ProleWiki - User contributions [en]

Republic of Lithuania

2024-05-27T03:42:28Z

Rangerjs1: Gitanas Nauseda

{{Infobox country|name=Republic of Lithuania|native_name=Lietuvos Respublika|image_flag=Flag of Lithuania.svg|image_coat=Coat of arms of Lithuania.svg|capital=Vilnius|largest_city=Vilnius|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|leader_title1=President|leader_name1=Gitanas Nauseda|image_map=Lithuania map.png|map_width=290|map_caption=Lithuania (dark green) in the [[European Union]] (light green)|official_languages=Lithuanian|area_km2=65,300|population_estimate=2,830,097|population_estimate_year=2022}}

'''Lithuania''', officially the '''Republic of Lithuania''', is a country in the Baltic region of [[Europe]]. It was a republic of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]] from the [[Second World War]] until the [[Overthrow of the Soviet Union|counterrevolution of 1991]]. The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] has secret prisons in Lithuania since 2001, although the [[United States of America|U.S.]] government did not admit it until 2006.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Derek Jennings|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=Re-open investigation of secret CIA prisons in Lithuania!|date=2011-02-03|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/lithuania-cia-prisons-html/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714124619/https://www.liberationnews.org/lithuania-cia-prisons-html/|archive-date=2019-07-14|retrieved=2022-08-08}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Interwar period ===
The [[Workers' and Peasants' Red Army|Red Army]] took Vilnius in January 1919 but was driven out by Western-backed [[Nationalism|nationalists]]. After a coalition of [[Socialism|socialists]] and populists won the 1926 election, a military coup established a [[Fascism|fascist]] dictatorship led by [[Antanas Smetona]], an admirer of [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]]. After Lithuania violated a mutual assistance treaty with the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]] in 1940, communist forces in Lithuania organized its incorporation into the USSR.<ref name=":0" />

=== Second World War ===
[[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]] invaded Lithuania in 1941 following a nationalist rebellion in Vilnius. The [[Workers' and Peasants' Red Army|Red Army]] drove the Nazis out in 1944 with support from Lithuanian guerrillas, but scattered fighting against the Soviet Union continued until 1953.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Albert Szymanski|year=1984|title=Human Rights in the Soviet Union|chapter=The European Nationalities in the USSR|page=80–81|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceazdmtb2y3qq27fve5ib3gk7uv2unt6ae2xss74xmfpur7k5uhl5m?filename=Albert%20Szymanski%20-%20Human%20Rights%20in%20the%20Soviet%20Union_%20Including%20Comparisons%20with%20the%20U.S.A.-Zed%20Books%20Ltd.%20%281984%29.pdf|city=London|publisher=Zed Books Ltd.|isbn=0862320186|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C597B1232D9EA6B0F3DCB438D7E15A81}}</ref>

=== Soviet era ===
During the Soviet era, a higher percentage of Lithuanians were enrolled in higher education that ethnic [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991)|Russians]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Eugene Puryear|newspaper=Liberation News|title=Nations and Soviets: The National Question in the USSR|date=2022-06-06|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/nations-and-soviets-the-national-question-in-the-ussr/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630072437/https://www.liberationnews.org/nations-and-soviets-the-national-question-in-the-ussr/|archive-date=2022-06-30|retrieved=2022-08-08}}</ref> Living standards and the economy improved rapidly under socialism.<ref name=":0" />

=== Capitalist era ===
Due to the capitalist counterrevolution, poverty increased from 1% in the late 1980s to 30% in 1994.<ref>{{Citation|author=Branko Milanovic|year=1998|title=Income, Inequality, and Poverty during the Transition from Planned to Market Economy|chapter=Poverty|section=By How Much Has Poverty Increased?|page=68|pdf=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314180055/https://www.gc.cuny.edu/CUNY_GC/media/CUNY-Graduate-Center/PDF/Centers/LIS/Milanovic/papers/Income_ineq_poverty_book.pdf|city=Washington, D.C.|publisher=World Bank|isbn=082133994X}}</ref> In 2004, the [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] Lithuanian regime joined [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Richard Becker|newspaper=Liberation News|title=Right on NATO’s doorstep?|date=2022-01-25|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/right-on-natos-doorstep/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225114046/https://www.liberationnews.org/right-on-natos-doorstep/|archive-date=2022-02-25|retrieved=2022-08-08}}</ref> In 2009, the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] cut wages for Lithuanian health and education workers by 20% to 40%.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Radhika Miller|newspaper=Liberation News|title=Lithuanian workers latest victims of IMF, capitalism|date=2009-05-16|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/09-05-16-lithuanian-workers-latest-victim-html/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714142712/https://www.liberationnews.org/09-05-16-lithuanian-workers-latest-victim-html/|archive-date=2019-07-14|retrieved=2022-08-08}}</ref>

== References ==
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Global north]]
[[Category:European countries]]

Bashar al-Assad

2024-05-21T15:17:38Z

Rangerjs1: /* Life */ spelling

'''Bashar al-Assad''' is a [[Syrian Arab Republic|Syrian]] politician currently serving as the [[President of the Syrian Arab Republic]].

== Life ==
Assad is married to Asma Assad, a [[British]]-born investment banker. She is currently suffering from acute myeloid leukemia.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=RT|title=Syrian first lady diagnosed with leukemia|date=2021-05-21|url=https://www.rt.com/news/597977-asma-assad-diagnosed-leukemia/|retrieved=2024-05-21}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Current heads of state]]

Bashar al-Assad

2024-05-21T15:17:19Z

Rangerjs1: wife

'''Bashar al-Assad''' is a [[Syrian Arab Republic|Syrian]] politician currently serving as the [[President of the Syrian Arab Republic]].

== Life ==
Assad is married to Asma Assad, a [[British]]-born investment banked. She is currently suffering from acute myeloid leukemia.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=RT|title=Syrian first lady diagnosed with leukemia|date=2021-05-21|url=https://www.rt.com/news/597977-asma-assad-diagnosed-leukemia/|retrieved=2024-05-21}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Current heads of state]]

National Assembly of the Lao PDR

2024-05-21T15:00:56Z

Rangerjs1: source

The National Assembly of the [[Lao People's Democratic Republic]] is the leading national legislature of Laos.

== History ==

=== The Supreme People's Assembly I ===
The Supreme People's Assembly I was the first Legislature of the Lao People's Democratic Republic. [[Souphanouvong|Prince Souphanouvong]] was the first president with Sisomphone Lovanxay, Sithon Kommadam, Khamsouk Keola, and Faydang Lobliayao becoming the initial Vice-Presidents. Khamsouk Keola also became Secretary General.<ref name=":0" />

It started with 45 members, 4 of which were women.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|newspaper=The National Assembly of the LAO PDR|title=History of the National Assembly|url=https://na.gov.la/history-of-the-national-assembly/?lang=en|retrieved=2024-05-20}}</ref>

=== The Supreme People's Assembly II ===
The Supreme People's Assembly II was formed on the 26 March 1989.<ref name=":0" />

There were 75 members, of which women comprised 5 members. Nouhak Phoumsavanh was the president of the Supreme People’s Assembly during this period. The Supreme People’s Assembly created the first constitution of the Lao People's Democratic Republic on 14 August 1991 at the sixth ordinary session.<ref name=":0" />

=== The Supreme People's Assembly III ===
The third Supreme People’s Assembly was elected on 20 December 1992. Samane Vignaket was made president. The third Supreme People’s Assembly changed the name of itself to the National Assembly.<ref name=":0" />

There were 85 members, 8 of which were women.<ref name=":0" />

=== The National Assembly IV ===
The National Assembly IV was elected on 21 December 1997 with 99 members, 21 of which were women. Samane Vignaket was reelected president, along with 3 Vice-Presidents.<ref name=":0" />

=== The National Assembly V ===
The fifth National Assembly was elected on the 24 February 2002 with 109 members, of which there were 25 women.<ref name=":0" />

Representatives were determined from 18 constituency, the 16 provinces, along with the Xaysomboun Special Zone and the Vientiane Municipality. There is one member for every 50,000 citizens and each province must have at least 3 members.<ref name=":0" />

The National Assembly V made modifications to the Lao PDR constitution during its tenure.<ref name=":0" />

=== The National Assembly VI ===
The National Assembly VI was elected on 30 April 2006 with 115 members, 29 of which were women. Thongsing Thamavong was elected president along with 2 Vice-Presidents.<ref name=":0" />

=== The National Assembly VII ===
The National Assembly VII was elected on 30 April 2011 with 132 members, of which 33 were women. Pany Yathotou was elected president along with 2 Vice-Presidents.<ref name=":0" />

=== The National Assembly VIII ===
The National Assembly VIII was elected on 20 April 2016 with 149 members, 41 of which were women. Pany Yathotou was reelected president, along with 4 Vice-Presidents.<ref name=":0" />

The National Assembly Office was changed to the Secretariat.<ref name=":0" />

=== The National Assembly IX ===
The National Assembly IX was elected on 21 February 2021 with 164 members out of 224 possible candidates. This included 36 women. Dr. Xaysomphone Phomvihane was elected president along with 5 Vice-Presidents.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

Hebei province

2024-05-21T13:08:21Z

Rangerjs1: added that it is about Beijing

Hebei(河北), is a province in northern [[China]]. The estimated population is 75 million people.

{{Infobox settlement|conventional_long_name=Hebei Province|native_name=河北省 hé běi shěng|settlement_type=Province|image_map=河北地图.jpg|largest_city=[[Shijiazhuang]]|capital=[[Shijiazhuang]]|official_languages=Mandarin|official_website=http://www.hebei.gov.cn/|population_estimate=75 Million}}The Hebei province is situated around the national capital of [[Beijing]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=The People’s Government of Hebei Province|title=About Hebei|url=http://www.hebei.gov.cn/english/columns/68fc775b-73b3-46ff-86b8-e3f4e70c1e70/index.html|retrieved=2023-05-21}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Provinces of China]]

Jiangsu

2024-05-21T13:01:49Z

Rangerjs1: phrasing

{{Infobox settlement|native_name=江苏|official_website=http://en.jiangsu.gov.cn/|name=Jiangsu}}

Jiangsu(江苏), a province of [[China]]. The population of Jiangsu sits at 85 million. The capital is [[Nanjing]].

== History ==
During the period of [[Shang dynasty]], there were two kingdoms in Jiangsu: Wu and Xu.

During the [[Western Jin Dynasty]], due to the endless wars in northern China, a large number of people migrated to Jiangsu, which brought great development to Jiangsu.

After the [[Xinhai Revolution]] broke out in 1911, Jiangsu also declared its independence from the [[Qing dynasty (1636–1912)|Qing]] Dynasty.

In 1937, the [[Japanese]] army occupied Jiangsu Province. [[The Nanjing Massacre]] was carried out in Nanjing, the capital of Jiangsu Province and the capital of the [[Republic of China]]
[[Category:Provinces of China]]

Jiangsu

2024-05-21T13:01:19Z

Rangerjs1: added infobox and website

{{Infobox settlement|native_name=江苏|official_website=http://en.jiangsu.gov.cn/|name=Jiangsu}}

Jiangsu(江苏), a province of [[China]]. Population 85 million. The capital is [[Nanjing]].

== History ==
During the period of [[Shang dynasty]], there were two kingdoms in Jiangsu: Wu and Xu.

During the [[Western Jin Dynasty]], due to the endless wars in northern China, a large number of people migrated to Jiangsu, which brought great development to Jiangsu.

After the [[Xinhai Revolution]] broke out in 1911, Jiangsu also declared its independence from the [[Qing dynasty (1636–1912)|Qing]] Dynasty.

In 1937, the [[Japanese]] army occupied Jiangsu Province. [[The Nanjing Massacre]] was carried out in Nanjing, the capital of Jiangsu Province and the capital of the [[Republic of China]]
[[Category:Provinces of China]]

Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

2024-05-21T12:54:21Z

Rangerjs1: added a website

{{Infobox settlement|conventional_long_name=Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region|native_name=内蒙古自治区 ᠥᠪᠥᠷᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠨᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤᠣᠷᠣᠨ|capital=Hohhot|largest_city=Hohhot|population_census=24,049,155|population_census_year=2020|area_km2=1,183,000|official_website=https://www.nmg.gov.cn}}

The '''Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region''' is an autonomous region of [[People's Republic of China|China]].

== Education ==
Inner Mongolia has a bilingual education policy where students are educated in Mongolian and Mandarin.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Qiao Collective]]|title=On Inner Mongolia and Bilingual Education in China|date=2021-09-10|url=https://www.qiaocollective.com/articles/inner-mongolia-bilingual|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718160349/https://www.qiaocollective.com/articles/inner-mongolia-bilingual|archive-date=2022-07-18|retrieved=2022-09-11}}</ref>

== References ==
[[Category:Autonomous regions in China]]

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

2024-05-21T12:51:38Z

Rangerjs1: added website and date of establishment

{{Infobox country|name=Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region|native_name=广西壮族自治区 guǎng xī zhuàng zú zì zhì qū Gvangjsih Bouxcuengh Swcigih|capital=[[Nanning]]|largest_city=[[Nanning]]|image_map=广西地图.jpg|official_languages=[[Chinese]]
[[Zhuang]]|population_estimate=50,126,804|population_estimate_year=2020|official_website=http://en.gxzf.gov.cn/|area_km2=237,600}}

'''Guangxi''' (Chinese: 广西; Zhuang: Gvangjsih), officially the '''Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region''', is an [[Autonomous regions of China|autonomous region]] in southern [[People's Republic of China|China]]. Unlike the autonomous regions of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] and [[Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region|Xinjiang]], it has not yet been targeted by Western secessionist movements.

== History ==
In 221 BC, [[Qin Shi Huang]] [[Ying Zheng]] unified northern [[China]]. Thereafter he sent 500,000 troops to attack southern China. The aborigines in southern China had a low level of productivity and since then Guangxi Province became part of China.

On March 5, 1958, the State Council established the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=People's Government of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region|title=Overview|date=2024-02-04|url=http://en.gxzf.gov.cn/2024-02/04/c_263420.htm|retrieved=2024-05-21}}</ref>

== Population ==
The [[Zhuang]] population in Guangxi accounts for 31.36% of the total population, with about 16 million Zhuang people. The Zhuang are the most numerous ethnic minority in China.

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Autonomous regions in China]]
[[Category:Provinces of China]]

The National Assembly of the Lao PDR

2024-05-21T10:36:50Z

Rangerjs1: Rangerjs1 moved page The National Assembly of the Lao PDR to National Assembly of the Lao PDR: removing the word the

#REDIRECT [[National Assembly of the Lao PDR]]

National Assembly of the Lao PDR

2024-05-21T10:36:50Z

Rangerjs1: Rangerjs1 moved page The National Assembly of the Lao PDR to National Assembly of the Lao PDR: removing the word the

The National Assembly of the [[Lao People's Democratic Republic]] is the leading national legislature of Laos.

== History ==

=== The Supreme People's Assembly I ===
The Supreme People's Assembly I was the first Legislature of the Lao People's Democratic Republic. [[Souphanouvong|Prince Souphanouvong]] was the first president with Sisomphone Lovanxay, Sithon Kommadam, Khamsouk Keola, and Faydang Lobliayao becoming the initial Vice-Presidents. Khamsouk Keola also became Secretary General.

It started with 45 members, 4 of which were women.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|newspaper=The National Assembly of the LAO PDR|title=History of the National Assembly|url=https://na.gov.la/history-of-the-national-assembly/?lang=en|retrieved=2024-05-20}}</ref>

=== The Supreme People's Assembly II ===
The Supreme People's Assembly II was formed on the 26 March 1989.

There were 75 members, of which women comprised 5 members. Nouhak Phoumsavanh was the president of the Supreme People’s Assembly during this period. The Supreme People’s Assembly created the first constitution of the Lao People's Democratic Republic on 14 August 1991 at the sixth ordinary session.<ref name=":0" />

=== The Supreme People's Assembly III ===
The third Supreme People’s Assembly was elected on 20 December 1992. Samane Vignaket was made president. The third Supreme People’s Assembly changed the name of itself to the National Assembly.

There were 85 members, 8 of which were women.<ref name=":0" />

=== The National Assembly IV ===
The National Assembly IV was elected on 21 December 1997 with 99 members, 21 of which were women. Samane Vignaket was reelected president, along with 3 Vice-Presidents.<ref name=":0" />

=== The National Assembly V ===
The fifth National Assembly was elected on the 24 February 2002 with 109 members, of which there were 25 women.

Representatives were determined from 18 constituency, the 16 provinces, along with the Xaysomboun Special Zone and the Vientiane Municipality. There is one member for every 50,000 citizens and each province must have at least 3 members.

The National Assembly V made modifications to the Lao PDR constitution during its tenure.<ref name=":0" />

=== The National Assembly VI ===
The National Assembly VI was elected on 30 April 2006 with 115 members, 29 of which were women. Thongsing Thamavong was elected president along with 2 Vice-Presidents.<ref name=":0" />

=== The National Assembly VII ===
The National Assembly VII was elected on 30 April 2011 with 132 members, of which 33 were women. Pany Yathotou was elected president along with 2 Vice-Presidents.<ref name=":0" />

=== The National Assembly VIII ===
The National Assembly VIII was elected on 20 April 2016 with 149 members, 41 of which were women. Pany Yathotou was reelected president, along with 4 Vice-Presidents.

The National Assembly Office was changed to the Secretariat.<ref name=":0" />

=== The National Assembly IX ===
The National Assembly IX was elected on 21 February 2021 with 164 members out of 224 possible candidates. This included 36 women. Dr. Xaysomphone Phomvihane was elected president along with 5 Vice-Presidents.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

The Supreme People's Assembly of the Lao PDR

2024-05-21T02:58:34Z

Rangerjs1: made redirect The National Assembly of the Lao PDR

#REDIRECT [[The National Assembly of the Lao PDR]]

National Assembly of the Lao PDR

2024-05-21T02:48:28Z

Rangerjs1: created page with basic history

The National Assembly of the [[Lao People's Democratic Republic]] is the leading national legislature of Laos.

== History ==

=== The Supreme People's Assembly I ===
The Supreme People's Assembly I was the first Legislature of the Lao People's Democratic Republic. [[Souphanouvong|Prince Souphanouvong]] was the first president with Sisomphone Lovanxay, Sithon Kommadam, Khamsouk Keola, and Faydang Lobliayao becoming the initial Vice-Presidents. Khamsouk Keola also became Secretary General.

It started with 45 members, 4 of which were women.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|newspaper=The National Assembly of the LAO PDR|title=History of the National Assembly|url=https://na.gov.la/history-of-the-national-assembly/?lang=en|retrieved=2024-05-20}}</ref>

=== The Supreme People's Assembly II ===
The Supreme People's Assembly II was formed on the 26 March 1989.

There were 75 members, of which women comprised 5 members. Nouhak Phoumsavanh was the president of the Supreme People’s Assembly during this period. The Supreme People’s Assembly created the first constitution of the Lao People's Democratic Republic on 14 August 1991 at the sixth ordinary session.<ref name=":0" />

=== The Supreme People's Assembly III ===
The third Supreme People’s Assembly was elected on 20 December 1992. Samane Vignaket was made president. The third Supreme People’s Assembly changed the name of itself to the National Assembly.

There were 85 members, 8 of which were women.<ref name=":0" />

=== The National Assembly IV ===
The National Assembly IV was elected on 21 December 1997 with 99 members, 21 of which were women. Samane Vignaket was reelected president, along with 3 Vice-Presidents.<ref name=":0" />

=== The National Assembly V ===
The fifth National Assembly was elected on the 24 February 2002 with 109 members, of which there were 25 women.

Representatives were determined from 18 constituency, the 16 provinces, along with the Xaysomboun Special Zone and the Vientiane Municipality. There is one member for every 50,000 citizens and each province must have at least 3 members.

The National Assembly V made modifications to the Lao PDR constitution during its tenure.<ref name=":0" />

=== The National Assembly VI ===
The National Assembly VI was elected on 30 April 2006 with 115 members, 29 of which were women. Thongsing Thamavong was elected president along with 2 Vice-Presidents.<ref name=":0" />

=== The National Assembly VII ===
The National Assembly VII was elected on 30 April 2011 with 132 members, of which 33 were women. Pany Yathotou was elected president along with 2 Vice-Presidents.<ref name=":0" />

=== The National Assembly VIII ===
The National Assembly VIII was elected on 20 April 2016 with 149 members, 41 of which were women. Pany Yathotou was reelected president, along with 4 Vice-Presidents.

The National Assembly Office was changed to the Secretariat.<ref name=":0" />

=== The National Assembly IX ===
The National Assembly IX was elected on 21 February 2021 with 164 members out of 224 possible candidates. This included 36 women. Dr. Xaysomphone Phomvihane was elected president along with 5 Vice-Presidents.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

Trần Thanh Mẫn

2024-05-21T00:51:15Z

Rangerjs1: /* Life */ phrasing

{{Infobox politician
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Trần Thanh Mẫn
| native_name =
| image =[[File:Trần Thanh Mẫn portrait.jpeg|thumb|Trần Thanh Mẫn portrait]]
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| nationality = Vietnamese
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 12 August 1962 (age 61)
| birth_place =Hau Giang, [[Republic of Vietnam]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| political_orientation =
| political_party = [[Communist Party of Vietnam]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}'''Trần Thanh Mẫn''' is the current chairman of [[Vietnam|Vietnam’s]] National Assembly. He was placed in charge temporarily after the resignation of [[Vương Đình Huệ]].<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Tran Thanh Man elected as Vietnam's National Assembly chairman|date=2024-05-20|url=https://english.news.cn/20240520/4511cbd824e94a9ebbf937b5409ac386/c.html|retrieved=2024-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Vietnam's National Assembly announces Tran Thanh Man in charge of work of National Assembly|date=2024-05-02|url=https://english.news.cn/asiapacific/20240502/e15144c2b45246edba804b1ff38b2edb/c.html|retrieved=2024-05-20}}</ref>

== Life ==
In August of 1962, he was born in the Mekong Delta province of Hau Giang Province.<ref name=":0" />

He was the vice chairman and then the eventual chairman of the Vietnam Fatherland Front Central Committee.<ref name=":0" />

Following this, he became vice chairman of the National Assembly in April 2021.<ref name=":0" />

His predecessor, Vương Đình Huệ, had his resignation accepted by the 13th Communist Party of Vietnam Central Committee on April 26th, 2024. Then, on the 2nd of May, he was relieved of his duties.<ref name=":0" />

At the seventh session of the 15th National Assembly, Trần Thanh Mẫn was elected as chairman by parliamentary vote.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Vietnamese communists]]
[[Category:Politicians]]

Lê Văn Nhuận

2024-05-21T00:48:21Z

Rangerjs1: made redirect to Lê Duẩn

#REDIRECT [[Lê Duẩn]]

Trần Thanh Mẫn

2024-05-20T23:08:06Z

Rangerjs1: added image and tag

{{Infobox politician
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Trần Thanh Mẫn
| native_name =
| image =[[File:Trần Thanh Mẫn portrait.jpeg|thumb|Trần Thanh Mẫn portrait]]
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| nationality = Vietnamese
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 12 August 1962 (age 61)
| birth_place =Hau Giang, [[Republic of Vietnam]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| political_orientation =
| political_party = [[Communist Party of Vietnam]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}'''Trần Thanh Mẫn''' is the current chairman of [[Vietnam|Vietnam’s]] National Assembly. He was placed in charge temporarily after the resignation of [[Vương Đình Huệ]].<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Tran Thanh Man elected as Vietnam's National Assembly chairman|date=2024-05-20|url=https://english.news.cn/20240520/4511cbd824e94a9ebbf937b5409ac386/c.html|retrieved=2024-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Vietnam's National Assembly announces Tran Thanh Man in charge of work of National Assembly|date=2024-05-02|url=https://english.news.cn/asiapacific/20240502/e15144c2b45246edba804b1ff38b2edb/c.html|retrieved=2024-05-20}}</ref>

== Life ==
In August of 1962, he was born in the Mekong Delta province of Hau Giang Province.<ref name=":0" />

He was the vice chairman and then the eventual chairman of the Vietnam Fatherland Front Central Committee.<ref name=":0" />

Following this, he became vice chairman of the National Assembly in April 2021.<ref name=":0" />

His predecessor, Vương Đình Huệ, had his resignation accepted by the 13th Communist Party of Vietnam Central Committee on April 26th, 2024. Then, on the 2nd of May, he was relieved of his duties.<ref name=":0" />

The seventh session of the 15th National Assembly, Trần Thanh Mẫn was elected as chairman by parliamentary vote.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Vietnamese communists]]
[[Category:Politicians]]

File:Trần Thanh Mẫn portrait.jpeg

2024-05-20T23:02:56Z

Rangerjs1: An image of Vietnamese political figure, Trần Thanh Mẫn.

== Summary ==
An image of Vietnamese political figure, Trần Thanh Mẫn.

Trần Thanh Mẫn

2024-05-20T17:42:06Z

Rangerjs1: created article

{{Infobox politician
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Trần Thanh Mẫn
| native_name =
| image =
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| nationality = Vietnamese
| birth_name =
| birth_date = August, 1962
| birth_place =
| death_date =
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| political_orientation =
| political_party = Communist Party of Vietnam
| website =
| footnotes =
}}Trần Thanh Mẫn is the current chairman of [[Vietnam|Vietnam’s]]National Assembly. He was placed in charge temporarily after the resignation of Vương Đình Huệ.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Tran Thanh Man elected as Vietnam's National Assembly chairman|date=2024-05-20|url=https://english.news.cn/20240520/4511cbd824e94a9ebbf937b5409ac386/c.html|retrieved=2024-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Vietnam's National Assembly announces Tran Thanh Man in charge of work of National Assembly|date=2024-05-02|url=https://english.news.cn/asiapacific/20240502/e15144c2b45246edba804b1ff38b2edb/c.html|retrieved=2024-05-20}}</ref>

In August of 1962, he was born in the Mekong Delta province of Hau Giang Province.<ref name=":0" />

He was the vice chairman and then the eventual chairman of the Vietnam Fatherland Front Central Committee.<ref name=":0" />

Following this, he became vice chairman of the National Assembly in April 2021.<ref name=":0" />

His predecessor, Vương Đình Huệ, had his resignation accepted by the 13th Communist Party of Vietnam Central Committee on April 26th, 2024. Then, on the 2nd of May, he was relieved of his duties.<ref name=":0" />

The seventh session of the 15th National Assembly, Trần Thanh Mẫn was elected as chairman by parliamentary vote.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

Belt and Road Initiative

2024-05-19T21:02:28Z

Rangerjs1: phrasing

[[File:BRI agreements.png|alt=All countries that either attended a BRI summit (yellow) or who signed cooperation documents related to the BRI (red)|thumb|Countries currently in the Belt and Road Initiative (red) and countries which attended a BRI summit (yellow)]]
The '''Belt and Road Initiative''' ('''BRI''') is a global infrastructure development strategy adopted by the [[China#Governance|Chinese government]] in 2013 to invest in nearly 70 countries and international organizations. The BRI was initially proposed by China in [[Kazakhstan]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Officials, experts say deepened China-Central Asia cooperation on Belt and Road benefits region, world|date=2023-05-18|url=https://english.news.cn/20230518/864fd60c483c49b0bf4386affd74ae1d/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-28}}</ref> It is considered a centerpiece of [[Xi Jinping]]'s foreign policy.<ref>{{News citation|title=President Xi proposes Silk Road economic belt|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013xivisitcenterasia/2013-09/07/content_16951811.htm}}</ref>

The BRI is one of the many factors which is leading to [[de-dollarization]]<ref>https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2018/04/09/the-de-dollarization-in-china/</ref> the decline of the influence of the [[United States imperialism|US empire]],<ref>{{News citation|journalist=[[Danny Haiphong]]|title=U.S. imperial Decline and the Belt and Road Initiative: The Most Important Global Struggle of the Century|url=https://blackagendareport.com/us-imperial-decline-and-belt-and-road-initiative-most-important-global-struggle-century|newspaper=[[Black Agenda Report]]}}</ref> and enhanced economic growth of [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-aligned countries]].<ref>{{News citation|title=China’s BRI: The REAL Story! Symbol of its Inevitable Rise? With Hussein Askary!|url=https://youtu.be/OGGItLIKL8g}}</ref> It has also furthered the strength and helps to carry out what was established in the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This has lead to over 40 countries partaking in the BRI's environmentally friendly development.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=(CPC Congress) Official hails positive progress in building green Belt and Road|date=2022-10-21|url=https://english.news.cn/20221021/3510edb82fc64407bd423c5ad72a8080/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-28}}</ref>

In 2015, [[Hungary]] became the first European country to be a part of the BRI. In 2017, China and Hungary began working on the BRI flagship project of constructing the Hungary-Serbia railway.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Wang Wenwen|newspaper=Global Times|title=China, Hungary elevate ties during Xi’s visit in Budapest|date=2024-05-10|url=https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202405/1312013.shtml|retrieved=2024-05-16}}</ref>

In 2021, [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]] has joined the BRI project for the purpose of expanding its telecommunications and green energy industries.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=2021-10-18|title=Cuba Formally Joins China's Belt and Road Energy Partnership|url=https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/Cuba-Formally-Joins-Chinas-Belt-and-Road-Energy-Partnership-20211018-0016.html|newspaper=[[TeleSUR]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=}}</ref> Syria has also joined.<ref>{{News citation|date=2022-12-01|title=Syria Officially Joins China's Belt and Road, Seeking Lifeline to Defy U.S. Sanctions|url=https://www.newsweek.com/syria-officially-joins-chinas-belt-road-seeking-lifeline-defy-us-sanctions-1668849}}</ref> In February 2022, [[Argentine Republic|Argentina]] joined the BRI.<ref>{{News citation|date=2022-02-06|title=Argentina officially joins BRI in major boost for China-Latin America cooperation|url=https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202202/1251555.shtml|newspaper=Global Times|retrieved=2022-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|journalist=[[Benjamin Norton]]|date=2022-02-12|title=Trapped in IMF debt, Argentina turns to Russia and joins China's Belt & Road|url=https://youtu.be/NZzATH_759s|newspaper=[[Multipolarista]]}}</ref> Total, this has lead the BRI to have three-fourths of nations in the world participating in it.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Belt and Road Initiative participated by three-fourths of world's countries: FM|date=2023-03-07|url=https://english.news.cn/20230307/bb6a8edabb984f35bcbf2930e8649ad8/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-28}}</ref> In total, this has caused 151 countries to sign agreements with China for their mutual benefit.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Belt and Road Initiative promotes economic growth, improves people's lives: spokesperson|date=2023-03-03|url=https://english.news.cn/20230303/42d3cefc3f884db4a5d2833ca9e89141/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-28}}</ref>

The participating countries have extracted great benefit from being members in the BRI.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Belt and Road Initiative a high-quality public good: Chinese FM|date=2023-03-07|url=https://english.news.cn/20230307/445535cfeeb74f098e93ae9407a798a6/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Chinese political advisors discuss people-to-people connectivity along Belt and Road|date=2022-11-25|url=https://english.news.cn/20221125/8441fd86e8f94a2eb9d57b3def178444/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-28}}</ref> It has created 420,000 jobs and lifted 40 million people out of poverty.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Belt and Road Initiative creates 420,000 jobs for participant countries: FM|date=2023-03-07|url=https://english.news.cn/20230307/83163d3aca13492c9ffdfd7855c8fbbd/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Belt and Road Initiative a key platform for new era of international cooperation: Thai ambassador|date=2023-03-08|url=https://english.news.cn/20230308/fc38b17e42aa43628f51b35af26fbca7/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-28}}</ref> The BRI has also lead to deeper ties between China and other participating countries.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=China, Belt and Road countries enjoy closer trade ties|date=2023-03-02|url=https://english.news.cn/20230302/3b7a7001402c4b46a40ff4fd0ae7f25e/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-28}}</ref>

In total, China has developed over 200 contacts with 152 countries as part of the BRI.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=BRI benefits partner nations with vast opportunities|date=2023-11-20|url=https://english.news.cn/20231120/80a7cb0451b744a884775b19ad1df8ae/c.html|retrieved=2023-11-20}}</ref>

Trade between China and BRI member countries reached 21 trillion USD between 2013 and October 2023. Direct Chinese investments in BRI member countries reached 270 billion USD during the time period.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=The State Council of the People’s Republic of China|title=China releases document on vision, actions for Belt and Road cooperation in next decade|date=2023-11-24|url=https://english.www.gov.cn/news/202311/24/content_WS65600f67c6d0868f4e8e1936.html|retrieved=2023-12-4}}</ref>

==Reactions==
The BRI has been demonized by Western [[bourgeois media]] on the basis that it's a [[Chinese_debt-trap_myth|"debt trap"]]<ref>{{News citation|title=China's debt-trap diplomacy|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/551337-chinas-debt-trap-diplomacy|newspaper=The Hill}}</ref> or an example of so-called "Chinese imperialism," but these claims serve only propaganda purposes and are not founded in evidence.<ref>{{News citation|title=Debunking the Myth of ‘Debt-trap Diplomacy’|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2020/08/debunking-myth-debt-trap-diplomacy|newspaper=Chatham House}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|title=The Chinese 'Debt Trap' Is a Myth|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2021/02/china-debt-trap-diplomacy/617953/|newspaper=The Atlantic}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|title=Catagorically Debunking the Claim that China is Imperialist|url=https://orinocotribune.com/catagorically-debunking-the-claim-that-china-is-imperialist/}}</ref> Guo Weimin, the spokesman for the initial meeting of the 14th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, called such claims, "noises" and rejected them.<ref name=":0" />

In response to concerns, the Communist Party of China has sought to improve reporting standards and transparency with their BRI projects so as to increase trust with member countries.<ref>{{News citation|title=China’s response to Belt and Road backlash|url=https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2018/12/15/chinas-response-to-belt-and-road-backlash/}}</ref>

Anti-imperialist journalist Richard Medhurst has reported that China's BRI project is helping to rebuild the economies that have been destroyed by Western wars and sanctions.<ref>{{News citation|date=2022-01-25|title=Syria Officially Joins China's Belt and Road Initiative {{!}} BRI|url=https://youtu.be/b8bFjhiwvnw}}</ref>

==References==

<references />
[[Category:Belt and Road Initiative]]
[[Category:Pages to be protected]]

Belt and Road Initiative

2024-05-16T21:48:08Z

Rangerjs1: Hungary

[[File:BRI agreements.png|alt=All countries that either attended a BRI summit (yellow) or who signed cooperation documents related to the BRI (red)|thumb|Countries currently in the Belt and Road Initiative (red) and countries which attended a BRI summit (yellow)]]
The '''Belt and Road Initiative''' ('''BRI''') is a global infrastructure development strategy adopted by the [[China#Governance|Chinese government]] in 2013 to invest in nearly 70 countries and international organizations. The BRI was initially proposed by China in [[Kazakhstan]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Officials, experts say deepened China-Central Asia cooperation on Belt and Road benefits region, world|date=2023-05-18|url=https://english.news.cn/20230518/864fd60c483c49b0bf4386affd74ae1d/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-28}}</ref> It is considered a centerpiece of [[Xi Jinping]]'s foreign policy.<ref>{{News citation|title=President Xi proposes Silk Road economic belt|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013xivisitcenterasia/2013-09/07/content_16951811.htm}}</ref>

The BRI is one of the many factors which is leading to [[de-dollarization]]<ref>https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2018/04/09/the-de-dollarization-in-china/</ref> the decline of the influence of the [[United States imperialism|US empire]],<ref>{{News citation|journalist=[[Danny Haiphong]]|title=U.S. imperial Decline and the Belt and Road Initiative: The Most Important Global Struggle of the Century|url=https://blackagendareport.com/us-imperial-decline-and-belt-and-road-initiative-most-important-global-struggle-century|newspaper=[[Black Agenda Report]]}}</ref> and enhanced economic growth of [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-aligned countries]].<ref>{{News citation|title=China’s BRI: The REAL Story! Symbol of its Inevitable Rise? With Hussein Askary!|url=https://youtu.be/OGGItLIKL8g}}</ref> It has also furthered the strength and helps to carry out what was established in the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This has lead to over 40 countries partaking in the BRI's environmentally friendly development.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=(CPC Congress) Official hails positive progress in building green Belt and Road|date=2022-10-21|url=https://english.news.cn/20221021/3510edb82fc64407bd423c5ad72a8080/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-28}}</ref>

In 2015, [[Hungary]] became the first European country to be a part of the BRI. In 2017, China and Hungary began working on the flagship project of constructing the Hungary-Serbia railway.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Wang Wenwen|newspaper=Global Times|title=China, Hungary elevate ties during Xi’s visit in Budapest|date=2024-05-10|url=https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202405/1312013.shtml|retrieved=2024-05-16}}</ref>

In 2021, [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]] has joined the BRI project for the purpose of expanding its telecommunications and green energy industries.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=2021-10-18|title=Cuba Formally Joins China's Belt and Road Energy Partnership|url=https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/Cuba-Formally-Joins-Chinas-Belt-and-Road-Energy-Partnership-20211018-0016.html|newspaper=[[TeleSUR]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=}}</ref> Syria has also joined.<ref>{{News citation|date=2022-12-01|title=Syria Officially Joins China's Belt and Road, Seeking Lifeline to Defy U.S. Sanctions|url=https://www.newsweek.com/syria-officially-joins-chinas-belt-road-seeking-lifeline-defy-us-sanctions-1668849}}</ref> In February 2022, [[Argentine Republic|Argentina]] joined the BRI.<ref>{{News citation|date=2022-02-06|title=Argentina officially joins BRI in major boost for China-Latin America cooperation|url=https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202202/1251555.shtml|newspaper=Global Times|retrieved=2022-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|journalist=[[Benjamin Norton]]|date=2022-02-12|title=Trapped in IMF debt, Argentina turns to Russia and joins China's Belt & Road|url=https://youtu.be/NZzATH_759s|newspaper=[[Multipolarista]]}}</ref> Total, this has lead the BRI to have three-fourths of nations in the world participating in it.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Belt and Road Initiative participated by three-fourths of world's countries: FM|date=2023-03-07|url=https://english.news.cn/20230307/bb6a8edabb984f35bcbf2930e8649ad8/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-28}}</ref> In total, this has caused 151 countries to sign agreements with China for their mutual benefit.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Belt and Road Initiative promotes economic growth, improves people's lives: spokesperson|date=2023-03-03|url=https://english.news.cn/20230303/42d3cefc3f884db4a5d2833ca9e89141/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-28}}</ref>

The participating countries have extracted great benefit from being members in the BRI.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Belt and Road Initiative a high-quality public good: Chinese FM|date=2023-03-07|url=https://english.news.cn/20230307/445535cfeeb74f098e93ae9407a798a6/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Chinese political advisors discuss people-to-people connectivity along Belt and Road|date=2022-11-25|url=https://english.news.cn/20221125/8441fd86e8f94a2eb9d57b3def178444/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-28}}</ref> It has created 420,000 jobs and lifted 40 million people out of poverty.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Belt and Road Initiative creates 420,000 jobs for participant countries: FM|date=2023-03-07|url=https://english.news.cn/20230307/83163d3aca13492c9ffdfd7855c8fbbd/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Belt and Road Initiative a key platform for new era of international cooperation: Thai ambassador|date=2023-03-08|url=https://english.news.cn/20230308/fc38b17e42aa43628f51b35af26fbca7/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-28}}</ref> The BRI has also lead to deeper ties between China and other participating countries.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=China, Belt and Road countries enjoy closer trade ties|date=2023-03-02|url=https://english.news.cn/20230302/3b7a7001402c4b46a40ff4fd0ae7f25e/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-28}}</ref>

In total, China has developed over 200 contacts with 152 countries as part of the BRI.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=BRI benefits partner nations with vast opportunities|date=2023-11-20|url=https://english.news.cn/20231120/80a7cb0451b744a884775b19ad1df8ae/c.html|retrieved=2023-11-20}}</ref>

Trade between China and BRI member countries reached 21 trillion USD between 2013 and October 2023. Direct Chinese investments in BRI member countries reached 270 billion USD during the time period.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=The State Council of the People’s Republic of China|title=China releases document on vision, actions for Belt and Road cooperation in next decade|date=2023-11-24|url=https://english.www.gov.cn/news/202311/24/content_WS65600f67c6d0868f4e8e1936.html|retrieved=2023-12-4}}</ref>

==Reactions==
The BRI has been demonized by Western [[bourgeois media]] on the basis that it's a [[Chinese_debt-trap_myth|"debt trap"]]<ref>{{News citation|title=China's debt-trap diplomacy|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/551337-chinas-debt-trap-diplomacy|newspaper=The Hill}}</ref> or an example of so-called "Chinese imperialism," but these claims serve only propaganda purposes and are not founded in evidence.<ref>{{News citation|title=Debunking the Myth of ‘Debt-trap Diplomacy’|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2020/08/debunking-myth-debt-trap-diplomacy|newspaper=Chatham House}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|title=The Chinese 'Debt Trap' Is a Myth|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2021/02/china-debt-trap-diplomacy/617953/|newspaper=The Atlantic}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|title=Catagorically Debunking the Claim that China is Imperialist|url=https://orinocotribune.com/catagorically-debunking-the-claim-that-china-is-imperialist/}}</ref> Guo Weimin, the spokesman for the initial meeting of the 14th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, called such claims, "noises" and rejected them.<ref name=":0" />

In response to concerns, the Communist Party of China has sought to improve reporting standards and transparency with their BRI projects so as to increase trust with member countries.<ref>{{News citation|title=China’s response to Belt and Road backlash|url=https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2018/12/15/chinas-response-to-belt-and-road-backlash/}}</ref>

Anti-imperialist journalist Richard Medhurst has reported that China's BRI project is helping to rebuild the economies that have been destroyed by Western wars and sanctions.<ref>{{News citation|date=2022-01-25|title=Syria Officially Joins China's Belt and Road Initiative {{!}} BRI|url=https://youtu.be/b8bFjhiwvnw}}</ref>

==References==

<references />
[[Category:Belt and Road Initiative]]
[[Category:Pages to be protected]]

Nicolás Maduro

2024-04-30T15:08:16Z

Rangerjs1: 2024 election polls

{{Infobox politician|image_size=200|birth_date=23 November 1962|birth_place=Caracas, [[Republic of Venezuela (1953–1999)|Venezuela]]|nationality=Venezuelan|political_line=[[Chavismo]] [[Anti-imperialism]] [[Democratic socialism]] [[Bolivarianism]]|political_party=[[United Socialist Party of Venezuela|PSUV]]|image=Nicolas Maduro.png}}

'''Nicolás Maduro Moros''' is a [[Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela|Venezuelan]] politician and president of Venezuela since 2013. He succeeded fellow [[Bolivarianism|Bolivarian]] revolutionary [[Hugo Chávez]].

Because of [[United States imperialism|U.S. imperialism]] against Venezuela,<ref>[[John Bolton]] (2020). [https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=QjTMDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&hl=ko&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The Room Where It Happened: A White House Memoir'': 'Chapter 9: Venezuela Libre'.] Simon and Schuster.</ref><ref>[[Benjamin Norton|Norton, Ben]]. [https://multipolarista.com/2022/07/12/trump-john-bolton-coups-venezuela/ “Trump Advisor John Bolton Admits Planning US Coups in Venezuela and beyond.”] [[Multipolarista]]. July 13, 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220731205139/https://multipolarista.com/2022/07/12/trump-john-bolton-coups-venezuela/ Archived] 2022-07-31.</ref> Maduro's presidency has faced various forms of aggression and interference, such as assassination attempts,<ref>Joe Parkin Daniels (2018-08-05). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/04/nicolas-maduros-speech-cut-short-while-soldiers-scatter "Venezuela's Nicolás Maduro survives apparent assassination attempt"] ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220715064109/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/04/nicolas-maduros-speech-cut-short-while-soldiers-scatter Archived] from the original on 2022-07-15.</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> and destabilization efforts organized by US-backed coup leader [[Juan Guaidó]], who, after a phone call with U.S. Vice President [[Mike Pence]], proclaimed himself president of Venezuela.<ref>Dan Cohen, [[Max Blumenthal]] (2019-01-29). [https://thegrayzone.com/2019/01/29/the-making-of-juan-guaido-how-the-us-regime-change-laboratory-created-venezuelas-coup-leader/amp/?__twitter_impression=true "The Making of Juan Guaidó: How the US regime change laboratory created Venezuela’s coup leader"] ''[[The Grayzone]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220322210646/https://thegrayzone.com/2019/01/29/the-making-of-juan-guaido-how-the-us-regime-change-laboratory-created-venezuelas-coup-leader/amp/?__twitter_impression=true Archived] from the original on 2022-03-22.</ref> According to a page published in 2020 on the [[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]] website, Maduro is listed as a "target" and the U.S. Department of State is offering a reward up to $15 million for information leading to his arrest.<ref>[https://www.state.gov/nicolas-maduro-moros-new-target/ “Nicolás Maduro Moros - New Target.”] United States Department of State. March 26, 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221103061620/https://www.state.gov/nicolas-maduro-moros-new-target/ Archived] 2022-11-03.</ref>

== Presidency (2013-present) ==

=== Elections ===
Maduro was initially elected on April 14, 2013. This occurred following Chávez's death in March of that year.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=Mario Hubert Garrido|newspaper=Granma|title=The Maduro government’s first two years|date=2015-04-22|url=https://en.granma.cu/mundo/2015-04-22/the-maduro-governments-first-two-years|retrieved=2023-07-22}}</ref>

Maduro won with 50.66% of the votes cast. His main opposition was Henrique Capriles. Capriles was part of the Primero Justicia party. After losing, he attempted to encourage riots in 2013, which caused the fatalities of 11 people.<ref name=":0" />

The following year, Leopoldo López and his party of Voluntad Popular held 'La Salida' which were attacks which killed 43 people. These attacks also injured over 800 people.<ref name=":0" />

In early 2015, the Venezuelan government uncovered plans for a [[coup d'état]]. These plans had included attacking civilian regions in Caracas, as well as governmental institutions. These plans had been backed by the [[United States of America]] via its embassy in Venezuela. A number of politicians within the country had also loaned it their support.<ref name=":0" /> This coup plan came to be known as the Blue Coup. Antonio Ledezma and Julio Borges were also found to be key operatives in this plan.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|author=Misión Verdad|newspaper=Granma|title=Maduro shows his strength, looks death in the face|date=2018-08-10|url=https://en.granma.cu/mundo/2018-08-10/maduro-shows-his-strength-looks-death-in-the-face|retrieved=2023-07-22}}</ref>

Leading to the second election, some of the conservative parties threatened to not participate in the election. Maduro made it clear that the election would still be held regardless of this threat.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Granma|title=Maduro: There will be elections come rain or shine|date=2018-02-16|url=https://en.granma.cu/mundo/2018-02-16/maduro-there-will-be-elections-come-rain-or-shine|retrieved=2023-07-22}}</ref>

In the following election, Maduro won a second time. 45.99% of the population voted, with 67.78%, or 6,157,185 votes, in favor of reelection. The main opposition candidate, Henri Falcon, received 21.01% of the vote.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|newspaper=Granma|title=World leaders congratulate Nicolás Maduro for his reelection|date=2018-05-22|url=https://en.granma.cu/mundo/2018-05-22/world-leaders-congratulate-nicolas-maduro-for-his-reelection|retrieved=2023-07-22}}</ref> Falcon had gone against the election boycott of the Democratic Unity Roundtable (MUD) and had run in the election regardless of it.<ref name=":4">{{Web citation|author=Dayron Rodríguez Rosales|newspaper=Granma|title=How can the resistance of the Venezuelan people and Nicolás Maduro’s government be explained?|date=2018-10-28|url=https://en.granma.cu/mundo/2018-05-28/how-can-the-resistance-of-the-venezuelan-people-and-nicolas-maduros-government-be-explained|retrieved=2023-08-01}}</ref>

After the victory over Falcon, Maduro was accused of 'violating democracy' by the Venezuelan National Assembly on October 23, 2016. This was led by opposition leader Julio Borges. They also stated that Maduro was ineligible to hold the position due to having Colombian ancestors. The National Assembly was considered to hold no authority due to a ruling by the Supreme Court. Maduro accused the opposition of fraud and of having submitted falsified signatures during the signature drive. The opposition to Maduro in the National Assembly arranged protests called 'The takeover of Venezuela'.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Granma|title=Venezuela's right wing wants to impeach President Maduro|date=2016-10-24|url=https://en.granma.cu/mundo/2016-10-24/venezuelas-right-wing-wants-to-impeach-president-maduro|retrieved=2023-08-01}}</ref>

Regardless of the actions of these opposition parties, Maduro has repeatedly encouraged dialogue and communication with the opposition groups.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Granma|title=Maduro invites opposition to meet with government|date=2017-12-04|url=https://en.granma.cu/mundo/2017-12-04/maduro-invites-opposition-to-meet-with-government|retrieved=2023-08-01}}</ref>

According to an Insight poll of 2600 Venezuelans, Maduro is the preferred candidate of 52.4% of those polled in the July 28, 2024 elections. This is followed by 37% for opposition candidate Edmundo Gonzales Urrutia. 16.08% of respondents are undecided or do not know who they will vote for yet. The remainder of respondents were split among other candidates.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=teleSUR|title=Nicolas Maduro Is the Favorite Candidate According to Insight Magazine|date=2024-04-29|url=https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/Nicolas-Maduro-Is-Favorite-Candidate-According-Insight-Magazine--20240429-0021.html|retrieved=2024-04-30}}</ref>

=== Assassination attempts ===
During an event in Caracas on Bolivar Avenue on August 4, 2018, two drone attempted to assassinate Maduro. This attack occurred while he was finishing giving a speech.<ref name=":1" />

This attack was carried out by Soldados de Franelas. Soldados de Franelas had links to Óscar Pérez and CICPC, who had killed civilians in attacks in 2017. Governmental investigations also found connections to the attack with outgoing Colombian president, Juan Manuel Santos and agents within [[Florida]].<ref name=":1" />

Following the attack, a suspect named Juan Carlos Monasterios was arrested and revealed details of the plot. It was learned from Monasterios that Juan Requesens was involved. Requesens was arrested afterward. He also revealed that Rayder Alexander Russo Márquez and Osmán Alexis Delgado Tabosky were both involved in the attack. Neither were immediately caught. Everyone arrested has explained the involvement of Julio Borges.<ref name=":3">{{Web citation|newspaper=Granma|title=Nicolás Maduro: Here is the evidence on the failed assassination attempt|date=2018-08-09|url=https://en.granma.cu/mundo/2018-08-09/nicolas-maduro-here-is-the-evidence-on-the-failed-assassination-attempt|retrieved=2023-07-22}}</ref>

It was learned that a group calling itself, Bravo, had planned attacks on other events which were called off due to a lack of preparation.<ref name=":3" />

=== Achievements ===
Social programs created by Chávez have been supported and continued by Maduro.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Granma|title=President Maduro praises social programs in Venezuela|date=2016-09-08|url=https://en.granma.cu/mundo/2016-09-08/president-maduro-praises-social-programs-in-venezuela|retrieved=2023-08-01}}</ref>

In order to help promote what is beneficial to the people, Presidential Councils of People's Government have been created. These councils deal with a specific issue in the country and may aid in setting policy related to said issue.<ref name=":0" />

The Maduro government had taken significant steps to combat [[poverty]] in the country. As of 2015, 64% of the national budget is dedicated to this. This opposition to poverty have led to the creation of new governmental missions, such as, Jóvenes de la Patria and Hogares de la Patria.<ref name=":0" />

==== Food ====
The country also has excellent policies in relation to nutrition, according to Marcelo Resende, who is a representative at the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.<ref name=":0" />

The Local Supply and Production Committees (CLAP) have provided 60,000 tons of food and necessities to the poor in Venezuela.<ref name=":4" />

In the past, Venezuelan's required food was satisfied by importing 85%. It now produces 94% of all required food goods in the country.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=teleSUR|title='We Consolidated Peace in Venezuela in 2022', President Maduro|date=2023-01-02|url=https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/We-Consolidated-Peace-in-Venezuela-in-2022-President-Maduro-20230102-0001.html|retrieved=2023-08-01}}</ref>

==== Housing ====
Maduro has continued the legacy of Chávez's Great Venezuela Housing Mission (GMVV). By 2017, 1.6 million houses had been built.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=teleSUR|title=President Maduro Celebrates 1.6 Millionth Home Built for the Poor|date=2017-04-30|url=https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/President-Maduro-Celebrates-1.6-Millionth-Home-Built-for-the-Poor---20170430-0018.html|retrieved=2023-08-01}}</ref> This number had swelled to 4.6 million built by 2023.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=teleSUR|title=Venezuela: President Maduro Delivers House Number 4.6 Million|date=2023-07-21|url=https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/Venezuela-President-Maduro-Delivers-House-Number-4.6-Million-20230721-0011.html|retrieved=2023-08-01}}</ref>

==== Medicine ====
During the Maduro administration, many steps have been taken to further the medical quality of the population. 71,900,000 free medical examinations have been provided. Venezuela has also worked with [[Cuba]] on [[Operation Miracle]] and has allowed sight back to 70,000 people.<ref name=":4" />

== Political positions ==

=== International relations ===
The United States of America has attempted to meddle in Venezuelan affairs with other countries, including relations with European nations.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=teleSUR|title=President Maduro Urges Lifting Sanctions Against Venezuela|date=2023-07-19|url=https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/President-Maduro-Urges-Lifting-Sanctions-Against-Venezuela-20230719-0009.html|retrieved=2023-08-01}}</ref>

After Maduro's reelection in 2018, he received wide congratulation from many different nations, including Bolivia, Cuba, [[El Salvador]], Iran, Mozambique, [[Nicaragua]], [[Russia]]<ref name=":2" />, and the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Rodong Sinmun|title=WPK Central Committee's Congratulatory Message to Venezuelan Party Leader|date=2022-4-30|url=http://rodong.rep.kp/en/index.php?MTJAMjAyMi0wNC0zMC1OMDA1QDExQDBATWFkdXJvQDBANA==|retrieved=2023-07-22}}</ref>

In 2022, Maduro signed a 20-year cooperation agreement with the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Benjamin Norton]]|newspaper=[[Multipolarista]]|title=Venezuela and Iran sign 20-year cooperation plan, Maduro pledges joint ‘anti-imperialist struggle’|date=2022-06-11|url=https://multipolarista.com/2022/06/11/venezuela-iran-20-year-agreement/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718213509/https://multipolarista.com/2022/06/11/venezuela-iran-20-year-agreement/|archive-date=2022-07-18|retrieved=2022-12-04}}</ref> Later that year, he signed a declaration with [[Republic of Colombia|Colombian]] president [[Gustavo Petro]] striving for Latin American reintegration.<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Ben Norton]]|newspaper=[[Multipolarista]]|title=Colombia’s new president reverses US coup, visits Venezuela, pledges unity in ‘spirit of Bolívar’|date=2022-11-02|url=https://multipolarista.com/2022/11/02/colombia-petro-visits-venezuela-unity-bolivar/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125060316/https://multipolarista.com/2022/11/02/colombia-petro-visits-venezuela-unity-bolivar/|archive-date=2022-11-25|retrieved=2022-12-04}}</ref>

Nicolás Maduro has affirmed Venezuelan support for the DPRK against imperialism multiple times.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Rodong Sinmun|title=Respected Comrade Kim Jong Un Receives Greetings from Venezuelan President|date=2022-9-11|url=http://rodong.rep.kp/en/index.php?MTJAMjAyMi0wOS0xMS1OMDEzQDExQDBATWFkdXJvQDBAMw====|retrieved=2023-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Rodong Sinmun|title=Respected Comrade Kim Jong Un Receives Message from Venezuelan President|date=2022-12-27|url=http://rodong.rep.kp/en/index.php?MTJAMjAyMi0xMi0yNy1IMDA2QDExQDBATWFkdXJvQDBAMg====|retrieved=2023-07-22}}</ref>

=== LGBT+ rights ===
In 2017 and 2020, Maduro stated his support for the legalisation of same-sex marriage and made a request for Venezuela's National Assembly to discuss the topic.<ref>http://shangay.com/maduro-creo-que-todo-el-mundo-se-puede-casar-aunque-sea-homosexual</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-lgbt/venezuelas-maduro-citing-pope-asks-congress-to-consider-same-sex-marriage-idUSKBN27737E/</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Current heads of state]]
[[Category:Venezuelans of Colombian descent]]
[[Category:Politicians]]
[[Category:Targets of imperialism]]

Summit for Democracy

2024-03-30T18:29:07Z

Rangerjs1: added missing apostrophe

[[File:Summit-for-democracy-Liu-Rui.jpg|thumb|A cartoon depicting the ‘Summit for Democracy’ by cartoonist Liu Rui.]]
The '''Summit for Democracy''' is an international meeting of [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] and [[Imperialism|imperialist]] countries hosted by the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]]. The first summit was held in December 2021 and the second was in March 2023. The U.S. invited many [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|anti-democratic]] leaders, including [[Benjamin Netanyahu|Netanyahu]] of [[State of Israel|Israel]], [[Andrzej Duda|Duda]] of [[Republic of Poland|Poland]], [[Narendra Modi|Modi]] of [[Republic of India|India]], the unelected coup government of [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan|Pakistan]], and the [[Neo-fascism|fascist]] [[Italian Republic|Italian]] prime minister [[Giorgia Meloni]]. It also invited [[Republic of China|separatists]] from [[Taiwan Province|Taiwan]], which the U.S. government has recognized as part of [[People's Republic of China|China]] since 1972, and the [[National Endowment for Democracy|NED]], a cut-out of the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]. The Chinese [[Foreign Ministry of China|Foreign Ministry]] condemned the summit for dividing countries according to U.S. interests.<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Ben Norton]]|newspaper=[[Geopolitical Economy Report]]|title=US invites authoritarian far-right regimes to ‘Summit for Democracy’|date=2023-04-01|url=https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/04/01/us-authoritarian-summit-for-democracy/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402132301/https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/04/01/us-authoritarian-summit-for-democracy/|archive-date=2023-04-02|retrieved=2023-04-02}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Summit of the Americas]]
* [[People's Summit for Democracy]]

== References ==

Means of production

2024-03-30T18:28:12Z

Rangerjs1: more specific citation

The '''means of production''' are the resources and tools that workers use in order to produce goods and [[Commodity|commodities]]. Society produces for itself and reproduces itself through the means of production and the [[relations of production]]. They are the sum of the [[subject of labor| subjects of labour]] (which include raw materials and natural resources) and the [[instruments of production]] (which include machinery, equipment, tools, and infrastructure).<ref>"If we examine the whole process from the point of view of its result, the product, it is plain that both the instruments and the subject of labour, are means of production, and that the labour itself is productive labour." -- Karl Marx, ''Capital,'' Vol. 1, Chap. 7: "The Labour-Process And The Process Of Producing Surplus-Value' [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch07.htm Marxists.org]</ref>

In the [[Capitalism|capitalist]] [[mode of production]], the [[bourgeoisie]] owns the means of production and needs the [[proletariat]] to utilize these means. Because the bourgeoisie owns the means of production, they also own the result of this production.

Together with the [[relations of production]], the means of production form the sum of the [[Base and superstructure|economic base]], the necessary components of production and reproduction for [[feudalism]],[[capitalism]], [[socialism]], and so on.

== Concrete examples ==
Means of production include:
* Natural resources (land, forests, water, subsoil, minerals);
* raw materials (which are outputs of previous production processes);<ref>"The soil (and this, economically speaking, includes water) in the virgin state in which it supplies man with necessaries or the means of subsistence ready to hand, exists independently of him, and is the universal subject of human labour. All those things which labour merely separates from immediate connexion with their environment, are subjects of labour spontaneously provided by Nature. Such are fish which we catch and take from their element, water, timber which we fell in the virgin forest, and ores which we extract from their veins. If, on the other hand, the subject of labour has, so to say, been filtered through previous labour, we call it raw material; such is ore already extracted and ready for washing. All raw material is the subject of labour, but not every subject of labour is raw material: it can only become so, after it has undergone some alteration by means of labour."
(''Capital'', Vol. I, Chap 7, Section 1, 4th paragraph.)</ref>
* tools and machinery;
* facilities necessary for productive activity: factories, mining facilities, etc.;
* means of transport and communication;<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1938|title=Dialectical and Historical Materialism|chapter=Historical Materialism|section=The Second Feature of Production|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1938/09.htm|trans-title=О диалектическом и историческом материализме}}</ref>
* means of exchange between members of society: facilities necessary for distribution (warehouses, sales stores) and credit organizations (banks).
Material production can be divided into four groups: extractive industries (i.e. mining), manufacturing industries, [[agriculture]], and transportation.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Economics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R|year=1954|title=Political Economy|chapter=The Material Production Basis of Socialism|page=|pdf=https://revolutionarydemocracy.org/archive/PoliticalEconomy.pdf|city=London|publisher=Lawrence & Wishart|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/subject/economy/authors/pe/pe-ch27.htm|mia=https://www.marxists.org/subject/economy/authors/pe/index.htm|section=}}</ref>

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:Marxist terminology]] [[Category:Political economy]]

Means of production

2024-03-30T18:25:40Z

Rangerjs1: added minerals to examples and Stalin’s Dialectical and Historical Materialism citation

The '''means of production''' are the resources and tools that workers use in order to produce goods and [[Commodity|commodities]]. Society produces for itself and reproduces itself through the means of production and the [[relations of production]]. They are the sum of the [[subject of labor| subjects of labour]] (which include raw materials and natural resources) and the [[instruments of production]] (which include machinery, equipment, tools, and infrastructure).<ref>"If we examine the whole process from the point of view of its result, the product, it is plain that both the instruments and the subject of labour, are means of production, and that the labour itself is productive labour." -- Karl Marx, ''Capital,'' Vol. 1, Chap. 7: "The Labour-Process And The Process Of Producing Surplus-Value' [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch07.htm Marxists.org]</ref>

In the [[Capitalism|capitalist]] [[mode of production]], the [[bourgeoisie]] owns the means of production and needs the [[proletariat]] to utilize these means. Because the bourgeoisie owns the means of production, they also own the result of this production.

Together with the [[relations of production]], the means of production form the sum of the [[Base and superstructure|economic base]], the necessary components of production and reproduction for [[feudalism]],[[capitalism]], [[socialism]], and so on.

== Concrete examples ==
Means of production include:
* Natural resources (land, forests, water, subsoil, minerals);
* raw materials (which are outputs of previous production processes);<ref>"The soil (and this, economically speaking, includes water) in the virgin state in which it supplies man with necessaries or the means of subsistence ready to hand, exists independently of him, and is the universal subject of human labour. All those things which labour merely separates from immediate connexion with their environment, are subjects of labour spontaneously provided by Nature. Such are fish which we catch and take from their element, water, timber which we fell in the virgin forest, and ores which we extract from their veins. If, on the other hand, the subject of labour has, so to say, been filtered through previous labour, we call it raw material; such is ore already extracted and ready for washing. All raw material is the subject of labour, but not every subject of labour is raw material: it can only become so, after it has undergone some alteration by means of labour."
(''Capital'', Vol. I, Chap 7, Section 1, 4th paragraph.)</ref>
* tools and machinery;
* facilities necessary for productive activity: factories, mining facilities, etc.;
* means of transport and communication;<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1938|title=Dialectical and Historical Materialism|chapter=Historical Materialism|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1938/09.htm|trans-title=О диалектическом и историческом материализме}}</ref>
* means of exchange between members of society: facilities necessary for distribution (warehouses, sales stores) and credit organizations (banks).
Material production can be divided into four groups: extractive industries (i.e. mining), manufacturing industries, [[agriculture]], and transportation.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Economics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R|year=1954|title=Political Economy|chapter=The Material Production Basis of Socialism|page=|pdf=https://revolutionarydemocracy.org/archive/PoliticalEconomy.pdf|city=London|publisher=Lawrence & Wishart|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/subject/economy/authors/pe/pe-ch27.htm|mia=https://www.marxists.org/subject/economy/authors/pe/index.htm|section=}}</ref>

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:Marxist terminology]] [[Category:Political economy]]

Camilo Cienfuegos

2024-03-20T03:28:48Z

Rangerjs1: removed repetitive paragraph

{{Infobox revolutionary|name=Camilo Cienfuegos|image_size=200|birth_date=6 February 1932|birth_place=[[Havana]], [[Cuba]]|death_date=28 October 1959|death_place=Straits of [[Florida]]|political_orientation=[[Anti-imperialism]] [[Anti-colonialism]]|death_cause=Disappeared|nationality=Cuban|image=Camilo Cienfuegos.jpg}}

'''Camilo Cienfuegos Gorriarán''' (February 6, 1932 – October 28, 1959) was a [[Republic of Cuba|Cuban]] revolutionary. Along with [[Fidel Castro]], [[Raúl Castro]], [[Che Guevara]] and [[Juan Almeida Bosque]], he was a member of the [[26th of July Movement]], which overthrew Cuba's [[fascism|fascist]] [[United States of America|Statesian]]-backed dictator, [[Fulgencio Batista]]. Cienfuegos became one of Castro's top guerrilla commanders during the [[Cuban Revolution]], and later served as head of the Cuban Armed Forces under Fidel Castro's [[socialism|socialist]] government. He led agrarian reform but disappeared shortly after the revolution, probably in a plane crash.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=Devin Cole|newspaper=[[Workers World]]|title=Camilo Cienfuegos: Celebrating the young revolutionary|date=2022-02-07|url=https://www.workers.org/2022/02/61557/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207144907/https://www.workers.org/2022/02/61557/|archive-date=2023-02-07}}</ref>

== Life ==

=== Early Life ===
Cienfuegos was born in Lawton, Havana in 1932.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|newspaper=teleSUR|title=Cubans Remember 91st Birth Anniversary Of Camilo Cienfuegos|date=2023-02-06|url=https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/Cubans-Remember-91st-Birth-Anniversary-Of-Camilo-Cienfuegos-20230206-0006.html|retrieved=2023-07-15}}</ref>

He enrolled initially at the public school, San Francisco de Paula elementary. He then enrolled in San Alejandro National Academy of Fine Arts but left because of financial problems. He followed his father's footsteps into becoming a tailor.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Pre-Revolution ===
In 1948, Cienfuegos protested against Havana raising bus fares. He began fighting the Batista regime in 1952. In 1953, he went to the United States with [[Rafael Sierra]] and joined [[Cuban Civic Action]], a leftist organization of Cuban exiles. He protested against US-backed dictators like Batista, [[Rafael Trujillo|Trujillo]], and [[Anastasio Somoza García|Somoza]]. Immigration officials arrested him and Sierra in San Francisco and sent them to [[Mexican United States|Mexico]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Cienfuegos and Rafael Sierra stayed in [[New York|New York.]] They fled New York for [[Chicago]] after violence erupted in New York. They then traveled to [[San Francisco|San Francisco.]] He was deported from the USA and sent back to Cuba.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In Cuba, he was injured at a protest and was arrested. After being arrested he was tortured and sent into exile again. He was sent to New York again after that. He traveled to Mexico after learning about Fidel Castro's [[26th of July Movement]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Revolutionary Activities ===
Cienfuegos met with Castro in Mexico in May of 1956.<ref name=":0" />

He arrived, along with the other revolutionaries, in Cuba on the [[Granma]] yacht expedition. He joined the Jose Marti Column during the revolution.<ref name=":1" />

In 1957, Cienfuegos became a lieutenant. Then, in 1958, he was promoted to Commander and Chief of the Antonio Maceo Column. He lead military actions in Bayamo, Las Tunas, and Manzanillo. He also was instrumental in the civil war expanding into western Cuba. He lead the revolutionary forces in the successful Battle of Yaguajay.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Post-Revolution ===
After the end of the revolution, Cienfuegos became the Chief of the Revolutionary Army and took over the former headquarters of Batista's army, the Columbia Camp.<ref name=":1" />

He disappeared while traveling from Camaguey to Havana in a plane on Oct. 28, 1959. His remains were never recovered despite extensive search efforts.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
[[Category:Revolutionaries]]

Yury Andropov

2024-03-20T03:22:18Z

Rangerjs1: Redirect to Yuri Andropov as Yury can be a spelling used

#REDIRECT [[Yuri Andropov]]

Summit for Democracy

2024-03-19T03:30:28Z

Rangerjs1: put in Liu Rui cartoon depicting the Summit for Democracy

[[File:Summit-for-democracy-Liu-Rui.jpg|thumb|A cartoon depicting the ‘Summit for Democracy by cartoonist Liu Rui.]]
The '''Summit for Democracy''' is an international meeting of [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] and [[Imperialism|imperialist]] countries hosted by the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]]. The first summit was held in December 2021 and the second was in March 2023. The U.S. invited many [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|anti-democratic]] leaders, including [[Benjamin Netanyahu|Netanyahu]] of [[State of Israel|Israel]], [[Andrzej Duda|Duda]] of [[Republic of Poland|Poland]], [[Narendra Modi|Modi]] of [[Republic of India|India]], the unelected coup government of [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan|Pakistan]], and the [[Neo-fascism|fascist]] [[Italian Republic|Italian]] prime minister [[Giorgia Meloni]]. It also invited [[Republic of China|separatists]] from [[Taiwan Province|Taiwan]], which the U.S. government has recognized as part of [[People's Republic of China|China]] since 1972, and the [[National Endowment for Democracy|NED]], a cut-out of the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]. The Chinese [[Foreign Ministry of China|Foreign Ministry]] condemned the summit for dividing countries according to U.S. interests.<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Ben Norton]]|newspaper=[[Geopolitical Economy Report]]|title=US invites authoritarian far-right regimes to ‘Summit for Democracy’|date=2023-04-01|url=https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/04/01/us-authoritarian-summit-for-democracy/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402132301/https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/04/01/us-authoritarian-summit-for-democracy/|archive-date=2023-04-02|retrieved=2023-04-02}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Summit of the Americas]]
* [[People's Summit for Democracy]]

== References ==

File:Summit-for-democracy-Liu-Rui.jpg

2024-03-19T03:29:02Z

Rangerjs1:

Cartoon depicting Uncle Sam and South Korea presenting men at a dinner table with a platter of food that is shown to be dirt with stink lines coming off or it. The imagery represents the Summit for Democracy and was drawn by cartoonist, Liu Rui, and was published by Global Times.

The Governance of China

2024-03-19T03:18:40Z

Rangerjs1: phrasing

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''The Governance of China''}}
{{Message box/Availableinlibrary|link=The governance of China}}{{Infobox book
| image = 习近平谈治国理政.jpg
| author = [[Xi Jinping]]
| isbn = 9787119090870
| language = [[Chinese]]
| name = '''Xi Jinping: The Governance of China'''
| image_size = 200
}}

'''The Governance of China''' (Chinese: 习近平谈治国理政; Pinyin: xí jìn píng tán zhì guó lǐ zhèng) is a four volume collection of [[Xi Jinping]]'s speeches and articles answering questions about the development of [[People's Republic of China|China]] and the [[Communist Party of China]] in the [[Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era|new era]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Fourth volume of "Xi Jinping: The Governance of China" published in more languages|date=2023-06-11|url=https://english.news.cn/20230611/0a66734ffa054168a05cb7c00456ffec/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-26}}</ref> They were complied and published by China International Publishing Group, the Party Literature Research Office of the CPC Central Committee, and the State Council Information office.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Xi Jinping|year=2014|title=Xi Jinping: The Governance of China|city=Beijing|publisher=Foreign Languages Press Co. Ltd|isbn=978-7-119-09057-3|series=Xi Jinping: The Governance of China|volume=1|trans-title=习近平谈治国理政|trans-lang=Chinese}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=Xi Jinping|year=2017|title=The Governance of China|city=Beijing|publisher=Foreign Languages Press Co. Ltd|isbn=978-7-119-11163-6|volume=2|trans-lang=习近平谈治国理政}}</ref>

The first volume was published in 2014, the second volume in 2017, the third in 2020 and the fourth volume in 2022.

== First Volume ==
The first volume of The Governance of China covers the time period of November 15, 2012 to June 13, 2014. The first volume has 79 piece of text in 18 chapters. It also contains 45 photographs of Xi Jinping. The volume was published to increase understanding of the government of China.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Icelandic edition of "Xi Jinping: The Governance of China" launched in Reykjavik|date=2022-10-12|url=https://english.news.cn/20221012/0957729b296c427a89fae7ffc7f07c39/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-26}}</ref> The Governance of China helps to show the policies of the CPC as a whole, according to Xu Lin, minister of the State Council Information Office.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Ukrainian edition of "Xi Jinping: The Governance of China" released in Kiev|date=2021-07-01|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-07/01/c_1310038389.htm|retrieved=2023-06-26}}</ref> The first volume was published in 37 languages.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=GLOBALink {{!}} Malay edition of "Xi Jinping: The Governance of China" launched in Kuala Lumpur|date=2021-12-22|url=https://english.news.cn/20211015/C9A4B2E983000001AAC7F88016FD16FB/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-26}}</ref>

Volume 1 was published in 2014.

== Second Volume ==
The second volume of The Governance of China covers the time period of August 2014 to September of 2017. It contains 99 pieces of text with 29 photographs. It is divided into 17 sections.<ref name=":1" />

Volume 2 was published in 2017.

== Third Volume ==
The third volume of the The Governance of China covers the time period from October 18, 2017 to January 13, 2020. It contains 92 pieces of text divided into 19 sections. It also contains 41 photographs. It was created and published by the China International Publishing Group, Publicity Department of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council Information Office, and the Research Institute of Party History and Literature of the CPC Central Committee.<ref>{{Citation|author=Xi Jinping|year=2020|title=The Governance of China|city=Beijing|publisher=Foreign Language Press Co. Ltd|isbn=978-7-119-12411-7|volume=3|trans-lang=习近平谈治国理政}}</ref> The third volume was published in Chinese minority languages by the Ethnic Publishing House. These languages were Kazak, Korean, Mongolian, Tibetan, and Uygur. These translations were published so that the minority people in China may increase their knowledge of [[Xi Jinping Thought]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Third volume of "Xi Jinping: The Governance of China" published in ethnic-minority languages|date=2022-01-17|url=https://english.news.cn/20220117/868a0960c3a644afa2004b14e97c0489/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-26}}</ref>

Volume 3 was published in 2020.

== Fourth Volume ==
The fourth volume of The Governance of China covers the time period form February 3, 2020 to May 10, 2022. It contains 109 pieces of text in 21 sections. The volume also contains 45 photographs. This volume is designed for both the public and government officials to understand Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.<ref>{{Citation|author=Xi Jinping|year=2022|title=The Governance of China|city=Beijing|publisher=Foreign Language Press Co. Ltd|isbn=978-7-119-13094-1|volume=4|trans-lang=习近平谈治国理政}}</ref> The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China urged party members to study the fourth volume of The Governance of China.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=CPC circular stresses study of 4th volume of "Xi Jinping: The Governance of China|date=2022-07-11|url=https://english.news.cn/20220711/f38c28a51a814cee83071b6fde46ea2e/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-26}}</ref> The need to study the fourth volume was also voiced by Wang Huning, a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee. He encouraged studying all four volumes.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Senior CPC official stresses studying "Xi Jinping: The Governance of China"|date=2022-09-01|url=https://english.news.cn/20220901/270fad9e5ce344f5b1646159da366f5b/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-26}}</ref>

Volume 4 was published in 2022. It was then published by the Ethnic Publishing House in Mongolian, Tibetan, Uygur, Kazak and Korean on February 24, 2024.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Fourth volume of "Xi Jinping: The Governance of China" published in ethnic-minority languages|date=2024-02-24|url=https://english.news.cn/20240224/64067baa65ce4e93be00c44da8ef9ab1/c.html|retrieved=2024-02-24}}</ref>

== Full text ==

* Chinese
** [https://ebook.dswxyjy.org.cn/dswxbooks/storage/files/20220428/f92c2b1b870536a0b46b95ce9955efd318130/mobile/index.html Volume 1]
** [https://ebook.dswxyjy.org.cn/dswxbooks/2023/09/06/ca76238b-f85a-421e-af10-94353bb60e7e/mobile/index.html Volume 2]
** [https://ebook.dswxyjy.org.cn/dswxbooks/storage/files/20220428/2be6593ff96d7745f1c3d36bb601dc6f60028/mobile/index.html Volume 3]
* English
** [https://shared.prolewiki.org/uploads/b/ba/Xi_Jinping_The_Governance_Of_China_volume_1.pdf Volume 1 (PDF)]
** [http://en.npc.gov.cn.cdurl.cn/thegovernanceofchina.html Volumes 1 to 3 (with notes)]
** [http://en.qstheory.cn/thegovernanceofchinaI.html Volumes 1 to 4 (without notes)]

== References ==
[[Category:Books]]

Communist Party of the Russian Federation

2024-03-18T17:33:37Z

Rangerjs1: 2024 election results

{{Infobox political party|name=Communist Party of the Russian Federation|native_name=Коммунистическая Партия Российской Федерации|logo=CPRF logo.png|founded=14 February 1993|abbreviation=CPRF|leader1_title=General Secretary|leader1_name=[[Gennady Zyuganov]]|newspaper=Pravda|youth_wing=Komsomol|political_orientation=[[Marxism-Leninism]] [[Soviet Nationalism]]|website=https://cprf.ru/}}{{Communist Parties}}
The '''Communist Party of the Russian Federation''' ('''CPRF''') (Russian: ''Kommunističeskaja Partija Rossijskoj Federatsii'', ''KPRF'') is a [[Communist party|communist]] [[political party]] in [[Russia]] that adheres to [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] philosophy. It is the second-largest political party in the Russian Federation after United Russia. The youth organisation of the party is the [[Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation|Leninist Young Communist League]].

The party's stated goal is to establish a new, modernized form of [[socialism]] in Russia.<ref>{{News citation|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2011/12/06/can-russias-communist-party-make-a-comeback/2/|title=Can Russia's Communist Party Make A Comeback?|date=6 December 2011|access-date=2013-08-11|work=Forbes|first=Kenneth|last=Rapoza}}</ref> Immediate goals of the party include the [[nationalization]] of [[Geography of Russia#Natural%20resources%20and%20land%20use|natural resources]], [[Agriculture in Russia|agriculture]] and large industries within the framework of a [[mixed economy]] that allows for the growth of small and medium enterprises in the private sector.<ref>{{News citation|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/nov/22/socialism-may-be-waning-but-not-for-young-russians/?page=all|title=Socialism may be waning, but not for young Russians|date=22 November 2012|access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> However, it also promotes [[Reactionary|socially reactionary]] ideas as well as [[Nationalism|bourgeois nationalism]].<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Communist Party of the Russian Federation|title=PATRIOTS FOR A STRONG RUSSIA, AGAINST LAWLESSNESS, VIOLENCE AND POLICE EXCESSES|date=2021-12-6|url=https://cprf.ru/2021/12/patriots-for-a-strong-russia-against-lawlessness-violence-and-police-excesses/|retrieved=2022-6-28}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Communist Party of the Russian Federation|title=THE COUNTRY’S RUSSIAN CORE|date=2020-6-1|url=https://cprf.ru/2020/06/the-countrys-russian-core/|retrieved=2022-6-28}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Communist Party of the Russian Federation|title=CPRF: RUSSIA’S RESURGENCE CALLS FOR A NEW COURSE, A NEW TEAM AND A NEW POLICY|date=2016-8-31|url=https://cprf.ru/2016/08/cprf-russias-resurgence-calls-for-a-new-course-a-new-team-and-a-new-policy/|retrieved=2022-6-28}}</ref>

In 2014, the party called for Russia to formally recognise the [[Donetsk People's Republic]] and the [[Luhansk People's Republic]].<ref>{{News citation|url=http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/746089|title=TASS: Russia - Communist Party urges Russian leadership to recognise Novorossiya|work=TASS}}</ref>

== Party program ==
Under the present conditions in the Russian Federation, the CPRF calls for the following proposals:<ref name="kprf.ru">{{News citation|url=http://kprf.ru/party/program/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050102215355/http://www.kprf.ru/party/program/|archive-date=2005-01-02|url-status=dead|title=Программа партии|access-date=2015-03-13}}</ref>

* Stop the extinction of the country, restore benefits for large families, reconstruct the network of public kindergartens and provide housing for young families.
* Nationalise natural resources in Russia and the strategic sectors of the economy; revenues in these industries are to be used in the interests of all citizens.
* Return to Russia from foreign banks the state financial reserves and use them for economic and social development.
* Break the system of total fraud in the elections.
* Create a truly independent judiciary.
* Carry out an immediate package of measures to combat poverty and introduce price controls on essential goods.
* Not raise the retirement age.
* Restore government responsibility for housing and utilities, establish fees for municipal services in an amount not more than 10% of family income, stop the eviction of people to the streets and expand public housing.
* Increase funding for science and scientists to provide decent wages and all the necessary research.
* Restore the highest standards of universal and free secondary and higher education that existed during the Soviet era.
* Ensure the availability and quality of health care.
* Vigorously develop high-tech manufacturing.
* Ensure the food and environmental security of the country and support the large collective farms for the production and processing of agricultural products.
* Prioritise [[domestic debt]] over [[foreign debt]]
* Introduce progressive taxation; low-income citizens will be exempt from paying taxes.
* Create conditions for development of small and medium enterprises.
* Ensure the accessibility of cultural goods, stop the commercialisation of culture, defend Russian culture as the foundation of the spiritual unity of multinational Russia, the national culture of all citizens of the country.
* Stop the slandering of the [[History of Russia|Russian]] and [[History of the Soviet Union|Soviet history]].
* Take drastic measures to suppress corruption and crime.
* Strengthen national defense and expand social guarantees to servicemen and law enforcement officials.
* Ensure the territorial integrity of Russia and the protection of compatriots abroad.
* Institute a foreign policy based on mutual respect of countries and peoples to facilitate the voluntary restoration of the Union of States.

The party is in favour of cooperation with the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].<ref>{{News citation|url=https://kprf.ru/rus_soc/61751.html|title=Г.А. Зюганов о кончине Патриарха Алексия Второго: Он внес огромный вклад в дело возрождения церкви|work=kprf.ru}}</ref> According to the words of [[Gennady Zyuganov|Zyuganov]], the CPRF is a party of scientific, but not militant [[atheism]]. [[Propaganda]] of any [[religion]] is banned inside the party.<ref>[http://kprf.ru/pravda/issues/2012/111/article-41057/ Актуальные вопросы совершенствования идейно-теоретической работы партии] (2012)</ref> The CPRF celebrates the rule of Joseph Stalin.<ref>[https://ria.ru/20190404/1552382644.html]</ref> Zyuganov and the party support social conservatism and voted in favor of the ban on the "promotion of non-traditional sexual relations to minors", commonly known as the [[Russian gay propaganda law]].<ref>[https://www.rbc.ru/politics/23/10/2015/5629f3689a7947066e293618]</ref><ref>{{News citation|url=https://themoscownews.com/politics/20140129/192192050-print/Russian-State-Duma-Possessed-printer-or-executor-of-the-peoples.html|title=Russian State Duma: 'Possessed printer' or executor of the people's will?|author=Natalia Antonova|date=2014-01-29|publisher=themoscownews.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301042652/http://themoscownews.com/politics/20140129/192192050-print/Russian-State-Duma-Possessed-printer-or-executor-of-the-peoples.html|archive-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{News citation|url=https://www.euronews.com/2013/06/11/russian-mps-vote-overwhelmingly-to-outlaw-gay-propaganda|title=Russian MPs vote overwhelmingly to outlaw gay 'propaganda'|date=2013-06-11|publisher=[[EuroNews]]|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref>

== History ==
The CPRF ran Nikolay Kharitonov in the 2024 presidential elections in the Russian Federation.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=RT|title=Early voting opens in Russian presidential election|date=2024-02-25|url=https://www.rt.com/russia/593112-early-vote-president-election/|retrieved=2024-02-25}}</ref> He secured 4.31% of the vote with 87.28% voter turnout.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=RT|title=Putin scores historic win in Russian presidential election – official results|date=2024-03-18|url=https://www.rt.com/russia/594390-putin-win-presidential-election/|retrieved=2024-03-18}}</ref>

== References ==

Communist Party of the Russian Federation

2024-02-25T21:45:38Z

Rangerjs1: 2024 presidential election

José Martí

2024-02-24T02:22:33Z

Rangerjs1: siblings

{{Message box/Stub}}{{Infobox revolutionary|name=José Martí|image_size=200|birth_date=28 January 1853|birth_place=[[Havana]], [[Cuba]], [[Kingdom of Spain (1808–1874)|Spanish Empire]]|death_date=19 May 1895|death_place=Dos Ríos, Cuba, [[Kingdom of Spain (1874–1931)|Spanish Empire]]|nationality=Cuban|image=José Martí.png}}

'''José Julián Martí Pérez''' (28 January 1853 – 19 May 1895) was a Cuban revolutionary and poet.

== Early life ==
Martí was born on 28 January 1853 on Paula street in Havana.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=Julio César Sánchez Guerra|newspaper=[[Granma (newspaper)|Granma]]|title=Desde Paula hasta Dos Ríos|date=2024-01-26|url=https://www.granma.cu/cuba/2024-01-26/desde-paula-hasta-dos-rios-26-01-2024-23-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127064249/https://www.granma.cu/cuba/2024-01-26/desde-paula-hasta-dos-rios-26-01-2024-23-01-29|archive-date=2024-01-27}}</ref>

He was the oldest son on eight children.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Mailenys Oliva Ferrales|newspaper=Granma|title=Martí is a vital presence|date=2024-01-29|url=https://en.granma.cu/cuba/2024-01-29/marti-is-a-vital-presence|retrieved=2024-02-24}}</ref>

== Ten Years' War ==
[[File:Martí 1869.png|thumb|Martí in 1869]]
In February 1869, during the [[Ten Years' War|first Cuban War of Independence]], Martí wrote the poem ''10 de Octubre'', which was published later that year in ''El Siboney''. He was imprisoned in October 1869 and sentenced to six years in prison in December.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Pedro Antonio García|newspaper=[[Bohemia (magazine)|Bohemia]]|title=José Martí: Retrato de un revolucionario adolescente|date=2009-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509201951/http://www.bohemia.cu/2009/01/14/historia/marti.html|archive-date=2013-05-09}}</ref>

== War of Independence ==
Martí died on 19 May 1895 at the Battle of Dos Ríos.<ref name=":0" />

== Furthering reading ==

* [https://www.ecured.cu/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD José Martí] ([[EcuRed]])

== References ==
[[Category:Poets]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Martí, José}}
[[Category:Revolutionaries]]

The Governance of China

2024-02-24T02:14:56Z

Rangerjs1: 4th volume published in ethnic minority language

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''The Governance of China''}}
{{Message box/Availableinlibrary|link=The governance of China}}{{Infobox book
| image = 习近平谈治国理政.jpg
| author = [[Xi Jinping]]
| isbn = 9787119090870
| language = [[Chinese]]
| name = '''Xi Jinping: The Governance of China'''
| image_size = 200
}}

'''The Governance of China''' (Chinese: 习近平谈治国理政; Pinyin: xí jìn píng tán zhì guó lǐ zhèng) is a four volume collection of [[Xi Jinping]]'s speeches and articles answering questions about the development of [[People's Republic of China|China]] and the [[Communist Party of China]] in the [[Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era|new era]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Fourth volume of "Xi Jinping: The Governance of China" published in more languages|date=2023-06-11|url=https://english.news.cn/20230611/0a66734ffa054168a05cb7c00456ffec/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-26}}</ref> They were complied and published by China International Publishing Group, the Party Literature Research Office of the CPC Central Committee, and the State Council Information office.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Xi Jinping|year=2014|title=Xi Jinping: The Governance of China|city=Beijing|publisher=Foreign Languages Press Co. Ltd|isbn=978-7-119-09057-3|series=Xi Jinping: The Governance of China|volume=1|trans-title=习近平谈治国理政|trans-lang=Chinese}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=Xi Jinping|year=2017|title=The Governance of China|city=Beijing|publisher=Foreign Languages Press Co. Ltd|isbn=978-7-119-11163-6|volume=2|trans-lang=习近平谈治国理政}}</ref>

The first volume was published in 2014, the second volume in 2017, the third in 2020 and the fourth volume in 2022.

== First Volume ==
The first volume of The Governance of China covers the time period of November 15, 2012 to June 13, 2014. The first volume has 79 piece of text in 18 chapters. It also contains 45 photographs of Xi Jinping. The volume was published to increase understanding of the government of China.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Icelandic edition of "Xi Jinping: The Governance of China" launched in Reykjavik|date=2022-10-12|url=https://english.news.cn/20221012/0957729b296c427a89fae7ffc7f07c39/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-26}}</ref> The Governance of China helps to show the policies of the CPC as a whole, according to Xu Lin, minister of the State Council Information Office.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Ukrainian edition of "Xi Jinping: The Governance of China" released in Kiev|date=2021-07-01|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-07/01/c_1310038389.htm|retrieved=2023-06-26}}</ref> The first volume was published in 37 languages.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=GLOBALink {{!}} Malay edition of "Xi Jinping: The Governance of China" launched in Kuala Lumpur|date=2021-12-22|url=https://english.news.cn/20211015/C9A4B2E983000001AAC7F88016FD16FB/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-26}}</ref>

Volume 1 was published in 2014.

== Second Volume ==
The second volume of The Governance of China covers the time period of August 2014 to September of 2017. It contains 99 pieces of text with 29 photographs. It is divided into 17 sections.<ref name=":1" />

Volume 2 was published in 2017.

== Third Volume ==
The third volume of the The Governance of China covers the time period from October 18, 2017 to January 13, 2020. It contains 92 pieces of text divided into 19 sections. It also contains 41 photographs. It was created and published by the China International Publishing Group, Publicity Department of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council Information Office, and the Research Institute of Party History and Literature of the CPC Central Committee.<ref>{{Citation|author=Xi Jinping|year=2020|title=The Governance of China|city=Beijing|publisher=Foreign Language Press Co. Ltd|isbn=978-7-119-12411-7|volume=3|trans-lang=习近平谈治国理政}}</ref> The third volume was published in Chinese minority languages by the Ethnic Publishing House. These languages were Kazak, Korean, Mongolian, Tibetan, and Uygur. It was published so that the minority people in China may increase their knowledge of [[Xi Jinping Thought]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Third volume of "Xi Jinping: The Governance of China" published in ethnic-minority languages|date=2022-01-17|url=https://english.news.cn/20220117/868a0960c3a644afa2004b14e97c0489/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-26}}</ref>

Volume 3 was published in 2020.

== Fourth Volume ==
The fourth volume of The Governance of China covers the time period form February 3, 2020 to May 10, 2022. It contains 109 pieces of text in 21 sections. The volume also contains 45 photographs. This volume is designed for both the public and government officials to understand Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.<ref>{{Citation|author=Xi Jinping|year=2022|title=The Governance of China|city=Beijing|publisher=Foreign Language Press Co. Ltd|isbn=978-7-119-13094-1|volume=4|trans-lang=习近平谈治国理政}}</ref> The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China urged party members to study the fourth volume of The Governance of China.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=CPC circular stresses study of 4th volume of "Xi Jinping: The Governance of China|date=2022-07-11|url=https://english.news.cn/20220711/f38c28a51a814cee83071b6fde46ea2e/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-26}}</ref> The need to study the fourth volume was also voiced by Wang Huning, a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee. He encouraged studying all four volumes.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Senior CPC official stresses studying "Xi Jinping: The Governance of China"|date=2022-09-01|url=https://english.news.cn/20220901/270fad9e5ce344f5b1646159da366f5b/c.html|retrieved=2023-06-26}}</ref>

Volume 4 was published in 2022. It was then published by the Ethnic Publishing House in Mongolian, Tibetan, Uygur, Kazak and Korean on February 24, 2024.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua|title=Fourth volume of "Xi Jinping: The Governance of China" published in ethnic-minority languages|date=2024-02-24|url=https://english.news.cn/20240224/64067baa65ce4e93be00c44da8ef9ab1/c.html|retrieved=2024-02-24}}</ref>

== Full text ==

* Chinese
** [https://ebook.dswxyjy.org.cn/dswxbooks/storage/files/20220428/f92c2b1b870536a0b46b95ce9955efd318130/mobile/index.html Volume 1]
** [https://ebook.dswxyjy.org.cn/dswxbooks/2023/09/06/ca76238b-f85a-421e-af10-94353bb60e7e/mobile/index.html Volume 2]
** [https://ebook.dswxyjy.org.cn/dswxbooks/storage/files/20220428/2be6593ff96d7745f1c3d36bb601dc6f60028/mobile/index.html Volume 3]
* English
** [https://shared.prolewiki.org/uploads/b/ba/Xi_Jinping_The_Governance_Of_China_volume_1.pdf Volume 1 (PDF)]
** [http://en.npc.gov.cn.cdurl.cn/thegovernanceofchina.html Volumes 1 to 3 (with notes)]
** [http://en.qstheory.cn/thegovernanceofchinaI.html Volumes 1 to 4 (without notes)]

== References ==
[[Category:Books]]

Mao Zedong

2024-02-24T02:07:10Z

Rangerjs1: cats

{{Infobox revolutionary
| honorific_prefix = Chairman
|Political line=[[Marxism–Leninism]]| image = File:Mao Zedong portrait.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| name=Mao Zedong| native_name= 毛泽东
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption = Portrait of comrade Mao
| nationality = [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1893|12|26}}
| birth_place = Shaoshan, Hunan, [[People's Republic of China#Semi-colonial_and_semi-feudal_society_.281840.E2.80.931949.29 | Qing dynasty]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1976|9|9|1893|12|26}}
| death_place = Beijing, [[People's Republic of China]]
| death_cause = Heart attack associated with old age
| political_line = [[Marxism–Leninism]] (developed what is now known as [[Mao Zedong Thought]]) [[Anti-imperialism]]
| political_party=[[Communist Party of China]]
}}

'''Mao Zedong''' {{Datebio|birthday=26th|birthmonth=December|birthyear=1893|deathmonth=September|deathday=9th|deathyear=1976}} was a [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] revolutionary who lead the Chinese people to [[Chinese revolution|their proletarian revolution]] and served as the supreme leader of the [[People's Republic of China]] from 1949 to 1976. Under Mao's rule, China's life expectancy increased from 35 to 65 years and industrial production increased by an average of 11% annually.<ref>{{Citation|author=M. Meissner|year=1996|title=The Deng Xiaoping Era. An Inquiry into the Fate of Chinese Socialism, 1978-1994|city=Hill and Way}}</ref> Per capita food production increased by 60% and total food production increased by over 169%.<ref>{{Citation|author=Guo Shutian|year=2004|title=Can China Feed Itself? Chinese Scholars on China’s Food Issue|chapter=China’s Food Supply and Demand Situation and International Trade|city=Beijing|publisher=Foreign Languages Press}}</ref>

Comrade Mao's contributions to the development of Marxism-Leninism, military theory, and the theory of communist party organization are known in China as [[Mao Zedong Thought]]. Mao Zedong was also a poet and calligrapher.

== Biography ==

=== Early life (1893–1910) ===
Mao Zedong was born on December 26, 1893 in a [[Peasantry|peasant]] family in Shaoshan, Hunan.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/113835/47b3UXeOlls2dqtF1RBQ9euk5nvQ6S5grjQRBfjOFkWIPa1ltVabtooqj1XMsHEO68MSM1QOJ1SrB8XHur3CBi5Ue5vS3PMNKQ December 26: Mao Zedong was born in Shaoshanchong, Xiangtan, Hunan] - Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China.</ref>

Between 1902 and 1909, he went to study in six private schools in Shaoshan, his hometown, and received a traditional Chinese education.

In autumn of 1910, Mao was admitted to Dongshan Higher Primary School in Xiangxiang County, Hunan Province. During this period, he was influenced by the reformist thoughts of Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao.<ref name=":0">[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/113835/45c61_sYsjwuFPa1aDDw8lcZjnk3omFT8e1bvav0Kglvx1_WFxZpF-EGCPAwByZusnJrNqR7WCn7nNWeNlb-PDQw3lNdl6gFAXixsnC1_4CqCQ9f-nnHKW0L Chronology of Mao Zedong's Life (1893-1925) Party History Channel] - People's Daily Online </ref>

=== Political beginnings (1911–1920) ===
'''1911'''

In the spring, he went to Changsha and was admitted to Xiangxiang High School in the province. During the period, he read the "Minli Daily" run by the Tongmenghui, and under its influence, he wrote an article expressing support for [[Sun Yat-sen]] and the Tongmenghui’s program.

In October, in response to the Revolution of 1911, he joined the Hunan New Army and served as a private soldier. He ended up quitting after half a year.<ref name=":0" />

'''1913'''

In the spring, he entered the preparatory course of Hunan Provincial Fourth Normal School.

'''1914'''

In autumn, he was enrolled in the eighth undergraduate class of Hunan Provincial First Normal School. While in school, under the influence of Yang Changji and other progressive teachers, he became an enthusiastic reader of "New Youth" magazine and admired Chen Duxiu and Hu Shi.

'''1918'''

On April 14, together with Xiao Zisheng, He Shuheng, Cai Hesen and others, he initiated the establishment of Xinmin Society.

In June, graduated from Hunan Provincial First Normal School.

In August, he went to Beijing for the first time to organize Hunan's work-study program in France. During his stay in Beijing, he served as the librarian of Peking University, and with the help of [[Li Dazhao]] and others, he began to accept the ideological influence of the Russian October Revolution.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Peking University Library|title=Mao Zedong|url=https://www.lib.pku.edu.cn/portal/en/bggk/bgjs/lishiyange/maozedong|retrieved=2023-07-19}}</ref>

'''1919'''

On April 6, he returned to Changsha from Shanghai.

In May, in response to the May 4th Movement , the Hunan Student Union was established to lead the anti-imperialist patriotic movement of Hunan students.

On July 14, the journal "Xiangjiang Review" edited by the Hunan Student Union was launched in Changsha. From July to August, he continuously wrote and published the long article "The Great Union of the People".

On October 5, his mother, Wen, died of illness, and upon hearing the news, he rushed back to Shaoshan from Changsha. On the 8th, "Mother's Essay" was written in front of the mother's spirit.

In December, he went to Beijing for the second time to lead the campaign to expel Zhang Jingyao, a warlord in Hunan. During his stay in Beijing, he read Marxist books such as The Communist Manifesto .

'''1920'''

In May and June, he met [[Chen Duxiu]] in Shanghai and discussed with him the Marxist books he had read.

At the beginning of August, together with Yi Lirong and others, he founded the Cultural Publishing House in Changsha to spread Marxism and new culture.

From August to September, he participated in the preparation for the establishment of the Russian Research Association.

On November 25, wrote to Luo Zhanglong , proposing that Xinmin Society, "It is better to become a combination of doctrines. Doctrines are like a flag. Only when the flag is erected can everyone have something to look forward to and know where to go."

In November, organized the Changsha Communist Group with He Shuheng and others.

On December 1, he sent a letter to Cai Hesen, Xiao Zisheng and other members who were working and studying in France<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/113835/1c39dvqg0EeCuM91x0e3k_tlsCESFcu8uSTL4TQDFia5QqhnIrXBb9su2RpFWDUYACbqtMyLkzSGkaDBBMPzxzI-s6KPDA0kKzEcXCMjnIo9oWat3szC Work-Study Scholars in France] - Xinhua.net</ref>. The letter stated that he accepted Marxism and followed the path of the Russian October Revolution. He prepared to build the Socialist Youth League in Changsha. He then got married to Yang Kaihui.<ref name=":0" />

=== Communist Start & Beginning of Military Career (1921 - 1930） ===
'''1921'''

From January 1st to 3rd, together with more than ten people including He Shuheng, Peng Huang, Zhou Shizhao , Xiong Jinzheng, held the New Year's meeting of members of the Xinmin Society in Changsha Chaozong Street Cultural Publishing House. At the meeting, it was proposed that the Xinmin Society should take "transformation of China and the world" as its common purpose, and agreed to use "Russian-style" methods to transform China.

From July 23 to early August, together with He Shuhen, he attended the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China held in Shanghai as a representative of the Changsha Communist Group.

In August, he returned to Changsha and served as the director of the Hunan Branch of the Secretariat of the Chinese Labor Organization. He founded Hunan Self-study University with He Shuheng .

On October 10, the Hunan branch of the Communist Party of China was established and served as secretary.

'''1922'''

In May, the Hunan District Executive Committee of the Communist Party of China was established and served as secretary.

From September to December, he organized and led a series of strikes by the Guangdong-Han Railway workers, the Anyuan road and mine workers, and the Changsha mud and wood workers, pushing the Hunan labor movement to a rapid climax.

'''1923'''

In April, he left Changsha and arrived in Shanghai to work in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

In June, he attended the Third National Congress of the Communist Party of China in Guangzhou and was elected as a member of the Central Executive Committee, a member of the Central Bureau, and served as the Secretary of the Central Bureau.

On September 16, in accordance with the decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and entrusted by Lin Boqu, the deputy director of the General Affairs Department of the Kuomintang headquarters, he returned to Changsha to prepare for the establishment of the Hunan Kuomintang organization.

'''1924'''

In January, he attended the first National Congress of the Chinese Kuomintang in Guangzhou and was elected as an alternate member of the Central Executive Committee.

In February, he went to Shanghai and served as a member of the Shanghai Executive Department of the Kuomintang and secretary of the Organization Department.

In December, he returned to Hunan to recuperate.

'''1925'''

In February, when he returned to Shaoshan, he recuperated from his illness and launched a peasant movement at the same time.

In September, went to Guangzhou to participate in the preparations for the Second National Congress of the Kuomintang.

In October, he served as the acting director of the Central Propaganda Department of the Kuomintang.

On December 1, the article " Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society " was published.

On December 5, the editor-in-chief of the Kuomintang Central Propaganda Department publication " Politics Weekly " was launched.<ref name=":0" />

'''1926'''

In January, he attended the Second National Congress of the Chinese Kuomintang and continued to be elected as an alternate executive member of the Central Committee.

On March 18, he delivered a speech entitled "The Significance of Commemorating the Paris Commune " at the gathering commemorating the fifty-fifth anniversary of the Paris Commune at the Guangzhou KMT Political Workshop.

In March, Chiang Kai-shek created the Zhongshan ship incident in Guangzhou , and advocated a counterattack with Zhou Enlai and others.

From May to September, he hosted the Sixth Peasant Movement Workshop of the Kuomintang and served as the director.

In November, he went to Shanghai to serve as the Secretary of the Peasant Movement Committee of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Soon he went to Wuhan and founded the Kuomintang Central Peasant Movement Workshop.

In December, he attended the first workers' congress and the first farmers' congress in Hunan province in Changsha.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/113835/45d1GZiQpz0WFcWR579pvVGwAIuBatoLiskG75Z310XehxG0ZLVa6Y7aqiTyWbWOkPb7SM4m_5Vwg7l95RnBNCPgahFfqKpBpHEXDwxMyq5-uuREUVgzD4h8 Chronology of Mao Zedong's Life (1926-1931) News of the Communist Party of China] </ref>

'''1927'''

From January 4th to February 5th, he inspected the peasant movement in five counties of Xiangtan, Xiangxiang, Hengshan, Liling and Changsha in Hunan.

In March, he published the " Investigation Report on the Peasant Movement in Hunan "; he attended the Third Plenary Session of the Second Central Committee of the Kuomintang in Wuhan.

On April 12, Chiang Kai-shek launched a counter-revolutionary coup in Shanghai.

From April 27th to May 10th, he attended the Fifth National Congress of the Communist Party of China and was elected as an alternate member of the Central Executive Committee. The meeting criticized Chen Duxiu's rightist mistakes.

On July 15, Wang Jingwei launched a counter-revolutionary coup in Wuhan, Ninghan merged , and the Great Revolution failed.

On August 1, the Nanchang Uprising broke out. Together with Song Qingling and other 22 Kuomintang Central Committee members, they jointly issued the "Central Committee Members' Declaration", condemning Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jingwei for betraying the national revolution.

On August 7, he attended an emergency meeting held by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in Hankou, and put forward the idea that power grows out of the barrel of a gun, and was elected as an alternate member of the Provisional Political Bureau of the Central Committee. After the meeting, he went to Hunan to lead the Autumn Harvest Uprising on the border between Hunan and Jiangxi .

On September 9, the Autumn Harvest Uprising on the border between Hunan and Jiangxi broke out. When going to the headquarters of the third regiment of Tonggu Xiaojia Temple in Jiangxi, passing Liuyang Zhangjiafang, he was caught by the Qingxiang team of the regiment defense bureau and escaped with wit on the way.

In September, after the Autumn Harvest Uprising was frustrated, he led the uprising troops to march towards the middle of the Luoxiao Mountains .

In October, arrived at Maoping, Ninggang County, Jiangxi, and began to establish the Jinggangshan Revolutionary Base .

In November, he was wrongly accused by the Political Bureau of the Provisional Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and was removed from his position as an alternate member of the Political Bureau.

'''1928'''
[[File:Mao 3 rules painting.png|thumb|Mao during the [[Chinese Civil War|Civil War]]]]
In April, he led his troops to join forces with the remaining troops of the Nanchang Uprising Army led by Zhu De and Chen Yi and the peasant army of the Southern Shonan Uprising in Long City, Ninggang County, Jiangxi Province .

In May, he served as the party representative and secretary of the Military Commission of the Fourth Army of the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army ''(later renamed the Chinese Red Army), which was jointly organized by the two troops.''

In July, he was elected as a member of the Central Committee at the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China.

In October, he drafted a resolution for the Second Hunan-Jiangxi Boundary Congress of the Communist Party of China, proposing the idea of "armed separatism of workers and peasants ".

On November 25, he wrote a report to the Central Committee on behalf of the Front Committee of the Fourth Red Army of the Communist Party of China, summarizing the experience of the Jinggangshan armed separatism of workers and peasants.

In December, presided over the formulation of Jinggangshan "Land Law".

'''1929'''

In January, Zhu De and Chen Yi led the main force of the Fourth Red Army to march to southern Jiangxi and western Fujian. In the spring of 1930, two revolutionary bases in southern Jiangxi and western Fujian were initially formed.

In April, presided over the formulation of the " Land Law " of Xingguo.

In June, he attended the Seventh Congress of the Fourth Red Army of the Communist Party of China held in Longyan. His correct opinions on the tasks, political work and military work of the Red Army were not accepted . Others are in charge. After the meeting, he left the main leadership position of the Fourth Red Army, went to western Fujian to recuperate and guide local work.

In July, guided the convening of the first Congress of the CPC in West Fujian.

In September, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued a letter of instruction to the Front Committee of the Fourth Red Army, affirming Mao Zedong's correct proposition on the Red Army's strategy of action and building a strong people's revolutionary army.

In December, presided over the Ninth Congress of the Fourth Red Army of the Communist Party of China in Gutian Village, Shanghang County, Fujian Province, made a political report at the meeting, and drafted the resolution of the meeting (that is, the resolution of the Gutian Conference). The General Assembly re-elected Mao Zedong as Secretary of the former Party Committee.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/113835/ef41lepOlKVUI6KqdtRtOuAAqar2rLjVZxZqIdtlJEZXO6ZHsIhcZ_PJOpNe_ZjiAZHcjhQbkabQKtmFn1XRHN7IV-eHgX3t9MPQXGXyN8g Fourth Red Army Big Nines] - Guangming.com</ref>

'''1930'''

In January, wrote the article " A single spark can start a prairie fire ", expounding the theory of the Chinese revolutionary road of encircling the city from the countryside and seizing power by armed forces.

In May, conducted an investigation in Xunwu, Jiangxi; at the same time, he wrote an article " Against Bookishness ", proposing that "without investigation, there is no right to speak".

In August, he served as the general political commissar of the Red Front Army and the secretary of the General Front Enemy Committee of the Communist Party of China.

In September, he was elected as an alternate member of the Politburo at the Third Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

From December 30 to January 3 of the following year, together with Zhu De and others, he commanded the Red Front Army to smash the first "encirclement and suppression" of the Kuomintang army.

=== The Long March and the War to Resist Japanese Imperialism (1931 - 1940) ===
'''1931'''

On January 7, the enlarged Fourth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held in Shanghai, and was elected as an alternate member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (did not attend the meeting). Wang Ming entered the Political Bureau of the Central Committee with the support of representatives of the Communist International.

From April to May, together with Zhu De and others, he commanded the Red Front Army to smash the second "encirclement and suppression" of the Kuomintang Army.

From July to September, the third "encirclement and suppression" of the Kuomintang army was crushed.

From November 1st to 5th, he was squeezed out at the first congress ( Southern Jiangxi meeting ) held by the party organization in the Central Soviet Area, and was accused of "narrow empiricism", "rich peasant line" and "extremely serious consistent right- wing opportunism ".

In November, he made a report at the First National Congress of the Chinese Soviet; he was elected as the chairman and chairman of the People's Committee at the first meeting of the Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Soviet Republic.<ref name=":1">[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/113835/55dfKe2dQNS8Z7ANwabKeuK4M3HdUKEplIzM7rOLAhdDz5KZ-JApZ1Z1xHuAH7g2ChwUFd1TagcX3Py2ysanDlkBzA1JlQXuLmHfbjn5O-YMHNQoS8GhYpTG Chronology of Mao Zedong's Life (1926-1931)] - News of the Communist Party of China </ref>

'''1932'''

In January, I went to the ancient temple of Donghua Mountain on the outskirts of Ruijin, Jiangxi to recuperate.

In March, after the Red Army failed to attack Ganzhou, they stopped recuperating and rushed to the front line to command.

On April 15, the "Declaration of War Against Japan" was issued.

On May 9, Tong Xiangying issued "The Provisional Central Government of the Chinese Soviet Republic Opposes the KMT's Selling of Songhu Agreement".

In June, together with Zhu De, he commanded the First Red Army and the Fifth Red Army to return to southern Jiangxi from western Fujian.

In October, at the meeting of the Central Bureau of the Soviet Area of the Communist Party of China held in Ningdu, Jiangxi, he was hit by the wrong leadership of the "Left". After the meeting, he was dismissed from the position of general political commissar of the Red Army and went to Changting, Fujian to recuperate.<ref name=":1" />

'''1933'''

In late January, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee moved to the Central Revolutionary Base.

In early February, the provisional Central Committee of the Communist Party of China comprehensively implemented the "offensive line", eliminated the influence of Mao Zedong's active defense line in the central base areas, and launched the so-called struggle against the " Luo Ming line ".

On May 30, Tong Xiangying and others issued the Provisional Central Government of the Chinese Soviet Republic's "Declaration on Selling out Pingjin for the Kuomintang".

On June 1, Tong Xiangying and others issued the "Instructions on Land Survey Movement" of the Provisional Central Government of the Chinese Soviet Republic.

In August, made a report on "Smashing the Five "Encirclement and Suppression" and Soviet Economic Construction Tasks" at the Economic Construction Conference of the Seventeen Counties in the South of the Central Soviet Area held in Ruijin.

In October, he wrote the article "How to Analyze Rural Classes", which became the standard for classifying rural classes.

In November, he conducted investigations in Changgang Township of Xingguo County and Caixi Township of Shanghang County successively, and wrote "Investigation of Changgang Township" and "Investigation of Caixi Township".

'''1934'''

In January, he was elected as a member of the Politburo at the Fifth Plenary Session of the Communist Party of China. Made a work report at the Second National Congress of the Chinese Soviet. Continue to be elected as Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Soviet Republic.

On June 19, Tong Xiangying and others published the "Declaration of the Central Government of the Chinese Soviet Republic on Selling North China for the Kuomintang".

On July 15, Tong Xiangying and others published the "Declaration for the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army to Go North to Anti-Japanese War".

On the evening of October 18, he led the security squad to leave Yudu and embark on the Long March.

At the end of November, the Red Army suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Xiangjiang. On the 30th, crossed the Xiangjiang River with the First Field Column of the Military Commission.

On December 12, at the emergency meeting of the heads of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held in Hunan Passage, it was adopted that the Red Army was urged to abandon the original plan to join the Second and Sixth Red Army Corps in western Hunan and instead advance to Guizhou, where the enemy was weak.

'''1935'''

From January 15th to 17th, he attended the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held in Zunyi, Guizhou , and was co-opted as a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee. The meeting ended the rule of Wang Ming's "Left" adventurism in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and actually established a new central leadership represented by Mao Zedong.

In March, he formed a three-member military command group with Zhou Enlai and Wang Jiaxiang.

From March to May, together with Zhou Enlai and others, he commanded the Red Army to cross the Chishui River four times , cross the Jinsha River skillfully , and seize the Luding Bridge by flying , winning decisive victories in the strategic shift.

On June 15, Tong Xiangying and others issued the "Declaration for Opposing Japan's Annexation of North China and Chiang Kai-shek's Traitorous Country".

In June, he led the Red Front Army to join the Red Fourth Front Army in western Sichuan. Soon, he fought against Zhang Guotao's escapism and separatism .

On October 19, he led the Shaanxi-Gansu Detachment of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army to Wuqi Town, Yan'an, Shaanxi . The Red Army successfully completed the Long March .

In December, he attended the meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held in Wayaobao , northern Shaanxi. The meeting determined the strategy of establishing the anti-Japanese national united front .

On December 27, he made a report on "On the Strategy of Opposing Japanese Imperialism" at the meeting of party activists , expounding the strategy and policy of the Anti-Japanese National United Front.

'''1936'''

On January 25, together with Zhou Enlai, Peng Dehuai and other 20 generals of the Red Army, they jointly issued the "Letter to All Generals and Soldiers of the Northeast Army for the Red Army's Willingness to Join Forces with the Northeast Army in Anti-Japanese War", proposing specific methods for organizing the national defense government and the Anti-Japanese Allied Forces, and suggested sending representatives to each other Negotiate together.

From February to May, together with Peng Dehuai, he led the main force of the Red Army across the Yellow River.

In March, five points of opinion were put forward to the Nanjing authorities to stop the civil war and unanimously resist Japan.

On June 1, together with Zhu De, he issued 20 propositions on saving the country and the people.

On June 12, he and Zhu De issued a declaration, expressing support for the " Guangdong Incident " and proposing eight programs for resisting Japan and saving the nation.

From July to October, he met with American journalist Snow many times in Yan'an, northern Shaanxi , answered his questions about the Chinese revolution and the Red Army of Workers and Peasants, and introduced his own experiences.

On August 10, he attended the meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and made a report on the relationship between the two parties of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party and the issue of the united front.

On August 25, he drafted the "Letter from the Communist Party of China to the Chinese Kuomintang", calling for a unified resistance to Japan.

On December 7, he served as the chairman of the Revolutionary Military Commission of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

On December 12 <ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/113835/274bAy3rBGeX2Zh1YonADY9VQxrbpUeDtCw-fMAB28xtAQhHRGb9DPf2DI3BL8-bKaQSk82amgftAwx4WYIwWh3o5TH5mDEPfVPk Xi'an Incident] - People's Daily Online </ref>, Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng carried out " military remonstrance " in Xi'an and detained Chiang Kai-shek. Mao Zedong and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China analyzed the complicated political situation at that time, determined the policy of peacefully resolving the Xi'an Incident , and sent Zhou Enlai and others to Xi'an to participate in the negotiations to promote the peaceful settlement of the incident.

In December, he wrote "Strategic Issues in China's Revolutionary War".<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/113835/971bjRWYCTlHcKVIUeYweZ3aS1vRrIo8xD20lgLBmHB03AljT0HeW0bP-aEyJMGdY2e1H11RhOqiXFyr8DAcNsyYpZgSotmAqjBN65f7W9kWcvDzcEbwXonk Chronology of Mao Zedong's Life (1932-1936)] - News of the Communist Party of China</ref>

'''1937'''

On January 13, stationed in Yan'an with the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission.

On February 9, he attended the meeting of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. The meeting discussed and passed the "Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to the Third Plenary Session of the Chinese Kuomintang", and put forward five national policies and four guarantees. This document actually became the program of the Kuomintang-Communist cooperation negotiations.

In March, met with American journalist Smedley and answered some questions she raised about the Sino-Japanese War and the Xi'an Incident.

From April to July, he taught dialectical materialism at the Anti-Japanese Military and Political University, two of which were later organized into "On Practice" and "On Contradiction".

In May, at the National Congress of the Communist Party of China, he made the report "The Mission of the Communist Party of China in the Anti-Japanese Period" and the conclusion of "Struggle to Win Millions of People into the Anti-Japanese National United Front".

On July 7, the Marco Polo Bridge Incident broke out and the National War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression began.

On July 23, he published "Principles, Measures and Prospects for Opposing Japan's Offensive", proposing the principles and policies of resolutely resisting the Japanese War and opposing compromise and concessions.

From August 22nd to 25th, attended the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held in Luochuan, northern Shaanxi, emphasized the principle of independence in the united front, clarified the strategic policy of independent mountain guerrilla warfare, and served as secretary of the newly formed Central Military Commission of the CPC .

On August 25, jointly issued an order with Zhu De and Zhou Enlai on the reorganization of the Red Army into the Eighth Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army . Subsequently, he directed the Eighth Route Army to go to the front line of the Anti-Japanese War.

On November 12, he made a report on " The Situation and Tasks of the Anti-Japanese War after the Fall of Taiyuan in Shanghai " at the meeting of activists of the Yan'an Party , comprehensively expounding his opinions on the united front and the relationship between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party.

In December, attended the meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and delivered a speech, reiterating and adhering to the principles and policies determined at the Luochuan meeting in response to Wang Ming's right-leaning capitulationist idea of "everything goes through the united front".<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/113835/09c8JgYPSUxL659ejxJWPaaazHLKyYdaX57UZz0KsAHWaKsJe4Da1TRNKlohdsfIQ4sVYPJMF-ITojN56t4nla8GP_dxQWiyJn4vLK6gJ1eW-X7fdVxY9cma Chronology of Mao Zedong's Life (1937-1940)] News of the Communist Party of China </ref>

'''1938'''

In the spring, a decision was made for the Eighth Route Army to enter the plains from the mountains of North China to carry out guerrilla warfare.

In May, the article "Strategic Issues in Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Warfare" was published.

From May 26th to June 3rd, gave a lecture on "On Protracted War" at the Yan'an Anti-Japanese War Research Association. Comprehensively analyze the era of the Sino-Japanese War and the basic characteristics of both sides, refute the theory of quick victory and national subjugation, and expound the general policy of the protracted war in China's Anti-Japanese War.

From September 14th to 27th, he attended the meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee. Wang Jiaxiang conveyed the instructions of the Communist International, saying that the leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China should be headed by Mao Zedong to solve the problem of unified leadership. Mao Zedong made a long speech at the meeting.

From September 29th to November 6th, attended the Sixth Plenary Session of the enlarged Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and made a political report and conclusion of the meeting on "On the New Stage". The meeting approved the line of the Politburo headed by Mao Zedong.

'''1939'''

On February 2, he spoke at the Party, Government and Military Production Mobilization Conference in Yan'an, calling for his own efforts to overcome economic difficulties.

On February 5, gave a speech on "Opposing Capitulationism" at the Party School of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

In late April, wrote the article "May 4th Movement".

On May 4, gave a speech on "The Direction of the Youth Movement " at the Yan'an Youth Commemoration of the 20th Anniversary of the May 4th Movement .

From July to August, he made several reports, condemning the diehards of the Kuomintang for creating anti-communist friction and calling for continued unity in the war of resistance.

On September 16, I talked with three reporters from Central News Agency, "Sweeping Daily" and "Xinmin Daily", reiterating the self-defense of "I will not be attacked if people do not attack me; in principle.

On October 4, the "Communist" was published, stating that the united front, armed struggle, and party building are the three magic weapons for the Chinese revolution to defeat the enemy.

On December 1, drafted a decision for the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on absorbing a large number of intellectuals.

On December 21, wrote the article " Memorial Bethune " for the "Norman Bethune Memorial Book" compiled and printed by the Political Department of the Eighth Route Army and the Ministry of Health.

In the same month, he co-authored "The Chinese Revolution and the Communist Party of China".

From December to March of the following year, the leader repelled the first anti-communist climax of the Kuomintang diehards.

'''1940'''

In January, "On New Democracy" was published, which systematically discussed the theory and program of the New Democratic Revolution.

On March 6, drafted instructions for the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the issue of political power in the anti-Japanese base areas, proposing to implement the "three-three system".

On March 11, he made a report on "Current Strategic Issues in the Anti-Japanese United Front", summed up the experience of repelling the first anti-communist upsurge, and put forward the strategic thinking of "developing progressive forces, winning over middle forces, and opposing stubborn forces" and rational, Beneficial and moderate principles.

On May 4, he drafted an instruction from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to the Southeast Bureau and the New Fourth Army, emphasizing the need to let go of the expansion of the army to resist the attacks of anti-communist diehards, and pointed out that the policy of struggle should be adopted to "deal with possible sudden nationwide incidents."

In late June, he made a report at the meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, analyzing the international situation and its impact on China's War of Resistance, and pointed out that we should not only be alert to sudden incidents launched by the diehards of the Kuomintang, but also strive for a better situation.

In November, Zhu De, Peng Dehuai, Ye Ting , Xiang Ying replied to He Yingqin and Bai Chongxi 's "Hao Dian" telegram ("Jia Dian"), clearly refuting Hao Dian's unreasonable accusations against the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army.

In December, he talked with comrades who came back from the front to study at the Central Party School , emphasizing the importance of cadres being proficient in Marxism-Leninism.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/113835/09c8JgYPSUxL659ejxJWPaaazHLKyYdaX57UZz0KsAHWaKsJe4Da1TRNKlohdsfIQ4sVYPJMF-ITojN56t4nla8GP_dxQWiyJn4vLK6gJ1eW-X7fdVxY9cma Chronology of Mao Zedong's Life (1937-1940)] News of the Communist Party of China </ref>

=== The End of the War of Anti-Japanese Resistance and a New China is born (1941- 1950 ) ===
'''1941'''

In early January, the Southern Anhui Incident occurred.

On January 20, he drafted an order for the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China to rebuild the military headquarters of the New Fourth Army, and made a speech on the Southern Anhui Incident to Xinhua News Agency reporters, and solemnly proposed twelve measures to solve the Southern Anhui Incident.

On May 1, the " Government Program for the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region ", which was reviewed and rewritten and approved by the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, was released, stipulating that the construction of political power in the border region should implement the "three-three-system" principle.

On May 8, drafted the "Summary on Repelling the Second Anti-Communist Upsurge" within the party instructions, and put forward the strategic thinking of "fighting against fighting, pulling against pulling" and winning over the centrists.

On May 19, at the Yan'an cadre meeting, he made a report on " Reforming Our Study", which proposed to oppose subjectivism and clarified the ideological principles of seeking truth from facts.

On August 1, drafted the "Decision on Investigation and Research" for the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

From September 10th to October 22nd, he attended the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and made a report against subjectivism and sectarianism.

On September 26, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China made the "Decision on the Advanced Study Group" and established the Central Study Group with Mao Zedong as the leader.

In autumn and winter, he successively presided over the editing of the party's historical literature collections such as "Since the Sixth National Congress", "Before the Sixth National Congress" and "Two Lines".<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/113835/ca21_rzu4oz9hNSo9ONLY8dp9zMlNMql22DMS6RcgbfOt9JjKslA8ex5m2xenDScEKVWla0bdbPYfadlLTsxy-PNiRJFhKFE4P5LSFeKPTOZmDaAaO-q5CMC Chronology of Mao Zedong's Life (1941-1945) News of the Communist Party of China] </ref>

'''1942'''

On February 1, at the opening ceremony of the Party School of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, he made a report on "Rectifying the Party's Style of Work".

On February 8, made a speech on "Opposing Party Stereotypes" at a cadre meeting convened by the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

In May, delivered a speech and made a conclusion at the Yan'an Literature and Art Workers Symposium.

On September 7, he wrote an editorial for the Yan'an "Liberation Daily", discussing that streamlining the army and streamlining administration is an extremely important policy.

In December, submitted a long written report on "Economic Issues and Financial Issues" to the senior cadre meeting of the Northwest Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, discussing the general policy of financial and economic work of "developing the economy and ensuring supply".

'''1943'''

On March 20, at the meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, he was presumed to be the chairman of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and the chairman of the Secretariat of the Central Committee.

On May 26, at the cadre meeting held by the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, he made the "Report on the Dissolution of the Communist International".

On June 1, drafted a decision on leadership methods for the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

On July 1, he sent a letter to Kang Sheng, pointing out that the work of "anti-rape" should be investigated and studied, distinguish right from wrong, educate the masses, and oppose "forced, confessed, and believed".

On July 12, he wrote the editorial "Questioning the Kuomintang" for the "Liberation Daily" in Yan'an, exposing the conspiracy of the Kuomintang diehards to attack the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region.

From early September to early October, presided over the meeting held by the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China during this period, criticizing Wang Ming's "left" adventurism mistakes during the ten-year civil war and right opportunism mistakes in the early days of the War of Resistance. Speech and make a summary.

In December, the inscription "Seek truth from facts" was completed for the auditorium of the Central Party School.

'''1944'''

On April 12 and May 20, he gave lectures on study and the current situation at the senior cadre meeting of the Northwest Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the first department of the Central Party School.

On May 15, Lin Boqu, who had negotiated with the Kuomintang representatives in Xi'an, submitted a written opinion drafted by him as the specific content of the negotiations. The opinion paper puts forward 20 opinions on issues concerning national politics and pending cases of the two parties.

On May 21, at the Seventh Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, he was elected as the chairman of the Central Committee and the chairman of the Bureau of the Seventh Plenary Session.

On June 5, the drafted "Instructions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Urban Work" was discussed and approved at the Seventh Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

From June to August, he met many times with members of the Northwest Visiting Group of Chinese and foreign journalists and members of the US Army Observation Group stationed in Yan'an, and expounded on issues such as the Chinese Communist Party's anti-Japanese policy and the relationship between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party.

On September 8, delivered a speech "Serving the People" at Zhang Side's memorial service.

On October 31, presided over the meeting of the Presidium of the Seventh Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and decided to send Wang Zhen and Wang Shoudao to lead the troops to the south to "establish a base with Hengshan as the center".

In November, Zhou Enlai and Hurley, the personal representative of US President Roosevelt , held several talks on the relationship between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party and reached a five-point draft agreement. This draft agreement was rejected by Chiang Kai-shek.

'''1945'''

On April 20, he attended the last meeting of the Seventh Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. The meeting basically passed the "Resolution on Certain Historical Issues" , which was revised many times by Mao Zedong.

From April 23 to June 11, presided over the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China, delivered an opening speech ("The Destiny of Two Chinas") and a closing speech ("The Foolish Old Man Moved Mountains"), and submitted "On Coalition Government" to the conference Written political report. The Congress decided to use Mao Zedong Thought as the guideline for all the work of the whole party.

On June 19, he was elected chairman of the Central Committee at the First Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

In July, he held talks on the relationship between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party with six people including Chu Fucheng and Huang Yanpei, members of the National Political Council. Talking about the "new road" of democracy, jumping out of the "cyclic law" of the rise and fall of political parties and groups.

On August 9, the statement "The Last Battle Against the Japanese Invaders" was issued.

On August 13, he delivered a speech titled "The Situation after the Victory of the Anti-Japanese War and Our Policy", proposing the policy of tit for tat and fighting for every inch of the Kuomintang to strive for domestic peace and democracy.

On August 28, he went to Chongqing for peace talks with Chiang Kai-shek.

On September 2, the Japanese government formally signed the instrument of surrender. China's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression ended victoriously.

On October 10, the Minutes of the Meeting between the National Government and the Representatives of the Communist Party of China (referred to as the " Double Ten Agreement ") was signed in Chongqing. On the 11th, return to Yan'an.

On October 17, at the Yan'an cadre meeting, he made a report on the Chongqing negotiations, pointing out that the Chinese revolution "has a bright future, but the road is tortuous."

On December 28, drafted the "Establishing a Solid Northeast Base Area" instruction.<ref>[https://www.hudong.com/page/reference_snapshot?wiki_doc_id=8372826320516163274&ref_url=http%3A%2F%2Fdangshi.people.com.cn%2Fn%2F2013%2F1202%2Fc85037-23714604.html&collect_params=%22%7B%5C%22search_query%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22search_id%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22source%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22doc_title%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22doc_id%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22view_id%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22first_classify%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22second_classify%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22third_classify%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%7D%22 Chronological table of Mao Zedong's life (1941-1945)] . People's Daily Online</ref>

'''1946'''

In April, he wrote "Some Estimates on the Current International Situation".

On June 26, the Kuomintang army aggressively attacked the Liberated Areas of the Central Plains, and a full-scale civil war broke out.

On July 4, the Southern Front Field Army made a strategic decision to "fight a few victories on the inside and then move to the outside."

On July 20, drafted the inner-party directive of "Smashing Chiang Kai-shek's Attack with Self-Defense War".

On August 6, he met with American journalist, Strong, and put forward the famous assertion that "all reactionaries are paper tigers".

On September 16, he drafted the instruction "Concentrate Superior Forces and Annihilate Enemies Individually" for the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China.

On October 1, he drafted an inner-party directive for the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, summarizing the experience of the three-month war.

On November 18, the name "People's War of Liberation" was used for the first time in the party directive drafted for the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

'''1947'''

On March 18, he led the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the headquarters of the People's Liberation Army to withdraw from Yan'an, and began the one-year battle in northern Shaanxi.

From March to August, he led the Northwest Field Army to successively win the battles of Qinghuabian, Yangmahe, Panlong, and Shajiadian, smashing the key attacks of the Kuomintang on the liberated areas of northern Shaanxi.

From July 21st to 23rd, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held in Xiaohe Village, Jingbian County, Northern Shaanxi Province, and the idea of resolving Chiang Kai-shek's struggle in five years (from July 1946) was proposed. Before and after this, the three armies of Liu Deng, Chen Su, and Chen Xie were deployed to cross the Yellow River and switch to a strategic offensive.

In October, the " Manifesto of the Chinese People's Liberation Army " was drafted, and the slogan "Down with Chiang Kai-shek and liberate the whole of China" was put forward.

In November, the "How to Divide Classes" and "Decisions on Some Issues in the Land Struggle" drafted in 1933 were reissued to the whole party to guide the correct development of the land reform movement in the liberated areas.

From December 25th to 28th, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (i.e. the December meeting) was hosted in Yangjiagou, Mizhi County, northern Shaanxi, and a written report "Current Situation and Our Tasks" was submitted to the meeting, and the top ten military forces were proposed. Principles and the three major economic programs of New Democracy.

'''1948'''

On January 18, drafted a draft decision on "Several Important Issues Concerning Current Party Policies" for the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

On March 23, the war in northern Shaanxi was over, and the Yellow River was crossed eastward to the North China Liberated Area.

On April 1, he delivered an important speech at the Caijiaya Jinsui Cadre Meeting in Xing County, Shanxi, clarifying the party's new democratic revolution general line and land reform general line.

From April 30th to May 7th, he presided over an enlarged meeting of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee in Chengnanzhuang, Fuping County, Hebei Province, and put forward several opinions on leading the war to the Kuomintang-ruled areas, developing production, and strengthening discipline.

On May 1, he sent a letter to Li Jishen and Shen Junru , proposing to establish a democratic coalition government and hold a new Political Consultative Conference first.

On May 27, he arrived at Xibaipo Village, Pingshan County, Hebei Province, where the Central Working Committee of the Communist Party of China is located.

From September 8th to 13th, he hosted a meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in Xibaipo, and made important reports on issues such as war, nation-building, and finance and economics.

From September to January of the following year, he organized and commanded the three strategic decisive battles of Liaoshen, Huaihai, and Pingjin, gathering and annihilating the main force of the Kuomintang army to the north of the Yangtze River.

On December 30, he wrote the 1949 New Year's message "Carrying the Revolution Through to the End" for Xinhua News Agency.

'''1949'''

In March, he presided over the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and proposed guidelines and basic policies for realizing the shift of the party's work focus, winning national victories, and building a new China.

On March 25, he led the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the headquarters of the People's Liberation Army to be stationed in Beiping.

On April 21, when the Nanjing government refused to accept the "Domestic Peace Agreement", he and Zhu De jointly issued the "Order to March to the Nation".

On April 23, the People's Liberation Army occupied Nanjing and wrote the poem " Seven Laws: The People's Liberation Army Occupies Nanjing ".

From June 15th to 19th, he attended the first plenary meeting of the preparatory meeting of the new CPPCC and delivered a speech at the opening ceremony.

On June 30, the article "On the People's Democratic Dictatorship" was published.

On July 4th, Cheng Qian was called again, and he praised Cheng's policy of opposing Chiang Kai-shek and Guangxi and peacefully resolving the Hunan issue, and made arrangements for related matters.

From September 21 to 30, he attended the first plenary session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, delivered an opening speech, and was elected chairman of the Central People's Government. The meeting adopted the "Common Program " drafted by Zhou Enlai and reviewed and revised by him many times.

On October 1, the People's Republic of China was established and presided over the founding ceremony.

On December 5, the "Instructions on the Army's Participation in Production and Construction Work in 1950" was issued.

On December 16, he arrived in Moscow and visited the Soviet Union for the first time . On February 14, 1950, China and the Soviet Union signed the "Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance."

From December to early next year, specific arrangements were made for the liberation of Tibet.

'''1950'''

From June 6th to 9th, he presided over the Third Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, submitted a written report on "Struggling for a Basic Improvement in the National Financial and Economic Situation", and made a speech on "Don't Attack from All Sides".

On June 28, the Eighth Meeting of the Central People's Government Committee was presided over and the " Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China " was passed.

In early October, he presided over a meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and made a decision to "resist US aggression, aid Korea, defend the country".

On October 8, an order was issued to form the Chinese People's Volunteers, ordering the volunteers to immediately dispatch to North Korea to aid the Korean people, and appointed Peng Dehuai as the commander and political commissar of the Volunteers . Then he personally directed the first to third campaigns.

After October, launched and led the suppression of counter-revolutionary movement.<ref>[https://www.hudong.com/page/reference_snapshot?wiki_doc_id=8372826320516163274&ref_url=http%3A%2F%2Fdangshi.people.com.cn%2Fn%2F2013%2F1202%2Fc85037-23714655.html&collect_params=%22%7B%5C%22search_query%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22search_id%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22source%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22doc_title%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22doc_id%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22view_id%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22first_classify%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22second_classify%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22third_classify%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%7D%22 Chronology of Mao Zedong's Life (1946-1950)] . People's Daily Online</ref>

=== Building up New China (1951 - 1960) ===
'''1951'''

In February, at the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the idea of "three-year preparation and ten-year planned economic construction" was put forward.

On May 20, the article "We Should Pay Attention to the Discussion of the Movie "The Legend of Wu Xun"" was published in the form of an editorial in "People's Daily".

On May 24, a banquet was held to celebrate the signing of the "Agreement on the Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet". So far, the whole territory of mainland China has been liberated.

In September, presided over the formulation of the "Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Mutual Assistance and Cooperation in Agricultural Production (Draft)".

On October 12, the first volume of " Selected Works of Mao Zedong " was published. The second and third volumes were published in April 1952 and April 1953, respectively.

In December, the "Three Antis" campaign against corruption, waste, and bureaucracy was launched.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/113835/ecc8Dimf9sWViFFtAnjCxFb28FRUpvnonR9Ay_mKBa4t8ctBg8WBV6O11_k5ddH6-0hUwB9wBwI5JFCWXKFZVZ9uv33axJsfUb9d1hjvlbKiX9tt38_KkMmQ Chronology of Mao Zedong's Life (1951-1956)] - News of the Communist Party of China</ref>

'''1952'''

In January, he presided over the Standing Committee of the CPPCC National Committee and passed the "Decision on Carrying out the Study Movement for Ideological Transformation of People from All walks of life".

On January 26, he drafted instructions for the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on launching the "Five Antis" campaign (the "Five Antis" are against bribery, against tax evasion, against theft of state property, against cutting corners, and against theft of national economic intelligence).

On April 6, drafted the "Instructions on Tibet Work Policy" for the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

On August 9, the "Outline for the Implementation of Regional Ethnic Autonomy of the People's Republic of China" was released.

In September, the general line for the transitional period began to be conceived.

'''1953'''

On January 13, the Constitution Drafting Committee of the People's Republic of China was established and served as the chairman.

On March 26, drafted instructions for the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on opposing the ideology of Han chauvinism.

On June 15, he spoke at the meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and made a relatively complete statement of the party's general line during the transition period.

On July 27, the Korean armistice agreement was officially signed in Panmunjom .

On September 7, he talked with some representatives of the democratic parties and business circles, pointing out that state capitalism is the only way to transform capitalist industry and commerce.

On October 15 and November 4, he had two conversations with the head of the Rural Work Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. He pointed out that the rural work departments at all levels should regard mutual assistance and cooperation as extremely important matters.

'''1954'''
[[File:Mao voting.png|thumb|Mao voting in the 1954 election]]
In January, began to preside over the drafting of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China in Hangzhou.

On March 23, presided over the first meeting of the Constitution Drafting Committee, and proposed the first draft of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China.

From September 15th to 28th, he attended the first plenary session of the first session of the National People's Congress, delivered the opening speech "Strive for the Construction of a Great Socialist Country", and was elected as the Chairman of the People's Republic of China.

On September 28, the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China was formed and served as its chairman.

On October 16, wrote the "Letter on the Research Issues of the Dream of Red Mansions" to the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and relevant comrades.

On October 19, in a conversation with Indian Prime Minister Nehru , he proposed that the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence should be extended to all state relations.

'''1955'''

On January 15th, Liu Shaoqi, [[Zhou Enlai]], and [[Deng Xiaoping]] were instructed: "We should thoroughly criticize Hu Feng's bourgeois idealism, anti-party and anti-people literary thought."

In March, he delivered an opening speech and conclusion at the National Congress of the Communist Party of China, calling on cadres to delve into the issue of socialist industrialization and become experts in this area.

On May 12, at the Supreme State Council, the policy of eliminating counter-revolutionaries was proposed.

On June 9, wrote an inscription for the Monument to the People's Heroes in Tiananmen Square: The people's heroes will live forever.

On July 31, he made a report on "About the Issue of Agricultural Cooperation" at the meeting of secretaries of the provincial, municipal and autonomous regional party committees convened by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

From September to December, presided over the editing of the book "The Socialist Upsurge in Rural China", and wrote two prefaces and 104 notes.

From October 4th to 11th, presided over the Sixth Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and passed the "Resolution on Agricultural Cooperative Issues".

On October 29, the executive members of the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce were invited to discuss the socialist transformation of private industry and commerce.

On December 16, the draft directive of the Central Committee on intellectual issues was revised, and it was proposed to train intellectuals in large numbers and pay attention to absorbing high-level intellectuals into the party.

'''1956'''

On January 20, he spoke at a conference on intellectuals held by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, calling on the whole party to study scientific knowledge, unite with non-party intellectuals, and strive to quickly catch up with the world's advanced scientific level.

On January 25, chaired the Supreme State Council to formally discuss and approve the "National Agricultural Development Program (Draft) from 1956 to 1967" ''(forty articles)'' .

From February to March, successively listened to the reports of 34 central working departments, and conducted systematic investigation and research on economic construction issues.

At the beginning of April, "On the Historical Experience of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat" was reviewed and revised.

On April 25, at the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, he made a report on " On the Ten Major Relationships ".

On April 27, cremation was carried out after the signature died.

On April 28, at the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the policy of "letting a hundred flowers bloom and a hundred schools of thought contend" was proposed.

On August 22, he presided over the Seventh Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and proposed two work priorities, one is socialist transformation, and the other is economic construction. The main focus of the two is still construction.

From September 15th to 27th, hosted the Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China and delivered an opening speech. During the Eighth National Congress, the importance of strengthening economic construction was emphasized again.

On September 28, he was elected chairman of the Central Committee at the First Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

On November 15, he made a speech at the Second Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China: Our economic construction has retreated and advanced, but the main thing is to advance.

In December, "Revisiting the Historical Experience of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat" was revised.

'''1957'''

On February 27, made a speech on "Correctly Handling Contradictions among the People", and put forward two kinds of contradiction theories.

On March 12, he spoke at the National Propaganda Work Conference of the Communist Party of China and announced the start of rectification within the party.

On April 30, leaders of various democratic parties were invited to have a discussion and asked them to help the Communist Party rectify the movement.

On May 15th, he wrote the article "Things Are Changing", and then launched the anti-rightist struggle, and made a serious mistake of magnification.

From September 20th to October 9th, he presided over the Third Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. At the meeting, he raised objections to the discussion of the main contradictions in Chinese society in the resolution of the Eighth National Congress, and believed that it should return to the proposal of the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Party

In November, led the Chinese party and government delegation to visit the Soviet Union, participated in the celebration of the 40th anniversary of the October Revolution , and attended the representative meeting of the Communist Party and the Workers' Party . During the period, it was proposed that within 15 years, the output of China's major industrial products should catch up with that of the United Kingdom.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/113835/3d8fGQKZLf8UIJhgOqtIn2VUfa9cteY9YwFe70NZ32DNSBigrS277q1nIWoxPbGAH6yDTNbzSkwvxPfSLLbbdxMx4zmcd1-jjzxdYUVyz_GzqLc3CX3kmhTG Chronology of Mao Zedong's Life (1957-1961)]</ref>

'''1958'''

In January, hosted the Nanning Conference of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and drafted the "Sixty Articles of Working Methods (Draft)". Criticize "anti-rash advance" at the meeting.

In March, hosted the Chengdu Conference of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. The meeting continued to criticize "anti-rash advance", and the various economic indicators formulated were greatly improved.

From May 5th to 23rd, hosted the Second Session of the Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China. The meeting changed the relevant conclusions of the first meeting of the Eighth National Congress, arguing that the struggle between the two classes and the two roads is still the main contradiction in the country. The meeting passed the general line of "go all out, strive for the top, and build socialism more quickly, better and more economically".

From July 31 to August 3, he held talks with Khrushchev, the first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee who was visiting, and rejected the Soviet side's suggestion of establishing a joint fleet and a long-wave radio station that violated China's sovereignty.

From July to August, deployed the bombardment of Kinmen.

On August 6, inspected Qiliying People's Commune in Xinxiang, Henan. When it comes to "the name People's Commune is good".

From August 17th to 30th, an enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was hosted in Beidaihe, and the "Resolution on the Establishment of People's Commune in Rural Areas" was passed.

From November 2nd to 10th, he presided over the first Zhengzhou meeting and began to correct the "Left" errors in the "Great Leap Forward" and the People's Commune Movement. During the meeting, he wrote a letter to the party committees at the county level and above, requesting to study "Problems of the Socialist Economy in the Soviet Union" and "Marx Engels on Communist Society".

From November 28 to December 10, the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held in Wuchang, and the "Resolution on Several Issues Concerning the People's Commune " was passed.

'''1959'''

From February 27th to March 5th, he presided over the second Zhengzhou meeting. From March 25th to April 5th, he held an enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and the Seventh Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee in Shanghai to continue to correct "left" errors.

In April, according to Mao Zedong's opinion, the first meeting of the Second National People's Congress passed a resolution that he would no longer serve as the chairman of the country and Liu Shaoqi would be the chairman.

From June 25th to 28th, I went back to my hometown Shaoshan.

From July 2 to August 16, hosted the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and the Eighth Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee in Lushan. The enlarged meeting of the Politburo originally planned to further correct the mistakes of the "Left", but in the later period and at the Eighth Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee, it mistakenly launched a criticism of Peng Dehuai and others.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/113835/0599mt14ZXxwIG8QT5S3ZuwBtlaVFGBM5yzt242up9DDdUebpaZ9dx_x5lPo6IGC2PvYkmwu7mEwzTdugelquJYOBGY32UeKnqlBgccpzGSjWks2gp40ylPO Chronology of Mao Zedong's Life (1957-1961) Communist Party News Network] </ref>

'''1960'''

In March, the fourth volume of "Selected Works of Mao Zedong" was approved in Guangzhou. Published in September.

On March 30, he drafted the "Instructions on Combating Bureaucracy" for the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

From June 14th to 18th, he presided over an enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee in Shanghai, wrote the article " Ten Years Summary ", re-emphasized the principle of seeking truth from facts, and proposed to seriously study the laws of socialist revolution and construction.

From July 5th to August 10th, presided over the work conference of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held in Beidaihe to study international issues and domestic economic adjustment issues.

On November 15, he drafted the "Instructions on Thoroughly Correcting the "Five Winds" Issues" for the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. ''("Five Styles", that is, communist style , exaggerated style , command style, cadre special style and blind command style.)''

=== Adjusting, consolidating, enriching, educating and improving New China and the launch of the Cultural Revolution (1961 - 1970) ===
'''1961'''

From January 14th to 18th, he presided over the Ninth Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and called for the great promotion of investigation and research. This meeting officially approved the eight-character policy for adjusting the national economy. After the meeting, he organized and led three investigation teams to conduct in-depth investigations and researches in the rural areas of Zhejiang, Hunan, and Guangdong.

From May 21st to June 12th, presided over the work meeting of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to discuss and revise the "Regulations on the Work of Rural People's Commune (Draft)" ''(namely, the sixty agricultural articles)'' . It stipulates that the supply system will be abolished; whether or not to run a canteen is entirely up to the members to discuss and decide.

From August 23rd to September 16th, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China hosted a work conference in Lushan to discuss issues such as industry, food, finance and trade, and education. The meeting emphasized the earnest implementation of the eight-character policy of economic adjustment.

On September 29, it proposed "three-level ownership, team-based", and the basic accounting unit of the rural people's communes was delegated to the production team.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/113835/e07fGrGoUsW0yOSpQ8me6eJph38Qpr4eaEy2amSAo-XaC-gZZ__Frl8P32Z49TzdvXHjOKL69U3j0cAYmiDTZDYxuclShWxs56kRImKp7dMDqRgX0WpZLJWU Chronology of Mao Zedong's Life (1957-1961) News of the Communist Party of China] </ref>

'''1962'''

From January 11th to February 7th, he presided over the enlarged Central Work Conference of the Communist Party of China ''(also known as the "Seven Thousand People Conference ")'' and delivered an important speech on the issue of democratic centralism .

From July to September, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Work Conference and the Tenth Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee were held successively in Beidaihe and Beijing, criticizing the so-called "dark wind", "going alone" and "reversing the verdict" and making comments about class, situation, contradictions and inner party The speech on the question of unity further developed the erroneous thesis that class struggle is the principal contradiction in socialist society.

'''1963'''

From February 11th to 28th, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a working conference, which decided to carry out the "Four Cleans" movement in rural areas and the "Five Antis" movement in cities.

On March 5, the inscription "Learn from Comrade Lei Feng" was published in the "People's Daily" .

In May, presided over the formulation of the "Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's Decision on Several Issues Concerning Current Rural Work (Draft)" ''(referred to as the "Ten Articles")'' in Hangzhou , as a programmatic document to guide the "Four Cleans-ups" in rural areas.

On December 16, I heard Nie Rongzhen's report on the ten-year plan for science and technology, and pointed out: Without science and technology, productivity cannot be improved.

In December, the first instruction on literary and artistic work was made.

'''1964'''

On February 13, a symposium on educational work was convened to propose ideas for reforming the educational system.

In May, when listening to the report on the third five-year plan , he put forward the idea of two fists ''(agriculture, national defense)'' and one butt ''(basic industry )''; he also proposed the strategic layout of dividing the country into first, second, and third lines.

On June 15th and 16th, watch the Beijing and Jinan military training report performances.

On June 16, at a small meeting held at the Ming Tombs in Beijing, he gave a speech on cultivating successors to the cause of the proletarian revolution.

In June, he again issued instructions on literary and artistic work, and the literary and artistic circles expanded to other areas of ideology, erroneously carrying out excessive political criticism.

On October 16, China's first atomic bomb was successfully detonated.

From December 15th to 28th, presided over the central working conference to discuss and formulate "Some Issues Presently Raised in the Rural Socialist Education Movement" (referred to as "''23 Articles")'' , and partially correct the "Leftist", but mistakenly stated that "the focus of the movement is to rectify those in power within the party who are taking the capitalist road."<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/113835/d8e9fooguaBoQe9ohz_xjMzFcqqmXMJqPTHTdatP9jphVcyMJxbEUMX2yYcGS9tpuHRKOCNLzV5aTYbj42udcxsSn006JIa1ALB_naHba5UdPGSpoqr5jqGv Chronology of Mao Zedong's Life (1962-1968) News of the Communist Party of China] </ref>

'''1965'''

From May 22nd to 29th, go back to Jinggangshan.

On July 27, he met Li Zongren, the former acting president of the Kuomintang government , and his wife who had returned from overseas.

At the beginning of November, the article "Comment on the New Historical Drama "Hai Jui Dismissed from Office" was approved to be published, which opened the prelude to the "Cultural Revolution".

'''1966'''

On March 12, he sent a letter to Liu Shaoqi, proposing "preparing for war and famine for the people".

At the end of March, he falsely accused the "Outline of the Report on Current Academic Discussions" formulated by the Five-member Cultural Revolution Group chaired by Peng Zhen.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/113835/d8e9fooguaBoQe9ohz_xjMzFcqqmXMJqPTHTdatP9jphVcyMJxbEUMX2yYcGS9tpuHRKOCNLzV5aTYbj42udcxsSn006JIa1ALB_naHba5UdPGSpoqr5jqGv Chronology of Mao Zedong's Life (1962-1968) News of the Communist Party of China] </ref>

On May 7, the "May 7 Instructions" were issued, proposing that the People's Liberation Army "should be a big school", that all walks of life should focus on their own professions, "learn other things at the same time", and "education should be revolutionary" and so on.

On May 16, the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China passed the "Notice of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China" formulated by Mao Zedong, which made a serious miscalculation of the political situation of the party and the country at that time.

From August 1st to 12th, presided over the convening of the Eleventh Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and passed the "Decision on the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution". During the meeting, Mao Zedong's "Bombarding the Headquarters—My Big-Character Poster" written on the 5th was printed and distributed, criticizing "Rightist Revisionism" The enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee in May and the convening of this meeting marked the full launch of the "Cultural Revolution".

From August 18th to November 26th, he met eight times in Beijing with teachers, students and Red Guards from all over the country.

'''1967'''

In January, expressed support for the "January Revolution " in Shanghai. Since then, the wind of seizing power has spread all over the country.

On January 23, the "Decision of the Chinese People's Liberation Army to Resolutely Support the Revolutionary Left Masses" was issued.

On February 11th and 16th, Tan Zhenlin , Chen Yi , Ye Jianying , Li Fuchun , Li Xiannian , Xu Xiangqian , Nie Rongzhen , etc. were dissatisfied with Lin Biao and Jiang Qing 's perverse actions, and strongly criticized the wrong practices of the "Cultural Revolution" in order to "make a big noise." in Huairen Hall. After listening to the report of the Central Cultural Revolution Group, Mao Zedong expressed his dissatisfaction.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/113835/d8e9fooguaBoQe9ohz_xjMzFcqqmXMJqPTHTdatP9jphVcyMJxbEUMX2yYcGS9tpuHRKOCNLzV5aTYbj42udcxsSn006JIa1ALB_naHba5UdPGSpoqr5jqGv Chronology of Mao Zedong's Life (1962-1968) News of the Communist Party of China] </ref>

'''1968'''

On January 16, he made important instructions on the so-called "Notice of Wu Hao and others leaving the Communist Party" and other materials sent by Jiang Qing and others: "This matter has long been clarified, and it was the Kuomintang's rumors and slanders", which made their attempt to frame Zhou Enlai fail.

From October 13th to 31st, he hosted the Twelfth Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Under extremely abnormal circumstances, he made the decision to expel Liu Shaoqi from the party.

On December 22, the directive "It is very necessary for educated youth to go to the countryside and receive re-education from poor and lower-middle peasants" was published in the " People's Daily ", and the upsurge of educated youth going to the mountains and countryside began.

'''1969'''

From April 1st to 24th, he presided over the Ninth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, approved the theories and practices of the "Cultural Revolution", and designated Lin Biao as his successor in the party constitution.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/113835/fb60ClI3JHlc4l0zj9GW9jJxcLOq6-1tYKY8CmWYXNlZGWi2llLv2ZmkaaWRZ3qt-mW544mOKfzQj2czKV5fE0yrR_TjeVRJogRWMeGEyrlDt3U_PJIMAx9J Chronology of Mao Zedong's Life (1969-1976) News of the Communist Party of China] </ref>

On April 28, he was re-elected as the chairman of the Central Committee at the First Plenary Session of the Communist Party of China.

'''1970'''

On April 24, China's first artificial earth satellite was successfully launched.

On May 20, published the statement piece "People of the World Unite, Defeat the U.S. Aggressors and All Their lackeys !"

From August 23rd to September 6th, hosted the Second Plenary Session of the Ninth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in Lushan, and wrote "My Opinion", exposing and defeating Lin Biao and Chen Boda's conspiracy to seize power

On December 18, he met with American friend Snow and expressed his welcome to the visit of US President Nixon to China.

=== The Cultural Revolution and Mao's twilight years (1971 - 1976) ===
'''1971'''

From August to September, during his tour in the south, he had many conversations with the local party, government and army leaders to expose Lin Biao's conspiracy. On the way, he vigilantly changed his action plan several times, and returned to Beijing on September 12 to smash the counter-revolutionary armed coup plot of the Lin Biao clique.

On September 13, Zhou Enlai and others decisively dealt with Lin Biao's defection. When Zhou Enlai asked whether to intercept Lin Biao's landline, Mao Zedong said: "Let him do it."

On October 25, the 26th UN General Assembly overwhelmingly passed a resolution to restore all legal rights of the People's Republic of China in the UN and expel the representatives of the Chiang Kai- shek clique.

On November 14, he received comrades who participated in the symposium in Chengdu, and rehabilitated the so-called " February Adverse Current ".

'''1972'''

On January 10, attended Chen Yi 's memorial service.

On February 21, met with US President Nixon who was visiting China; on the 28th, China and the United States issued a joint communiqué in Shanghai, deciding to realize the normalization of Sino-US relations.

On September 27, he met with Japanese Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka ; on September 29, the Chinese and Japanese governments issued a joint statement announcing the normalization of diplomatic relations between China and Japan and the formal establishment of diplomatic relations.

'''1973'''

In March, it was proposed to restore Deng Xiaoping's position as vice premier of the State Council.

From August 24th to 28th, he presided over the Tenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, allowing a group of older generation proletarian revolutionaries to re-enter the Central Committee, but at the same time, the power of Jiang Qing Group was also strengthened.

On August 30, he was elected chairman of the Central Committee at the First Plenary Session of the Communist Party of China.

In December, Deng Xiaoping was proposed to serve as a member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and chief of staff of the People's Liberation Army. He also proposed to rehabilitate He Long , Luo Ruiqing , Yang Chengwu , Yu Lijin , and Fu Chongbi .

'''1974'''

On January 18, it was approved to forward the materials of " Lin Biao and the Way of Confucius and Mencius". The campaign of " criticizing Lin Piao and Confucius " began.

On February 22, met with Zambian President Kaunda , during the conversation he proposed the idea of " three worlds ".

On July 17, he criticized Wang Hongwen , Zhang Chunqiao , Jiang Qing , and Yao Wenyuan for engaging in gang activities at a meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee , raising the issue of the " Gang of Four " for the first time.<ref>Mao's Last Revolution, page 397</ref>

On September 29, with the approval of Mao Zedong, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China rehabilitated He Long

On October 4, Deng Xiaoping was proposed to be the first vice premier of the State Council.

On November 12, he issued instructions to Jiang Qing 's letter, criticizing her ambition of " forming a cabinet ", and clearly pointed out that "don't let you form a cabinet ''(be the backstage boss)'' ".

'''1975'''

From January 13th to 17th, the first meeting of the Fourth National People's Congress was held in Beijing. The meeting reaffirmed the realization of the four modernizations within this century, elected members of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress with Zhu De as the chairman , appointed The State Council consisted of Zhou Enlai as Premier and Deng Xiaoping as Vice Premier. After the meeting, Zhou Enlai became seriously ill, and the work of the State Council was actually presided over by Deng Xiaoping.

In February, with the support of Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping began to lead the adjustment and rectification of railways and education.

On May 3, the members of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China were convened in Beijing to talk, emphasizing the need to practice Marxism-Leninism , to unite, to be aboveboard, and to criticize the "Gang of Four" again.

On July 14, he made a speech on literature and art issues, pointing out that the party's literature and art policy should be adjusted.

In late November, after reviewing and approving the "Speech Points for Greetings", the so-called "Criticizing Deng and Countering the Rightist Overturning the Verdict" campaign was launched.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/113835/fb60ClI3JHlc4l0zj9GW9jJxcLOq6-1tYKY8CmWYXNlZGWi2llLv2ZmkaaWRZ3qt-mW544mOKfzQj2czKV5fE0yrR_TjeVRJogRWMeGEyrlDt3U_PJIMAx9J Chronology of Mao Zedong's Life (1969-1976) News of the Communist Party of China] </ref>

'''1976'''

On January 8, Zhou Enlai passed away in Beijing.

On January 21 and 28, Hua Guofeng was proposed to be the acting premier of the State Council and to preside over the daily work of the central government.

From late March to April 5, millions of people in Beijing spontaneously came to Tiananmen Square for several days, laying wreaths and poems, mourning Zhou Enlai, and denouncing the " Gang of Four ." Mao Zedong mistakenly approved the report trying to cover up the Tiananmen incident

On April 7, according to Mao Zedong's proposal, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee passed the "Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Comrade Hua Guofeng's Appointment as the First Vice Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Premier of the State Council" and "Resolution on Removing Deng Xiaoping from All Posts Inside and Outside the Party".

On September 9, Mao died in Beijing.

==Library works==
The following are works by Mao in ProleWiki's own Library.
<categorytree mode="pages" depth="5">Library works by Mao Zedong</categorytree>

==References==
[[Category:Anti-imperialists]]
[[Category:Communists]]
<references />
[[Category:Former heads of state]]
[[Category:Marxist theorists]]
[[Category:Socialist rulers]]
[[Category:Mao Zedong Family]]
[[Category:Chinese communists]]

Korean People's Army

2024-02-10T02:20:55Z

Rangerjs1: first nuclear attack sub and first reconnaissance satellite

{{Infobox political party|name=Korean People's Army|native_name=조선인민군|logo=KPA emblem.png|founded=1948 February 8|leader1_title=Supreme Commander|leader1_name=[[Kim Jong-un]]|membership=1,280,000 (active)}}

The '''Korean People's Army''' ('''KPA''') is the military of the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea]] and the revolutionary armed wing of the [[Workers' Party of Korea|Workers' Party]].<ref>{{News citation|date=2021-06-24|title=Korean People's Army|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/dprk/army.htm|newspaper=GlobalSecurity.org|retrieved=2022-03-15}}</ref> It consists of five branches: the [[Korean People's Army Ground Force|Ground Force]], [[Korean People's Army Naval Forces|Naval Force]], [[Korean People's Army Air and Anti-Air Force|Air and Anti-Air Force]], [[Korean People's Strategic Rocket Force|Strategic Rocket Force]], and the [[Korean People's Special Operation Force|Special Operation Force]]. It has 1,280,000 active duty soldiers and 600,000 reserves.<ref>{{Citation|author=IISS|year=2021|title=International Institute for Strategic Studies|page=274|city=London|publisher=The Military Balance 2021|isbn=9781032012278}}</ref>

== History ==
In November of 2023, the Korean People’s Army acquired both their first tactical nuclear attack submarine and their first reconnaissance satellite.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Rodong Sinmun|title=KPA, Strongest Revolutionary Armed Forces in World|date=2024-02-09|url=http://www.rodong.rep.kp/en/index.php?OEAyMDI0LTAyLTA5LUgwMTNAMkBAQDFAMw==|retrieved=2024-02-09}}</ref>

== References ==

Turkistan Islamic Party

2024-02-09T15:22:59Z

Rangerjs1: recognized by Turkey as terror organization

{{Infobox political party|name=Turkistan Islamic Party|native_name=تۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى|logo=TIP flag.png|abbreviation=TIP|leader=[[Abdullah Mansour]]|founder=[[Zeydin Yusup]]|foundation=1988|political_orientation=[[Uyghur nationalism]] [[Islamism]] [[Islamic fundamentalism]] [[Pan-Islamism]] [[Salafi jihadism]] [[Separatism]] [[Anti-communism]]|position=[[Far-right]]|international=[[Qaedat al-Jihad]]|country=[[People's Republic of China]]|country2=[[Syrian Arab Republic]]}}

The '''Turkistan Islamic Party''' ('''TIP'''), formerly known as the '''East Turkestan Islamic Movement''' ('''ETIM'''), is an Islamic extremist organization founded in [[People's Republic of China|China]]. It organized its first attack in Baren Township in [[Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region|Xinjiang]] on 1990 April 5. [[The West]] tends to lie about China's campaigns to combat TIP, wrongly calling it a [[genocide]].<ref>[https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cgct/eng/gdxw/t1870194.htm Xinjiang: what the West doesn't tell you about China's war on terror]</ref>

== Terrorist status ==
The [[United States of America|United States]] informally recognized the TIP as a terrorist organization on 2001 September 3 and formally designated it as a terrorist group in 2004. China recognized it as a terrorist group in 2003.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|newspaper=[[Qiao Collective]]|title=Xinjiang: A Report and Resource Compilation|date=2021-09-21|url=https://www.qiaocollective.com/education/xinjiang|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620004209/https://www.qiaocollective.com/education/xinjiang|archive-date=2022-06-20|retrieved=2022-06-24}}</ref>

In 2002, the [[United Nations]] designated the TIP as a terrorist organization. While the United States of America first labeled the TIP as a terrorist movement in 2004, in 2020, they removed its terrorist status, largely because it was a convenient asset against the PRC.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{News citation|newspaper=DW|title=US removes separatist group condemned by China from terror list|date=2020-11-7|url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-removes-separatist-group-condemned-by-china-from-terror-list/a-55527586|retrieved=2022-7-3}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|author=Tom O'Connor|newspaper=Newsweek|title=Exclusive: Legalized by Trump, Uyghur Separatists See Biden as Ally in Fight Against China|date=2021-12-9|url=https://www.newsweek.com/exclusive-legalized-trump-uyghur-separatists-see-biden-ally-fight-against-china-1628065|retrieved=2022-7-3}}</ref>

ETIM is recognized as a terrorist organization by both the government of [[Turkey]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Global Times|title=Combating ETIM is China's core concern in counter-terrorism and shared responsibility of intl community: FM|date=2024-02-08|url=https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202402/1306930.shtml|retrieved=2023-02-09}}</ref>

== Syrian Civil War ==
Since 2012, the ETIM/TIP has been participating in the [[Syrian Civil War]]. In 2015, it settled in [[Idlib Province]] in [[Syrian Arab Republic|Syria]], near the border with [[Republic of Turkey|Turkey]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
[[Category:Extremism]]
[[Category:People's Republic of China]]

Template:History calendar/02/09

2024-02-09T15:15:28Z

Rangerjs1: spelling

'''1984'''
{{history calendar/calendar event|year=1984|month=02|day=09|event=Former General Secretary of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] and former chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet [[Yuri Andropov]] died.}}

Template:History calendar/02/09

2024-02-09T15:12:33Z

Rangerjs1: blue links and phrasing

Template:History calendar/02/09

2024-02-09T15:00:24Z

Rangerjs1: Yurt Andropov death anniversary

'''1984'''
{{history calendar/calendar event|year=1984|month=02|day=09|event=Former General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Yury Andropov died. He had also been the chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet.}}

South West Africa People's Organisation

2024-01-31T12:28:33Z

Rangerjs1: cats

{{Infobox political party|name=South West Africa People's Organisation|logo=SWAPO Logo.png|founded=1960|abbreviation=SWAPO|president=Hage Geingob|leader1_title=Vice President|leader1_name=Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah|leader2_title=Secretary-General|leader2_name=Sophia Shaningwa|leader3_title=Vice Secretary-General|leader3_name=Nangolo Mbumba|leader4_title=Executive Director|leader4_name=Austin Samupwa|founders=Andimba Toivo ya Toivo Sam Nujoma Jacob Kuhangua Louis Nelengani Lucas Nepela|predecessor=Ovamboland People's Organization|headquarters=Windhoek|newspaper=''Namibia Today''|think tank=SWAPO Think Tank|youth_wing=SWAPO Party Youth League|womens_wing=SWAPO Women's Council|wing1_title=Elder's Wing|wing1=SWAPO Elder's Council|wing2_title=Paramilitary Wing|wing2=People's Liberation Army of Namibia|political_orientation=Since 2017: Socialism with Namibian characteristics 1990-2017: Social Democracy 1960-1990: Marxism-Leninism|affiliation1_title=African Affiliation|affiliation1=Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa}}

The '''South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO)''', officially known as the '''SWAPO Party of Namibia''', is the dominant party and former independence movement of [[Namibia|Republic of Namibia]]. Founded in 1960 as a [[Marxist-Leninist]] revolutionary [[vanguard]], the party had abandoned [[socialism]] and governed according to Social Democratic principles since independence. Since 2017, SWAPO's official party ideology is Socialism with Namibian Characteristics.
[[Category:Pages needing references]]

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

2024-01-25T22:27:07Z

Rangerjs1: Wu Qian comments

{{Infobox settlement|image_map=NATO_Members.svg|conventional_long_name=North Atlantic Treaty Organization|official_languages=English French|native_name=Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord|capital_type=Headquarters|capital=Brussels, [[Belgium]]|established_event1=Formation|established_date1=4 April 1949|image_flag=Flag of NATO.png|image_coat=NATO logo.svg|coa_size=150}}

The '''North Atlantic Treaty Organization''', more often called '''NATO''', and mockingly '''North Atlantic Terrorism Organization''' is the largest terrorist organization in the world.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Communist Party of Turkey]]|title=NATO ile mücadele ertelenemez|date=2023-07-11|url=https://www.tkp.org.tr/aciklamalar/nato-ile-mucadele-ertelenemez/|retrieved=2023-07-18|quote=Dünyanın en büyük terör örgütü NATO’nun bir ülkeyi daha içine alarak genişlemesi artık an meselesi. (English: It is only a matter of time before NATO, the world's largest terrorist organization, expands by incorporating another country.)}}</ref> It began as an [[Anti-communism|anticommunist]] international military treaty created in the [[imperial core]] following the [[Second World War]]<ref>{{News citation|author=[[Ben Norton]]|newspaper=[[Multipolarista]]|title=NATO is a tool of US imperialism that has backed Nazis for decades|date=2022-06-14|url=https://youtu.be/Maqkl4fEQfs}}</ref> and includes most [[Imperialism|imperialist]] states in [[Europe]] and [[North America]].<ref name=":3">{{Web citation|author=John Catalinotto|newspaper=[[Workers World]]|title=A short history of NATO|date=2018-07-16|url=https://www.workers.org/2018/07/38222/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626141139/https://www.workers.org/2018/07/38222/|archive-date=2022-06-26|retrieved=2022-12-23}}</ref>

Its original aim was to defend [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|bourgeois republics]] against a possible [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet]] liberation of [[Europe]]. When this did not occur, NATO moved to funding anticommunist (more often [[Fascism|fascist]]) acts in Europe and abroad. In 1955, the Soviet Union formed the [[Warsaw Pact]] to protect itself and its allies from NATO.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|author=Sara Flounders|newspaper=[[Workers World]]|title=NATO’s global history of reaction|date=2022-04-04|url=https://www.workers.org/2022/04/63075/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822120013/https://www.workers.org/2022/04/63075/|archive-date=2022-08-22|retrieved=2022-09-04}}</ref>

NATO has started wars in [[Afghanistan]], [[Iraq]], [[Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)|Libya]], and [[Syrian Arab Republic|Syria]], causing about a million deaths and creating 38 million refugees.<ref name=":1" /> Its commanders are always appointed by the [[President of the United States|U.S. president]], and it is an arm of [[United States imperialism|U.S. imperialism]].<ref name=":3" /> In the event of a war, the U.S. commander has the power to suspend civilian laws and enact a dictatorship over most of Europe.<ref>{{Citation|author=Stephen Gowans|year=2018|title=Patriots, Traitors and Empires: The Story of Korea’s Struggle for Freedom|chapter=Imperialism|page=49|pdf=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaced4iiga4ngtxusr2civjxewbili5jne2sbpefbx2s3im2kphattzc?filename=Stephen%20Gowans%20-%20Patriots%2C%20Traitors%20and%20Empires_%20The%20Story%20of%20Korea%E2%80%99s%20Struggle%20for%20Freedom-Baraka%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf|city=Montreal|publisher=Baraka Books|isbn=9781771861427|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=8435F6FF91279531705764823FDC2A7F}}</ref>

NATO was described by Chinese Defense Ministry spokesman, Wu Qian as, “a walking war machine” in response to provocative statements towards the [[People's Republic of China]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=RT|title=NATO a ‘walking war machine’ – China|date=2024-01-25|url=https://www.rt.com/news/591290-nato-war-machine-chaos-china/}}</ref>

== Members ==
[[File:NATO expansion.png|thumb|NATO expansion after the fall of the Warsaw Pact]]
The 12 founding members of NATO were [[Belgium]], [[Canada]], [[Kingdom of Denmark|Denmark]], [[France]], [[Iceland]], [[Italy]], [[Luxembourg]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Kingdom of Norway|Norway]], [[Portugal]], the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]].<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|title=NATO member countries|url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52044.htm|date=2023-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116162014/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52044.htm|archive-date=2024-01-16|retrieved=2024-01-17}}</ref> Since that time, other countries have joined the alliance: [[Greece]] and [[Turkey]] (1952), [[Germany]] (1955), [[Spain]] (1982), the [[Czech Republic]], [[Hungary]] and [[Poland]] (1999), [[Bulgaria]], [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Romania]], [[Slovakia]] and [[Slovenia]] (2004), [[Albania]] and [[Croatia]] (2009), [[Montenegro]] (2017), [[Republic of North Macedonia|North Macedonia]] (2020) and [[Finland]] (2023).<ref name=":0" />

In 1990, U.S. Secretary of State [[James Baker]] claimed NATO would not expand into [[Eastern Europe]],<ref>{{Citation|author=[[James Baker]], [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Mikhail Gorbachyov]]|year=1990|title=Memorandum of conversation between Mikhail Gorbachev and James Baker in Moscow|page=6|title-url=https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/16116-document-05-memorandum-conversation-between|publisher=National Security Archive|pdf=https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/sites/default/files/documents/4325679/Document-05-Memorandum-of-conversation-between.pdf|quote=Baker: We understand the need for assurances to the countries in the East. If we maintain a presence in Germany that is part of NATO, there would be no extension of NATO's jurisdiction for forces of NATO one inch to the east.}}</ref> although it did anyway,<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=National Security Archive|title=NATO Expansion: What Gorbachev Heard|url=https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/russia-programs/2017-12-12/nato-expansion-what-gorbachev-heard-western-leaders-early}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Eugene Puryear]]|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=Should we really blame NATO for the Ukraine war?|date=2022-06-05|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/should-we-really-blame-nato-for-the-ukraine-war/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011074105/https://www.liberationnews.org/should-we-really-blame-nato-for-the-ukraine-war/|archive-date=2022-10-11|retrieved=2022-10-22}}</ref> and 14 countries in Central and Eastern Europe joined NATO after the [[overthrow of the Soviet Union]].<ref name=":1">{{News citation|author=[[Chris Hedges]]|newspaper=[[MintPress News]]|title=Chris Hedges: NATO—The Most Dangerous Military Alliance on the Planet|date=2022-07-12|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/chris-hedges-nato-most-dangerous-military-alliance/281304/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721133324/https://www.mintpressnews.com/chris-hedges-nato-most-dangerous-military-alliance/281304/|archive-date=2022-07-21|retrieved=2022-07-26}}</ref>

[[Kingdom of Sweden|Sweden]] will likely join NATO soon. Turkish president [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] gave permission for them to join NATO after they expanded domestic terror laws and lifted restrictions on selling weapons to Turkey.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Romanian anti NATO poster.jpeg|thumb|235x235px|[[Socialist Republic of Romania (1947–1989)|Romanian]] anti-NATO poster saying "[[Neo-fascism|New label]] on [[Fascism|old merchandise]]"]]

=== List of members ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!State
!Accession to NATO<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flagicon|Flag of Albania.svg}} [[Albania]]
|1 April 2009
|-
|{{Flagicon|Flag of Belgium.svg}} [[Kingdom of Belgium|Belgium]]
|Founder (1949)
|-
|{{Flagicon|Bulgarian flag.png}} [[Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]
|29 March 2004
|-
|{{Flagicon|Canada.png}} [[Canada]]
|Founder (1949)
|-
|{{Flagicon|Flag of Croatia.svg}} [[Republic of Croatia|Croatia]]
|1 April 2009
|-
|{{Flagicon|Czech flag.png}} [[Czech Republic]]
|12 March 1999
|-
|{{Flagicon|Flag of Denmark.png}} [[Kingdom of Denmark|Denmark]]
|Founder (1949)
|-
|{{Flagicon|Flag of Estonia.svg}} [[Republic of Estonia|Estonia]]
|29 March 2004
|-
|{{Flagicon|Flag of Finland.svg}} [[Republic of Finland|Finland]]
|4 April 2023
|-
|{{Flagicon|Flag of France.svg}} [[French Republic|France]]
|Founder (1949)
|-
|{{Flagicon|Flag of Germany.svg}} [[Federal Republic of Germany|Germany]]
|6 May 1955
(West Germany)

3 October 1990

(Germany as a whole)
|-
|{{Flagicon|Flag of Greece.svg}} [[Hellenic Republic|Greece]]
|18 February 1952
|-
|{{Flagicon|Hungarian flag.png}} [[Hungary]]
|12 March 1999
|-
|{{Flagicon|Flag of Iceland.svg}} [[Iceland]]
|Founder (1949)
|-
|{{Flagicon|Flag of Italy.svg}} [[Italian Republic|Italy]]
|Founder (1949)
|-
|{{Flagicon|Flag of Latvia.svg}} [[Republic of Latvia|Latvia]]
|29 March 2004
|-
|{{Flagicon|Flag of Lithuania.svg}} [[Republic of Lithuania|Lithuania]]
|29 March 2004
|-
|{{Flagicon|Flag of Luxembourg.png}} [[Grand Duchy of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]]
|Founder (1949)
|-
|{{Flagicon|Flag of Montenegro.svg}} [[Montenegro]]
|5 June 2017
|-
|{{Flagicon|Dutch flag.png}} [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Netherlands]]
|Founder (1993)
|-
|{{Flagicon|Flag of North Macedonia.svg}} [[North Macedonia]]
|27 March 2020
|-
|{{Flagicon|Flag_of_Norway.svg}} [[Kingdom of Norway|Norway]]
|Founder (1949)
|-
|{{Flagicon|Flag of Poland.svg}} [[Republic of Poland|Poland]]
|12 March 1999
|-
|{{Flagicon|Flag of Portugal.svg}} [[Portuguese Republic|Portugal]]
|Founder (1949)
|-
|{{Flagicon|Flag of Romania.png}} [[Romania]]
|29 March 2004
|-
|{{Flagicon|Flag of Slovakia.svg}} [[Slovak Republic|Slovakia]]
|29 March 2004
|-
|{{Flagicon|Flag of Slovenia.svg}} [[Republic of Slovenia|Slovenia]]
|29 March 2004
|-
|{{Flagicon|Spanish flag.png}} [[Kingdom of Spain|Spain]]
|30 May 1982
|-
|{{Flagicon|Flag of Turkey.svg}} [[Republic of Türkiye|Turkey]]
|18 February 1952
|-
|{{Flagicon|Flag of the United Kingdom.svg}} [[United Kingdom]]
|Founder (1949)
|-
|{{Flagicon|Flag of the United States.svg}} [[United States of America|United States]]
|Founder (1949)
|}

== Anticommunist projects ==
NATO took over anti-Soviet subversive activities from their predecessors when they started operating [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi]] general [[Richard Gehlen]]'s network of spies in the Soviet Union.

NATO is perhaps best known among European communists for [[Operation Gladio]], which is a name given to a series of operations that consisted of funding fascist groups in Europe to assassinate and destabilize communists in the 20th century. In 2022, a Spanish lawmaker [[Gerado Pisarello]] criticized NATO for promoting a [[New Cold War]] on [[People's Republic of China|China]].<ref>{{News citation|author=[[Ben Norton]]|newspaper=[[Multipolarista]]|title=Spanish lawmaker: NATO subordinates Europe to US, pushes war on China, enriches weapons companies|date=2022-07-05|url=https://youtu.be/F4C6MKbhuZQ}}</ref>

NATO supported a right-wing military coup in Greece in 1967. It sent warships to Portugal in 1975 to repress the [[Proletariat|working class]] after the fall of the fascist [[Estado Novo]] regime.<ref name=":3" />

== Imperialist acts ==
The Coalition fighting in Afghanistan, in a [[Afghanistan War|conflict]] that started in 1979 when the Afghan government asked the USSR to help fight against the [[Mujahideen]], was sent on the request of NATO.

NATO invaded and destroyed Iraq in 1991.<ref name=":2" />

NATO bombed [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]] and [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2006)|Serbia]] during the [[Yugoslav Wars]].<ref name=":1" /> This bombing violated NATO's own charter because Yugoslavia never attacked any NATO member.<ref name=":02">{{Citation|author=[[Michael Parenti]]|year=2000|title=To Kill a Nation|chapter=NATO's War Crimes|page=115–116|pdf=https://leftychan.net/edu/src/1614706295182-3.pdf|publisher=Verso}}</ref>

When the USA was attacked on [[9/11|September 11, 2001]] and followed with a declaration of [[Iraq War|war against Iraq]] for imperialist interests, NATO—by their own admission—put their principle of collective defence to practice: if one member country is attacked, then all must join the war in defense. It is important to note that the government of Iraq never claimed responsibility or was ever tied to the terrorist attacks. Notably, president Bush admitted in 2006 that Saddam Hussein, president of Iraq in 2001, was not responsible for the attack<ref>{{News citation|title=Bush: Saddam was not responsible for 9/11|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/12/september11.usa2|author=Suzanne Goldenberg|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=2006-09-12}}</ref>.

NATO invaded the [[Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]] in 2011, causing a complete collapse of the country.<ref name=":1" />

NATO backed Turkey's occupation of parts of [[Syrian Arab Republic|Syria]] and Iraq. Turkey has the second largest military of any NATO member.<ref name=":1" />

In June 2022, NATO announced it would increase its standing army in Europe from 40,000 to 300,000 troops, including over 3,000 troops in the [[Baltics|Baltic]] states on the border with [[Russian Federation|Russia]].<ref>{{News citation|author=Andre Damon|newspaper=[[World Socialist Web Site]]|title=NATO announces plan for massive European land army|date=2022-06-27|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2022/06/28/sosw-j28.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630011006/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2022/06/28/sosw-j28.html|archive-date=2022-06-30|retrieved=2022-06-30}}</ref> NATO also added [[People's Republic of China|China]] to its list of enemies and labeled it a "systemic challenge."<ref>{{News citation|author=Sameena Rahman|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=NATO officially adds China to its list of enemies|date=2022-06-30|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/nato-officially-adds-china-to-its-list-of-enemies/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630223716/https://www.liberationnews.org/nato-officially-adds-china-to-its-list-of-enemies/|archive-date=2022-06-30|retrieved=2022-07-02}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Imperialist intergovernmental organizations]]

People's Republic of China

2024-01-01T04:04:02Z

Rangerjs1: phrasing

{{Infobox country
| name = People's Republic of China
| native_name = 中华人民共和国 Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó
| image_coat = National Emblem of the People's Republic of China.svg
| image_flag = Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg
| symbol_type = National Emblem
| image_map = Orthographic map of China.svg
| map_width = 220px
|official_languages=[[Mandarin|Standard Chinese]]|recognized_regional_languages=Mongolian · Uyghur · Tibetan · Zhuang · others| capital = [[Beijing]]
| largest_city = [[Chongqing]]
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Marxist–Leninist]] [[Socialist state|people's republic]]
| established_event1 = Unification of China by Qin Shi Huang
| established_date1 = 221 BCE
| established_event2 = Founding of the Yuan dynasty
| established_date2 = 5 November 1271
| population_estimate = 1,463,140,000
| population_estimate_year = 2020
|labour_force=784 million<ref name="statista">Statista. ''[https://www.statista.com/statistics/251380/number-of-employed-persons-in-china/#:~:text=The%20labor%20force%20of%20China,were%20working%20in%20rural%20areas.]''</ref>|unemployment=5.5%|labour_force_participation=48.07%|labour_occupation=53.3% services 39.4% industry 7.3% agriculture<ref name="investopedia">Investopedia. ''[https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/103114/chinas-gdp-examined-servicesector-surge.asp#:~:text=The%20industry%20sector%2C%20which%20includes,reflecting%20the%20growth%20of%20services.]''</ref>|GDP_PPP=$24.861 trillion (2017 US Dollars)<ref name="CIA-factbook">CIA World Factbook (2023). ''[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/#economy China – World Factbook]''</ref>|GDP_PPP_per_capita=$17,600 (2017 US Dollars)<ref name="CIA-factbook">CIA World Factbook (2023). ''[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/#economy China – World Factbook]''</ref>|GDP_PPP_year=2021|GDP_PPP_rank=1st|GDP_nominal=$14.327 trillion<ref name="CIA-factbook">CIA World Factbook (2023). ''[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/#economy China – World Factbook]''</ref>|GDP_nominal_year=2019|drives_on=right|calling_code=+86 +852 (Hong Kong SAR) +853 (Macao SAR)|iso3166code=CN|cctld=.cn, .hk, .mo|organizations=[[WTO]], [[SCO]], [[BRI]]|ruling_party=[[Communist Party of China]]| leader_title1 = President and [[General Secretary of the People's Republic of China|General Secretary]]
| leader_name1 = [[Xi Jinping]]
| leader_title3 = [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|Premier]]
| leader_name3 = [[Li Qiang]]
| leader_title2 = Vice President
| leader_name2 = [[Han Zheng]]
|established_date3=1 October 1949|established_event3=Establishment of the People's Republic of China|mode_of_production=[[Socialism]]}}
'''China''', officially the '''People's Republic of China''' ('''PRC'''), is a [[Socialism|socialist]] country in [[East Asia]].<ref>{{Web citation|title=Western experts should understand China’s building of socialism from China’s perspective|url=https://socialistchina.org/2022/01/16/western-experts-should-understand-chinas-building-of-socialism-from-chinas-perspective/|newspaper=[[Friends of Socialist China]]|date=2022-01-16}}</ref> It is the world's most populous country with a population of around 1.4 billion in 2019. It is led by the [[Communist Party of China]] (CPC). As of June 2021, CPC membership is about 7% of the population or 95.15 million members.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Zhao Yusha, Wan Lin|newspaper=Global TImes|title=Number of CPC members totals 95.148m as of June|date=2021-06-31|url=https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202106/1227455.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709005014/https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202106/1227455.shtml|archive-date=2023-07-09|retrieved=2023-07-18}}</ref>

The [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China|Chinese constitution]] states that the PRC "is a [[socialist state]] under the [[people's democratic dictatorship]] led by the [[Proletariat|working class]] and based on the alliance of workers and [[Peasantry|peasants]]" and that the state organs "apply the principle of [[democratic centralism]]."<ref name=":0">Constitution of the People's Republic of China ([https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/China_2018.pdf?lang=en PDF in English])</ref> Over 95% of the Chinese population supports the government.<ref name=":8">{{Web citation|author=Nia Frome|newspaper=[[Red Sails]]|title=China Has Billionaires|date=2021-04-05|url=https://redsails.org/china-has-billionaires/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129030202/https://redsails.org/china-has-billionaires/|archive-date=2022-11-29|retrieved=2022-12-06}}</ref>

The People's Republic of China is one of only five [[Socialism|socialist]] states in the world today (alongside [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]], [[Lao People's Democratic Republic|Laos]], [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|People's Korea]] and [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam|Vietnam]]). Over the last few years it has emerged as the world's leading economic power, and as a result has been subjected to near-constant demonization from [[Bourgeois media|Western media]] and propaganda outlets.<ref>{{Citation|title-url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/10/06/unfavorable-views-of-china-reach-historic-highs-in-many-countries/|title=Unfavorable views of China reach historic highs in many countries|year=2020|author=Laura Silver, Kat Devlin and Christine Huang|publisher=Pew Research Center|pdf=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/10/PG_2020.10.06_Global-Views-China_FINAL.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|title=Categorically Debunking the Claim that China is Imperialist|author=Rainer Shea|newspaper=[[Orinoco Tribune]]|url=https://orinocotribune.com/catagorically-debunking-the-claim-that-china-is-imperialist/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128110445/https://orinocotribune.com/catagorically-debunking-the-claim-that-china-is-imperialist/|archive-date=2021-11-28}}</ref> The PRC's guiding ideology is [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxism–Leninism]] and [[Mao Zedong Thought]].<ref>'''[http://www.npc.gov.cn/zgrdw/englishnpc/Constitution/node_2827.htm Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China]'''

(Adopted at the Second Session of the Ninth National People's Congress and promulgated for implementation by the Announcement of the National People's Congress on March 15, 1999)</ref>

== History ==
<blockquote>''For detailed history of China before 1949, see [[History of China]].''</blockquote>In accordance with [[historical materialism]], Chinese history can be divided into [[Primitive communism|primitive]], [[Slavery|slave]], and [[Feudalism|feudal]] eras. Modern Chinese historians do not, however, use the terms "capitalist era" or "socialist era." This is because the capitalist period of Chinese history fits into the broader [[New Democratic Revolution period|New-Democratic Revolution period]] (1919–1949). The socialist era, which began in 1956, is likewise not considered an era of Chinese history but instead is considered part of the People's Republic period (starting in 1949).<ref name=":1">Bai Shouyi (2008). ''An outline history of China.'' Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. ISBN 9787119052960</ref>

=== Early history ===

==== Antiquity ====
China's recorded history goes back more than 3,200 years. Before the unification of China under the [[Qin dynasty (221 BCE–206 BCE)|Qin]] and [[Han dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE)|Han]] dynasties, a class of warriors controlled the land and collected tribute. Most economic activity was self-sufficient but there was some high-value trade organized by royal courts. Literate administrative officials were awarded with land grants that became hereditary property. The monarch retained ultimate ownership of all land.<ref name=":7">{{News citation|author=Ken Hammond|newspaper=[[Liberation School]]|title=Beyond the sprouts of capitalism: China’s early capitalist development and contemporary socialist project|date=2021-09-13|url=https://www.liberationschool.org/beyond-the-sprouts-of-capitalism-understanding-chinas-contemporary-socialist-project/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428004222/https://www.liberationschool.org/beyond-the-sprouts-of-capitalism-understanding-chinas-contemporary-socialist-project/|archive-date=2022-04-28|retrieved=2022-07-25}}</ref>

==== Imperial China ====
China transitioned from slavery to feudalism under the [[Zhou dynasty (1046 BCE–256 BCE)|Zhou]] and Qin dynasties, when government officials built up large land holdings. Under feudalism, almost all land was owned by the emperor, nobility, and landlords. Peasants had to give half or more of their crop to the landowners and landlords could abuse or kill peasants at will. Small landholders who farmed land distributed to them by the emperor also existed in this period. Exchange did not have an important role in the economy during this period.<ref>{{Citation|author=Mao Zedong|year=1939|title=The Chinese Revolution and the Chinese Communist Party|chapter=Chinese Society|section=The Old Feudal Society|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-2/mswv2_23.htm}}</ref> The number and location of markets were restricted and they were strictly controlled by the emperor.

In imperial China, government officials were recruited based on recommendations from serving officials, allowing aristocratic families to stay in power for generations. The Han dynasty collapsed in 220 CE and China was reunified under the [[Sui dynasty (581–618)|Sui]] and [[Tang dynasty (618–907)|Tang]] dynasties. The An Lushan rebellion from 755 to 763 weakened the Tang dynasty and reduced restrictions on markets. Peasants attacked estates and burned papers documenting the status of aristocrats. In 907, the Tang dynasty collapsed and several small states fought for power until the Zhao brothers established the [[Song dynasty (960–1279)|Song dynasty]] in 960.

Under the Song dynasty, a landed gentry emerged that outnumbered the nobility working for the emperor. Markets expanded and connected China to global trade networks. In the 12th century, the Jurchen invaded northern China and established their own dynasty, while the Song continued to rule in the south. The [[Great Mongol Nation (1206–1368)|Mongol Empire]] invaded China in the 13th century and established the Mongol-led [[Yuan dynasty (1271–1368)|Yuan dynasty]]. The Mongols engaged in international trade, but their anti-commercial policies reduced domestic commerce.

The Yuan dynasty was overthrown in 1368 after being weakened by disease and rebellions and the [[Ming dynasty (1368–1644)|Ming dynasty]] was founded. The first Ming emperor opposed the merchants and promoted a society based on agriculture and self-sufficiency. In 1644, the Manchus overthrew the Ming dynasty and established the [[Qing dynasty (1636–1912)|Qing dynasty]]. In 1793, the [[Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1801)|British]] sent a diplomatic mission to China to establish trade relations. The Qianlong emperor agreed to open a port for the British at Guangzhou but refused to give them access to all of China's ports.<ref name=":7" />

===Semi-colonial and semi-feudal society (1840–1949)===
The era of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society was divided into two parts: The Old Democratic Revolution, which began with the [[First Opium War]] in 1840 and ended with the May 4th Movement in 1919, and the New Democratic Revolution, which lasted until the founding of the People's Republic in 1949. This 109-year period is also know as the "century of humiliation".<ref name=":1" />

==== Old Democratic Revolution period (1840–1919) ====
[[File:Battle of Sanyuanli.png|thumb|Depiction of Chinese and [[British]] forces fighting in the First Opium War]]
The Old Democratic Revolution was a period of establishing western "democracy" and dismantling feudalism, which is where it gets its name from. Rather than being a revolutionary movement by the people of China, it was a revolutionary change caused by the invasion and occupation of China by western powers. It began with the First Opium War when the feudal [[Qing dynasty]] tried to restrict the drug trade of opium in China. The United Kingdom, and later the United States of America, responded by declaring war on China.<ref name=":1" />

The conditions during this occupation were terrible. Notably in the British settlement of Shanghai, signboards were hung up outside parks prohibiting Chinese and dogs inside. The occupying powers forced local Chinese to carry them from place to place, and they also engaged in [[foot binding]].<ref name=":1" />

==== New Democratic Revolution period (1919–1949) ====
The New Democratic Revolution was a revolution by the people of China against the weak Qing dynasty and the occupying Western powers. It is known as a democratic revolution because it still accepted the basic ideology of Western [[capitalism]], but it was different in that it rejected [[colonialism]] and was fought by the people themselves. This revolution successfully brought down the Qing dynasty and established the [[Republic of China]], but this state was even weaker than the Qing dynasty and most of the country was now ruled by warlords.<ref name=":1" />

At that time, China was one of the poorest societies in the world, plagued by starvation and feudal oppression. The vast majority of the population was engaged in subsistence agriculture, and a survey on the causes of death conducted in 1929-31 revealed that more than half of all deaths were caused by infectious diseases.<ref name=":2">David Hipgrave (2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3484775/ ''Communicable disease control in China: From Mao to now'']. Journal of Global Health.</ref> Famines were widespread and severe periods of hunger were lived by many Chinese peasants. During this period, China also suffered from illiteracy and high inequality. Estimates from this period suggest that, landlords and rich peasants taken together typically owned upward of half the land even though their share in the population typically did not exceed 10 percent. Poor peasants and agricultural labourers who owned little to no land formed the majority of the population.<ref name=":3">Robin Burgess (2005). ''Mao's legacy: Access to land and hunger in Modern China''. The London School of Economics and Political Science. ([http://econ.lse.ac.uk/staff/rburgess/wp/land3.pdf PDF link])</ref>

Educational standards during this period were terrible, if not inexistent. In 1949, more than 80 per cent of China's population was illiterate. Enrollment rates in primary and middle schools were abysmal: 20 and 6 per cent, respectively.<ref name=":4">Kimberly Singer Babiarz, Karen Eggleston, Grant Miller & Qiong Zhang (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4331212/ An exploration of China's mortality decline under Mao: A provincial analysis, 1950–80]. </ref> In addition, women's rights were highly curtailed and patriarchal norms were widespread, and this culture kept growing as [[Kuomintang]] rule took root in the Taiwan province.<ref>{{Citation|title=Women under Kuomintang rule: Variations on the feminine mystique|author=Norma Diamond|year=1975|doi=10.1177/009770047500100101|publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref>

In 1925, the [[Empire of Japan]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|U.K.]] sent troops to assist warlords in northern China. In 1926, the Northern Expeditionary Army of the CPC and Kuomintang defeated the warlords in Hebei province. On 1927 March 27, workers established a commune in [[Shanghai]], which was crushed by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] when the Kuomintang turned against the CPC. At this point, the CPC organized an uprising of 30,000 led by [[Zhou Enlai]] and [[Zhu De]] against the nationalist forces. In October 1927, Mao was sent to [[Hunan]] and organized the first revolutionary base in the Jinggang Mountains. Zhu De joined Mao's forces and they repelled three attacks from the Kuomintang between 1928 and 1931. The [[Chinese Red Army]] soon grew to 100,000 people.<ref name=":6">{{Web citation|newspaper=Banned Thought|title=Remembering the Chinese Revolution|url=https://www.bannedthought.net/India/PeoplesMarch/PM1999-2006/publications/50%20years/part1.htm|retrieved=2022-05-14}}</ref>

On 1931 September 18, Japanese forces attacked the northeastern city of [[Shenyang]]. The Kuomintang's army withdrew from the area and did not resist the Japanese. In 1932, a nationalist army of 500,000 was defeated by the Red Army. In October 1933, Chiang Kai-shek mustered a force of a million troops, forcing the CPC and Red Army to flee west to [[Zunyi]] in the [[Long March]]. At the party conference in Zunyi in 1935, Mao's military line was established and [[Opportunism|opportunists]] were removed from power. By the end of the Long March, the Red Army's forces had dropped from 300,000 to 30,000.<ref name=":6" />

===First Generation (1949–1976)===
[[File:Build a new China poster.png|thumb|250x250px|"Build a new China and make a great effort to forge ahead'''.'''"]]
[[File:Sino-SovietFriendshipPoster1951.jpg|thumb|229x229px|A Sino-Soviet Friendship poster from 1951]]
The first generation of leadership covers the extent of time that [[Zhou Enlai]] was the premier of the PRC. Mao Zedong was extremely influential in Chinese politics at this time, but he held the office Chairman of the PRC for only 9 years. For the rest of this 27 year long period, Mao Zedong was the General Secretary of the CPC. This generation was mainly characterized by Mao Zedong's political theory now known as [[Mao Zedong Thought]].<ref>''The historic contribution made by the first generation of the party's central collective leadership to the creation of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era'' (Chinese: [http://dangshi.people.com.cn/n/2013/1128/c85037-23683646.html 党的第一代中央领导集体为新时期开创中国特色社会主义所作的历史性贡献])</ref>

The first generation marks the founding of the People's Republic of China, an event captured on film.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UvgLUGRhuwU Mao Zedong 毛泽东 declares the Peoples' Republic of China 1949]. YouTube. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</ref> The newly victorious socialist government promoted remarkable changes in Chinese society: establishing land reform, providing equal rights for women, seeing through campaigns for disease prevention and decreasing infant mortality.<ref name=":2" />

In 1958, China tried to end the U.S. occupation of [[Taiwan Province]] but had to retreat when the USA sent its nuclear-armed Seventh Fleet.<ref name=":1222">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Havana|page=109|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref>

==== Industrialization and collectivization ====
The land reforms led to the destruction of feudal [[relations of production]] in agriculture, leading to virtually universal access to land and a dramatic reduction in poverty and hunger.<ref name=":3" /> Education also improved dramatically in this period. During the 1950s, investments in primary and secondary school infrastructure increased considerably, and dramatic increases in attendance followed. Primary school enrollment rates rose to 80% by 1958 and to 97% by 1975, and secondary school rates increased to 46% by 1977.<ref name=":4" />

During this period, China's growth in life expectancy ranks as among the most rapid sustained increases in documented global history,<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Citation|title=Health system in China|author=David Hipgrave, Yan Mu|year=2018|doi=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8715-3_42}}</ref> mainly because of the socialist government's radical commitment to the elimination of poverty and to improving living conditions of the people; an effort which has brought the elimination of widespread hunger, illiteracy, and ill health, remarkable reduction in chronic undernourishment and child mortality, and a dramatic expansion of longevity.<ref name=":5">Amartya Kumar Sen (2006). ''Perspectives on the Economic and Human Development of India and China''. Universitätsverlag Göttingen. ISBN: 978-3-938616-63-5</ref> Systematic efforts to vaccinate the population against polio, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, scarlet fever, cholera and other diseases were rapid and reputedly successful, virtually eradicating smallpox within the span of only three years.<ref name=":4" />

==== Great Leap Forward ====
Even though China achieved many positive changes in society during this period, the first generation experienced problems in its governance, most notably during the [[Great Leap Forward]], which was a colossal failure, contributing to the Great Chinese Famine, which had major long-term effects on health and economic development in China, leading to reduced population height, and having a negative impact on labor supply and earnings of famine survivors.<ref>{{Citation|title=The long-term health and economic consequences of the 1959-1961 famine in China|year=2007|author=Yuyu Chen, Li-An Zhou|publisher=Journal of Health Economics|doi=10.1016/j.jhealeco.2006.12.006}}</ref>

==== Sino-Soviet split ====
In the 1970s, China had an opportunistic foreign policy and frequently sided with the United States against the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]]. It supported the [[Hellenic Republic|Greek]] [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]<ref>{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=1995|title=Killing Hope|chapter=|section=|page=219|quote=|pdf=|city=Monroe|publisher=|isbn=1567510523|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=https://archive.org/details/killinghopeusmil00blum_0/page/219/mode/2up|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> junta and [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan|Pakistan]]'s war against [[People's Republic of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] and quickly recognized [[Augusto Pinochet|Pinochet]]'s dictatorship in [[Republic of Chile|Chile]].<ref name=":12222">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Tawang|page=174|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref>

==== Cultural Revolution ====
Another campaign, the [[Cultural Revolution|Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution]] resulted in overzealous local cadres taking the situation out of control, destroying sites of heritage and recklessly denouncing people in their community.{{Helper}}

===Second Generation (1976–1992)===
The second generation of leadership covers the extent of time that [[Deng Xiaoping]] was influential in Chinese politics. Deng Xiaoping only held two positions of power during this time: Chair of the Central Military Commission of the PRC for four years, and Chair of the Central Military Commission of the CPC for 8 years. For the rest of this 16 year long period, Deng Xiaoping held no positions of power but was still considered the most influential figure in Chinese politics. This generation was mainly characterized by the development of [[Socialism with Chinese Characteristics|socialism with Chinese characteristics]].<ref>''The whole process of the formation of the central collective leadership with Deng Xiaoping as the core''. (Chinese: [http://dangshi.people.com.cn/n/2013/0608/c85037-21793779.html 邓小平为核心的中央领导集体形成始末])</ref>

The [[Reform and Opening Up]] programs introduced in this period produced impressive results. The Chinese economy saw a rapid expansion in both investment and consumption, rapid rises in both productivity and the wage rate, and rapid increases in job creation, which provided the necessary material conditions for broader social development, including the reconstruction of a publicly-funded healthcare system and acceleration of the process of urbanization.<ref>{{Citation|title=State-owned enterprises in Chinese economic transformation: Institutional functionality and credibility in alternative perspectives|year=2020|author=Dic Lo|publisher=Journal of Economic Issues|doi=10.1080/00213624.2020.1791579}}</ref>

Inspired by [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Gorbachev]] in the Soviet Union, [[Zhao Ziyang]] and his [[Opportunism|right-opportunist]] clique attempted to restore capitalism in the late 1980s.<ref>{{Web citation|date=2022-12-24|title=Red Theory: The achievements of socialism in China|url=https://www.fightbacknews.org/2022/12/24/red-theory-achievements-socialism-china|newspaper=[[Fight Back! News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123044644/https://www.fightbacknews.org/2022/12/24/red-theory-achievements-socialism-china|archive-date=2023-01-23|retrieved=2023-02-05|author=J. Sykes}}</ref> The CIA and its cut-out, the [[National Endowment for Democracy|NED]], attempted a [[1989 Tian'anmen Square riots|color revolution in 1989]] and lynched unarmed [[People's Liberation Army|PLA]] soldiers before being defeated.<ref name=":02">{{News citation|author=Tom|newspaper=Mango Press|title=The Tian'anmen Square 'Massacre': The West's Most Persuasive, Most Pervasive Lie|date=2021-06-04|url=https://www.mango-press.com/the-tiananmen-square-massacre-the-wests-most-persuasive-most-pervasive-lie/|retrieved=2022-04-21}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{News citation|author=[[Brian Becker]]|newspaper=[[Liberation School]]|title=Tiananmen: The Massacre that Wasn’t|date=2014-06-13|url=https://www.liberationschool.org/tiananmen-the-massacre-that-wasnt/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102183128/https://www.liberationschool.org/tiananmen-the-massacre-that-wasnt/|archive-date=2022-01-02|retrieved=2022-06-20}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{News citation|author=Milton James|newspaper=Critical Social Work Publishing House|title=1989 Tiananmen Square "Student Massacre" was a hoax|date=2020-07-08|url=https://www.criticalsocialworkpublishinghouse.com/post/1989-tiananmen-square-student-massacre-was-a-hoax|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321183536/https://www.criticalsocialworkpublishinghouse.com/post/1989-tiananmen-square-student-massacre-was-a-hoax|archive-date=2022-03-21|retrieved=2022-06-05}}</ref>

===Third Generation (1992–2002) ===
The third generation of leadership covers the extent of time that [[Jiang Zemin]] was general secretary of the CPC and president of the PRC.<ref>''The top priority of the third generation of collective leadership''.(Chinese: [http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/33839/34943/34944/34947/2617549.html 第三代领导集体的当务之急])</ref> It was mainly characterized by Jiang Zemin's political theory known as the [[Three Represents]].<ref>''What is the scientific meaning of "Three Represents"?'' (Chinese:[http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64156/64157/4418474.html “三个代表”的科学含义是什么？])</ref>

The Three Represents theory refers to the following:

#Representing the development trend of China’s advanced productive forces.
#Representing the orientation of China's advanced culture.
#Representing the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people.
[[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|Hong Kong]] and [[Macao Special Administrative Region|Macao]] were peacefully returned to China, China joined the [[World Trade Organization]], the CPC cracked down on the [[Fascism|fascist]] cult [[Falun Gong]], and China successfully weathered the late-1990s Asian financial crisis during this period.

=== Fourth Generation (2002–2012)===
The fourth generation of leadership covers the extent of time when [[Hu Jintao]] was the general secretary of the CPC and president of the PRC and [[Wen Jiabo]] was premier. It was mainly characterized by Hu Jintao's political theory known as the [[Scientific Outlook on Development|scientific outlook on development]].

China weathered the [[SARS epidemic]] and the [[Great Recession]] during this period, saw the re-introduction of universal healthcare and social welfare, and China hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics.

===Fifth Generation (2012–present)===
The fifth generation of leadership covers the extent of time that [[Xi Jinping]] has been the general secretary of the CPC and president of the PRC, and that [[Li Keqiang]] and [[Li Qiang]] have been the premier.<ref>''The fifth generation of collective leadership in China'' (Chinese: [https://www.cqwcsy.com/news/55559/ 中国第五代领导集体])</ref> A key component of Xi's leadership is his administration's ongoing crackdown and cleaning out of CIA and other [[Capital|capitalist]] orgs' penetration of the CPC and wider Chinese society.<ref>''China Used Stolen Data To Expose CIA Operatives In Africa And Europe'' [https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/12/21/china-stolen-us-data-exposed-cia-operatives-spy-networks/]</ref>

The biggest project of the fifth generation of leadership has been the [[Belt and Road Initiative]]. Other endeavors made during this generation include the Chinese Space Station, the Two Centennial Goals, and Green Development.

The main political contribution made during the fifth generation has been [[Xi Jinping Thought]] but other contributions have been made such as the [[Core Socialist Values]] and the [[Chinese Dream]].

China saved millions of lives in a two-year shutdown following the [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] pandemic, from early 2020 to late 2022.<ref>https://news.cgtn.com/news/2022-12-11/China-eases-dynamic-zero-COVID-policy-and-what-s-next--1fGkZEacoh2/index.html</ref> The fifth generation of governance has also seen the re-collectivization of agriculture in the countryside,<ref>https://mronline.org/2022/06/03/how-china-strengthened-food-security-and-fought-poverty-with-state-funded-cooperatives/</ref> and the alleviation of extreme poverty.<ref>http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-04/06/c_139860414.htm</ref>

== Administrative divisions==
[[File:China_administrative_regions.svg|thumb|alt=|Map of China with its administrative divisions at a province-level.]]
China has 34 province-level divisions: 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government, and 2 special administrative region.<ref>Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China [https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ljzg_665465/zgjk_665467/3572_665469/t1140993.shtml Administrative Division System]</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Seat of Government
!Area (100,000 km2)
!Population (100,000)
|-
|[[Beijing|Beijing Municipality]]
|[[Beijing]]
|0.168
|125.7
|-
|[[Tianjin|Tianjin Municipality]]
|[[Tianjin]]
|0.113
|95.9
|-
|[[Hebei|Hebei Province]]
|[[Shijiazhuang]]
|1.900
| 661.4
|-
|[[Shanxi|Shanxi Province]]
|[[Taiyuan]]
|1.560
|320.4
|-
|[[Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region]]
|[[Hohhot]]
|11.830
|236.2
|-
|[[Liaoning|Liaoning Province]]
|[[Shenyang]]
|1.457
|417.1
|-
|[[Jilin|Jilin Province]]
|[[Changchun]]
|1.870
| 265.8
|-
|[[Heilongjiang|Heilongjiang Province]]
|[[Harbin]]
|4.690
|379.2
|-
|[[Shanghai|Shanghai Municipality]]
|[[Shanghai]]
|0.062
|147.4
|-
|[[Jiangsu|Jiangsu Province]]
|[[Nanjing]]
|1.026
|721.3
|-
|[[Zhejiang|Zhejiang Province]]
|[[Hangzhou]]
|1.018
|447.5
|-
|[[Anhui|Anhui Province]]
|[[Hefei]]
|1.390
|623.7
|-
|[[Fujian|Fujian Province]]
|[[Fuzhou]]
|1.200
|331.6
|-
|[[Jiangxi|Jiangxi Province]]
|[[Nanchang]]
|1.666
|423.1
|-
|[[Shandong|Shandong Province]]
|[[Jinan]]
|1.530
|888.3
|-
|[[Henan|Henan Province]]
|[[Zhengzhou]]
|1.670
|938.7
|-
|[[Hubei|Hubei Province]]
|[[Wuhan]]
|1.874
|593.8
|-
|[[Hunan|Hunan Province]]
|[[Changsha]]
|2.100
|653.2
|-
|[[Guangdong|Guangdong Province]]
|[[Guangzhou]]
|1.860
|727.0
|-
|[[Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region|Guangxi Autonomous Region]]
|[[Nanning]]
|2.363
|471.3
|-
|[[Hainan|Hainan Province]]
|[[Haikou]]
|0.340
|76.2
|-
|[[Chongqing|Chongqing Municipality]]
|[[Chongqing]]
|0.820
|307.5
|-
|[[Sichuan|Sichuan Province]]
|[[Chengdu]]
|4.880
|855.0
|-
|[[Guizhou|Guizhou Province]]
|[[Guiyang]]
|1.700
|371.0
|-
|[[Yunnan|Yunnan Province]]
|[[Kunming]]
|3.940
|419.2
|-
|[[Tibet Autonomous Region]]
|[[Lhasa]]
|12.200
|25.6
|-
|[[Shaanxi|Shaanxi Province]]
|[[Xi'an]]
|2.050
|361.8
|-
|[[Gansu|Gansu Province]]
|[[Lanzhou]]
|4.500
|254.3
|-
|[[Qinghai|Qinghai Province]]
|[[Xining]]
|7.200
|51.0
|-
|[[Ningxia Autonomous Region]]
|[[Yinchuan]]
|0.664
|54.3
|-
|[[Xinjiang Autonomous Region]]
|[[Ürümqi]]
|16.000
|177.4
|-
|[[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region]]
|[[Hong Kong]]
|0.01092
|68.4
|-
|[[Macao Special Administrative Region]]
|[[Macao]]
|0.00024
|4.3
|-
|[[Taiwan Province]]
|[[Taipei]] (occupied by [[United States imperialism|US imperialists]])
|0.360
|217.4
|}

==Pro-worker economy==
China operates what it calls [[socialism with Chinese Characteristics|socialism with Chinese characteristics]], often referred to as the [[socialist market economy]] by Chinese leaders.<ref>Sam-Kee Cheng (2020). ''Primitive socialist accumulation in China: An alternative view on the anomalies of Chinese “capitalism”.'' {{Doi|10.1177/0486613419888298}}</ref> In this system, China maintains state ownership of large industries and those that they deem vital to China's security while facilitating a market driven development of medium and small enterprises. Firms that would otherwise be monopolies in China are ran as what is called a State Owned Enterprise (SOE). SOEs often participate in markets and sometimes function much like a private firm with the key difference being China controls strategic resources such as rare earth minerals as well as silicon chips, which are both valuable to high-technology industries.<ref>https://youtu.be/jlShNCKx8rw</ref>[[File:WorkersCongressChina.jpg|thumb|A workers' congress meeting]]
Factory workers in China (in both the public and private sector) have the ability to join workers' congresses, which grant them control over wage adjustments, supervision of leadership and election of the factory director.<ref>https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/china-and-russia-have-workers-councils-but-not-chattanooga/</ref><ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/communism/comments/d1u77y/workers_councils_in_china/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220610093819/https://twitter.com/isgoodrum/status/1043159032935006208</ref> SOE congresses have decidedly more power than private enterprises. In 2005, a study released regarding the influence of workers' congresses and Chinese unions analyzed the effects of companies that had unions or no unions. When surveyed, the worker satisfaction along the metrics of greater worker rights, greater wages and greater abilities to settle conflicts in favour of workers. It was found that generally speaking, worker satisfaction was higher than in companies without them. And the same study claims around 80% of all companies have some form of workers union on board. Workers' participation however, is not mandatory in these unions and those who do not wish to unionize are not required to have a union.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265966556_Zhu_Xiaoyang_and_Anita_Chan_Staff_and_Workers'_Representative_Congress_An_Institutionalized_Channel_for_Expression_of_Employees'_Interests_Chinese_Sociology_and_Anthropology_Vol_37_No_4_Summer_2005_pp ZHU XIAOYANG AND ANITA CHAN - Staff and Workers’ Representative Congress An Institutionalized Channel for Expression of Employees’ Interests?]</ref> A similar 2004 study found that these workers' congresses were able to dismiss managers when they failed to get more than 60% votes of confidence, and that it was possible for these unions to significantly improve health and safety conditions, or to fairly distribute new housing benefits.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269496596_The_Internal_Politics_of_an_Urban_Chinese_Work_Community_A_Case_Study_of_Employee_Influence_on_Decision-Making_at_a_State-Owned_Factory The Internal Politics of an Urban Chinese Work Community: A Case Study of Employee Influence on Decision-Making at a State-Owned Factory]</ref>

In 2012, the number of unions in SOEs were 88.1% and in non-SOEs to be around 85.5%. It also states that within Chinese companies 32.7% of employee representatives at the company and plant level are nominated and elected directly from employees, while 61% of them are nominated by the Party committees and elected by employees. The same study finds that workers' congresses are positively associated with better health and safety, and more likely to report issues or flaws within company structure, as well as a useful consultation method that better leveraged worker voices towards the higher ups.<ref>[https://fbr.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s11782-018-0033-y#Sec8 The perceived effectiveness of democratic management, job performance, and citizenship behavior: evidence from a large Chinese state-owned petrochemical company]- Fuxi Wang</ref> A similar 2013 survey found that out of 43 nations surveyed in the OECD, China had the most protective legislation for employed permanent workers.<ref>[https://www.oecd.org/els/emp/Employment-Outlook-2013-chap2.pdf Protecting jobs, enhancing flexibility: A new look at employment protection legislation] - OECD Employment outlook, page 89</ref>

When it comes to wage arrears suffered by rural migrant workers, among migrant construction workers in 2013 was 1.8 per cent compared to 0.9 per cent in the manufacturing sector; and in 2014, it was 1.4 per cent in construction compared to 0.6 per cent in manufacturing. While wage arrears remains an issue, it is a gradually declining and miniscule issue that affects less than 2% of the total rural migrant working population in those industries, therefore the issue of underpaying or refusing to pay migrant workers at all is an overexaggerated issue that is blown out of proportion.<ref>'''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/6279F3FC81641FBBB45AFD9A415B8591/S0305741022000807a.pdf/div-class-title-working-without-wages-network-structure-and-migrant-construction-workers-protests-in-china-div.pdf Working without Wages: Network Structure and Migrant Construction Workers’ Protests in China]''' - By Haitao Wei and Cheris Shun-Ching Chan</ref>

The CPC has therefore made tremendous efforts to meet the demands of local protests and strikes as well as hold local governments accountable for causing or mishandling protests that spin out of control. Chinese workers have successfully organized collective action to get local governments, and the courts as mentioned above, to help accommodate their claims, most notably getting payment for wage arrears.<ref>Su and He, “Street as Courtroom: State Accommodation of Labor Protests in South China.”</ref> Similarly, a study in 2009 found that more often than not, the arbitration tribunals in mainland China are biased in favor of employees suing their employers. Because arbitration tribunals are sympathetic towards employees-who are traditionally seen as the weaker party-they will sometimes overlook acontract violation by the employee. In addition, sometimes tribunals assume that companies can bear the financial losses more readily than employees. Therefore, more often than not, employees win in arbitration or in court based on prejudice in their favor.<ref>Joanna Law, Employers, Prepare for Tribunal Trouble, CHINA LAW & PRACTICE, Feb. 2009</ref>

The book ''A New Deal for China's Workers'' (released in 2016) states that,<ref>[https://dokumen.pub/qdownload/a-new-deal-for-chinas-workers-2016017881-9780674971394.html Conclusion, Page 220 - A New Deal for China’s Workers? 2016017881, 9780674971394]</ref><blockquote>"In enacting the LCL, and in doubling down on its employment protections by restricting the use of labor dispatch, China is swimming against both a modest liberalizing current in parts of the developed world and deeper trends toward declining job tenure, splintering of work organizations, outsourcing of production, and contingent work arrangements. The continuing slide from long-term employment within integrated firms toward a “gig” economy, though celebrated by some, has potentially dire consequences for workers who risk losing the entire panoply of rights, protections, and benefits that twentieth-century reforms had attached to the employment relationship. But China is seeking to defy that trend, and to shore up job security and stability."</blockquote>Though trying to portray the CPC in a negative light here, it still admits that the CPC opposes and seeks to ensure better job security and stability compared to the Capitalist nations of the West. Defying a gig economy and seeking to double down on employment protection has done far more than the rest of the "developed world" in securing and defending the rights of the working class.

China also has a vibrant worker co-operative model of ownership. Worker co-operatives are trading enterprises, owned and run by the people who work in them, who have an equal say in what the business does, and an equitable share in the wealth created from the products and services they provide, with 48% of all rural households in China being apart of a co-operative.<ref>[https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1004505/how-village-co-ops-are-remapping-chinas-rural-communities How Village Co-Ops are remapping China's rural community]</ref> In 2017, there were 30,281 primary (village-level) supply and marketing cooperatives (SMCs), 2,402 country-level federations of SMCs, 342 city-level federations of SMCs, 32 provincial-level federations of SMCs, 21,852 cooperative enterprises and 280 cooperative institutes represented by ACFSMC (All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives). There were 3.4 million employees in all SMCs represented by ACFSMC.<ref>[https://coops4dev.coop/en/4devasia/china China, #CoopsForDev]</ref> About 95% of towns and villages have a SMC as of 2019, compared to 50% a mere 6 years ago.<ref>[https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/2184810/can-china-get-its-farmers-back-track-us400-million-fund-state Xi Jinping turns to Mao Zedong era system to get rid of poverty] </ref> The cooperative sector continues to grow, China's supply and marketing system will realize sales of agricultural products of 2.7591 trillion yuan and daily necessities of 1.4925 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 24.3% and 17.1% respectively. A recruitment notice stated that in 2023, the All-China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives plans to take the examination and recruit staff from the agency. Outstanding young people who are interested in joining the supply and marketing cooperatives are welcome to apply for the examination.<ref>[https://www.zaobao.com.sg/realtime/china/story20221102-1329090 Afternoon inspection: Supply and marketing cooperatives come back?] - Zaobao.sg</ref>

China also has great democratic management in the workplace, with positive associations with workers' hourly wages, fringe benefits, and firms' labor productivity on average, suggesting that it is not merely ‘window-dressing’ as perceived by conventional wisdom.<ref>[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1748-8583.12471 What does democratic management do in Chinese workplaces? Evidence from matched employer–employee data] </ref> Chinese workers have also had higher wage increases, doubling between 2008 and 2019, compared to emerging G20 countries with a 3.5-4.5% annual growth. And in advanced G20 countries with 0.4-0.9% annual growth.<ref>[https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_762302.pdf ILO- International Wage Report]</ref> Chinese workers having greater rights even extend to the ability to imprison their own boss in their office, with the police intervening on behalf of the workers.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/mitchfree/2013/07/11/held-hostage-entrepreneurs-uneasy-over-chinese-govt-inaction/?sh=2e05c17863de Held Hostage: Entrepreneurs' uneasy over Chinese government inaction - Forbes]</ref>

In 2018, there were a total of 1,110,175 people involved in labor disputes. The number 1 cause being labor renumeration/wage arrears. Number 1 reason for case settlement was agreed upon increase in wage, and the number 1 way this was administered was legal order to make required adjustment. Out of 894,053 cases of labor issues, 93,823 were won by employers.<ref>Zhongguo Laodong Tongji Nianjian 2019 [China Labor Statistical Yearbook 2019] p 343 - 344</ref>

In 2020, there were a total of 1,283,491 people involved in labor disputes. The number 1 cause being labor renumeration/wage arrears. Out of 1,100,681 cases, 112,053 were won by employers. The number 1 way this was enforced was legal order to make required adjustment.<ref>Zhongguo Laodong Tongji Nianjian 2021 [China Labor Statistical Yearbook 2021] p 362 - 364</ref>

As of January 2023, The People's Republic of China has an overall historic unemployment rate of around 4-5%,<ref>[https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/CHN/china/unemployment-rate China unemployment rate 1991 - 2023], macrotrends</ref> compared to the [[Statesian]] historic unemployment rate of around 5-6%.<ref>[https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/USA/united-states/unemployment-rate US Unemployment Rates 1991 - 2023], macrotrends</ref> This is high in comparison to the economy of, for example, the USSR, which generally had stable employment opportunities for young workers, and also had an unemployment rate of about 1%.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=1991 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK|title=Soviet Union Economy - 1991|date=1991|url=https://www.theodora.com/wfb1991/soviet_union/soviet_union_economy.html|retrieved=2022-7-9}}</ref>

Although GDP growth was at its peak in the 1960s, China experiences consistent GDP growth, and China outpaces the US in terms of GDP growth. Historically, this has been year-over-year 2-3x the US growth percentage<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=macrotrends|title=China GDP Growth Rate 1961-2022|date=2022|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/CHN/china/gdp-growth-rate|retrieved=2022-12-06}}</ref>

=== Mode of production ===
Currently, China is in the primary stage of [[socialism]]. This is a stage which is expected to last until the 100th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, in 2049, and this stage is intended to unleash the [[productive forces]] of China to the point where socialism is superior in terms of productivity in contrast to the capitalist mode of production.<ref>{{Citation|author=Deng Xiaoping|year=1987|title=To Uphold Socialism We Must Eliminate Poverty|title-url=https://dengxiaopingworks.wordpress.com/2013/03/18/to-uphold-socialism-we-must-eliminate-poverty/|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/deng-xiaoping/1987/133.htm}}</ref>
==Governance==

=== Healthcare===
In the Mao period, China built one of the developing world's most robust public healthcare systems, based on rural primary care, [[barefoot doctors]], and regular mass campaigns, known as "patriotic health campaigns." Since the beginning of the reform period, China's healthcare system has gone through a number of phases. After an unfortunate period of regression and privatization, China has spent the last decade making rapid progress towards a new universal healthcare system. A 2020 study in the ''British Medical Journal (BMJ)'' summarizes many of the goals and programs of China's recent health reforms:<blockquote>Priority was given to expanding the scope and health service package of the basic insurance coverage, improving provider payment mechanisms, as well as increasing the financing level, fiscal subsidies and reimbursement rates. [...] The government has increased investment in primary care, with initiatives that include strengthening the infrastructure of primary healthcare (PHC) facilities, expanding human resources for primary care through incentives and supporting projects, establishing a general practitioner system and improving the capacity of PHC personnel through training and education, such as general practice training and continuous medical education programmes. [...] The ‘equalization of basic public health services’ policy implemented the national BPHS programme and the crucial public health service (CPHS) programme. [...] This policy seeks to achieve universal availability and promote a more equitable provision of basic health services to all urban and rural citizens.<ref>Wenjuan Tao, Zhi Zeng, et al. ''Towards universal health coverage: lessons from 10 years of healthcare reform in China.'' BMJ Global Health. {{Doi|10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002086}}</ref></blockquote>The New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) was rolled out in China from 2003-2008 which provided insurance to 800 million rural Chinese. A study found that there was a significant decline in aggregate mortality, with the program saving more than one million lives per year at its peak, and explaining 78% of the entire increase in life expectancy in China over this period.<ref>[https://www.nber.org/papers/w31423 The Largest Insurance Expansion in History: Saving One Million Lives Per Year in China - Jonathan Gruber, Mengyun Lin & Junjian Yi]</ref>The 2020 study goes on to note that China has made significant progress towards meeting its reform goals, and building a developed and equitable universal healthcare system:<blockquote>During the past 10 years since the latest round of healthcare reform, China made steady progress in achieving the reform goals and UHC [i.e. universal health coverage].</blockquote>Another paper, also from the ''BMJ,'' summarizes the recent improvements in China's health outcomes, as well as access to, and cost of, healthcare:<blockquote>The results include the following: out-of-pocket expenditures as a percentage of current health expenditures in China have dropped dramatically from 60.13% in 2000 to 35.91% in 2016; the health insurance coverage of the total population jumped from 22.1% in 2003 to 95.1% in 2013; the average life expectancy increased from 72.0 to 76.4, maternal mortality dropped from 59 to 29 per 100 000 live births, the under-5 mortality rate dropped from 36.8 to 9.3 per 1000 live births, and neonatal mortality dropped from 21.4 to 4.7 per 1000 live births between 2000 and 2017; and so on.<ref>Wenjuan Tao, Zhi Zeng, et al. ''Towards universal health coverage: achievements and challenges of 10 years of healthcare reform in China.'' BMJ Global Health. {{Doi|10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002087}}</ref></blockquote>China’s round of health system reform in 2009 has made good progress. Almost everyone is covered by the social health insurance system and basic public health service package, and unmet health needs and inequities have decreased. In 2003, 29.6% was the proportion of patients who were advised by doctors that they needed treatment in hospital but did not use inpatient care. By 2013, that number dropped to 7.4% In 2000, 50% of health expenditures were out of pocket, this has decreased to 28% in 2017. In 2000, infant mortality was 25.2%, this decreased to 3.8% by 2017.<ref>[https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/365/bmj.l2349.full.pdf '''What can we learn from China’s health system reform?''' - 2019 By Qingyue Meng]</ref>

In short, while China's healthcare system is not perfect, it is certainly moving in the right direction. As with many other aspects of China's socialist construction, this provides a model for other developing nations; according to the aforementioned ''BMJ'' study:<blockquote>The lessons learnt from China could help other nations improve UHC in sustainable and adaptive ways, including continued political support, increased health financing and a strong PHC system as basis. The experience of the rapid development of UHC in China can provide a valuable mode for countries (mainly LMICs) planning their own path further on in the UHC journey.</blockquote>This is another benefit of China's rise to prominence on the world stage. China demonstrates to the world that it is possible for a desperately poor country to rise from poverty, develop its economy, and meet the needs of its people.

===Democracy and popular opinion===
Polls conducted by Western researchers have consistently found that the Chinese people have a high level of support for their government, and for the Communist Party. A 2020 analysis by the China Data Lab (based at UC San Diego) found that support for the government has been increasing as of late.<ref>Lei Guang, Margaret Roberts, Yiqing Xu and Jiannan Zhao (2020). ''[http://chinadatalab.ucsd.edu/viz-blog/pandemic-sees-increase-in-chinese-support-for-regime-decrease-in-views-towards-us/ Pandemic sees Increase in Chinese support for regime, decrease in views towards the U.S.]'' China Data Lab.</ref> Similar results were found in a 2016 survey done by Harvard University's Ash Center:<blockquote>The survey team found that compared to public opinion patterns in the U.S., in China there was very high satisfaction with the central government. In 2016, the last year the survey was conducted, 95.5 percent of respondents were either “relatively satisfied” or “highly satisfied” with Beijing. In contrast to these findings, Gallup reported in January of this year that their latest polling on U.S. citizen satisfaction with the American federal government revealed only 38 percent of respondents were satisfied with the federal government.<ref>Dan Harsha (2020). ''[https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/07/long-term-survey-reveals-chinese-government-satisfaction/ Taking China’s pulse].'' The Harvard Gazette.</ref></blockquote>It is worth noting that the Chinese people are significantly less satisfied with local government than they are with the central government. Still, these results disprove the common notion that the Chinese people are ruled by an iron fisted regime that they do not want. Indeed, one official from the Ash Center noted that their findings "run counter to the general idea that these people are marginalized and disfavored by policies." As he states:<blockquote>We tend to forget that for many in China, and in their lived experience of the past four decades, each day was better than the next.</blockquote>In addition, most Chinese people are satisfied with the level of democracy in the PRC. A 2018 study in the ''International Political Science Review'' notes that "surveys suggest that the majority of Chinese people feel satisfied with the level of democracy in China." However, the study notes that "people who hold liberal democratic values" are more likely to be dissatisfied with the state of democracy in China. By contrast, those who hold a "substantive" view of democracy (i.e. one based on the idea that the state should focus on providing for the material needs of the people) are more satisfied.<ref>Yida Zhai (2018). ''Popular conceptions of democracy and democratic satisfaction in China''. International Political Science Review. {{Doi|10.1177/0192512118757128}}</ref>

While the Chinese government contains authoritarian elements, it also has elements of genuine democracy. An example of this may be found in the National People's Congress, China's primary legislative body. While Western media has typically labeled the NPC as a simple rubberstamping body for the Central Committee, the facts indicate that this is not entirely true. A 2016 study in the ''Journal of Legislative Studies'' found that the NPC "is no longer a minimal or ‘rubber-stamp’ legislature," noting that "the NPC does play an important role in the whole political system, especially in legislation, though the NPC has typically been under the control of China's Communist Party."<ref>{{Citation|title=Is the label ‘minimal legislature’ still appropriate? The role of the National People's Congress in China's political system|year=2016|author=Wenbo Chen|publisher=The Journal of Legislative Studies|doi=10.1080/13572334.2015.1134909}}</ref>

Many of the other claims surrounding authoritarianism in China are highly overblown, to say the least. For instance, an [https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/11/16/chinas-orwellian-social-credit-score-isnt-real/ article] in ''Foreign Policy'' (the most orthodox of liberal policy journals) notes that the Chinese [[Social Credit System|social credit system]] was massively exaggerated and distorted in Western media. An [https://www.wired.com/story/china-social-credit-score-system/ article] in the publication ''Wired'' discusses how many of these overblown perceptions came to be. None of this is to suggest that China is a perfect democracy, with zero flaws; it certainly has issues relating to transparency, treatment of prisoners, etc. That being said, it is far from the [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] nightmare that [[Imperialism|imperialist]] media generally depicts it as being.

===Public ownership===
{{Main article|Socialist market economy}}
Contrary to the popular perception that China's growth has been the result of a transition to capitalism, the evidence shows that public ownership continues to play a key growth-driving role in the PRC's economy. According to the aforementioned 2020 study in the ''Review of Radical Political Economics'', "strategic industries, which [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] called 'the commanding heights of economy,' are still state-owned and have played a very important role in China’s economic development."<ref>{{Citation|title=Primitive Socialist Accumulation in China: An Alternative View on the Anomalies of Chinese “Capitalism”|volume=52|year=2020|page=693–715|series=Review of Radical Political Economics|author=Sam-Kee Cheng|publisher=SAGE Publishing|doi=10.1177/0486613419888298}}</ref> The author notes that "after decades of market reform, China’s state sector, rather than disappearing or being marginalized, has become a leader in strategic sectors and the driver of its investment-led growth." To learn more, we would recommend the book ''The Basic Economic System of China'', which goes into this issue in much more depth.<ref>{{Citation|isbn=978-981-13-6895-0|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=07DE5CA4B3F3C14139975D1A9D668FC8|author=Changhong Pei, Chunxue Yang, Xinming Yang|year=2019|title=The Basic Economic System of China.|publisher=Springer Singapore|series=China Governance System Research Series|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-6895-0}}</ref>

In the University Paper, ''Is China still Socialist'' by Khoo Heikoo, their research goes into detail of the market share of the economy. In 2010, at least 94% of all financial capital and revenue is owned by SOE's out of 150 largest companies in China.<ref>[https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/136790902/2018_Khoo_Heiko_1068757_ethesis.pdf Page 86, Is China still socialist? A Marxist critique of János Kornai’s analysis of China] - Khoo, Heikoo.</ref> In the University paper, ''The Rise of the Investor State: State Capital in the Chinese Economy'' by Hao Chen and Meg Rithmere discusses how state shareholders can influence the private sector. With the overall ownership of investment firms in 2017 being 80.9% central state owned, 13.7% local state owned and only 4.67% being truly private. The paper also goes on to state:<ref>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12116-020-09308-3 The Rise of the Investor State: State Capital in the Chinese Economy] - Hao Chen and Meg Rithmire</ref><blockquote>

"The state’s role as owner of firms has narrowed to include a set of large, national champion firms at the central level, but the deployment of state capital has morphed form rather than abated. As we have shown, the state invests broadly in the private sector in a number of forms, a fact that complicates the “state versus private” dichotomy that has dominated the study of China’s political economy during the reform era. Further, the deployment of state capital into the wider economy has accompanied a change in the structure of the state; hundreds of shareholding firms, large and small and owned by local and central levels of the state, now interface extensively with private firms, can intervene with ease in stock markets, and appear to constitute new agents in the execution of the CCP’s overall economic policy."</blockquote>''The Ascendency of State-owned Enterprises in China: development, controversy and problems'' by Hong Yu also states:<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2013.809990 Hong Yu (2014) The Ascendency of State-owned Enterprises in China: development, controversy and problems, Journal of Contemporary China], 23:85, 161-182, DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2013.809990</ref><blockquote>"In terms of total sales revenue of China’s top 100 enterprises in 2011, the SOEs accounted for around 90%. The state sector remains the driving force behind economic development in China. All the big commercial banks in China are SOEs. More importantly, given the fact that township and village enterprises (TVEs) owned by local governments belong to the state sector but are not regarded as SOEs, and a large number of entities operating inside and outside of China are actually owned or controlled indirectly via SOEs’ subsidiaries, the true size of the SOEs is unknown. Their influence is far greater than official statistics suggest. Woetzel’s study also demonstrates that many firms, which were partially privatized but with the state remaining as a majority shareholder, have not been counted in the SOE category in official statistics."</blockquote>In terms of State Owned Enterprises, according to the book, ''The Logic of Economic Reform in China'' the following states that (units in Yuan/RMB):<blockquote>For the perspective of overall development of the state-owned enterprises, operating income of state-owned and state-held enterprises (excluding financial enterprises) increased from 10.73 trillion to 39.25 trillion with the annual increase of 17.6% from 2003 to 2011; total assets and owner’s equity were 85.37 trillion and 29.17 trillion, respectively 4.3 times and 3.5 times compared with those in 2003.<ref name=":21">[https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=rnT_CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA196&lpg=PA196&dq=Huang+Qunhui+(2013)+How+to+actively+develop+mixed-ownership+economy+in+New+Era.+Administration+Reform,+Dec+2013&source=bl&ots=WbA8hJmYTr&sig=ACfU3U34LWt5hyrz8GqLl5U5tcvwdrodpA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj35dS5q6CAAxWIAt4KHRhHBTIQ6AF6BAgcEAM#v=onepage&q=Huang%20Qunhui%20(2013)%20How%20to%20actively%20develop%20mixed-ownership%20economy%20in%20New%20Era.%20Administration%20Reform%2C%20Dec%202013&f=false The Logic of Economic reform in China - Xiaojing Zhang, Xin Chang] - Page 177</ref></blockquote>In 2012, the total assets held by the State sector in China amounted to 55.78% or 53% depending on the estimate used.<ref>The Basic Economic System of China by Changhong Pei, Chunxu Yang and Xinming Yang, page 24-25</ref> However, in comparison with European nations during the same time period, the total assets of eastern European nations held by the state sector were around 13%. For the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, France, Belgium and Portugal, it was around 4.60%. For Ireland and the UK, even less than that number. For Austria and Germany, around 10.79%. For Scandinavia, it was 6.02%<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344833099_State-Owned_Enterprises_Across_Europe_Stylized_Facts_from_a_Large_Firm-Level_Dataset State-Owned Enterprises Across Europe: Stylized Facts from a Large Firm-Level Dataset], by Bram De Lange and Bruno Merlevede, p 17</ref>

Another 2013 study found that, in the largest developing economies, total assets held by the state sector as a% of GDP, China had by far the largest. With Non financial State assets being 176% of GDP, for Brazil it was 51%, India it was 75%, Indonesia it was 19%, Russia it was 64% and South Africa it was 3%. <ref>[https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781513539942/ch11.xml Modernizing China, Investing in Soft Infrastructure. Chapter 11 - IMF]</ref> In comparison, in 2015, Italian, Korean, Saudi Arabian and Norway's state owned assets did not reach more than 25% of GDP.<ref>[https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/002/2021/012/article-A002-en.xml People’s Republic of China: Selected Issues, Volume 2021, issue 12] - IMF</ref> In 2016, for SOEs in developing European economies, the number did not exceed 100% of GDP, the median being around roughly 45%.<ref>[https://www.ebrd.com/what-we-do/economic-research-and-data/cse-economists/economic-performance-soes-in-emerging-economies.html Economic performance of state-owned enterprises in emerging economies, A cross country study] - European Bank for Reconstruction and Development</ref>

In 2014, China's top 500, 300 are SOEs, accounting for 60 percent. The operating revenues of these SOEs account for 79.9 percent of the total 56.68 trillion yuan, while total assets account for 91.2 percent, out of the total 176.4 trillion yuan. The total profit of these SOEs account for 83.9 percent out of the total 2.4 trillion yuan<ref>[http://www.china.org.cn/business/2014-09/03/content_33419397.htm China reveals new top 500 enterprises list] - Wang Zhiyong, China.org.cn</ref> In 2006, The report revealed that 349 enterprises in the list were state owned, accounting for nearly 70 percent of the total. Their combined assets reached 39 trillion yuan (4.87 trillion US dollars) at the end of 2005, accounting for 95 percent of the total. It showed that state-owned economy remained dominant and controls the leading industries in the national economy.<ref>[https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2006-09/03/content_680098_2.htm Top 500 account for 78% of China's GDP] - Biz.China, Xinhua.net</ref>Even in the 1990s after Reform and Opening Up, the ''OECD Agricultural Outlook/June - July 1999'' discuss how the state maintains control of the agricultural sector<blockquote>“Before 1980, government central planning dominated domestic grain marketing. The government’s Grain Bureau purchased, transported, stored, milled, and retailed all grain leaving the farm. Then in the 1980’s and early 1990’s, open markets became increasingly important as the government was no longer the sole purchaser and many provinces began phasing out a ration system that allowed urban consumers to purchase grain at low fixed prices (AO March 1997). But current grain policy, initiated in 1998, '''led to a reversal of the use of open markets for domestic distribution and an increase in government intervention in grain production and marketing'''''.'' This relatively recent return to intervention in the domestic market has led to higher grain output and reduced demand for imports.”</blockquote>And then proceeds to state in ''OECD Agricultural Policy Reform in China 2005'' <ref>[https://www.oecd.org/china/oecdreviewofagriculturalpolicies-china.htm OECD Review of Agricultural Policies - China] ISBN: 9789264012608 </ref>p6 states <blockquote>“Total support to China’s agricultural sector reached USD 41 billion per year in 2000-2003 which is equivalent to 3.3% of China’s GDP in this period. This percentage is much higher than the OECD average and suggests a relatively high burden of agricultural support on the Chinese economy.”</blockquote>Agriculture in China whilst dominated by private family production units at the micro level is dominated by state purchase and distribution at the macro level. This ensures that China is able to feed itself and that supplies of essential grains reach the entire national consumer market. Imports and exports of grain are determined by the state and implemented by its organizations, thus contrary to appearances, Chinese agriculture is dominated by the state.

And in 2009, Derrick Scissors of the Heritage Foundation lays the issue to rest in an article called “Liberalization in Reverse.” He writes:<blockquote>"Examining what companies are truly private is important because privatization is often confused with the spreading out of shareholding and the sale of minority stakes. In China, 100 percent state ownership is often diluted by the division of ownership into shares, some of which are made available to nonstate actors, such as foreign companies or other private investors. Nearly two-thirds of the state-owned enterprises and subsidiaries in China have undertaken such changes, leading some foreign observers to relabel these firms as “nonstate” or even “private.” But this reclassification is incorrect. The sale of stock does nothing by itself to alter state control: dozens of enterprises are no less state controlled simply because they are listed on foreign stock exchanges. As a practical matter, three-quarters of the roughly 1,500 companies listed as domestic stocks are still state owned. "<ref name=":10">[https://www.heritage.org/global-politics/commentary/liberalization-reverse Derek Scissors, Ph.D. “Liberalization in Reverse,” May 4, 2009, Published by The Heritage Foundation]</ref> </blockquote>He also goes onto further elaborate sectors of the economy that the CPC have not once relinquished public ownership of key sectors of industry. <blockquote>"No matter their shareholding structure, all national corporations in the sectors that make up the core of the Chinese economy are required by law to be owned or controlled by the state. These sectors include power generation and distribution; oil, coal, petrochemicals, and natural gas; telecommunications; armaments; Aviation and shipping; machinery and automobile production; information technologies; construction; and the production of iron, steel, and nonferrous metals. The railroads, grain distribution, and insurance are also dominated by the state, even if no official edict says so."<ref name=":10" /></blockquote>The way the shareholding model is enforced is through the usage of what is known as the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council or the SASAC which oversees China's state owned enterprises and state investment companies.

Another way the CPC retains public ownership is through the banking system. The People’s Bank of China (PBC) highlights one of the most important ways in which the CPC uses the market system to control private capital and subordinate it to socialism. Far from functioning as a capitalist national bank, which prioritizes facilitating the accumulation of capital by the bourgeoisie, “this system frustrates private borrowers.”<ref name=":10" /> <blockquote>"the state exercises control over most of the rest of the economy through the financial system, especially the banks. By the end of 2008, outstanding loans amounted to almost $5 trillion, and annual loan growth was almost 19 percent and accelerating; lending, in other words, is probably China’s principal economic force. The Chinese state owns all the large financial institutions, the People’s Bank of China assigns them loan quotas every year, and lending is directed according to the state’s priorities."</blockquote>The CPC floods the market with public bonds, which has a crowding-out effect on private corporate bonds that firms use to raise independent capital. This also renders state bonds far more valuable than private bonds and the credit deterioration of non-state bonds is worse than state bonds. State Owned Enterprises receive much more preferential treatment from the government due to this model of flooding state bonds and far more valuable bonds into the market, with comparable private bonds declining in terms of value and being unable to compete. In 2018, this is clearly demonstrated after the implementation of more regulations on the shadow banking market, leading to investors flocking towards much more valuable State bonds over private ones. This inevitably creates a feed back look where state bonds have a "premium" and are objectively more valuable than private ones.<ref>[https://en.saif.sjtu.edu.cn/junpan/Credit.pdf The SOE Premium and Government Support in China’s Credit Marke]t - Zhe Geng and Jun Pan - November 29, 2022</ref> By harnessing supply and demand in the bond market, the PBC prevents private firms, domestic or foreign, from accumulating capital independently of socialist management.

Although modern China has an expansive market system, the CPC uses the market to both secure and advance socialism. Rather than privatizing major industries, as is often alleged by detractors, the state maintains a vibrant system of socialist public ownership that prevents the rise of an independent bourgeoisie.

The capitalist Australia-based Center for Independent Studies (CIS) has also published a July 2008 article that says that those who think that China is becoming a capitalist country “misunderstand the structure of the Chinese economy, which largely remains a state-dominated system rather than a free-market one.” The article elaborates:<blockquote><blockquote>"By strategically controlling economic resources and remaining the primary dispenser of economic opportunity and success in Chinese society, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is building institutions and supporters that seem to be entrenching the Party’s monopoly on power. Indeed, in many ways, reforms and the country’s economic growth have actually ''enhanced'' the CCP’s ability to remain in power. Rather than being swept away by change, the CCP is in many ways its agent and beneficiary."<ref>[https://www.cis.org.au/commentary/media/putting-democracy-in-china-on-hold/ John Lee, “Putting Democracy in China on Hold,” May 28, 2008], Published by The Center for Independent Studies</ref></blockquote></blockquote>The true nature of the private sector is actually quite small once you take into account it's breaking down. In 2005, the private sector is dominated by small sized enterprises, only 5% of private enterprises employ more than 500 and only 2% more than 1000 workers. Contrast this with the state sector where 80% of workers work in companies employing over 500 workers. The number of private companies rose from 90,000 in 1989 employing 1.4 million workers, to 3.6 million companies in 2004 employing 40 million workers. 74% of private companies originated as new start ups, 7% are privatized state owned companies, 8% are privatized rural collectives and 11% are privatized urban collectives. The average income of an entrepreneur is $6600 US per year (2002 figures) this gives an idea of the small scale of the overwhelming majority of private sector enterprises in China.<ref>OECD Economic Survey China Sept. 2005 p83-95</ref>

Though some may worry about the existence of foreign enterprise in China, once we look deeper into how these manifest, these worries are quickly alleviated.

''"Foreign investment was regulated to make it compatible with state development planning. Technology transfer and other performance requirements ― conditions attached to foreign investment to make sure that the host country gets some benefit from foreign investment, such as the use of locally produced inputs, or the hiring of local managers ― were common and are still an issue of contention with the United States today.”''<ref>[https://cepr.net/images/stories/reports/scorecard-2017-10.pdf David Rosnick, Mark Weisbrot, and Jacob Wilson, The Scorecard on Development, 1960–2016: China and the Global Economic Rebound, 2017]</ref>

"''in order to gain access to the vast and rapidly growing China market, Boeing was required to assist the main Chinese aircraft manufacturer in Xian to successively establish a capacity to produce spare parts and then manufacture whole sections of aircraft, and finally to assist in the development of a capacity to produce complete aircraft within China. In order to gain the right to invest in car production in China, Ford Motor Company was required to first invest for several years in upgrading the technical capacity of the Chinese automobile spare parts industry through a sequence of joint ventures.”''<ref>Peter Nolan, China’s Rise, Russia’s Fall, Palgrave Macmillan, 1995</ref>

And of course, for a good example would be McDonalds, where it remains a Joint-Venture with majority CPC ownership. 52% owned by CPC, 20% by McDonalds and 28% by Carlyle.<ref>[https://mashable.com/article/mcdonalds-china-franchise-citic Chinese government now controls the main stake in McDonald's China business]</ref> China also bars many foreign companies from participating in the Chinese market. As a result, companies need to enter the market through other means, such as setting up a wholly foreign-owned enterprise (WFOE) or forming a joint venture with a Chinese business partner. It is also alleged that Chinese Joint-Ventures and Chinese companies tend to steal IP and technologies from these foreign companies, as demonstrated in the above quotes. And many foreign investors have also stated that there are no legal protections for these foreign companies and Chinese attorneys will lobby in favour of the state, this indicates that foreign companies clearly do not run amuck in China. Many foreign investors have complained about the lack of freedom of voice in the Chinese market, with the state being the ultimate deciding factor in many cases.<ref>[https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=f5481934-6949-4666-bfb9-08976db73831#:~:text=China%20bars%20many%20foreign%20companies,with%20a%20Chinese%20business%20partner. China Joint Ventures: Everything You Should Know] - China Law Blog, Harris Bricken</ref>

The TVEs (Township and Village Enterprises) have been described as "private". This collectively owned sector grew rapidly - in 1978 there were 1.5 million such enterprises, by 1995 there were 22 million. In 1978 they employed 28 million people, by 1995 128 million.<ref>[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315211305/institutional-transition-china-township-village-enterprises-hongyi-chen Hongyi Chen The Institutional Transition of China’s Township Village Enterprises]. p5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315211305</ref> While they have been claimed to be private, in reality, the CPC legally defines TVEs as <blockquote>"The term "township enterprises" as mentioned in this Law refers to all kinds of enterprises established in townships (including villages under their jurisdiction) that are mainly invested by rural collective economic organizations or farmers and undertake the obligation to support agriculture.

The term "investment-based" mentioned in the preceding paragraph '''refers to rural collective economic organizations or farmers investing more than 50 percent, or less than 50 percent, but can play a controlling or actual dominating role.'''

A township enterprise that meets the conditions for an enterprise legal person shall obtain the qualification of an enterprise legal person according to law."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200717181302/http://www.gov.cn/banshi/2005-06/01/content_3432.htm "Township Enterprise Law of the People's Republic of China"]</ref></blockquote>This tells us that despite being claimed to be private, the village are still the collective owners of the TVEs. Thus making it a cooperative sector of the economy.

=== Growth and poverty reduction ===

According to a 2019 report from Philip Alston (UN Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights):<blockquote>China’s achievements in alleviating extreme poverty in recent years, and in meeting highly ambitious targets for improving social well-being, have been extraordinary. [...] Over the past three decades, and with particular speed in recent years, China has lifted hundreds of millions of people out of poverty. This is a staggering achievement and is a credit to those responsible.<ref>{{Web citation|title=End-of-mission statement on China, by Professor Philip Alston, United Nations Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights|date=2016-9-23|author=Professor Philip Alston|newspaper=UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)|title-url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=20402}}</ref></blockquote>Similarly, a 2020 study in the ''China Economic Review'' notes that income growth has been "widely shared nationwide," resulting in "substantial, ongoing rural poverty reduction" throughout the country. A major milestone was reached with the recent announcement (acknowledged in Western media outlets, such as CNN) that the last poverty-stricken counties in China have been delisted, "leaving no county in a state of absolute poverty countrywide."<ref>{{Citation|title=The long-term evolution of national income inequality and rural poverty in China|year=2020|author=Chuliang Luo, Shi Li, Terry Sicular|publisher=China Economic Review|doi=10.1016/j.chieco.2020.101465|lg=https://libgen.rs/scimag/10.1016%2Fj.chieco.2020.101465}}</ref>

Malnutrition has continued to decline massively in China over the last several decades. According to the University of Oxford's Our World in Data project, China now has a lower rate of death from malnutrition than the United States,<ref>Our World in Data. ''[https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/malnutrition-death-rates?tab=chart&country=CHN~USA Death rate from malnutrition, 1990 to 2017].''</ref> as well as a lower rate of extreme poverty, despite having a significantly lower GDP-per-capita.<ref>Our World in Data. ''[https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-the-population-living-in-extreme-poverty?tab=chart&time=1990..latest&country=CHN~USA&region=World Share of the population living in extreme poverty, 1990 to 2016]''</ref>

China's domestic population share suffering under Global Multidimensional poverty fell from 9.47% in 2010 to 4.21% in 2014 and fell to 3.9% in 2023. Lack of clean drinking water, malnutrition and use of solid cooking fuel are the largest contributors.<ref>'''[https://ophi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/CB_CHN_2023.pdf Global MPI Country Briefing 2023: China (East Asia and the Pacific)]''' By Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative</ref>

Economic growth has also increased dramatically. According to a study from the National Bureau of Economic Research, "reforms yielded a significant growth and structural transformation differential. GDP growth is 4.2 percentage points higher and the share of the labor force in agriculture is 23.9 percentage points lower compared with the continuation of the pre-1978 policies."<ref>{{Citation|title=The Economy of People’s Republic of China from 1953|year=2015|author=Anton Cheremukhin, Mikhail Golosov, Sergei Guriev, Aleh Tsyvinski|publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research|doi=10.3386/w21397}}</ref>

=== Foreign relations ===
In 2021, China signed a 25-year cooperation agreement with the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":8" />

==Debunking myths==

=== "Imperialism" and the Belt and Road Initiative===
China is often accused of being an "imperialist" state, due primarily to its investments in [[Africa]], as part of the Belt and Road Initiative. These critics ignore the actual views of the African people themselves, who overwhelmingly approve of China's role in their economic development.<ref>{{Web citation|title=Africans approve of China, says Afrobarometer|publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=2016|url=https://www.dw.com/en/africans-approve-of-china-says-afrobarometer/a-36214106}}</ref> In addition, the extent of Chinese involvement in Africa is smaller than often believed; according to a 2019 paper from the Center for Economic Policy Research, "China’s influence in Africa is much smaller than is generally believed, though its engagement on the continent is increasing. Chinese investment in Africa, while less extensive than often assumed, has the potential to generate jobs and development on the continent."<ref>{{Citation|title=Chinese investment in Africa: How much do we know?|author=Deborah Brautigam, Xinshen Diao, Margaret McMillan, Jed Silver|publisher=Private Enterprise Development in Low Income Countries|title-url=https://pedl.cepr.org/publications/chinese-investment-africa-how-much-do-we-know-0|series=Policy Insight Series|pdf=https://pedl.cepr.org/sites/default/files/PEDL%20Policy%20Insights%20Series%20-%20No.3_0.pdf}}</ref>

It is also noted that in a 2005 presentation to the Congressional U.S.-China Commission, U.S. State Department official Princeton Lyman assessed how China’s model of socialist state loans don’t serve the function of profit, stating that:<blockquote>China utilizes a variety of instruments to advance its interest in ways that western nations can only envy. Most of China’s investments are through state-owned companies, whose individual investments do not have to be profitable if they serve overall Chinese objectives. Thus the representative of China’s state-owned construction company in Ethiopia could reveal that he was instructed by Beijing to bid low on various tenders, without regard for profit. China’s long term objective in Ethiopia is in access to future natural resource investments, not in construction business profits.</blockquote>A 2018 study in the ''Review of Development Finance'' also found that Chinese investment in Africa raises incomes in the African nations that receive the investment, in a similar way to foreign investments by other nations. The author state that these results "suggest that the win-win deal China claims when investing in Africa may hold, and Chinese investment contributes to growth in Africa. Put differently, Chinese investment is mutually beneficial for both China and Africa."<ref>{{Citation|title=On the importance of Chinese investment in Africa.|year=2018|author=Ficawoyi Donou-Adonsou, Sokchea Lim|publisher=Review of Development Finance|doi=10.1016/j.rdf.2018.05.003}}</ref>

Another 2018 study found that in general, that Chinese development projects in general, and Chinese transportation projects in particular, reduce economic inequality within and between regions. These results suggest that Chinese investments in “connective infrastructure” produce positive economic spillovers that flatten the spatial distribution of economic activity. To the extent that China is helping developing countries escape inefficient spatial equilibria in which most economic activity concentrates in a small number of urban centers and gravitates away from rural towns and village. However, that China’s “aid on demand” approach is vulnerable to domestic political manipulation in that government leaders in recipient countries steer Chinese aid to their home and ethnic regions.<ref>[https://docs.aiddata.org/ad4/pdfs/WPS64_Connective_Financing_Chinese_Infrastructure_Projects_and_the_Diffusion_of_Economic_Activity_in_Developing_Countries.pdf '''Connective Financing: Chinese Infrastructure Projects and the Diffusion of Economic Activity in Developing Countries''' By Richard Blum et Al, page 30-31]</ref>

And in a 2022 study studying 2009 Chinese trade relations, it found that the exports from Sub-Saharan Africa to the advanced economies exhibit the same pattern, namely, embodying a significant amount of transfer value to the advanced countries. On the other hand, exports from Sub-Saharan Africa to China do not embody significant amounts of transfer value. In other words, Sub-Saharan Africa’s trade with China (in 2009) is fairly equitable.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359145830_Estimating_Unequal_Exchange_Sub-Saharan_Africa_to_China_and_the_World '''Estimating Unequal Exchange: Sub-Saharan Africa to China and the World''' By Gernot Kohler]</ref>

Despite the Western media accusing China of "debt trap diplomacy," China gives loans at low interest rates and often allows countries to restructure or even never repay loans, unlike the [[Neocolonialism|neocolonial]] [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]].<ref name=":9">{{Web citation|author=Amanda Yee|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=Why Chinese ‘debt trap diplomacy’ is a lie|date=2022-12-19|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/why-chinese-debt-trap-diplomacy-is-a-lie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220062314/https://www.liberationnews.org/why-chinese-debt-trap-diplomacy-is-a-lie/|archive-date=2022-12-20|retrieved=2022-12-23}}</ref> China has forgiven tens of billions of dollars of debt held by African countries.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Shang Guan Jie Wen|newspaper=China and the New World|title=China Forgives Tens of Billions of Dollars in Debt for Africa|date=2022-02-23|url=https://chinaandthenewworld.wordpress.com/2022/02/23/china-forgives-debt-in-africa-in-massive-amounts/|archive-url=https://web.archiRemove.org/web/20220223061528/https://chinaandthenewworld.wordpress.com/2022/02/23/china-forgives-debt-in-africa-in-massive-amounts/|archive-date=2022-02-23|retrieved=2022-05-10}}</ref> It has also forgiven 23 interest-free loans to 17 different countries.<ref name=":9" />

The economist [[Yanis Varoufakis]] discussed the topic in a recent lecture given at the Cambridge forum. He helpfully debunks a number of myths on the matter.

===Censorship and the Great Firewall===
[[Meta Platforms, Inc.|Facebook]] was allowed in China up until the deadly 2009 riots in Xinjiang.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Uncredited|newspaper=Tech Crunch|title=China Blocks Access To Twitter, Facebook After Riots|date=2009-07-07|url=https://techcrunch.com/2009/07/07/china-blocks-access-to-twitter-facebook-after-riots/|retrieved=2023-03-27}}</ref> In the bigger picture, this is a response to the terroristic behavior of the [[National Endowment for Democracy|NED]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=christineb|newspaper=National Endowment for Democracy|title=UYGHUR HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY ACT BUILDS ON WORK OF NED GRANTEES|date=2020-05-29|url=https://www.ned.org/uyghur-human-rights-policy-act-builds-on-work-of-ned-grantees/|retrieved=2023-27-03}}</ref> Much like how [[Western censorship|communists are censored]] in the west, China is defending itself against the common [[imperialism|imperialist]] tactic of [[color revolution]]. In the same vein, [[Vladimir Lenin]] stated: <blockquote>All over the world, wherever there are capitalists, freedom of the press means freedom to buy up newspapers, to buy writers, to bribe, buy and fake ‘public opinion’ for the benefit of the bourgeoisie. This is a fact. No one will ever be able to refute it… The bourgeoisie (all over the world) is still very much stronger than we are. To place in its hands yet another weapon like freedom of political organization (= freedom of the press, for the press is the core and foundation of political organization) means facilitating the enemy’s task, means helping the class enemy. We have no wish to commit suicide, and therefore, we will not do this. We clearly see this fact: ‘freedom of the press’ means in practice that the international bourgeoisie will immediately buy up hundreds and thousands of Cadet, SocialistRevolutionary and Menshevik writers, and will organize their propaganda and fight against us. That is a fact. ‘They’ are richer than we are and will buy a ‘force’ ten times larger than we have, to fight us. No, we will not do it; we will not help the international bourgeoisie. How could you descend from a class appraisal-from the appraisal of the relations between all classes-to the sentimental, philistine appraisal? This is a mystery to me… Freedom of the press will help the force of the world bourgeoisie. That is a fact, ‘Freedom of the press’ will not help to purge the Communist Party in Russia of a number of its weaknesses… because this is not what the world bourgeoisie wants. But freedom of the press will be a weapon in the hands of this world bourgeoisie.<ref>{{Citation|author=Vladimir Lenin|year=1965|title=V. I. Lenin: Collected Works|page=505-506|pdf=http://www.marx2mao.com/PDFs/Lenin%20CW-Vol.%2032-TC.pdf|city=Moscow|publisher=Progress Publishers|volume=32}}</ref> </blockquote>

===Abandoning of Marxism/Capitalist restoration===
[[File:Marx_poster_in_Beijing.jpg|thumb|A poster in Beijing that reads "Never forget our roots. Marxism was here in China's early days"|alt=]]
In 2020, Xi Jinping gave a speech to the Politburo of the Communist Party of China, in which he made clear the continued importance that the CPC places on Marxist political economy. To quote:<blockquote>Marxist political economy is an important component of Marxism, and required learning for our efforts to uphold and develop Marxism. [...] There are people who believe Marxist political economy and ''Das Kapital'' are obsolete, but this is an arbitrary and erroneous judgment. Setting aside more distant events and looking at just the period since the global financial crisis, we can see that many capitalist countries have remained in an economic slump, with serious unemployment problems, intensifying polarization, and deepening social divides. The facts tell us that the contradictions between the socialization of production and the private possession of the means of production still exist, but they are manifested in ways and show characteristics that are somewhat different.<ref>{{Citation|title=Opening up new frontiers for Marxist political economy in contemporary China|year=2015|author=Xi Jinping|publisher=Qiushi Journal|title-url=https://en.qstheory.cn/2020-11/08/c_560906.htm|trans-lang=Chinese}}</ref></blockquote>He goes on to list a number of principles guiding the implementation of Marxist political economy in the PRC:<blockquote>First, we must uphold a people-centered approach to development. Development is for the people; this is the fundamental position of Marxist political economy. [...] Second, we must uphold the new development philosophy. Third, we must uphold and improve our basic socialist economic system. According to Marxist political economy, ownership of the means of production is the core of the relations of production, and this determines a society's fundamental nature and the orientation of its development. Since reform and opening up... we have stressed the importance of continuing to make public ownership the mainstay while allowing ownership of other forms to develop side by side, and made it clear that both the public and non-public sectors are important components of the socialist market economy as well as crucial foundations for our nation's economic and social development. [...] Fourth, we must uphold and improve our basic socialist distribution system. [...] Fifth, we must uphold reforms to develop the socialist market economy. [...] Sixth, we must uphold the fundamental national policy of opening up.</blockquote>From this, it should be quite clear that Marxism (specifically Marxism–Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought) retains a dominant role in the People's Republic of China, serving as the guiding ideology of the Communist Party.

Despite common misconceptions, [[class struggle]] (an important component of Marxism) has not been abandoned in China; despite common belief, the statement on class struggle can be found in the Communique of the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 1978, which states:<ref>[https://www.bjreview.com/Special_Reports/2018/40th_Anniversary_of_Reform_and_Opening_up/Timeline/201806/t20180626_800133641.html Communique of the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China] - Beijing Review, December 29, 1978</ref><blockquote>There is still in our country today a small handful of counter-revolutionary elements and criminals who hate our socialist modernization and try to undermine it. We must not relax our class struggle against them, nor can we weaken the dictatorship of the proletariat. But as Comrade Mao Tsetung pointed out, the large-scale turbulent class struggles of a mass character have in the main come to an end. Class struggle in socialist society should be carried out on the principle of strictly differentiating the two different types of contradictions and correctly handling them in accordance with the procedures prescribed by the Constitution and the law. It is impermissible to confuse the two different types of contradictions and damage the political stability and unity required for socialist modernization. </blockquote>This can be exemplified by billionaires who go missing, are jailed or even executed for corruption, bribery and speaking out against the government.<ref>https://www.businessinsider.com/chinese-billionaire-spoke-against-government-sentenced-18-years-prison-2021-7</ref><ref>https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/disappearing-billionaires-1195107.html</ref> In 2013, a private company started building luxury villas on protected land in the Qinling Mountains; Xi Jinping ordered the buildings destroyed to make room for parks and giant panda habitats.<ref>https://news.bloomberglaw.com/environment-and-energy/lavish-chinese-villas-tumble-to-make-room-for-parks-pandas</ref> These are a few examples of the legal means and procedures that the CPC states they will use in the 1978 communique in the 21st century.

===LGBT rights===
<blockquote>''See also: [[LGBT rights and issues in AES countries#People's Republic of China]]''</blockquote>[[LGBT+|Same-sex relationships]] are legal in China, although same-sex marriage and adoption are not currently legal. Same-sex couple married overseas can be named as each other’s “legal guardians”, a status considered fairly similar to a civil union.<ref>Phoebe Zhang (2021-12-21). [https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/family-relationships/article/3114633/lgbtq-people-china-picture-mixed-global-report-finds "For LGBTQ people in China the picture is mixed, global report finds, with some legal protections but barriers to freedom of expression"] ''South China Morning Post''.</ref> Transgender individuals are legally allowed to receive healthcare and may legally change their gender marker after receiving sexual reassignment surgery. In recent years, transgender treatment facilities have become more available in China, including the opening of a clinic for the treatment of transgender minors in 2021, with both psychological help and hormone treatment available.<ref>Zhang Wanqing and Li Jiaru. (2021-11-08) [https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1008904/chinas-first-clinic-for-trans-youth-a-good-step%2C-advocates-say- "China’s First Clinic for Trans Youth a ‘Good Step,’ Advocates Say."] Sixth Tone.</ref>

Professor Li Yinhe of the Institute of Sociology under the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences was quoted in a [[China Global Television Network|CGTN]] article as saying that the biggest challenge for the LGBT community in China is not anything imposed by law, but rather family pressure stemming from the "deep-rooted culture" that places high priority on family values and especially an emphasis on carrying on the family line.<ref>[https://news.cgtn.com/news/3163444d7a677a6333566d54/index.html "LGBT in China: Changes and Challenges"] (22-Jan-2018). ''CGTN''.</ref>

According to a 2020 report published in BMC Public Health, "For member of the Chinese LGBT community, the greatest source of pressure to conform to societal norms of sexuality and identity comes from family members—particularly parents." The report also found that "a higher level of economic development in provinces was associated with a decrease in discrimination, and we identified that every 100 thousand RMB increase in per capita GDP lead to a 6.4% decrease in discriminatory events perpetrated by heterosexuals" and that "The prevalence of this discrimination is associated with the economic development of the province in which it occurs."<ref>Wang, Yuanyuan, Zhishan Hu, Ke Peng, Joanne Rechdan, Yuan Yang, Lijuan Wu, Ying Xin, et al. [https://d-nb.info/1214031323/34 “Mapping out a Spectrum of the Chinese Public’s Discrimination toward the LGBT Community: Results from a National Survey.”] ''BMC Public Health'' 20, no. 1 (May 12, 2020). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08834-y</nowiki>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221010062927/https://d-nb.info/1214031323/34 Archived] 2022-10-10.</ref>

In 2019, [[China Global Television Network|CGTN]] produced a short documentary entitled "LGBT in China: Coming Out with Chinese Characteristics", which explored the widespread prejudices against LGBT people in Chinese society, noting that lack of education and understanding are the main factor in this. Documenting the experiences of LGBT people and partnerships and the advances in acceptance, the film noted that unlike in many nations, the remaining anti-LGBT attitudes are mainly a result of culture rather than religious ideals.<ref>https://news.cgtn.com/news/3d67544e3230575a306c5562684a335a764a4855/share_p.html</ref>

The 2021 short documentary film "A Day of Trans" (Chinese: 跨越性别的一天) explores the lived experiences of four Chinese transgender individuals across three generations, exploring their professional career paths, community involvement, social barriers, and their unique approaches to life as transgender individuals across the generations. It is directed by Yennefer Fang, a Chinese transgender independent filmmaker. It follows Liu Peilin, who was born in 1956, and started identify as a woman in her 40s. It also follows Mr. C, a 35-year-old transgender man, who became the public face in the fight for job equality in China in 2016 and who won a court case against his employer for discrimination for his gender identity. Finally, it follows two transgender artists who grew up during China's rapid economic growth. Fang said that she tries to observe the status of transgender people from an internal perspective and tries to dispel misconceptions through the documentary, including the perception that "transgenderism" is a contemporary, white, or bourgeois term.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lY1L1p29vuc "A Day of Trans 跨越性别的一天".] Yennefer Fang, Yennefer Fang Studios. YouTube. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211128114433/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lY1L1p29vuc Archived] 2021-11-28.</ref><ref>Ji Yuqiao. [https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202111/1239389.shtml “New Documentary ‘a Day of Trans’ Explores Experiences of Three Generations of Chinese Transgender Persons."] Global Times. November 19, 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220927204956/https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202111/1239389.shtml Archived] 2022-09-17.</ref>

Other LGBT documentaries:

* [https://news.cgtn.com/news/3d67544e3230575a306c5562684a335a764a4855/share_p.html LGBT in China: Coming Out with Chinese Characteristics] by [[China Global Television Network|CGTN]]
* [https://youtu.be/doAh4ZhGhsY Gay Leap Forward: LGBT in China] by [[China Global Television Network|CGTN]]
* [https://youtu.be/NFarMuDa6GQ Being True to Yourself: LGBT in China] by [[China Global Television Network|CGTN]]

In 2023, China shut down the Beijing LGBT Center. While western bourgeois media incorrectly portrayed it as an attack on LGBT rights in the country, it was shut down for being an NED-front group led by Wan Yanhai.<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/TheDeprogram/comments/15afbah/just_read_an_article_that_stated_beijing_lgbt/</ref>

== See Also ==

* [[Socialism with Chinese Characteristics]]
* [[Reform and Opening Up]]
* [[Socialist market economy]]

==References==

<references />
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Marxist-Leninist states]]
[[Category:People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Targets of bourgeois media]]
[[Category:Countries targeted by imperialist aggression]]
[[Category:Asian countries]]

Landlord

2024-01-01T00:16:10Z

Rangerjs1: Added painting- The Eviction- that shows the racism of landlords by depicting an African American family being evicted

[[File:Landlord trial poster.png|thumb|Poster depicting the public trial of a landlord following the [[Chinese Revolution]]]]
'''Landlords''' are an exploiting class that owns housing and extracts wealth from the people who live there, who are called tenants. They are a relic of the landowning lords that existed under [[feudalism]] and required [[Peasantry|peasants]] to work their land in order to live on their estates. Landlordism has been criticized by [[Marxism|Marxists]] as well as classical economists such as [[Adam Smith]].<ref>{{Citation|author=Adam Smith|year=1776|title=An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations|chapter=On the Component Parts of the Price of Commodities|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/smith-adam/works/wealth-of-nations/book01/ch06.htm|section=|page=44|quote=As soon as the land of any country has all become private property, the landlords, like all other men, love to reap where they never sowed, and demand a rent even for its natural produce.|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/smith-adam/works/wealth-of-nations/index.htm|volume=1}}</ref>
[[File:TheEviction.jpeg|alt=The Eviction (1946) is a painting that depicts an African-American family being evicted to demonstrate the racism that landlords rely on.|thumb|The Eviction (1946) displays the racial discrimination and white supremacy that the landlords in the United States rely on. ]]

== By country ==

=== Canada ===
In [[Canada]], 38% of tenants live under private landlords (mostly wealthy families that own multiple properties), 20% live under corporate landlords, and 8% live under financial landlords. In 2019, the average net worth of multi-property landlord families was $1.7 million, excluding mortgage debt, which the landlords force their tenants to pay.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Ricardo Tranjan|newspaper=[[Monthly Review]]|title=Debunking the myth of the ‘mom-and-pop’ landlord|date=2023-04-30|url=https://mronline.org/2023/05/06/debunking-the-myth-of-the-mom-and-pop-landlord/}}</ref>

=== China ===
In [[Republic of China|China]] during the [[People's Republic of China#The New Democratic Revolution period (1919–1949)|new democratic period]], the landlords served the international [[Imperialism|imperialist]] [[bourgeoisie]] and were one of the most [[Counter-revolution|counterrevolutionary]] groups in society.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Mao Zedong]]|year=1926|title=Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-1/mswv1_1.htm}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Kulak]]

== References ==
[[Category:Class society]]

File:TheEviction.jpeg

2023-12-31T23:57:20Z

Rangerjs1: The Eviction is a 1946 painting by artist Ray Grathwol. He depicts the eviction of an African-American family from their Akron, Ohio house at the intersection of High and Furnace Street. He painted it to depict housing discrimination of racial minorities.

== Summary ==
The Eviction is a 1946 painting by artist Ray Grathwol. He depicts the eviction of an African-American family from their Akron, Ohio house at the intersection of High and Furnace Street. He painted it to depict housing discrimination of racial minorities.

Communist Party of the United States of America

2023-12-21T00:40:20Z

Rangerjs1: /* Modern era */ promoting of communist party of israel

{{Infobox political party|name=Communist Party of the United States of America|logo=CPUSA.png|founded=September 1, 1919|abbreviation=CPUSA|leader1_title=Co-chairs|leader1_name=[[Joe Sims]] Rossana Cambron|founder=[[C. E. Ruthenberg]]|newspaper=''[[People's World]]''|youth_wing=[[Young Communist League USA]]|membership_year=1944|membership=80,000|political_orientation=[[Marxism–Leninism]] (de jure) [[Bill of Rights Socialism]] [[Revisionism]] [[Reformism]] (de facto) [[Patriotic Socialism]] '''Historical:''' [[Browderism]] [[Nationalism|USA nationalism]]|website=https://www.cpusa.org/}}{{Communist parties}}

The '''Communist Party of the United States of America''' ('''CPUSA''') is a [[communist party]] in the [[United States of America|United States]] currently under a [[Revisionism|revisionist]] and [[Opportunism|opportunist]] leadership.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=John Bachtell, chairman of PCUSA until 2019|date=2014-06-23|title=Elections, the state, reform and revolution|url=http://www.politicalaffairs.net/elections-the-state-reform-and-revolution/|newspaper=Political Affairs|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=|quote=The CPUSA has long said the transition to US socialism will be much more prolonged and complex. [...] Just like the socialist society we envision - peaceful, humane and democratic – so too must be the path as it will shape every aspect of the new society. [...] Marx and Engels foresaw the possibility of peaceful transition particularly under conditions of the democratic or bourgeois republic. [...] Even Lenin initially thought a peaceful transition to workers' and peasants' power in Russia would be possible as a result of the crisis brought on by WWI, but the armed intervention of western imperialist powers changed the course of history.}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|journalist=John Bachtell, chairman of CPUSA until 2019|date=2018-04-25|title=Marxism a vibrant philosophical outlook, says CPUSA leader|url=https://www.cpusa.org/article/marxism-a-vibrant-philosophical-outlook-says-cpusa-leader/|newspaper=CPUSA Blog|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=|quote=Non-violent peaceful resistance is a very important form of struggle. [...] It will be what we call a democratic path. One that utilizes the electoral arena but also other democratic venues where we’re constantly trying to expand our right}}</ref><ref>[[Essay:On the Webbite Tendency in CPUSA|On the Webbite Tendency in CPUSA]]: Essay by anonymous CPUSA Party member, published by [[Comrade:Jucheguevara|Jucheguevara]]</ref> It was established in 1919 after a split from the [[Socialist Party of America]].

== History ==

=== Formation ===
In 1919, the [[Communist International (1919–1943)|Comintern]] urged the formation of a Statesian communist party composed of left elements of [[Socialism|socialist]] groups that supported the [[dictatorship of the proletariat]]. On July 28, many members of the Socialist Party of America, including [[C. E. Ruthenberg]], [[Louis Fraina]], and [[Bertram D. Wolfe]], decided to split and form a new party.<ref>{{Citation|author=Jacob A. Zumoff|year=2014|title=The Communist International and US Communism, 1919–1929|chapter=The Formation of the Communist Party, 1912–21|page=40–44|pdf=https://discord.com/channels/691004496142401606/735427621982306364/948686196433899560|city=Boston|publisher=Global Oriental and Hotei Publishing}}</ref>

After being expelled from the Socialist Party of America's convention, the Michigan group of the Socialist Party formed the Communist Party of America on September 1, 1919. The Communist Party soon had a membership of 58,000. Another smaller party was formed from this split, the [[Communist Labor Party of America|Communist Labor Party]]. The CPA decided not to cooperate with non-revolutionary parties.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=[[William Z. Foster]]|year=1952|title=History of the Communist Party of the United States|title-url=http://williamzfoster.blogspot.com/|chapter=The Formation of the Communist Party (1919-1921)|chapter-url=http://williamzfoster.blogspot.com/2013/01/chapter-twelve-formation-of-communist.html}}</ref>

=== Palmer Raids ===
On October 16, 1919, the police raided the headquarters of the CLP in Cleveland and arrested its leadership. In New York City, 700 police raided meetings celebrating the anniversary of the [[Russian revolution of 1917|October Revolution]]. During the night of January 6, 1920, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] authorized Attorney General [[A. Mitchell Palmer]] to carry out raids in 70 cities that led to approximately 10,000 arrests. Much of the leadership of the communist parties was arrested and over 500 people were deported. As a result of the [[Palmer Raids]], the membership of the CPA dropped from 60,000 to 10,000. In May 1920, the CPA and CLP combined to form the United Communist Party of America.<ref name=":0" />

In August 1922, the government raided a party convention being held in Bridgman, [[Michigan]].<ref>{{Citation|author=William Z. Foster|year=1952|title=History of the Communist Party of the United States|title-url=http://williamzfoster.blogspot.com/|chapter=The Communists and the Capitalist Offensive (1919-1923)|chapter-url=http://williamzfoster.blogspot.com/2013/01/chapter-fourteen-communists-and.html}}</ref>

The majority of party members were foreign-born and the party ran 27 publications in almost 20 languages.<ref name=":3">{{Citation|author=William Z. Foster|year=1952|title=History of the Communist Party of the United States|title-url=http://williamzfoster.blogspot.com/|chapter=Building the Party of the New Type (1919-1929)|chapter-url=http://williamzfoster.blogspot.com/2013/01/chapter-nineteen-building-party-of-new.html}}</ref>

=== Purges ===
In October 1928, the CPUSA expelled about 100 [[Trotskyism|Trotskyists]] led by [[James Cannon]] and [[Max Shachtman]]. They went on to found the [[Socialist Workers Party (United States)|Socialist Workers' Party]]. In June 1929, following the sixth congress of the Comintern, the party expelled a group of [[Right-opportunism|right-oppositionists]] led by [[Jay Lovestone]].<ref name=":3" />

=== Great Depression ===
In October 1929, a major economic crisis known as the [[Great Depression]] began. 17 million workers became unemployed and basic industrial production dropped by 50%. During the first four years of the Depression, party membership increased from under 10,000 to 18,000.

On March 6, 1930, the CPUSA organized a demonstration of over a million workers and unemployed. In [[New York City]], the demonstration was met with 25,000 police and firemen.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=William Z. Foster|year=1952|title=History of the Communist Party of the United States|title-url=http://williamzfoster.blogspot.com/|chapter=The Communist Party and the Great Economic Crisis (1929-1933)|chapter-url=http://williamzfoster.blogspot.com/2013/01/chapter-twenty-communist-party-and.html}}</ref>

The Seventh National Convention of the CPUSA was held in New York City in 1930 with 306 delegates. Party leaders, including [[William Z. Foster]], did not participate because they were in jail after attempting to present the demands of the [[Unemployment|unemployed]] to Mayor [[Jimmy Walker]].<ref>{{Citation|author=Marxists Internet Archive|year=2009|title=Communist Party of the United States of America (1919–1946)|chapter=The Communist Party, USA|publisher=|mia=https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/eam/cpa/communistparty.html}}</ref>

In 1932, William Z. Foster ran for president and received over 100,000 votes.<ref name=":1" />

=== Second World War ===
The CPUSA was initially opposed to U.S. involvement in the [[Second World War]] but changed its position after [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]] attacked the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]]. 15,000 party members fought against [[fascism]] during the war. While many communist men were fighting in the war, women increased their share of leadership in the party and four women were elected to the National Committee.

In 1943, Communist [[Peter V. Cacchione]] was elected to City Council in the [[State of New York|New York]] municipal elections. At the same time, [[Benjamin J. Davis Jr.]] became the first Black communist to be elected to public office. By 1944, the party had 80,000 members.

General Secretary [[Earl Browder]] made an opportunist error and assumed that the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]] and United States would support the communist movement because they had agreed to help the Soviet Union in the war.<ref>{{Citation|author=William Z. Foster|year=1952|title=History of the Communist Party of the United States|title-url=http://williamzfoster.blogspot.com/|chapter=The Communists in the War (1941-1945)|chapter-url=http://williamzfoster.blogspot.com/2013/01/chapter-twenty-nine-communists-in-war.html}}</ref>

=== Postwar period ===
In 1947, the party affirmed the line that the [[African diaspora in the United States|African diaspora]] has a right to full nationhood.

In the 1948 presidential election, the CPUSA supported the [[Progressive Party]], led by [[Henry A. Wallace]], which had been created in 1948. The Progressive Party received 1,158,000 votes in the election.<ref name=":4" />

In July 1948, the USA brought indictments against 12 of 13 National Board members under the [[Smith Act]], including William Z. Foster, Eugene Denis, Benjamin Davis, and [[Gus Hall]]. 11 of the 12 defendants received five-year sentences.<ref name=":0233">{{Citation|author=Albert Szymanski|year=1984|title=Human Rights in the Soviet Union|chapter=The Land of the Free|page=175–176|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceazdmtb2y3qq27fve5ib3gk7uv2unt6ae2xss74xmfpur7k5uhl5m?filename=Albert%20Szymanski%20-%20Human%20Rights%20in%20the%20Soviet%20Union_%20Including%20Comparisons%20with%20the%20U.S.A.-Zed%20Books%20Ltd.%20%281984%29.pdf|city=London|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|isbn=0862320186|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C597B1232D9EA6B0F3DCB438D7E15A81}}</ref>

The CPUSA opposed the [[Korean War]] and [[Syngman Rhee]]'s puppet government in [[Republic of Korea|South Korea]] as well as the U.S. puppet states in [[Taiwan Province]] and [[Republic of Vietnam (1955–1975)|South Vietnam]]. On June 29, 1951, the CPUSA held the [[People's Congress for Peace]] in [[Chicago]]. The congress had 5,000 delegates, including 1,500 Black delegates and over 1,600 women.<ref name=":4">{{Citation|author=William Z. Foster|year=1952|title=History of the Communist Party of the United States|title-url=http://williamzfoster.blogspot.com/|chapter=The Communist Party and the "Cold War" (1945-1951)|chapter-url=http://williamzfoster.blogspot.com/2013/01/chapter-thirty-three-communist-party.html}}</ref>

During the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]], the CPUSA took the side of the U.S Bourgeois government by attempting to impose "international inspections" on Cuba.<ref name=":5">{{Web citation|newspaper=Renmin Ribao|title=A Comment On The Statement Of The CPUSA|date=March 8, 1963|url=https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Library:A_Comment_On_The_Statement_Of_The_CPUSA|quote=As for revolutionary Cuba, you say that you support her five demands for safeguarding her independence and sovereignty, but on the other hand you try to impose “international inspection” on her.

Why don’t these leaders of the CPUSA stop and consider: What is the difference between your present embellishment of U.S. imperialism and Browder’s revisionism?

if they combat the corrosive influence of the bourgeoisie and the poison of reformism in the working-class movement and eliminate the revisionist influence of the Lovestones and Browders from their ranks}}</ref>

In aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis, the CPUSA was accused by the [[Communist Party of China|CPC]] of breaking Communist solidarity by not only siding against Cuba, slandering the CPC and it's positions regarding the Cuban Missile Crisis, but also of "prettifying U.S Imperialism", breaking from Marxism-Leninism, and pledging loyalty to the Bourgeois government of the [[United States of America|U.S]]. The CPC described the General Secretary [[Gus Hall]] as being no different than [[Earl Browder]]<ref name=":5" /> and that the influence of both Browder and [[Jay Lovestone]] permeated the CPUSA<ref name=":5" />.

=== Modern era ===
In 2008, before he became national chairman, [[Joe Sims]] published an article titled ''Ten Worst and Best Ideas of Marxism'' in Political Affairs,<ref>{{Web citation|author=Joe Sims|newspaper=Political Affairs|title=Ten Worst and Best Ideas of Marxism|date=2008-08-05|url=https://paeditorsblog.blogspot.com/2008/08/ten-worst-and-best-ideas-of-marxism.html?m=1|archive-url=https://archive.ph/KFAe4}}</ref> a magazine associated with the party that he is now the editor of. His article has been criticised as denouncing core principles of [[Marxism]] and has raised questions as to how someone so hostile to Marxism could become national chairman of a communist party. Conversely, the article has also been defended as satire by CPUSA members.

The CPUSA published an article promoting and endorsing voting for [[Hillary Clinton]] in the 2016 presidential elections against [[Donald Trump]]. The article went on to promote the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] as a whole due to the claiming that they have the support of [[LGBT+]] people, racial minorities, and women.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Cameron Orr|newspaper=CPUSA|title=Defeating Trump: A strategy for uniting progressive forces|date=2016-11-08|url=https://www.cpusa.org/article/defeating-trump-a-strategy-for-uniting-progressive-forces/|retrieved=2023-12-01}}</ref>

In 2022, an anonymous party member published a criticism of the party's leadership for isolating itself from the rank and file.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Anonymous CPUSA member|newspaper=ProleWiki|title=On the Webbite Tendency in CPUSA|date=2022-07-07|url=https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Essay:On_the_Webbite_Tendency_in_CPUSA}}</ref> In it, the member decries the Webbite tendency -- named after ex-national chairman Sam Webb from 2000 to 2014, who enacted policies to purge out the Marxist-Leninist elements within the party and wanted to abandon the word ''communism'' from the party's name -- and which, the member believes, survives to this day in the CPUSA.

The CPUSA has significantly promoted the Communist Party of Israel, even going as far to state, “Long live the Communist Party of Israel!”<ref>{{Web citation|author=CPUSA National Commitee|newspaper=CPUSA|title=A ceasefire is the first step toward peace and liberation|date=2023-12-11|url=https://cpusa.org/article/a-ceasefire-is-the-first-step-toward-peace-and-liberation/|retrieved=2023-12-20}}</ref> The Communist Party of Israel has promoted liberal talking points about [[Hamas]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Communist Party of Israel|newspaper=Maki|title=Sexual Violence Perpetrated by Hamas Must be Investigated as Crimes Against Humanity|date=2023-11-27|url=https://maki.org.il/en/?p=31397}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=Communist Party of Israel|newspaper=Maki|title=Human Rights Organizations, MK Cassif Raise a Clear Voice Against the Harming of Civilians|date=2023-10-16|url=https://maki.org.il/en/?p=31270|retrieved=2023-12-20}}</ref>

== Structure ==

=== National level ===
National conventions of the CPUSA are held once every four years. They may be postponed by a 75% vote of the National Committee or special conventions may be held with a 40% vote of the National Committee or a majority vote of all state and district committees. The national convention can amend the party constitution with a majority vote.

At the national convention, a new National Committee is elected. The National Committee meets at least three times a year and can amend the party constitution with a 75% vote in addition to a majority vote of the majority of state and district committees.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|author=30th National Convention|year=2014|title=Constitution of the Communist Party of the United States of America|title-url=https://www.cpusa.org/party_info/cpusa-constitution/}}</ref>

=== District level ===
The National Committee of the CPUSA can establish state and district organizations. District organizations may cover multiple states or parts of states. State and district conventions meet once every four years, before the National Convention does. Additional state/district conventions can be called with a one-third vote of the State/District Committee or upon the request of clubs representing a third of the state or district's party membership. The State/District Committee meets at least four times a year, or three times a year in districts covering large geographic areas.<ref name=":2" />

=== Club level ===
Clubs are the smallest organizations of the CPUSA and represent local communities or workplaces. Club conventions meet once a year and elect a chair. Additional officers may also be elected depending on the club's size.<ref name=":2" />

== Districts ==
The CPUSA website has a list of districts with contact information:<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Communist Party USA|title=Contact|url=https://www.cpusa.org/contact/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707000105/https://www.cpusa.org/contact/|archive-date=2022-07-07|retrieved=2022-08-08}}</ref>

* Arizona
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Eastern Pennsylvania and Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Michigan
* Minnesota and the Dakotas
* Missouri/Kansas
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* North Carolina
* Ohio
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* San Francisco Bay Area
* South Carolina
* Southern California
* Texas
* Virginia
* Washington (state)
* Washington, D.C.
* Western Pennsylvania

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Communist parties]]
[[Category:Communist Party USA]]
[[Category:Statesian communist parties]]

Google Inc.

2023-12-07T18:41:30Z

Rangerjs1: extra comma

{{Infobox company
|name=Google Inc.
|image=Google 2015 logo.png
|caption=Google's 2015 logo.
|industry=Advertising, Artificial Intelligence, and Information Science
|founded=1998-09-04
|founder=[[Larry Page]] [[Sergey Brin]]
|headquarters=1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, California, [[United States]]
|website=[https://www.google.com www.google.com]
}}
'''Google Inc.''' is a [[United States]]-based tech company involved in state surveillance, censorship, and military contracting. It runs Google Search, the world's largest search engine. It is owned by the holding company [[Alphabet Inc.]]

== Products ==
In December of 2023, Google unveiled their new AI model of Gemini and was consitered notable due to the idea that late starters in the AI industry (when compared to competitions like OpenAI) could still catch up and brought inspiration to the Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Industry Association and Chinese AI creators.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Liu Caiyu|newspaper=Global Times|title=Google's Gemini launch tells Chinese AI developers: latecomers can bridge gap with determination|date=2023-12-07|url=https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202312/1303233.shtml|retrieved=2023-12-07}}</ref>

==Censorship==
In April 2017, Google implemented changes to Google Search to make it more difficult to access so-called "fake news." The censorship decreased visits to the [[World Socialist Web Site]] from over 422,000 per month to only 120,000. Other left-wing and anti-war websites targeted include [[AlterNet]], [[Consortium News]], [[Counterpunch]], [[Global Research]], and [[WikiLeaks]].<ref>{{News citation|author=Andre Damon, Niles Niemuth|newspaper=[[World Socialist Web Site]]|title=New Google algorithm restricts access to left-wing, progressive web sites|date=2017-07-27|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2017/07/27/goog-j27.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704105931/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2017/07/27/goog-j27.html|archive-date=2022-07-04|retrieved=2022-07-06}}</ref>

== CIA connections ==
[[Ryan Fugit]], Google's senior manager of trust and security, was a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] officer for eight years.

[[Jeff Lazarus]] worked for the CIA from 2010 to 2015 as an economic and political analyst. He joined Google in 2017 to suppress "extremist content" and joined [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] in 2021.

Google Senior Intelligence Collector [[Jacqueline Lopour]] worked for the CIA for more than ten years and wrote papers for the U.S. president about the Middle East and South Asia. She joined Google in 2017.

[[Nick Rossman]] worked as a CIA analyst focusing on [[Republic of Iraq|Iraq]] for five years and joined Google as a senior manager in 2021.<ref>{{News citation|title=National Security Search Engine: Google's Ranks Are Filled with CIA Agents|date=2022-07-25|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/national-security-search-engine-google-ranks-cia-agents/281490/}}</ref>

==Imperialism==
Google vice president [[Milo Medin]] and former executive chairman and board member [[Eric Schmidt]] are on the [[United States Department of Defense|Pentagon]]'s Defense Innovation Board. Google supplied mapping technology to the [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. military]] for use in their [[Iraq War|invasion of Iraq]].<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=Elliott Gabriel|newspaper=[[MintPress News]]|title=Pentagon Capitalism and Silicon Valley: Google’s Drone War Project Shows Big Data’s Military Roots|date=2018-04-06|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/pentagon-capitalism-and-silicon-valley-googles-drone-war-project-shows-big-datas-military-roots/240210/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328183418/https://www.mintpressnews.com/pentagon-capitalism-and-silicon-valley-googles-drone-war-project-shows-big-datas-military-roots/240210/|archive-date=2022-03-28|retrieved=2022-07-06}}</ref>

Google provides a cloud service system to the [[Israeli Defense Forces|Israeli military]] as part of [[Project Nimbus]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Lowkey|newspaper=[[MintPress News]]|title=No Tech for Apartheid Israel: Google Whistleblower Ariel Koren Exposes Project Nimbus|date=2022-09-16|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/google-whistleblower-ariel-koren-rejects-israel-project-nimbus/281940/|retrieved=2022-09-18}}</ref>

==Surveillance==
In 2013, [[Edward Snowden]] leaked evidence that the [[National Security Agency|NSA]] and [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] had direct access to the internal servers of Google, [[YouTube]], and several other major tech companies.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
[[Category:Companies based in the United States]]

<references />
[[Category:Search engines]]
[[Category:Imperialist companies]]
[[Category:Big tech]]