6tof3ipede5uzmcvt47tfzwp4cptdau6vmjpy?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Rogue%20State_%20A%20Guide%20to%20the%20World%27s%20Only%20Superpower-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282002%29.pdf|page=122–123}}</ref>

In the 1980s, the [[United States of America|United States]] provided hundreds of thousands of dollars to South African media to promote Western [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] ideals and counter [[Marxism]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Ajit Singh, Roscoe Palm|newspaper=[[Monthly Review]]|title=Manufacturing consent: How the United States has penetrated South African media|date=2022-08-08|url=https://mronline.org/2022/08/08/manufacturing-consent-how-the-united-states-has-penetrated-south-african-media/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808182146/https://mronline.org/2022/08/08/manufacturing-consent-how-the-united-states-has-penetrated-south-african-media/|archive-date=2022-08-08|retrieved=2022-08-09}}</ref>

=== Post-apartheid ===
In the 2024 election, the alliance of the ANC, [[South African Communist Party|SACP]], and the [[Congress of South African Trade Unions]] won a combined 40.18% compared to 59.50% in 2019. The [[MK Party|MK]] and [[Economic Freedom Fighters|EFF]] parties, which previously broke away from the ANC, won 64.28%.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Vijay Prashad|newspaper=The Tricontinental|title=Democracy Will Not Come through Compromise and Fear: The Twenty-Fourth Newsletter (2024)|date=2024-06-13|url=https://thetricontinental.org/newsletterissue/year-of-elections/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613110144/https://thetricontinental.org/newsletterissue/year-of-elections/|archive-date=2024-06-13}}</ref>

== Current racial inequality ==
White settlers own over 70% of South Africa's farmland despite only being 8% of the population,<ref>{{News citation|author=Francis Njubi Nesbitt|newspaper=[[MintPress News]]|title=In South Africa, Trump Embraces a Global Neo-Nazi Myth|date=2018-08-27|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/south-africa-white-genocide/248288/|retrieved=2022-07-02}}</ref> whereas Africans only own 4% of the farmland.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|title=This Land Is the Land of Our Ancestors|date=2022-06-22|url=https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-farmworkers-south-africa/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905041651/https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-farmworkers-south-africa/|archive-date=2022-09-05|retrieved=2022-11-12}}</ref> The average income for settlers is five times higher than for Black Africans.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
[[Category:South Africa]]
[[Category:African countries]]
[[Category:BRICS]]
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Former settler-colonial states]]
[[Category:Global south]]
<references />
{{DEFAULTSORT:South_Africa}}
[[Category:G20 members]]