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Israel Defense Forces

2024-03-02T02:38:50Z

Unpraxist: Statistics of ongoing genocide of Palestinians in Gaza

[[File:IDF logo.png|thumb|Emblem]]
The "'''Israel" Defense Forces''' ('''IDF'''), also known as the '''"Israel" Occupation Forces''' ('''IOF'''), is a [[Settler colonialism|settler-colonial]] terrorist organization. Along with its predecessor, the [[Haganah]], it is responsible for the ongoing [[Colonialism|colonization]] and [[Palestinian genocide|genocide of Palestinians]]. Military service is mandatory in the [[State of Israel|Zionist Entity]], and people who refuse to join the IOF may spend months in prison.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Lee Camp|newspaper=[[MintPress News]]|title=The One Thing the Israeli Military Is Terrified of|date=2022-09-28|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/israel-military-terrified-of-conscientious-objectors/282062/|retrieved=2022-10-01}}</ref> The IOF's current Chief of Staff is [[Herzi Halevi]].<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=Miko Peled|newspaper=[[MintPress News]]|title=Despite What Media Claim, New IDF Chief of Staff Is a Particularly Gruesome War Criminal|date=2022-09-20|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/new-idf-chief-herzi-halevi-particularly-gruesome-war-criminal/281965/}}</ref>

== War crimes ==
In 2008, the IOF killed close to 1,500 unarmed civilians in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] during Operation Cast Lead. During an assault on Gaza in 2019, the IOF killed more than twenty people, including several children.<ref name=":0" />

Over 30084 Palestinians have been martyred – including 10000 children, 7000 women, 326 medical staff and 112 journalists – by the IOF since the launch of [[Operation Flood of Al-Aqsa]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Palestinian Information Centre|title=Gaza Government Media calls on the World to Intervene to stop the Humanitarian Catastrophe in Gaza|date=2024-01-08|url=https://palinfo.com/news/2024/01/08/871113/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228010707/https://palinfo.com/news/2024/01/08/871113/|archive-date=2024-02-28|retrieved=2024-03-02|quote=قال المكتب الإعلامي الحكومي في غزة، اليوم الإثنين، إنّه ومع مرور (94) يوماً على حرب الإبادة الجماعية، فقد ارتكب خلالها جيش الاحتلال (1,932) مجزرة، راح ضحيتها (30,084) شهيداً ومفقوداً، بينهم (23,084) شهيداً ممن وصلوا إلى المستشفيات، منهم (10,000) شهيد من الأطفال، و(7,000) شهيدة من النساء، و(326) شهداء من الطواقم الطبية، و(45) شهيداً من الدفاع المدني، و(112) شهداء من الصحفيين، مناشدًا العالم التدخل لوقف العدوان وفتح المعابر لإدخال المساعدات الطبية والغذائية وتوفير الوحدات السكنية لأهل غزة.}}</ref>

== References ==
[[Category:Imperialist organizations]]
[[Category:Zionism]]

Rishi Sunak

2024-03-02T02:19:22Z

Unpraxist: Human rights violations

{{Infobox politician|name=Rishi Sunak|birth_date=12 May 1980|birth_place=Southampton, [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]|nationality=British|political_line=[[Imperialism]] [[Liberalism]]|political_party=[[Conservative and Unionist Party]]|image=Rishi Sunak.png}}

'''Rishi Sunak''' is a British [[Conservative and Unionist Party|Conservative]] politician and the current Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Previously, he was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 2020 to 2022 and also worked for [[The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc.|Goldman Sachs]].<ref name=":0" /> He and his wife, the daughter of an Indian tech billionaire, have a combined net worth of over $880 million, making him the richest prime minister in British history with a higher personal wealth than King [[Charles Windsor|Charles III]].<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|author=Nizar K. Visram|newspaper=[[Black Agenda Report]]|title=As UK Premier Polishes His “Brand Rishi” Image, the Country Slides Into Recession|date=2022-12-14|url=https://blackagendareport.com/uk-premier-polishes-his-brand-rishi-image-country-slides-recession}}</ref> Sunak supported former prime minister [[Boris Johnson]]<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=Nikos Mottas|newspaper=[[In Defense of Communism]]|title=Rishi Sunak, just another enemy of the working class|date=2022-10-25|url=https://www.idcommunism.com/2022/10/rishi-sunak-just-another-enemy-of-the-working-class.html|retrieved=2022-10-25}}</ref> and opposes [[Strike action|striking]] [[Proletariat|workers]].<ref name=":1" />

== Early life ==
Sunak attended Winchester, a top exclusive public school before completing a degree in Politics, Philosophy and Economics at [[Oxford university|Oxford]] university. <ref name=":2">{{Web citation|author=Harpal Brar|newspaper=Proletarian|title=Rishi Sunak becomes Britain’s third prime minister in seven weeks|date=2022-11-09|url=https://thecommunists.org/2022/11/09/news/rishi-sunak-third-british-prime-minister-seven-weeks-liz-truss/|retrieved=2023-11-23}}</ref> He completed an MBA at Stanford University where he met his wife-to-be Akshata Murthy, daughter of Narayana Murthy, the billionaire founder of Indian IT company Infosys.<ref name=":1" /> After leaving Stanford he went to work first at Goldman Sachs and then at the hedge funds TCI and Theleme Partners.<ref name=":2" />

== Political career ==
In 2014 he became Tory candidate for the safe Conservative seat of Richmond (North Yorkshire) with the support of the outgoing MP and former party leader, [[William Hague]].<ref name=":2" /> In 2015 he was elected to parliament.<ref name=":0" />

He backed the Leave campaign in the [[Brexit]] referendum and also Boris Johnson for the Conservative leadership. In 2019 he was made deputy to Chief Secretary to the Treasury, the deputy to Johnson’s chancellor [[Sajid Javid]]. On the latter’s resignation in 2020, Sunak became chancellor; and on 22 July 2022 he resigned following the [[Partygate]] scandal, the scandal which prompted Johnson's resignation.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

Sunak ran for party leader during the 2022 Conservative leadership contest where he finished in the top two with [[Liz Truss]] among Conservative MPs. Both candidates expressed support for many reactionary views during this contest such as anti-trade union legislation and deportation of asylum seekers, however, overall Truss expressed views that were more [[Far-right politics|far-right]] than Sunak, notably promising massive tax cuts for the wealthy. When the vote was put to party members Truss was declared the winner after receiving 57.5% of the vote to Sunak's 42.5%.<ref name=":2" />

Following Truss' short stint as Prime Minister, Sunak was chosen as the new party leader among Conservative MPs with no democratic vote from either the party membership or general public. Sunak became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in October 2022 following on from Liz Truss as the third Prime Minister in two months.<ref name=":0" />

== Policy ==
Sunak supports the [[Rwanda Plan]], an inhumane scheme to deport asylum seekers to [[Republic of Rwanda|Rwanda]] against their will. Sunak's government paid Rwanda $180 million in exchange for them accepting the flow of refugees from the United Kingdom to Rwanda. UK courts have thus far blocked the plan but Sunak is committed to continuing to push for it.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Margaret Kimberley|newspaper=Black Agenda Report|title=Kagame and Other Stooges Do U.S. Bidding in Haiti|date=2023-07-19|url=https://blackagendareport.com/kagame-and-other-stooges-do-us-bidding-haiti}}</ref>

Further human rights violations includes threatening to deport anyone who protests against [[Isreal|Isreali]] genocide against the [[Palestine|Palestinian]] people.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Ashok Kumar|newspaper=[[Twitter]]|date=2024-03-02|url=https://twitter.com/broseph_stalin/status/1763642368585298369|retrieved=2024-03-02|quote=…if those here on visas choose to spew hate, or protest or seek to intimidate people we will remove their right to be here.}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=Peter Walker|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|title=Why does Rishi Sunak want to clamp down on protests?|date=2024-03-01|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/29/why-does-rishi-sunak-want-to-clamp-down-on-protests|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302021543/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/29/why-does-rishi-sunak-want-to-clamp-down-on-protests|archive-date=2024-03-02|retrieved=2024-03-02}}</ref>

== References ==
[[Category:Politicians]]
<references />
[[Category:Capitalists]]
[[Category:British Prime Ministers]]

Bellingcat

2024-03-02T02:01:21Z

Unpraxist: Added information relating to Bellingcat's double standards when it come to reporting on genocide perpetuated by Western supported regimes

[[File:Bellingcat funding sources.png|thumb|352x352px|Sources of funds for Bellingcat.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|newspaper=Bellingcat|title=Annual Accounts 2020 [pdf]|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/app/uploads/2021/05/Bellingcat-Annual-Accounts-2020-1.pdf}}</ref> All amounts in Euro. 40,000 were received by "governments".]]
'''Bellingcat''' is a self-described "independent international collective of researchers, investigators and citizen journalists using open source and social media investigation to probe a variety of subjects."<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|newspaper=Bellingcat|title=About page|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/about/}}</ref>

While Bellingcat claims that it "does not solicit or accept funding and contributions ''directly'' from any national government"<ref name=":1" />, their own reported income for 2021 contradicts this claim.

A 2021 [[The Grayzone|Grayzone]] investigation uncovered that Bellingcat is an organisation largely funded by various European, UK and US intelligence agencies — including the [[National Endowment for Democracy]], the [[European Union]] itself, and the [[Human Rights Foundation]] (an imperialist organisation that solely targets governments outside the imperial core)<ref name=":0" />. Additionally, a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] official has declared that they "love" Bellingcat.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Foreign Policy|title=Bellingcat Can Say What U.S. Intelligence Can’t|date=2020-12-17|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/12/17/bellingcat-can-say-what-u-s-intelligence-cant/}}</ref>

With this funding, Bellingcat has promoted ShamiWitness,<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=The Grayzone|title=ShamiWitness: How Bellingcat and neocons collaborated with ISIS’ most influential propagandist on Twitter|date=2018-10-29|url=https://thegrayzone.com/2018/10/29/shamiwitness-how-bellingcat-and-neocons-collaborated-with-the-most-influential-isis-propagandist-on-twitter/}}</ref> The [[Islamic State|Islamic State's]] top recruiter and propagandist on Twitter, and routinely publishes propaganda against [[Russian Federation|Russia]]<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Bellingcat|title=Page on topic of Ukraine|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/tag/ukraine/}}</ref> (i.e. in the interest of the imperial core).

Despite Bellingcat's claims to value “ …the use of open source material…”, the founder and creative director, Eliot Higgins, has openly mocked Julian Assange.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Web citation|author=Eliot Higgins|newspaper=[[Twitter]]|date=2019-04-11|url=https://twitter.com/EliotHiggins/status/1116277765840490496|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614104629/https://twitter.com/EliotHiggins/status/1116277765840490496|archive-date=2020-06-14|retrieved=2023-03-26}}</ref>

Since the [[Operation Flood of Al-Aqsa]], Bellingcat has published six reports minimising the genocide of the [[Palestinian]] people prepetuated by [[Isreal]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Bellingcat|title=Israel|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/tag/israel/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302015210/https://www.bellingcat.com/tag/israel/|archive-date=2024-03-02|retrieved=2024-03-02}}</ref> Notablely, they have failed to publish any reports on the continuous bombing campaigns, starvation and massacres – partialarly the [[Flour Massacre]] – on the men, women and children in the [[Gaza Strip]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Matt Kennard|newspaper=[[Twitter]]|date=2024-02-28|url=https://x.com/kennardmatt/status/1762516270342185173|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302015724/https://twitter.com/kennardmatt/status/1762516270342185173|archive-date=2024-03-02|retrieved=2024-03-02}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Journalists]]

Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

2023-05-01T04:13:12Z

Unpraxist: Removed some editing notes

The '''Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics''', also known as the '''Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact''', was a non-aggression treaty between [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]] and the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]]. By the time it was signed on the 23 August, 1939, Nazi Germany had already signed non-aggression pacts with the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], [[French Republic (1870–1940)|France]], [[Republic of Poland (1918–1939)|Poland]], [[Kingdom of Denmark|Denmark]], [[Republic of Estonia|Estonia]] and [[Republic of Latvia|Latvia]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Politsturm]]|title=The Truth About The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact|date=2018-05-09|url=https://us.politsturm.com/truth-about-molotov-ribbentrop-pact/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123120729/https://us.politsturm.com/truth-about-molotov-ribbentrop-pact/|archive-date=2021-01-23|retrieved=2022-08-30}}</ref>

==Background==
By January 1933 [[Adolf Hitler]] had risen to power in Germany, increasing the already tense environment in Europe. The German ambassador to the Soviet Union noted that “…the Soviet Government is concerned with the attitude and development of German policy;” With the UK, France, Italy and Germany signing the Four-Power Pact, the Soviets' concerns was not unfounded. Maxim Litvinov, People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs issued an invitation brought back to France by their Minister for Air, Pierre Cot for a non-aggression and mutual-aid pact. The invitation was ignored by the French government. With Germany's departure from the League of Nations and Disarmament Conference further increasing tensions the French reconcidered the proposal. French Foreign Minister Joseph Paul-Boncour and Litvinov met in Paris on 31 October to establish the principles of an alliance based on the premise that the Soviet Union would join the [[League of Nations]]. The written draft for this alliance, presented by Litvinov to Paul-Boncour on 28 December, would go on to form the basis of the Eastern Pact.[baidu]

===Eastern Pact===
{{Main article|Eastern Pact}}
The draft of the Eastern Pact proposed extending the mutual assistance agreement to Poland, Czechoslovakia and the Baltic States. By January 1934 however, the French government had destablised. Far-right nationalists and rioting resulting from the Stavisky affair – a financial scandal and alledged government cover-up – resulted in the liberal Prime Minister Camille Chautemps's retirement. Discussions of any pact with France were cut short. Stability within France was not seen until Febraury with the formation of a new government. Along with the new government, a new Foreign Minister – a conservative and nationalist – Jean-Louis Barthou was employed. By the end of Febraury the Soviets had informed France that they would agree to join the League of Nations, and were prepared to form a regional mutual security agreement.

April saw negotiations continue in Paris.<ref>{{Web citation|author=P. J. Philip|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|title=FRENCH DISCLAIM ENCIRCLING POLICY;|date=1934-04-30|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1934/04/30/archives/french-disclaim-encircling-policy-say-barthou-trip-to-warsaw-and.html|retrieved=2023-02-19}}</ref> As Barthou was preoccupied with negotiations in Warsaw, Alexis Leger, General Secutary of the Quai d-Orsay suggested to the Soviets the inclusion of Germany. Until this point Barthou had not mentioned the Pact to the Polish Józef Pułsudski nor the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Józef Beck. From 22-25 April the French diplomat met in Warsaw with the Polish statemen, who expressed their issues with the matter.<ref name=":4">{{Web citation|newspaper=Institute of National Remembrance|title=Why did Poland reject the draft of the Eastern Pact?|date=2021-03-04|url=https://ipn.gov.pl/en/digital-resources/articles/7162,Why-did-Poland-reject-the-draft-of-the-Eastern-Pact.html|retrieved=2023-02-20|author=Sebastian Pilarski, Ph.D}}</ref> The Polish described it as an "Eastern Locarno" accusing the alliance of being an attempt to divide territories between powers.<ref group="lower-alpha">It is unclear whether this was the actual position of the Polish government at the time, or whether this is (historial revisionism) by the modern Polish state.</ref> The inclusion of Czechoslovakia and Lithuania concerned the Polish, who were fearful that disputed terriorties would be given to the neighbouring countries.<ref name=":4" /> In addition Poland had just signed the German-Polish Declaration of Non-Aggression and felt secure enough not to "resort" to Soviet alliances. Rather than reject the proposal, Poland added the condition that they would join if Germany also accepted.

Earlier in May, the Soviets continued try to form peace in Europe. With the resuming of the Disarmament Conference in Gevena encroching, Litvinov proposed to [[Joseph Stalin]] on 9 May with copies to [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] and Kliment Voroshilov, that he be granted permission “…to make a proposal to turn the Conference on Disarmament into a permanent Conference of Peace.”
{{Quote|Moreover, I would ask for permission to make a proposal to turn the Conference on Disarmament into a permanent Conference of Peace. Until now, peace conferences have been convened only after bloody wars to divide the spoils or impose humiliating conditions on the defeated. We will not propose the creation of a permanent peace conference to prevent wars.|Litvinov|4=9 May, 1934|<ref>{{Citation|author=M. M. Litvinov|year=1934|title=Memoranda from Soviet People’s Commissar of Foreign Affairs M. Litvinov to J. Stalin with instructions for talks with France on signing the Eastern Pact and the admission of the USSR to the League of Nations, talks with Romania on Soviet-Romanian relations, the conference on disarmament and other matters|title-url=https://www.prlib.ru/en/node/1297017|section=3. Disarmament|page=54-58}}</ref>}}

A revised draft presented on 24 May through the French Ambassador to Poland, Jules Laroche, agreed to the inclusion of Germany, but insisted Czechoslovakia and Lithuania remain members. Poland suggested the participation of Romania in place of the two border countries. Barthou continued to seek approval from Poland and now also from the British.<ref name=":3">{{Citation|author=Lisanne Radice|year=1977|title=The Eastern Pact, 1933-1935: A Last Attempt at European Co-operation|title-url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4207386|page=45-64|pdf=https://sci-hub.ru/http://www.jstor.org/stable/4207386|publisher=Modern Humanities Research Association|doi=10.2307/4207386|series=The Slavonic and East European Review|volume=55}}</ref>{{Quote|The first public acknowledgement of the negotiations came in May 1934, when Barthou and Litvinov met in Geneva for the Disarmament Conference. Rumours having preceded them, Barthou thought it expedient to discuss the subject of the negotiations with his allies, especially the British and the Poles. He sought the opinion of the latter in particular, as Poland's signature was considered vital to the proposed treaty.|Lisanne Radice|<ref name=":3" />|(1977). pp. 49}}

French Ambassitor to Germany, André François-Poncet approached the German Reichsminister of Foreign Affairs, Konstantin von Neurath with this proposition in June. [Documents on German foreign policy, 1918-1945, from the archives of the German Foreign Ministry. Series D (1937-1945). Volume IV - The aftermath of Munich October 1938-March 1939.]

Again in July France presented another revised Pact agreement to Poland. A letter on 7 July from the Soviet Plenipotentiary Representative in Poland, Yakov Davydov to the Soviet People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs describes the presented proposal by Laroche to Beck.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Yakov Davydov|newspaper=Boris Yeltsin Presidental Library|title=Cipher letter from Soviet Plenipotentiary Representative in Poland Y. Davtyan to the Soviet People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs on the version of the Eastern Pact proposed by France. Certified copy.|date=1934-07-07|url=https://www.prlib.ru/en/item/1296723|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502080746/https://www.prlib.ru/en/item/1296723|archive-date=2020-05-02|retrieved=2023-03-01}}</ref> Poland continued to remain indecisive towards the pact. A telegram from 19 July shreds some light on the Soviet need for an anwser from Poland. Litvinov asks the Soviet representative in Poland if he could inquire Beck when a decision would be made by Poland on the pact. The same telegram also expresses the suprise from the Soviets about Poland's position with Germany “…we are all the more surprised by the identity of the Polish position with the German one”<ref>{{Web citation|author=Maxim Litvinov|newspaper=Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library|title=Cipher telegram from Soviet People’s Commissar of Foreign Affairs M. Litvinov to Soviet Plenipotentiary Representative in Poland Y. Davtyan regarding the attitude of Germany and Poland to the idea of signing the Eastern Pact.|date=9134-07-19|url=https://www.prlib.ru/en/item/1296372|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304072933/https://www.prlib.ru/en/item/1296372|archive-date=2023-03-04|retrieved=2023-03-02|quote=Your 9462. You can tell Beck the contents of my 6964 and ask him when you can expect to receive a final answer regarding the pact. We know that Germany's long-standing position is mainly explained by its unwillingness to re-recognize the status quo of its borders, in other words, the German-Polish border, and that we are all the more surprised by the identity of the Polish position with the German one}}</ref>

With the inclusion of Germany the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU(b)]] held a vote within the Politburo on whether to go forward with the “…Tripartite Agreement with France and Germany, guaranteeing the Eastern Regional Pact.” The resolution was signed by ... on 14 July.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b)|newspaper=Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library|title=Resolution of the Politburo of the Soviet Communist Party Central Committee on the consent to sign the Tripartite Agreement with France and Germany, guaranteeing the Eastern Regional Pact.|date=14 July 1934|url=https://www.prlib.ru/en/node/1297098|archive-url=https://archive.is/QTtuL|archive-date=2023-03-01|retrieved=2023-03-01}}</ref>

During this time Britain remained hostile to the Soviet Union, and it was not until late July that the Soviets considered themselves and Britain to have diplomatic relations:
{{Quote|For the first time since recognition by Great Britain we now have actual diplomatic relations. Until the present time neither myself nor Tchitcherin [Former Commissar for Foreign Affairs] has ever discussed any diplomatic question of any importance with [the British Embassy here] and our Ambassador in London has in reality been nothing more than a consul and has never discussed major questions with the British Secretaries for Foreign Affairs. Both in London and in Moscow we are now discussing all the problems of the world freely and in the most friendly manner.|William C. Bullitt [ambassador to the Soviet Union] quoting Litvinov|4=30 July, 1934|<ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=Office of the Historian|year=1934|title=Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers|title-url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1934v03/d183|chapter=The Far East|section=The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Bullitt) to the Secretary of State|page=741.61/428|volume=III}}</ref>}}
This development had uplifted the Soviets who believed, “…that the next step of Soviet diplomacy would be to sign a non-aggression pact with Great Britain…” <ref name=":1" /> The British, however were most unfriendly with the Soviets and sought to put an end to one of the "most difficult problems" – the Eastern Pact.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |author=Adam Richardson |year=2022 |title=Sir Orme Sargent and British Policy Towards Europe, 1926–1949 |quote=[Sargent's] dislike of the Pact had not abated and he considered it one of the ‘most difficult problems’ facing the [Anglo-Franco discussions].
…[Sargent] believed the French liked the [Eastern Pact] as they felt it finally solved their long-running problem of security, and that they had only turned to the USSR because Britain had failed to supply the security they craved. Moveover, [Sargent] felt that the pact could have been averted by a ‘whispered assurance’ from Britain which the French would have attached more importance to than the ‘most substantial promises and pledges’ from the USSR. |city=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780367201203, 9781032394923, 9780429259678 |lg=http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php?md5=123E8B76144728A47910BA6E936A74F7 |series=British Politics and Society|page=69}}</ref> They saw the Pact as an indication of lost influence over France, along with their opposing opinions on the rearmament of Germany.<ref name=":2" /><ref group="lower-alpha">The disagreements ultimately came to a head on 31 May with British Foreign Secretary, Sir John Simon and French Foreign Minister, Louis Barthou engaging in heated speeches, discussions and letters at the Disarmament Conference in Geneva. The French were concerned about security, while the British were set on rearmament and disarmament talks.</ref><ref>{{Web citation |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |title=BARTHOU'S ATTACK AROUSES BRITISH; |date=1934-06-01 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1934/04/30/archives/french-disclaim-encircling-policy-say-barthou-trip-to-warsaw-and.html |retrieved=2023-02-20 }}</ref> The French approached the British in July with discussions to join the pact. Instead, the British were more concerned about the French position on German rearmament. “The British government, [had] come to the conclusion that Germany might be appeased if equality of rights were granted to her,” and sought to convince France on their position.<ref name=":3" /> While France and Britain continued conversations the Soviets had recieved agreements to the Pact from Czechoslovakia on 2 July, Latvia and Estonia on 29 July, and Lithuania on 3 August.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Web citation|newspaper=Great Soviet Encyclopedia|title=«Восточный пакт»|url=http://bse.sci-lib.com/article006863.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027112955/http://bse.sci-lib.com/article006863.html|archive-date=2021-10-27|retrieved=2023-02-20}}</ref>

Germany was relutant to agree to the Pact. The British deputy under-secretary of the Foriegn Office Sir Harold Orme Garton Sargent “…saw that the Germans were trying to make it appear that they were being ‘bullied’ into making a big concession with the agreement, he felt that the real reason behind Germen reluctance was a desire to keep a ‘free hand to intervene in Russia’ if an opportunity arose due to a war in the Far East.”<ref>{{Citation |author=Adam Richardson |year=2022 |title=Sir Orme Sargent and British Policy Towards Europe, 1926–1949 |quote=While Sargent saw that the Germans were trying to make it appear that they were being ‘bullied’ into making a big concession with the agreement, he felt that the real reason behind Germen reluctance was a desire to keep a ‘free hand to intervene in Russia’ if an opportunity arose due to a war in the Far East. |city=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780367201203, 9781032394923, 9780429259678 |lg=http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php?md5=123E8B76144728A47910BA6E936A74F7 |series=British Politics and Society}}</ref> Finally, on 7 (10 or 11) September “…the Germans rejected the possibility of joining the Eastern Pact.”<ref>{{Citation|author=Keith Neilson|year=2010|title=Orme Sargent, Appeasement and British Policy in Europe, 1933–39|title-url=https://academic.oup.com/tcbh/article-abstract/21/1/1/1655202|page=1–28|quote=In September 1934, the Germans rejected the possibility of joining the Eastern Pact.|pdf=https://sci-hub.ru/10.1093/tcbh/hwp059|city=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/tcbh/hwp059|series=Twentieth Century British History|volume=21}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> This came as positive news to Britain. They had hoped that France would not continue pursuing the Pact instead believing that given a choice between the USSR and Italy, the French would choose the latter.<ref>{{Citation|author=Adam Richardson|year=2022|title=Sir Orme Sargent and British Policy Towards Europe, 1926–1949|quote=…‘once France has a choice between co-operating with Russia and co-operating with Italy, there can be little doubt that she will infinitely prefer co-operation with Italy’. For these reasons, [Sargent] believed that the French would ‘not shed any unnecessary tears’ over the rejected plan and that the idea would quietly disappear.|city=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780367201203, 9781032394923, 9780429259678|lg=http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php?md5=123E8B76144728A47910BA6E936A74F7|series=British Politics and Society}}</ref> The news came positively to Poland as well, who on 27 September also declined joining the Pact.<ref name=":5" /> The US Ambassador to Japan, Joseph Grew's memorandum sheds light on the Soviet understanding of the environment in Europe.<ref name=":6">{{Citation|author=John G. Reid (Ed.), Louis E. Gates (Ed.), Edwin S. Costrell (Ed.), E. R. Perkins (G.Ed.), Gustave A. Nuermberger (G.Ed.)|year=1950|title=Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1934, The Far East, Volume III|title-url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1934v03|chapter=Chapter III: July 1–September 30, 1934|chapter-url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1934v03/ch3|section=Memorandum by the Ambassador in Japan|page=271|quote=The Ambassador then turned to the situation in Europe and said that the Eastern Locarno Pact would undoubtedly go through but that it was not at all sure that Germany and Poland would participate therein. He thought that Poland was playing a very dangerous game and that her political intrigues might land her in a most embarrassing position especially if war should eventually break out between France and Germany. He felt that Poland was steering a very nebulous course and that her intentions was far from clear.|city=Washington|publisher=United States Government Printing Office|volume=III}}</ref> Grew recalls asking the Soviet Ambassador to Japan, Konstantin Yurenev about the Pact:
{{Quote|The Ambassador then turned to the situation in Europe and said that the Eastern Locarno Pact would undoubtedly go through but that it was not at all sure that Germany and Poland would participate therein. He thought that Poland was playing a very dangerous game and that her political intrigues might land her in a most embarrassing position especially if war should eventually break out between France and Germany. He felt that Poland was steering a very nebulous course and that her intentions was far from clear.|Joseph Grew|<ref name=":6" />|Toyko, (1934-09-07), p. 271}}

Despite the setback France did not want the Pact to die, and in November resumed negotiations with Poland.

Throughout the lead up to the war Poland continued to remain hostile to the Soviet Union, despite the increasing danger Germany presented towards it. The French Ambassador in Poland, Léon Noël wrote to French Foreign Minister commenting on the hostility;{{Quote|If, in reality, the most serious danger for Poland is Germany, "the Russian", whatever the regime to which he is subject, always appears to the Poles as "enemy n° 1": if the German remains an adversary, he is no less a European and a man of order; the Russian is, for the Pole, a barbarian, an Asian, a dissolving and corrupting element, with whom any contact would be perilous, any compromise fatal.|Léon Noël|4=1938-06-31, Warsaw, p. 975-976|<ref>{{Citation|author=Commission de publication des documents relatifs aux origines de la guerre 1939-1945|year=1974|title=Documents diplomatiques français (1932-1939)|title-url=https://bibliotheque-numerique.diplomatie.gouv.fr/ark%3A/12148/bd6t5327048d|chapter=495|chapter-url=https://bibliotheque-numerique.diplomatie.gouv.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t5327048d/f1027|page=975-976|quote=Si, dans la réalité des choses, le danger le plus sérieux pour la Pologne est constitué par l’Allemagne, « le Russe » quel que soit, du reste, le régime auquel il est soumis, apparaît toujours aux Polonais comme « l’ennemi n° 1 » : si l’Allemand reste un adversaire, il n’en est pas moins un Européen et un homme d’ordre; le Russe est, pour le Polonais, un barbare, un Asiatique, un élément dissolvant et corrupteur, avec lequel tout contact serait périlleux, toute compromission mortelle.|city=Paris|publisher=Imprimerie Nationale|series=2ème série (1936-3 sept. 1939)|volume=Tome IX (21 mars-9 juin 1938)|trans-title=Documents diplomatiques français (1932-1939)|trans-lang=French}}</ref>}}

===Anglo-Franco-Soviet Alliance===
In late March the Soviet Union began the Moscow Negotiations of 1939 proposing the formation of an Anglo-Franco-Soviet Alliance.<ref>{{Citation|author=Michael Jabara Carley|year=2019|title=Fiasco: The Anglo-Franco-Soviet Alliance That Never Was and the Unpublished British White Paper, 1939–1940|title-url=https://sci-hub.ru/https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2018.1458043|page=701-728|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.1080/07075332.2018.1458043|series=The International History Review|volume=41}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=Nikos Mottas|newspaper=[[In Defense of Communism]]|title=The Truth about the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and the Imperialist Propaganda|date=2016-07-21|url=http://www.idcommunism.com/2016/07/the-truth-about-molotov-ribbentrop-pact.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018034318/http://www.idcommunism.com/2016/07/the-truth-about-molotov-ribbentrop-pact.html|archive-date=2021-10-18|retrieved=2022-08-30}}</ref> This alliance was rejected by the UK and France.<ref name=":0" />

===Signing the Treaty===
The threat of war in Europe – particularly against the Soviet Union was growning. “In March 1938, Germany carried out the Anschluss of Austria, in September 1938, as a result of the Munich agreement, Czechoslovakia was divided, in April 1939, Hitler set September 1, 1939 as the date of the attack on Poland. In the East, Japan conducted military operations against the USSR and Mongolia in the area of the Khalkhin-Gol River.”<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Историко Документальный Департамент МИД России|title=О «ПАКТЕ МОЛОТОВА-РИББЕНТРОПА»|url=https://idd.mid.ru/ru_RU/informacionno-spravocnye-materialy/-/asset_publisher/WsjViuPpk1am/content/o-pakte-molotova-ribbentropa-|retrieved=2023-02-18|quote=В марте 1938 г. Германия осуществила аншлюс Австрии, в сентябре 1938 г. в результате Мюнхенского сговора была разделена Чехословакия, в апреле 1939 г. Гитлер определил 1 сентября 1939 г. в качестве даты нападения на Польшу. На Востоке Япония вела военные действия против СССР и Монголии в районе реки Халхин-Гол.}}</ref> Ultimately the treaty was the result of a desire by the European powers “…to turn the wolf towards other prey.” namely the Soviet Union.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Michael Jabara Carley|newspaper=Strategic Culture Foundation|title=What Poland Has to Hide About the Origins of World War II|date=2020-01-12|url=https://strategic-culture.org/news/2020/01/12/what-poland-has-to-hide-about-the-origins-of-world-war-ii/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126111057/https://strategic-culture.org/news/2020/01/12/what-poland-has-to-hide-about-the-origins-of-world-war-ii/|archive-date=2023-01-26|retrieved=2023-02-26}}</ref>

==Myths surrounding the treaty==

===Partition of Poland===
One of the most common myths surrounding the treaty is that the Nazis and the Soviets split Poland in two to be shared between themselves. Evidence for this, proponents claim, can be found in the so-called "secret protocols" of the treaty. According to [[Grover Furr]] however, who translated and studied the original document in Russian himself, the mention about a "partition" was actually establishing "spheres of influence" over Poland, which were not clearly defined in the document and thus were open to interpretation. These spheres of influence never came to fruition as Germany invaded Poland in 1939 regardless.

Furthermore, other evidence uncovered by Furr suggests that the Soviet Union signed the pact not to partition Poland, but rather on the premise that if the Polish Army was defeated and they and their government retreated beyond a line that the USSR and Nazi Germany agreed upon, then the Nazis would not pursue them further beyond that line.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Grover Furr|title=Did the Soviet Union Invade Poland in September 1939?|url=https://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/research/mlg09/did_ussr_invade_poland.html|quote=The point here was that, if the Polish army were beaten, it and the Polish government could retreat beyond the line of Soviet interest, and so find shelter, since Hitler had agreed not to penetrate further into Poland than that line.}}</ref>

When Poland fell and its government fled (effectively rendering Poland a non-state and unable to organise a defence), the Nazis would have had free reign to position their army right to the border with the USSR. This would have not only compromised the national security of the Soviet Union, but would also have resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands if not millions more Poles.<ref>{{Web citation |date=1943 |title=Russia Helped 1,750,000 Jews to Escape Nazis, Says James N. Rosenberg |newspaper=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821160119/https://www.jta.org/archive/russia-helped-1750000-jews-to-escape-nazis-says-james-n-rosenberg |url=https://www.jta.org/archive/russia-helped-1750000-jews-to-escape-nazis-says-james-n-rosenberg |archive-date=2021-08-21 |retrieved=2022-10-02}}</ref> Therefore the [[Workers' and Peasants' Red Army|Red Army]] moved in to secure a buffer area as well as help evacuate civilians from the Nazis.

===Invasion of Poland===
{{Main article|Soviet Invasion of Poland}}
Another common myth is that the Soviet Union invaded Poland, despite no evidence showing that Poland declared war with the Soviet Union (and vice versa), and neither the League of Nations nor any state declared that the Soviet Union invaded a member state.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Grover Furr|title=Did the Soviet Union Invade Poland in September 1939?|url=https://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/research/mlg09/did_ussr_invade_poland.html|quote=The Polish government declared war on Germany when Germany invaded on September 1, 1939. It did not declare war on the USSR. […] Article 16 of the League of Nations Covenant required members to take trade and economic sanctions against any member who "resorted to war". No country took any sanctions against the USSR. No country broke diplomatic relations with the USSR over this action.}}</ref>

At the time the event was seen as necessary to prevent further German military gains, with local newspapers reporting, "Not only did cabinet spokesmen of Britain yesterday make statements implicitly justifying Russia's invasion of Poland as a necessary measure to offset German expansionism, but Britain is even now negotiating an important trade agreement with Russia, designed in part to diminish any flow of Russian exports to Germany."<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Times-Union|title=Turkish Pact Stirs Fresh Conferences|date=1939-10-27|url=https://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2024/Rochester%20NY%20Times%20Union/Rochester%20NY%20Times%20Union%201939/Rochester%20NY%20Times%20Union%201939%20a%20-%200232.pdf|retrieved=2023-02-15|quote=Not only did cabinet spokesmen of Britain yesterday make statements implicitly justifying Russia's invasion of Poland as a necessary measure to offset German expansionism, but Britain is even now negotiating an important trade agreement with Russia, designed in part to diminish any flow of Russian exports to Germany.}}</ref>

==Timeline==
Leading up to World War II, a number of European countries formed non-aggression pacts or outright military alliances with Germany in an attempt to quell invasion.
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Non-Aggression Pacts/Military Alliances with Nazi Germany
!Signatories
!Treaty
!Date Signed
|-
|United Kingdom France Italy Germany
|Four-Power Pact
|15 July 1933
|-
|Poland Germany
|German-Polish Declaration of Non-Aggression
|26 January 1934
|-
|France Germany
|Franco-German Declaration
|6 December 1938
|-
|Italy
Germany
|Pact of Steel
|22 May 1939
|-
|Denmark Germany
|German-Danish Non-Aggression Pact
|31 May 1939
|-
|Estonia Germany
|German-Estonian Non-Aggression Pact
|7 June 1939
|-
|Latvia Germany
|German-Latvian Non-Aggression Pact
|7 June 1939
|-
|USSR Germany
|Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
|23 August 1939
|}

==References==
<references />

===Notes===
<references group="lower-alpha" />

[[Category:Debunking myths]]

Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

2023-05-01T04:12:01Z

Unpraxist: Please review this commit. I began editing this page in March and stopped by the end of the month. I am not going to be able to finish it and just decided to submit the current edits. Sorry and thanks.

The '''Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics''', also known as the '''Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact''', was a non-aggression treaty between [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]] and the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]]. By the time it was signed on the 23 August, 1939, Nazi Germany had already signed non-aggression pacts with the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], [[French Republic (1870–1940)|France]], [[Republic of Poland (1918–1939)|Poland]], [[Kingdom of Denmark|Denmark]], [[Republic of Estonia|Estonia]] and [[Republic of Latvia|Latvia]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Politsturm]]|title=The Truth About The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact|date=2018-05-09|url=https://us.politsturm.com/truth-about-molotov-ribbentrop-pact/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123120729/https://us.politsturm.com/truth-about-molotov-ribbentrop-pact/|archive-date=2021-01-23|retrieved=2022-08-30}}</ref>

==Background==
By January 1933 [[Adolf Hitler]] had risen to power in Germany, increasing the already tense environment in Europe. The German ambassador to the Soviet Union noted that “…the Soviet Government is concerned with the attitude and development of German policy;” With the UK, France, Italy and Germany signing the Four-Power Pact, the Soviets' concerns was not unfounded. On the x x Maxim Litvinov, People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs issued an invitation brought back to France by their Minister for Air, Pierre Cot for a non-aggression and mutual-aid pact. The invitation was ignored by the French government. With Germany's departure from the League of Nations and Disarmament Conference further increasing tensions the French reconcidered the proposal. French Foreign Minister Joseph Paul-Boncour and Litvinov met in Paris on 31 October to establish the principles of an alliance based on the premise that the Soviet Union would join the [[League of Nations]]. The written draft for this alliance, presented by Litvinov to Paul-Boncour on 28 December, would go on to form the basis of the Eastern Pact.[baidu]

===Eastern Pact===
{{Main article|Eastern Pact}}
The draft of the Eastern Pact proposed extending the mutual assistance agreement to Poland, Czechoslovakia and the Baltic States. By January 1934 however, the French government had destablised. Far-right nationalists and rioting resulting from the Stavisky affair – a financial scandal and alledged government cover-up – resulted in the liberal Prime Minister Camille Chautemps's retirement. Discussions of any pact with France were cut short. Stability within France was not seen until Febraury with the formation of a new government. Along with the new government, a new Foreign Minister – a conservative and nationalist – Jean-Louis Barthou was (employed?). By the end of Febraury the Soviets had informed France that they would agree to join the League of Nations, and were prepared to form a regional mutual security agreement.

April saw negotiations continue in Paris.<ref>{{Web citation|author=P. J. Philip|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|title=FRENCH DISCLAIM ENCIRCLING POLICY;|date=1934-04-30|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1934/04/30/archives/french-disclaim-encircling-policy-say-barthou-trip-to-warsaw-and.html|retrieved=2023-02-19}}</ref> As Barthou was preoccupied with negotiations in Warsaw, Alexis Leger, General Secutary of the Quai d-Orsay suggested to the Soviets the inclusion of Germany. Until this point Barthou had not mentioned the Pact to the Polish Józef Pułsudski nor the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Józef Beck. From 22-25 April the French diplomat met in Warsaw with the Polish statemen, who expressed their issues with the matter.<ref name=":4">{{Web citation|newspaper=Institute of National Remembrance|title=Why did Poland reject the draft of the Eastern Pact?|date=2021-03-04|url=https://ipn.gov.pl/en/digital-resources/articles/7162,Why-did-Poland-reject-the-draft-of-the-Eastern-Pact.html|retrieved=2023-02-20|author=Sebastian Pilarski, Ph.D}}</ref> The Polish described it as an "Eastern Locarno" accusing the alliance of being an attempt to divide territories between powers.<ref group="lower-alpha">It is unclear whether this was the actual position of the Polish government at the time, or whether this is (historial revisionism) by the modern Polish state.</ref> The inclusion of Czechoslovakia and Lithuania concerned the Polish, who were fearful that disputed terriorties would be given to the neighbouring countries (CHECK).<ref name=":4" /> In addition Poland had just signed the German-Polish Declaration of Non-Aggression and felt secure enough not to "resort" to Soviet alliances. Rather than reject the proposal, Poland added the condition that they would join if Germany also accepted.

Earlier in May, the Soviets continued try to form peace in Europe. With the resuming of the Disarmament Conference in Gevena encroching, Litvinov proposed to [[Joseph Stalin]] on 9 May with copies to [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] and Kliment Voroshilov, that he be granted permission “…to make a proposal to turn the Conference on Disarmament into a permanent Conference of Peace.”
{{Quote|Moreover, I would ask for permission to make a proposal to turn the Conference on Disarmament into a permanent Conference of Peace. Until now, peace conferences have been convened only after bloody wars to divide the spoils or impose humiliating conditions on the defeated. We will not propose the creation of a permanent peace conference to prevent wars.|Litvinov|4=9 May, 1934|<ref>{{Citation|author=M. M. Litvinov|year=1934|title=Memoranda from Soviet People’s Commissar of Foreign Affairs M. Litvinov to J. Stalin with instructions for talks with France on signing the Eastern Pact and the admission of the USSR to the League of Nations, talks with Romania on Soviet-Romanian relations, the conference on disarmament and other matters|title-url=https://www.prlib.ru/en/node/1297017|section=3. Disarmament|page=54-58}}</ref>}}

A revised draft presented on 24 May through the French Ambassador to Poland, Jules Laroche, agreed to the inclusion of Germany, but insisted Czechoslovakia and Lithuania remain members. Poland suggested the participation of Romania in place of the two border countries. Barthou continued to seek approval from Poland and now also from the British.<ref name=":3">{{Citation|author=Lisanne Radice|year=1977|title=The Eastern Pact, 1933-1935: A Last Attempt at European Co-operation|title-url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4207386|page=45-64|pdf=https://sci-hub.ru/http://www.jstor.org/stable/4207386|publisher=Modern Humanities Research Association|doi=10.2307/4207386|series=The Slavonic and East European Review|volume=55}}</ref>{{Quote|The first public acknowledgement of the negotiations came in May 1934, when Barthou and Litvinov met in Geneva for the Disarmament Conference. Rumours having preceded them, Barthou thought it expedient to discuss the subject of the negotiations with his allies, especially the British and the Poles. He sought the opinion of the latter in particular, as Poland's signature was considered vital to the proposed treaty.|Lisanne Radice|<ref name=":3" />|(1977). pp. 49}}

French Ambassitor to Germany, André François-Poncet approached the German Reichsminister of Foreign Affairs, Konstantin von Neurath with this proposition in June. [Documents on German foreign policy, 1918-1945, from the archives of the German Foreign Ministry. Series D (1937-1945). Volume IV - The aftermath of Munich October 1938-March 1939.]

Again in July France presented another revised Pact agreement to Poland. A letter on 7 July from the Soviet Plenipotentiary Representative in Poland, Yakov Davydov to the Soviet People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs describes the presented proposal by Laroche to Beck.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Yakov Davydov|newspaper=Boris Yeltsin Presidental Library|title=Cipher letter from Soviet Plenipotentiary Representative in Poland Y. Davtyan to the Soviet People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs on the version of the Eastern Pact proposed by France. Certified copy.|date=1934-07-07|url=https://www.prlib.ru/en/item/1296723|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502080746/https://www.prlib.ru/en/item/1296723|archive-date=2020-05-02|retrieved=2023-03-01}}</ref> Poland continued to remain indecisive towards the pact. A telegram from 19 July shreds some light on the Soviet need for an anwser from Poland. Litvinov asks the Soviet representative in Poland if he could inquire Beck when a decision would be made by Poland on the pact. The same telegram also expresses the suprise from the Soviets about Poland's position with Germany “…we are all the more surprised by the identity of the Polish position with the German one”<ref>{{Web citation|author=Maxim Litvinov|newspaper=Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library|title=Cipher telegram from Soviet People’s Commissar of Foreign Affairs M. Litvinov to Soviet Plenipotentiary Representative in Poland Y. Davtyan regarding the attitude of Germany and Poland to the idea of signing the Eastern Pact.|date=9134-07-19|url=https://www.prlib.ru/en/item/1296372|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304072933/https://www.prlib.ru/en/item/1296372|archive-date=2023-03-04|retrieved=2023-03-02|quote=Your 9462. You can tell Beck the contents of my 6964 and ask him when you can expect to receive a final answer regarding the pact. We know that Germany's long-standing position is mainly explained by its unwillingness to re-recognize the status quo of its borders, in other words, the German-Polish border, and that we are all the more surprised by the identity of the Polish position with the German one}}</ref>

With the inclusion of Germany the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU(b)]] held a vote within the Politburo on whether to go forward with the “…Tripartite Agreement with France and Germany, guaranteeing the Eastern Regional Pact.” The resolution was signed by ... on 14 July.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b)|newspaper=Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library|title=Resolution of the Politburo of the Soviet Communist Party Central Committee on the consent to sign the Tripartite Agreement with France and Germany, guaranteeing the Eastern Regional Pact.|date=14 July 1934|url=https://www.prlib.ru/en/node/1297098|archive-url=https://archive.is/QTtuL|archive-date=2023-03-01|retrieved=2023-03-01}}</ref>

During this time Britain remained hostile to the Soviet Union, and it was not until late July that the Soviets considered themselves and Britain to have diplomatic relations:
{{Quote|For the first time since recognition by Great Britain we now have actual diplomatic relations. Until the present time neither myself nor Tchitcherin [Former Commissar for Foreign Affairs] has ever discussed any diplomatic question of any importance with [the British Embassy here] and our Ambassador in London has in reality been nothing more than a consul and has never discussed major questions with the British Secretaries for Foreign Affairs. Both in London and in Moscow we are now discussing all the problems of the world freely and in the most friendly manner.|William C. Bullitt [ambassador to the Soviet Union] quoting Litvinov|4=30 July, 1934|<ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=Office of the Historian|year=1934|title=Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers|title-url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1934v03/d183|chapter=The Far East|section=The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Bullitt) to the Secretary of State|page=741.61/428|volume=III}}</ref>}}
This development had uplifted the Soviets who believed, “…that the next step of Soviet diplomacy would be to sign a non-aggression pact with Great Britain…” <ref name=":1" /> The British, however were most unfriendly with the Soviets and sought to put an end to one of the "most difficult problems" – the Eastern Pact.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |author=Adam Richardson |year=2022 |title=Sir Orme Sargent and British Policy Towards Europe, 1926–1949 |quote=[Sargent's] dislike of the Pact had not abated and he considered it one of the ‘most difficult problems’ facing the [Anglo-Franco discussions].
…[Sargent] believed the French liked the [Eastern Pact] as they felt it finally solved their long-running problem of security, and that they had only turned to the USSR because Britain had failed to supply the security they craved. Moveover, [Sargent] felt that the pact could have been averted by a ‘whispered assurance’ from Britain which the French would have attached more importance to than the ‘most substantial promises and pledges’ from the USSR. |city=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780367201203, 9781032394923, 9780429259678 |lg=http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php?md5=123E8B76144728A47910BA6E936A74F7 |series=British Politics and Society|page=69}}</ref> They saw the Pact as an indication of lost influence over France, along with their opposing opinions on the rearmament of Germany.<ref name=":2" /><ref group="lower-alpha">The disagreements ultimately came to a head on 31 May with British Foreign Secretary, Sir John Simon and French Foreign Minister, Louis Barthou engaging in heated speeches, discussions and letters at the Disarmament Conference in Geneva. The French were concerned about security, while the British were set on rearmament and disarmament talks.</ref><ref>{{Web citation |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |title=BARTHOU'S ATTACK AROUSES BRITISH; |date=1934-06-01 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1934/04/30/archives/french-disclaim-encircling-policy-say-barthou-trip-to-warsaw-and.html |retrieved=2023-02-20 }}</ref> The French approached the British in July with discussions to join the pact. Instead, the British were more concerned about the French position on German rearmament. “The British government, [had] come to the conclusion that Germany might be appeased if equality of rights were granted to her,” and sought to convince France on their position.<ref name=":3" /> While France and Britain continued conversations the Soviets had recieved agreements to the Pact from Czechoslovakia on 2 July, Latvia and Estonia on 29 July, and Lithuania on 3 August.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Web citation|newspaper=Great Soviet Encyclopedia|title=«Восточный пакт»|url=http://bse.sci-lib.com/article006863.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027112955/http://bse.sci-lib.com/article006863.html|archive-date=2021-10-27|retrieved=2023-02-20}}</ref>

Germany was relutant to agree to the Pact. The British deputy under-secretary of the Foriegn Office Sir Harold Orme Garton Sargent “…saw that the Germans were trying to make it appear that they were being ‘bullied’ into making a big concession with the agreement, he felt that the real reason behind Germen reluctance was a desire to keep a ‘free hand to intervene in Russia’ if an opportunity arose due to a war in the Far East.”<ref>{{Citation |author=Adam Richardson |year=2022 |title=Sir Orme Sargent and British Policy Towards Europe, 1926–1949 |quote=While Sargent saw that the Germans were trying to make it appear that they were being ‘bullied’ into making a big concession with the agreement, he felt that the real reason behind Germen reluctance was a desire to keep a ‘free hand to intervene in Russia’ if an opportunity arose due to a war in the Far East. |city=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780367201203, 9781032394923, 9780429259678 |lg=http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php?md5=123E8B76144728A47910BA6E936A74F7 |series=British Politics and Society}}</ref> Finally, on 7 (10 or 11) September “…the Germans rejected the possibility of joining the Eastern Pact.”<ref>{{Citation|author=Keith Neilson|year=2010|title=Orme Sargent, Appeasement and British Policy in Europe, 1933–39|title-url=https://academic.oup.com/tcbh/article-abstract/21/1/1/1655202|page=1–28|quote=In September 1934, the Germans rejected the possibility of joining the Eastern Pact.|pdf=https://sci-hub.ru/10.1093/tcbh/hwp059|city=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/tcbh/hwp059|series=Twentieth Century British History|volume=21}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> This came as positive news to Britain. They had hoped that France would not continue pursuing the Pact instead believing that given a choice between the USSR and Italy, the French would choose the latter.<ref>{{Citation|author=Adam Richardson|year=2022|title=Sir Orme Sargent and British Policy Towards Europe, 1926–1949|quote=…‘once France has a choice between co-operating with Russia and co-operating with Italy, there can be little doubt that she will infinitely prefer co-operation with Italy’. For these reasons, [Sargent] believed that the French would ‘not shed any unnecessary tears’ over the rejected plan and that the idea would quietly disappear.|city=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780367201203, 9781032394923, 9780429259678|lg=http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php?md5=123E8B76144728A47910BA6E936A74F7|series=British Politics and Society}}</ref> The news came positively to Poland as well, who on 27 September also declined joining the Pact.<ref name=":5" /> The US Ambassador to Japan, Joseph Grew's memorandum sheds light on the Soviet understanding of the environment in Europe.<ref name=":6">{{Citation|author=John G. Reid (Ed.), Louis E. Gates (Ed.), Edwin S. Costrell (Ed.), E. R. Perkins (G.Ed.), Gustave A. Nuermberger (G.Ed.)|year=1950|title=Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1934, The Far East, Volume III|title-url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1934v03|chapter=Chapter III: July 1–September 30, 1934|chapter-url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1934v03/ch3|section=Memorandum by the Ambassador in Japan|page=271|quote=The Ambassador then turned to the situation in Europe and said that the Eastern Locarno Pact would undoubtedly go through but that it was not at all sure that Germany and Poland would participate therein. He thought that Poland was playing a very dangerous game and that her political intrigues might land her in a most embarrassing position especially if war should eventually break out between France and Germany. He felt that Poland was steering a very nebulous course and that her intentions was far from clear.|city=Washington|publisher=United States Government Printing Office|volume=III}}</ref> Grew recalls asking the Soviet Ambassador to Japan, Konstantin Yurenev about the Pact:
{{Quote|The Ambassador then turned to the situation in Europe and said that the Eastern Locarno Pact would undoubtedly go through but that it was not at all sure that Germany and Poland would participate therein. He thought that Poland was playing a very dangerous game and that her political intrigues might land her in a most embarrassing position especially if war should eventually break out between France and Germany. He felt that Poland was steering a very nebulous course and that her intentions was far from clear.|Joseph Grew|<ref name=":6" />|Toyko, (1934-09-07), p. 271}}

Despite the setback France did not want the Pact to die, and in November resumed negotiations with Poland.

Throughout the lead up to the war Poland continued to remain hostile to the Soviet Union, despite the increasing danger Germany presented towards it. The French Ambassador in Poland, Léon Noël wrote to French Foreign Minister commenting on the hostility;{{Quote|If, in reality, the most serious danger for Poland is Germany, "the Russian", whatever the regime to which he is subject, always appears to the Poles as "enemy n° 1": if the German remains an adversary, he is no less a European and a man of order; the Russian is, for the Pole, a barbarian, an Asian, a dissolving and corrupting element, with whom any contact would be perilous, any compromise fatal.|Léon Noël|4=1938-06-31, Warsaw, p. 975-976|<ref>{{Citation|author=Commission de publication des documents relatifs aux origines de la guerre 1939-1945|year=1974|title=Documents diplomatiques français (1932-1939)|title-url=https://bibliotheque-numerique.diplomatie.gouv.fr/ark%3A/12148/bd6t5327048d|chapter=495|chapter-url=https://bibliotheque-numerique.diplomatie.gouv.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t5327048d/f1027|page=975-976|quote=Si, dans la réalité des choses, le danger le plus sérieux pour la Pologne est constitué par l’Allemagne, « le Russe » quel que soit, du reste, le régime auquel il est soumis, apparaît toujours aux Polonais comme « l’ennemi n° 1 » : si l’Allemand reste un adversaire, il n’en est pas moins un Européen et un homme d’ordre; le Russe est, pour le Polonais, un barbare, un Asiatique, un élément dissolvant et corrupteur, avec lequel tout contact serait périlleux, toute compromission mortelle.|city=Paris|publisher=Imprimerie Nationale|series=2ème série (1936-3 sept. 1939)|volume=Tome IX (21 mars-9 juin 1938)|trans-title=Documents diplomatiques français (1932-1939)|trans-lang=French}}</ref>}}

===Anglo-Franco-Soviet Alliance===
In late March the Soviet Union began the Moscow Negotiations of 1939 proposing the formation of an Anglo-Franco-Soviet Alliance.<ref>{{Citation|author=Michael Jabara Carley|year=2019|title=Fiasco: The Anglo-Franco-Soviet Alliance That Never Was and the Unpublished British White Paper, 1939–1940|title-url=https://sci-hub.ru/https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2018.1458043|page=701-728|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.1080/07075332.2018.1458043|series=The International History Review|volume=41}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=Nikos Mottas|newspaper=[[In Defense of Communism]]|title=The Truth about the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and the Imperialist Propaganda|date=2016-07-21|url=http://www.idcommunism.com/2016/07/the-truth-about-molotov-ribbentrop-pact.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018034318/http://www.idcommunism.com/2016/07/the-truth-about-molotov-ribbentrop-pact.html|archive-date=2021-10-18|retrieved=2022-08-30}}</ref> This alliance was rejected by the UK and France.<ref name=":0" />

===Signing the Treaty===
The threat of war in Europe – particularly against the Soviet Union was growning. “In March 1938, Germany carried out the Anschluss of Austria, in September 1938, as a result of the Munich agreement, Czechoslovakia was divided, in April 1939, Hitler set September 1, 1939 as the date of the attack on Poland. In the East, Japan conducted military operations against the USSR and Mongolia in the area of the Khalkhin-Gol River.”<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Историко Документальный Департамент МИД России|title=О «ПАКТЕ МОЛОТОВА-РИББЕНТРОПА»|url=https://idd.mid.ru/ru_RU/informacionno-spravocnye-materialy/-/asset_publisher/WsjViuPpk1am/content/o-pakte-molotova-ribbentropa-|retrieved=2023-02-18|quote=В марте 1938 г. Германия осуществила аншлюс Австрии, в сентябре 1938 г. в результате Мюнхенского сговора была разделена Чехословакия, в апреле 1939 г. Гитлер определил 1 сентября 1939 г. в качестве даты нападения на Польшу. На Востоке Япония вела военные действия против СССР и Монголии в районе реки Халхин-Гол.}}</ref> Ultimately the treaty was the result of a desire by the European powers “…to turn the wolf towards other prey.” namely the Soviet Union.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Michael Jabara Carley|newspaper=Strategic Culture Foundation|title=What Poland Has to Hide About the Origins of World War II|date=2020-01-12|url=https://strategic-culture.org/news/2020/01/12/what-poland-has-to-hide-about-the-origins-of-world-war-ii/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126111057/https://strategic-culture.org/news/2020/01/12/what-poland-has-to-hide-about-the-origins-of-world-war-ii/|archive-date=2023-01-26|retrieved=2023-02-26}}</ref>

==Myths surrounding the treaty==

===Partition of Poland===
One of the most common myths surrounding the treaty is that the Nazis and the Soviets split Poland in two to be shared between themselves. Evidence for this, proponents claim, can be found in the so-called "secret protocols" of the treaty. According to [[Grover Furr]] however, who translated and studied the original document in Russian himself, the mention about a "partition" was actually establishing "spheres of influence" over Poland, which were not clearly defined in the document and thus were open to interpretation. These spheres of influence never came to fruition as Germany invaded Poland in 1939 regardless.

Furthermore, other evidence uncovered by Furr suggests that the Soviet Union signed the pact not to partition Poland, but rather on the premise that if the Polish Army was defeated and they and their government retreated beyond a line that the USSR and Nazi Germany agreed upon, then the Nazis would not pursue them further beyond that line.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Grover Furr|title=Did the Soviet Union Invade Poland in September 1939?|url=https://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/research/mlg09/did_ussr_invade_poland.html|quote=The point here was that, if the Polish army were beaten, it and the Polish government could retreat beyond the line of Soviet interest, and so find shelter, since Hitler had agreed not to penetrate further into Poland than that line.}}</ref>

When Poland fell and its government fled (effectively rendering Poland a non-state and unable to organise a defence), the Nazis would have had free reign to position their army right to the border with the USSR. This would have not only compromised the national security of the Soviet Union, but would also have resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands if not millions more Poles.<ref>{{Web citation |date=1943 |title=Russia Helped 1,750,000 Jews to Escape Nazis, Says James N. Rosenberg |newspaper=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821160119/https://www.jta.org/archive/russia-helped-1750000-jews-to-escape-nazis-says-james-n-rosenberg |url=https://www.jta.org/archive/russia-helped-1750000-jews-to-escape-nazis-says-james-n-rosenberg |archive-date=2021-08-21 |retrieved=2022-10-02}}</ref> Therefore the [[Workers' and Peasants' Red Army|Red Army]] moved in to secure a buffer area as well as help evacuate civilians from the Nazis.

===Invasion of Poland===
{{Main article|Soviet Invasion of Poland}}
Another common myth is that the Soviet Union invaded Poland, despite no evidence showing that Poland declared war with the Soviet Union (and vice versa), and neither the League of Nations nor any state declared that the Soviet Union invaded a member state.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Grover Furr|title=Did the Soviet Union Invade Poland in September 1939?|url=https://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/research/mlg09/did_ussr_invade_poland.html|quote=The Polish government declared war on Germany when Germany invaded on September 1, 1939. It did not declare war on the USSR. […] Article 16 of the League of Nations Covenant required members to take trade and economic sanctions against any member who "resorted to war". No country took any sanctions against the USSR. No country broke diplomatic relations with the USSR over this action.}}</ref>

At the time the event was seen as necessary to prevent further German military gains, with local newspapers reporting, "Not only did cabinet spokesmen of Britain yesterday make statements implicitly justifying Russia's invasion of Poland as a necessary measure to offset German expansionism, but Britain is even now negotiating an important trade agreement with Russia, designed in part to diminish any flow of Russian exports to Germany."<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Times-Union|title=Turkish Pact Stirs Fresh Conferences|date=1939-10-27|url=https://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2024/Rochester%20NY%20Times%20Union/Rochester%20NY%20Times%20Union%201939/Rochester%20NY%20Times%20Union%201939%20a%20-%200232.pdf|retrieved=2023-02-15|quote=Not only did cabinet spokesmen of Britain yesterday make statements implicitly justifying Russia's invasion of Poland as a necessary measure to offset German expansionism, but Britain is even now negotiating an important trade agreement with Russia, designed in part to diminish any flow of Russian exports to Germany.}}</ref>

==Timeline==
Leading up to World War II, a number of European countries formed non-aggression pacts or outright military alliances with Germany in an attempt to quell invasion.
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Non-Aggression Pacts/Military Alliances with Nazi Germany
!Signatories
!Treaty
!Date Signed
|-
|United Kingdom France Italy Germany
|Four-Power Pact
|15 July 1933
|-
|Poland Germany
|German-Polish Declaration of Non-Aggression
|26 January 1934
|-
|France Germany
|Franco-German Declaration
|6 December 1938
|-
|Italy
Germany
|Pact of Steel
|22 May 1939
|-
|Denmark Germany
|German-Danish Non-Aggression Pact
|31 May 1939
|-
|Estonia Germany
|German-Estonian Non-Aggression Pact
|7 June 1939
|-
|Latvia Germany
|German-Latvian Non-Aggression Pact
|7 June 1939
|-
|USSR Germany
|Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
|23 August 1939
|}

==References==
<references />

===Notes===
<references group="lower-alpha" />

[[Category:Debunking myths]]

Bellingcat

2023-03-26T07:22:47Z

Unpraxist: Added founder's insulting remarks about Assange

[[File:Bellingcat funding sources.png|thumb|352x352px|Sources of funds for Bellingcat.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|newspaper=Bellingcat|title=Annual Accounts 2020 [pdf]|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/app/uploads/2021/05/Bellingcat-Annual-Accounts-2020-1.pdf}}</ref> All amounts in Euro. 40,000 were received by "governments".]]
'''Bellingcat''' is a self-described "independent international collective of researchers, investigators and citizen journalists using open source and social media investigation to probe a variety of subjects."<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|newspaper=Bellingcat|title=About page|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/about/}}</ref>

While Bellingcat claims that it "does not solicit or accept funding and contributions ''directly'' from any national government"<ref name=":1" />, their own reported income for 2021 contradicts this claim.

A 2021 [[The Grayzone|Grayzone]] investigation uncovered that Bellingcat is an organisation largely funded by various European, UK and US intelligence agencies — including the [[National Endowment for Democracy]], the [[European Union]] itself, and the [[Human Rights Foundation]] (an imperialist organisation that solely targets governments outside the imperial core)<ref name=":0" />. Additionally, a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] official has declared that they "love" Bellingcat.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Foreign Policy|title=Bellingcat Can Say What U.S. Intelligence Can’t|date=2020-12-17|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/12/17/bellingcat-can-say-what-u-s-intelligence-cant/}}</ref>

With this funding, Bellingcat has promoted ShamiWitness,<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=The Grayzone|title=ShamiWitness: How Bellingcat and neocons collaborated with ISIS’ most influential propagandist on Twitter|date=2018-10-29|url=https://thegrayzone.com/2018/10/29/shamiwitness-how-bellingcat-and-neocons-collaborated-with-the-most-influential-isis-propagandist-on-twitter/}}</ref> The [[Islamic State|Islamic State's]] top recruiter and propagandist on Twitter, and routinely publishes propaganda against [[Russian Federation|Russia]]<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Bellingcat|title=Page on topic of Ukraine|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/tag/ukraine/}}</ref> (i.e. in the interest of the imperial core).

Despite Bellingcat's claims to value “ …the use of open source material…”, the founder and creative director, Eliot Higgins, has openly mocked Julian Assange.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Web citation|author=Eliot Higgins|newspaper=[[Twitter]]|date=2019-04-11|url=https://twitter.com/EliotHiggins/status/1116277765840490496|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614104629/https://twitter.com/EliotHiggins/status/1116277765840490496|archive-date=2020-06-14|retrieved=2023-03-26}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Journalists]]

British Broadcasting Corporation

2023-03-11T13:58:00Z

Unpraxist: Added instance of BBC bowing to right-wing pressure. Note: Section may need to be renamed.

[[File:BBC logo.png|thumb|Logo]]
The '''British Broadcasting Corporation''' ('''BBC''') is a [[United Kingdom|British]] state media outlet.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/aboutbbcnews/spl/hi/history/html/default.stm</ref> British intelligence agencies such as [[MI5]] investigate the majority of BBC staff to prevent [[Left-wing politics|leftists]] or [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialists]] from entering the BBC.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=[[Alan MacLeod]]|newspaper=[[MintPress News]]|title=The BBC-to-NATO Pipeline: How the British State Broadcaster Serves the Powerful|date=2022-10-06|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/bbc-nato-pipeline-british-state-broadcaster-serves-powerful/282156/|retrieved=2022-10-06}}</ref> Considering Britain's role in global [[capitalism]] and [[imperialism]], their public broadcast service tends to support imperial wars and demonize the anti-colonial struggles of the periphery.

The BBC tends to, according to conservative commentators, have a "[[Liberalism|liberal]]" and "center-left" bias,<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/oct/10/bbc-review-liberal-bias</ref> much in the same way that [[Fox News Channel|Fox]] viewers would describe America's public broadcasting service, [[PBS]], even though its former head of political programming, Robbie Gibb, was a supporter of the [[Conservative and Unionist Party|Conservative Party]].<ref name=":0" /> However, when it comes to questions of imperial wars and [[anti-communism]], the "liberal media" in the Western world tends to closely align with their corresponding right-wing media outlets.

In 2021, [[People's Republic of China|China]] banned the BBC after the British government banned [[China Global Television Network|CGTN]].<ref>{{News citation|author=Maitreya Bhakal|newspaper=[[Mango Press]]|title=Why China Finally Banned the BBC, a Racist British Propaganda Outlet|date=2021-09-03|url=https://www.mango-press.com/why-china-finally-banned-the-bbc-a-racist-british-propaganda-outlet/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604203011/https://www.mango-press.com/why-china-finally-banned-the-bbc-a-racist-british-propaganda-outlet/|archive-date=2022-06-04|retrieved=2022-06-27}}</ref>

== NATO connections ==
BBC producer Victoria Cook was funded by [[NATO]] from 2007 to 2008. Former BBC correspondents Oana Lungescu and Mark Laity and producer David McGee left the BBC to work for NATO. BBC information security specialist Terence Sach was previously a security analyst for the British military. Technical consultant Bojan Lazic worked as a psychological operations specialist for NATO during the bombing of [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2006)|Yugoslavia]].<ref name=":0" />

== Right-wing Bias ==
In 2023, BBC refused to broadcast an episode of a nature documentary featuring Sir David Attenborough fearing a "right-wing backlash" over “…its themes of the destruction of nature…”<ref>{{Web citation|author=Helena Horton|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|title=BBC will not broadcast Attenborough episode over fear of ‘rightwing backlash’|date=2023-03-11|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2023/mar/10/david-attenborough-bbc-wild-isles-episode-rightwing-backlash-fears|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311120518/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2023/mar/10/david-attenborough-bbc-wild-isles-episode-rightwing-backlash-fears|archive-date=2023-03-11|retrieved=2023-03-11|quote=The BBC has decided not to broadcast an episode of Sir David Attenborough’s flagship new series on British wildlife because of fears its themes of the destruction of nature would risk a backlash from Tory politicians and the rightwing press, the Guardian has been told.}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:State media]]
[[Category:Imperialist propaganda]]
[[Category:Bourgeois media]]

Vaush

2023-03-11T13:46:36Z

Unpraxist: Added "Anti-communism" section. Expanded "Promotion of U.S. Imperialism" section

{{Infobox youtuber
|name=Vaush
|subscribers=428,000
|views=250,565,802
|stats_update=11 March 2023
|image=Vaush logo.png
|image_size=200
|Ideology=[[Anarchism]] [[Libertarian socialism]] [[Liberalism]] [[Anti-communism]]
|years_active=2019–present
|nationality=Statesian}}

'''Vaush''' is a [[United States of America|Statesian]] [[YouTube]] and [[Twitch]] streamer. He identifies as a [[Libertarian socialism|libertarian socialist]] and an [[Anarchism|anarchist]]. Vaush was banned from Twitch for calling white people "crackers."<ref>{{News citation|author=Ethan Gach|newspaper=Kotaku|title=Socialist Twitch Streamer Banned For Calling White People ‘Cracker’ <nowiki>[Update]</nowiki>|date=2021-12-14|url=https://kotaku.com/socialist-twitch-streamer-banned-for-calling-white-peop-1848213042|retrieved=2022-04-17}}</ref> Vaush has also been accused of being a [[Pedophilia|pedophile]]<ref>{{News citation|author=Beige Goat|newspaper=Twitter|title=Context, for what it's worth.|date=2020-11-09|url=https://twitter.com/beigegoat45/status/1325705005886746624|retrieved=2022-04-17|quote=In fact — and this is gonna be a real hot take — I have yet to hear a convincing moral or legal argument as to why possession of child pornography should be illegal.}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=Vaush|newspaper=Discord|date=2018-02-13|url=https://i.redd.it/z3nrrkf179l51.png|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806085802/https://i.redd.it/z3nrrkf179l51.png|archive-date=2022-08-06|quote=As those imbalances (or at least some of them) are redressed through the advent of socialism, the age of consent should therefor [sic] be lowered.}}</ref> and claimed [[Karl Marx|Marx]] and [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] would have voted for [[Joe Biden|Biden]] in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]].<ref>{{News citation|author=[[BadEmpanada]]|newspaper=Twitter|title=Vaush misread stuff so badly in his latest video that it led me to make a serious youtube comment that I now must post here. the lack of non-US knowledge is clear in his misreading of Lenin especially|date=2020-08-20|url=https://twitter.com/RadEmpanada/status/1296701957739077633|archive-url=https://archive.ph/MQ3bo|archive-date=2020-10-26|retrieved=2022-04-17}}</ref>

== Criticism ==

===Anti-Semitism===
While discussing the [[National Socialist German Workers' Party|Nazis]] in a debate with [[NonCompete]], Vaush said [[Judaism|Jews]] disproportionately controlled banks in [[German Reich (1918–1933)|Weimar Germany]].<ref name=":0">{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5lR1FdFefcA&t=3050s|channel=Vaush|title=HE HUNG UP - Absurd Debate w/ NonCompete Quickly Derails|quote=There was a disproportionate number of Jewish control of banks in Germany during the Weimar Republic.}}</ref>

===Racism===
Vaush has called Black people "subhuman"<ref>{{Web citation|author=Vaush|newspaper=Discord|url=https://i.redd.it/q1bs0pmcuk661.png|archive-url=https://archive.ph/DP5nR|archive-date=2020-12-21|quote=you guys know ive called black and trans people subhuman too}}</ref> and intentionally said the N-word in a debate.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Vaush|newspaper=YouTube|title=Am I a Jew? Arguing with Nazis on THE KILLSTREAM|date=2019-05-14|url=https://i.imgur.com/TMMwFra.png|archive-url=https://archive.ph/C7g1n|archive-date=2020-11-15|quote=In this video, I drop an n-bomb. Biiiig one; hard 'R' [...] It was a power move which I am entirely unashamed of}}</ref> He is against preserving Black culture even though it was systematically repressed by the United States.<ref>{{Web citation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722205131/https://twitter.com/high_define/status/1258520435655766022|archive-date=2022-07-22|quote=Wait, fuck Black culture—I don't give a fuck about preserving culture. What? That's exactly the same as a white ethnonationalist argument.}}</ref>

===Settler Apologia===

In a debate with the Youtuber [[Professor Flowers]] on the subject of [[decolonization]], Vaush compared [[Republic of South Africa|South African]] [[Settler|settlers]] to [[Jewish]] people who faced persecution by [[National Socialist German Workers' Party|the Nazi party]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=BadEmpanada|newspaper=[[YouTube]]|title=Vaush Knows Nothing About Decolonization and Self-Determination, Yet Sure Has Some Strong Opinions!|date=2021-09-13 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E4zJxP2hgpc|retrieved=2023-03-06}}</ref>

===Transphobia===
Vaush has called the [[LGBT+]] community "cancerous"<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Streamable|url=https://streamable.com/fdy60u|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308145927/https://streamable.com/fdy60u|archive-date=2022-03-08|quote=The left community online, particularly the LGBT community, is cancerous as fuck. If you're not an idiot, you will agree with me.}}</ref> and "[[Ableism|mentally ill]]."<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Streamable|title=I know this is fundamentally reactionary thinking, but still, I can’t think of anything else|url=https://streamable.com/uu2mkv|quote=A lot of the people who are trying to cancel [[Contrapoints]] are fucking dejected, worthless, mentally ill, basement-dweller, fucking queer people who have absolutely nothing to offer the world apart from their bitter scorn.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308152603/https://streamable.com/uu2mkv|archive-date=2022-03-08}}</ref>

===Promotion of U.S. imperialism===
On the 11 December, 2020 stream Vaush made the "joke" that [[Republic of Iraq|Iraqis]] have him to thank for stopping and preventing [[United States imperialism|U.S. imperialism]] in Iraq due to his position to vote for Biden.<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bxn2aNbqa6w&t=13060s|channel=Vaush|title=GOING OVER VIDEOS CRITICIZING ME {{!}} CHILL STREAM|date=2020-12-11|quote=…you [[https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Hakim Hakim]] are lucky that I personally got Biden into office because otherwise – is Hakim from Iraq? Well, hey listen ok, we're going to get Biden to get those troops out of Iraq ok – wait did he already do that? We are going to keep Biden from fucking bombing anymore of your airports ok. That's what we're going to do! You're welcome Hakim!
I know, I know it–, I know it sucks, because frantically Democrats and Republicans both have a pretty fucking bad record when it comes to foreign policy, but listen you. Ok, I got Biden elected and I'm gonna wield that infinite power, alright, and I'm gonna make sure we quit fucking around in the Middle East ok. We're gonna pull troops out of – we're gonna pull troops out of [[Afghanistan]], we're gonna pay reparations to the countries we bomb, we're gonna stop that [[Yemen]] shit, we're gonna start arguing with [[Saudi Arabia]], we're going to reinstitute the nuclear fucking arms shit deal with [[Iran]] – the nuclear treatus [sic], we're going to establish fuckin' one state council solution with [[Israel]] and [[Palestine]] – 'cos I feel that's closest we're going to be able to get – um, we're gonna – we're gonna do it. "This won't happen under Biden." Goddamn right it will. It will 'cos of me. 'Cos of all the socialist influence I have in the Democratic party. Yeah, we're gonna lift sanctions on [[Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela|Vuvuzuela]] [sic], we're gonna fix the world. "No it won't Vaush." Do you think I'm being serious man?}}</ref>

On the 3 Febuary, 2023 Vaush advocated expanding [[United States imperialism|U.S. imperialism]] in a [[Twitter|tweet]]. Responding to a tweet criticising the number of [[U.S. Military]] bases in the [[Asia-Pacific]], Vaush stated that "We [[[:en:United_States_of_America|U.S.]]] need more"<ref>{{Web citation|author=Vaush|newspaper=[[Twitter]]|date=2023-02-03|url=https://twitter.com/VaushV/status/1621586438814072834|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230204024826/https://twitter.com/VaushV/status/1621586438814072834|archive-date=2023-02-04|retrieved=2023-02-04|quote=We need more}}</ref>

On the 23 February, 2023 Vaush advocated for the removal of indigenous peoples from their homeland in order to recieve English education in the U.S.<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpPtoNq4wvQ&t=5405s|channel=Vaush|title=Feb 25, 2023 Trump wins & Biden loses in Ohio, INSANE anti-trans bills, JP is deteriorating|date=2023-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310150109/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=un_xyUtgwls|archive-date=2023-03-10|quote=I know that Hakim is Iraqi, but I think they should have, like, airlifted him and brought him over to an American English class and had him sit there for 20 straight years after the Iraq War began – which was about 20 years ago – solely so that he wouldn't have made this retarded fucking video.}}</ref>

===Anti-Communism===
Vaush has disminished [[George Orwell]]'s reporting of [[Left-wing politics|leftists]], non-white and [[LGBT+]] peoples to the [[Information Research Department]] (IRD) within the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] government, as acceptible by claiming that Orwell was reporting "[[Stalinism|Stalinists]]".<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpPtoNq4wvQ&t=2755s|channel=Vaush|title=Feb 25, 2023 Trump wins & Biden loses in Ohio, INSANE anti-trans bills, JP is deteriorating|date=2023-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310150109/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=un_xyUtgwls|archive-date=2023-03-10|quote=I don't give a fuck if Stalinists are reported to the state, I don't give a shit.}}</ref>

Vaush called the promotion of George Orwell's anti-communist writings by the IRD and [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] as "based".<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpPtoNq4wvQ&t=2765s|channel=Vaush|title=Feb 25, 2023 Trump wins & Biden loses in Ohio, INSANE anti-trans bills, JP is deteriorating|date=2023-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310150109/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=un_xyUtgwls|archive-date=2023-03-10|quote=“This office [IRD] not only got the rights to Orwell's works but also directly translated and published Animal Farm and his other garbage works into 20 languages on every continent on Earth.”
Based
“In fact, Orwell's entire literary reputation is due to direct CIA and other anti-communist organisation efforts at popularising his nonsense, which is…”
Based. Based CIA.}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:YouTube channels]]
[[Category:Imperialist propaganda]]
[[Category:Breadtube]]

Communist Party of Australia (current)

2023-02-14T08:35:02Z

Unpraxist: Added branches and structure

{{Infobox political party|name=Communist Party of Australia|logo=CPA logo.png|founded=1971|general_secretary=[[Andrew Irving]]|newspaper=''[[The Guardian (Australia)|The Guardian]]''|international=[[IMCWP]]}}{{Communist parties}}The '''Communist Party of Australia''' ('''CPA''') is a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] party in [[Australia]].<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Communist Party of Australia|title=An Introduction to the Communist Party of Australia|url=https://cpa.org.au/cpa-introduction/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422073956/https://cpa.org.au/cpa-introduction/|archive-date=2022-04-22|retrieved=2022-06-24}}</ref>

== Program ==

=== Anti-imperialism ===
At its 14th party congress in 2022, it condemned [[AUKUS]], an [[Imperialism|imperialist]] military alliance that includes Australia.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Communist Party of Australia|title=14th CPA Congress – Resolution on AUKUS|url=https://cpa.org.au/14th-cpa-congress-resolution-on-aukus/|retrieved=2022-06-24}}</ref> The CPA advocates for the removal of [[United States of America|U.S.]] military and intelligence bases from Australia and the Pacific.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Communist Party of Australia|title=US Imperialism in Asia|url=https://cpa.org.au/policy/us-imperialism-in-asia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422074828/https://cpa.org.au/policy/us-imperialism-in-asia/|archive-date=2022-04-22|retrieved=2022-07-03}}</ref>

=== Education ===
The CPA supports free, universal, and secular public education from preschool through college, with student unions for universities.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Communist Party of Australia|title=Education|url=https://cpa.org.au/policy/education/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423072118/https://cpa.org.au/policy/education/|archive-date=2022-04-23|retrieved=2022-07-03}}</ref>

=== Environment ===
The CPA advocates nationalization of Australian electrical infrastructure and government subsidies for renewable energy. It advocates phasing out cotton and rice farming, which use large amounts of water.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|newspaper=Communist Party of Australia|title=Environment|url=https://cpa.org.au/policy/environment/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319001213/https://cpa.org.au/policy/environment/|archive-date=2022-03-19|retrieved=2022-07-03}}</ref>

=== Indigenous rights ===
The CPA recognizes Aboriginal and Torres Strait peoples as the original inhabitants of Australia and supports their right to own and control Australia's land and resources. It also advocates for the establishment of an Aboriginal advisory body that is elected by indigenous voters and supports the use of indigenous languages in all primary schools.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Communist Party of Australia|title=Indigenous rights|url=https://cpa.org.au/policy/indigenous-rights/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318234921/https://cpa.org.au/policy/indigenous-rights/|archive-date=2022-03-18|retrieved=2022-06-24}}</ref>

=== Transportation ===
The CPA advocates for publicly controlled passenger and freight trains and increased infrastructure for biking.<ref name=":0" />

=== Women's rights ===
The CPA advocates for elimination of the gender wage gap, legal abortion, and at least 26 weeks of paid parental leave.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Communist Party of Australia|title=Women|url=https://cpa.org.au/policy/women/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319000100/https://cpa.org.au/policy/women/|archive-date=2022-03-19|retrieved=2022-07-03}}</ref>

== International relations ==
The 14th congress of the CPA received greetings from the [[Communist Party of China|CPC]], [[Workers' Party of Korea]],<ref name=":1" /> [[Lao People's Revolutionary Party]],<ref name=":2">{{News citation|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Fraternal greetings for the 14th Congress|date=2022-03-21|url=https://cpa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Guardian1999_2022-03-21.pdf}}</ref> [[Communist Party of the United States of America|CPUSA]], [[Progressive Party of Working People]], [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation|CPRF]], [[Communist Party of Britain]], [[Communist Party of Swaziland]], [[Workers' Party of Belgium]],<ref name=":1">{{News citation|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Fraternal greetings for the 14th Congress of the CPA|date=2022-02-28|url=https://cpa.org.au/guardian/issue-1997/fraternal-greetings-for-the-14th-congress-of-the-cpa/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422075404/https://cpa.org.au/guardian/issue-1997/fraternal-greetings-for-the-14th-congress-of-the-cpa/|archive-date=2022-04-22|retrieved=2022-07-04}}</ref> [[German Communist Party]], [[Communist Party of Brazil]], [[New Communist Party of Yugoslavia]], [[Communist Party of Sweden (1995)|Communist Party of Sweden]], [[Communists of Catalonia]], [[Party of Labour of Austria]], [[Workers' Party of Ireland]], [[Communist Party of India]],<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Fraternal Greetings for the 14th Congress of the CPA|date=2022-03-14|url=https://cpa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Guardian1998_2022-03-14.pdf}}</ref> [[Communist Party of Greece|KKE]], [[Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930|PKP]], [[Communist Party of Canada]], and the [[State of Palestine]].<ref name=":2" />

== Structure<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Communist Party of Australia|title=Contact Us|date=2023-02-06|url=https://cpa.org.au/contact-us/|retrieved=2023-02-14}}</ref>==

*Central Committee
**Canberra Branch
**NSW State Committee
***Beloyiannis Branch
***Central Branch
***Hunter Branch
***Logistics and Manufacturing Branch
***Maritime Branch
***Port Jackson Branch
***Western NSW Branch
**Darwin Branch
**QLD State Committee
***Brisbane Branch
***Sunshine Coast Branch
**South Australia State Committee
**Tasmania Branch
**Melbourne Branch
**West Australian Branch

==References==
[[Category:Communist parties]]

<references />

New Cold War

2023-02-14T07:56:05Z

Unpraxist: Ellipsis needed in quote

[[File:New_Cold_War.svg|thumb|411x411px|Blue: [[NATO]] and allies Green: [[CSTO]] and allies Red: [[Socialist state|Socialist states]] and [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] socialist-aligned states]]The '''Second Cold War''', or '''New Cold War''', is a term used to describe conflicts and international tension that are reminiscent of the [[Cold War]], particularly those seen between [[NATO]] and the [[People's Republic of China]] and [[Russian Federation]], along with their respective allies.<ref>[https://monthlyreview.org/2021/07/01/the-new-cold-war-on-china/ The New Cold War on China] by the [[Monthly Review]]</ref><ref>{{News citation|title=The second Cold War is here — and supply chains will be the front lines|url=https://www.freightwaves.com/news/the-second-cold-war-is-here-and-supply-chains-will-be-the-front-lines|newspaper=Freight Waves}}</ref> Less than 15% of the world population supports the New Cold War.<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Benjamin Norton]]|newspaper=[[Multipolarista]]|title=87% of world doesn’t support West’s new cold war on Russia|date=2022-09-21|url=https://multipolarista.com/2022/09/21/global-south-west-cold-war-russia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924041727/https://multipolarista.com/2022/09/21/global-south-west-cold-war-russia/|archive-date=2022-09-24|retrieved=2022-09-24}}</ref>

The diplomatic and economic confrontations between the Western and Sino-Russian blocs, especially after the [[2022 Russo-Ukrainian conflict|2022 Russian Special Military Operation in Ukraine]] began, have resulted in numerous commercial embargos, travel restrictions, and even discriminatory violence against people of Asian ethnicity abroad, which has been further encouraged by the [[reactionary]] [[bourgeois media]].<ref>[https://youtu.be/7_dIEZhdacc Daily Mail, The Times Both Repeat China "Dune" Poster Lies DAYS After Others Retracted False Claims] by [[The New Atlas]]</ref><ref>{{News citation|title=How to satisfy the US Empire: smear the left, demonize China|url=https://socialistchina.org/2022/01/14/how-to-satisfy-the-us-empire-smear-the-left-demonize-china/}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|journalist=Josh Campbell|title=Anti-Asian hate crimes surged in early 2021, study says|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/05/us/anti-asian-hate-crimes-study/index.html|newspaper=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|journalist=Rachel Hu and Chris Garaffa|date=2022-03-16|title=CovertAction Bulletin Podcast: The Role of War Propaganda in Anti-Asian Violence|url=https://covertactionmagazine.com/2022/03/16/covertaction-bulletin-podcast-the-role-of-war-propaganda-in-anti-asian-violence/|newspaper=[[CovertAction Magazine]]}}</ref>

On 10 January, 2023 the United States House of Representatives established the '''United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party'''. The "Select Committee" comprised of not more than 16 Members appointed by the Speaker and 7 appointed in consultation with the minority leader, are tasked with advising on the “…status of the economic, technological, and security progress of the Chinese Communist Party and its competition with the United States.”<ref>{{Web citation|author=Kevin McCarthy|newspaper=[[United States Congress]]|title=H.Res.11 - Establishing the Select Committee on the Strategic Competition Between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party.|date=2023-10-01|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/11|retrieved=2023-02-14|quote=The resolution authorizes the committee to investigate and submit policy recommendations concerning the status of the economic, technological, and security progress of the Chinese Communist Party and its competition with the United States.}}</ref> The development presents a further escalation of the New Cold War against China.

== Western-aligned bloc ==

=== North Atlantic Treaty Organization ===
{{Main article|North Atlantic Treaty Organization}}
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a [[United States of America]]-led [[Imperialism|imperialist]] [[military alliance]] that has been used as a weapon against [[socialism]].<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Maqkl4fEQfs NATO is a tool of US imperialism that has backed Nazis for decades]</ref> NATO has been used as a weapon of war, resulting in the deaths of many millions.<ref>[https://www.mintpressnews.com/chris-hedges-nato-most-dangerous-military-alliance/281304/ CHRIS HEDGES: NATO — THE MOST DANGEROUS MILITARY ALLIANCE ON THE PLANET]</ref> NATO has continued to fund [[Ukraine]] and its various [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] organizations in their war against Russia.<ref>[https://mronline.org/2022/03/23/u-s-and-nato-allies-arm-neo-nazi-units-in-ukraine-as-foreign-policy-elites-yearn-for-afghan-style-insurgency/ U.S. and NATO allies arm neo-Nazi units in Ukraine as Foreign Policy elites yearn for Afghan-style insurgency]</ref>

=== Puppet governments ===

==== State of Japan ====
The [[Japan|State of Japan]] is a major puppet of the Western imperial core. While it was an enemy to [[the West]] in the past, Japan was turned into a weapon against socialism by the United States following the end of the [[Second World War]].<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPTnb2Z6ZJg Shinzo Abe's Assassination - Who Was He? - The US Japan Imperialist Alliance Post WWII]</ref>

==== Republic of Korea ====
The [[Republic of Korea]], also known as "South Korea", is a major American puppet state.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puGzCZDUyqo The Truth About the Korean War]</ref> It is largely occupied by the United States and has been responsible for a US-sponsored [[genocide]].<ref>[https://xplk.medium.com/the-50-s-in-south-korea-what-happened-60f629ac3272 The secret genocide in South Korea you’ve probably never heard of]</ref>

==== Republic of China ====
The [[Republic of China]], colloquially known in the West as simply "Taiwan", is a [[Neoliberalism|Neoliberal]] remnant-government that is presently restricted in its control to [[Taiwan]] and its neighbouring islands. Because of the ROC's location near the [[Chinese mainland]], it has been of great geopolitical interest to the American Empire, and has supported the Republic of China both militarily and diplomatically.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Danny Haiphong|newspaper=[[Black Agenda Report]]|title=Taiwan Demonstrates that the American Empire is a Paper Tiger|date=2021-10-27|url=https://blackagendareport.com/taiwan-demonstrates-american-empire-paper-tiger}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Geopolitics]]

New Cold War

2023-02-14T07:54:30Z

Unpraxist: Added information about "United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party"

[[File:New_Cold_War.svg|thumb|411x411px|Blue: [[NATO]] and allies Green: [[CSTO]] and allies Red: [[Socialist state|Socialist states]] and [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] socialist-aligned states]]The '''Second Cold War''', or '''New Cold War''', is a term used to describe conflicts and international tension that are reminiscent of the [[Cold War]], particularly those seen between [[NATO]] and the [[People's Republic of China]] and [[Russian Federation]], along with their respective allies.<ref>[https://monthlyreview.org/2021/07/01/the-new-cold-war-on-china/ The New Cold War on China] by the [[Monthly Review]]</ref><ref>{{News citation|title=The second Cold War is here — and supply chains will be the front lines|url=https://www.freightwaves.com/news/the-second-cold-war-is-here-and-supply-chains-will-be-the-front-lines|newspaper=Freight Waves}}</ref> Less than 15% of the world population supports the New Cold War.<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Benjamin Norton]]|newspaper=[[Multipolarista]]|title=87% of world doesn’t support West’s new cold war on Russia|date=2022-09-21|url=https://multipolarista.com/2022/09/21/global-south-west-cold-war-russia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924041727/https://multipolarista.com/2022/09/21/global-south-west-cold-war-russia/|archive-date=2022-09-24|retrieved=2022-09-24}}</ref>

The diplomatic and economic confrontations between the Western and Sino-Russian blocs, especially after the [[2022 Russo-Ukrainian conflict|2022 Russian Special Military Operation in Ukraine]] began, have resulted in numerous commercial embargos, travel restrictions, and even discriminatory violence against people of Asian ethnicity abroad, which has been further encouraged by the [[reactionary]] [[bourgeois media]].<ref>[https://youtu.be/7_dIEZhdacc Daily Mail, The Times Both Repeat China "Dune" Poster Lies DAYS After Others Retracted False Claims] by [[The New Atlas]]</ref><ref>{{News citation|title=How to satisfy the US Empire: smear the left, demonize China|url=https://socialistchina.org/2022/01/14/how-to-satisfy-the-us-empire-smear-the-left-demonize-china/}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|journalist=Josh Campbell|title=Anti-Asian hate crimes surged in early 2021, study says|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/05/us/anti-asian-hate-crimes-study/index.html|newspaper=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|journalist=Rachel Hu and Chris Garaffa|date=2022-03-16|title=CovertAction Bulletin Podcast: The Role of War Propaganda in Anti-Asian Violence|url=https://covertactionmagazine.com/2022/03/16/covertaction-bulletin-podcast-the-role-of-war-propaganda-in-anti-asian-violence/|newspaper=[[CovertAction Magazine]]}}</ref>

On 10 January, 2023 the United States House of Representatives established the '''United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party'''. The "Select Committee" comprised of not more than 16 Members appointed by the Speaker and 7 appointed in consultation with the minority leader, are tasked with advising on the “status of the economic, technological, and security progress of the Chinese Communist Party and its competition with the United States.”<ref>{{Web citation|author=Kevin McCarthy|newspaper=[[United States Congress]]|title=H.Res.11 - Establishing the Select Committee on the Strategic Competition Between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party.|date=2023-10-01|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/11|retrieved=2023-02-14|quote=The resolution authorizes the committee to investigate and submit policy recommendations concerning the status of the economic, technological, and security progress of the Chinese Communist Party and its competition with the United States.}}</ref> The development presents a further escalation of the New Cold War against China.

== Western-aligned bloc ==

=== North Atlantic Treaty Organization ===
{{Main article|North Atlantic Treaty Organization}}
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a [[United States of America]]-led [[Imperialism|imperialist]] [[military alliance]] that has been used as a weapon against [[socialism]].<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Maqkl4fEQfs NATO is a tool of US imperialism that has backed Nazis for decades]</ref> NATO has been used as a weapon of war, resulting in the deaths of many millions.<ref>[https://www.mintpressnews.com/chris-hedges-nato-most-dangerous-military-alliance/281304/ CHRIS HEDGES: NATO — THE MOST DANGEROUS MILITARY ALLIANCE ON THE PLANET]</ref> NATO has continued to fund [[Ukraine]] and its various [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] organizations in their war against Russia.<ref>[https://mronline.org/2022/03/23/u-s-and-nato-allies-arm-neo-nazi-units-in-ukraine-as-foreign-policy-elites-yearn-for-afghan-style-insurgency/ U.S. and NATO allies arm neo-Nazi units in Ukraine as Foreign Policy elites yearn for Afghan-style insurgency]</ref>

=== Puppet governments ===

==== State of Japan ====
The [[Japan|State of Japan]] is a major puppet of the Western imperial core. While it was an enemy to [[the West]] in the past, Japan was turned into a weapon against socialism by the United States following the end of the [[Second World War]].<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPTnb2Z6ZJg Shinzo Abe's Assassination - Who Was He? - The US Japan Imperialist Alliance Post WWII]</ref>

==== Republic of Korea ====
The [[Republic of Korea]], also known as "South Korea", is a major American puppet state.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puGzCZDUyqo The Truth About the Korean War]</ref> It is largely occupied by the United States and has been responsible for a US-sponsored [[genocide]].<ref>[https://xplk.medium.com/the-50-s-in-south-korea-what-happened-60f629ac3272 The secret genocide in South Korea you’ve probably never heard of]</ref>

==== Republic of China ====
The [[Republic of China]], colloquially known in the West as simply "Taiwan", is a [[Neoliberalism|Neoliberal]] remnant-government that is presently restricted in its control to [[Taiwan]] and its neighbouring islands. Because of the ROC's location near the [[Chinese mainland]], it has been of great geopolitical interest to the American Empire, and has supported the Republic of China both militarily and diplomatically.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Danny Haiphong|newspaper=[[Black Agenda Report]]|title=Taiwan Demonstrates that the American Empire is a Paper Tiger|date=2021-10-27|url=https://blackagendareport.com/taiwan-demonstrates-american-empire-paper-tiger}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Geopolitics]]

Paul Cockshott

2023-02-14T07:31:11Z

Unpraxist: Infobox and criticisms

{{Infobox youtuber
|name=Paul Cockshott
|image=
|image_size=200
|nationality=[[Scotland|Scottish]]
|Ideology=[[Marxism-Leninism]] [[Anti-revisionism|Anti-Revisionism]]
|views=828,539
|subscribers=14,300
|years_active=2018–present
|channel_website=[https://paulcockshott.wordpress.com/ Paul Cockshott's Blog]
|stats_update=2023-02-14}}

'''Paul Cockshott''' is a Principal Research Fellow in Computer Science at the University of Glasgow and creates [[Communism|communist]] [[YouTube]] lectures.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Paul Cockshott|newspaper=University of Glasgow|title=Curriculum Vitae|url=https://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~wpc/reports/cv.html|retrieved=2023-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |author=Paul Cockshott |newspaper=[[YouTube]] |title=About |date=2011-10-04 |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVBfIU1_zO-P_R9keEGdDHQ/about |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023052022/https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVBfIU1_zO-P_R9keEGdDHQ/about|archive-date=2021-10-23 |retrieved=2022-09-01}}</ref>

==Criticisms==
Paul Cockshott has expressed views criticial of [[LGBT+]] emancipation and transgender liberation.<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pI792W5rkoA|channel=Paul Cockshott|title=Economics and the rainbow movement (1)|date=2022-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFCYbjSISoA|channel=Paul Cockshott|title=Political economy of Gay and Lesbian households|date=2022-09-04}}</ref>

He has been a member of the now dissolved [[British and Irish Communist Organisation]] and [[Communist Organisation in the British Isles]] both pro-[[Irish republicanism|unionist]] parties.<ref>{{Citation|author=Paul Cockshott, C.K. Maisels, Tony McCulloch, Jenny Nussey, Neil McKeown, Gwyn A. Williams|year=1974|title=What is the Communist Organisation in the British Isles?|title-url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/uk.hightide/whatiscobi.htm|mia=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/uk.hightide/whatiscobi.htm|series=Proletarian|volume=1}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Communist YouTube channels]]
[[Category:YouTube channels]]

Syrian Arab Republic (1963–2024)

2023-02-14T07:29:12Z

Unpraxist: Added citation and fixed a claim

{{Infobox country|name=Syrian Arab Republic|leader_name4=Najah al-Attar|currency=Syrian pound|population_estimate_year=2020|population_estimate=17,500,657|image_map=Syria map.svg|map_width=260|official_languages=Arabic|leader_name5=Hammouda Sabbagh|leader_title5=Speaker of the People's Council|leader_title4=Vice President|leader_name3=Farouk al-Sharaa|native_name=ٱلْجُمْهُورِيَّةُ ٱلْعَرَبِيَّةُ ٱلسُّورِيَّةُ|image_flag=Flag of Syria.svg|leader_title3=Vice President|leader_name2=Hussein Arnous|leader_title2=Prime Minister|leader_name1=Bashar al-Assad|leader_title1=President|largest_city=Damascus|image_coat=Syria COA.svg|capital=Damascus|area_km2=185,180}}

'''Syria''', officially the '''Syrian Arab Republic''', is a country in [[Western Asia]]. A country of fertile plains, high mountains, and deserts, Syria is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups. Arabs are the largest ethnic group, and Sunnis are the largest religious group.

Syria is a unitary republic consisting of 14 governorates and is the only country that politically espouses [[Ba'athism]], with Iraq's pre-intervention government having also been guided by the Ba'ath socialist ideology. It is a member of one international organization other than the [[United Nations]], the [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] [[Non-Aligned Movement]].

The modern Syrian state was established in the mid-20th century after centuries of [[Ottoman Syria|Ottoman]] rule, and after a brief period as a [[French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon|French mandate]], the newly created state represented the largest Arab state to emerge from the formerly [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]]-ruled [[Ottoman Syria|Syrian provinces]].

== History ==
In 1949, the [[United States of America|United States]] overthrew Syrian leader [[Shukri al-Quwatli]], whose parliament had refused to construct an oil pipeline through the country, and installed a military junta that approved the pipeline in less than one month.

=== Israeli invasion of Golan Heights ===
The Syrian territory of the [[Golan Heights]] was invaded by [[State of Israel|Israel]] in 1967 and annexed in 1981. It is currently occupied by around 25,000 Israeli settlers.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=France 24|title=Israel unveils plan to double settlers in occupied Golan|date=2021-12-26|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211226-israel-unveils-plan-to-double-settlers-in-occupied-golan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226132414/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211226-israel-unveils-plan-to-double-settlers-in-occupied-golan|archive-date=2021-12-26|retrieved=2022-05-10}}</ref>

===Syrian Civil War===
Following the Western-supported Arab Spring, Syria descended into chaos as foreign powers began supporting proxy forces to overthrow the Assad government. The U.S. has supported islamic jihadists in their Operation Timber Sycamore, not unlike [[Operation Cyclone]] in Afghanistan.<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/24/world/middleeast/us-relies-heavily-on-saudi-money-to-support-syrian-rebels.html |date=2016-01-26|title=U.S. Relies Heavily on Saudi Money to Support Syrian Rebels|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208111529/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/24/world/middleeast/us-relies-heavily-on-saudi-money-to-support-syrian-rebels.html|archive-date=2023-02-08|author=Mark Mazzetti, Matt Apuzzo}}</ref> They have also killed at least 500 Syrian civilians in airstrikes throughout the war, including 30 when a school was bombed, and used chemical weapons such as white phosphorus As of 2021, the military situation is favorable to the Syrian government, which has retaken most territory thanks to the legal assistance of the Russian Air Force as well as assistance from Syria's ally, the Islamic Republic of Iran.<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://the-levant.com/russian-air-force-takes-rebels-syria/ |date=2020-11-21|title=Russian air force takes on rebels in Syria|newspaper=The Levant|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018064708/https://the-levant.com/russian-air-force-takes-rebels-syria/|archive-date=2021-10-18}}</ref>

On 3 February 2022, U.S. forces killed 4 women and 6 children during a raid in Idlib province.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Martin Chulov, Julian Borger|date=2022-02-04|title=Islamic State leader killed during raid by US special forces in Syria|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/03/us-special-forces-kill-suspected-jihadists-in-north-west-syria-raid|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|retrieved=2022-03-11}}</ref>

The U.S. continues to occupy the resource-rich area of Northern Syria, to control its hydrocarbons and agricultural output<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.rokfin.com/post/53265/Biden-Caught-Lying-About-Occupying-Syria |title=Biden Caught Lying About Occupying Syria |author=Jimmy Dore |newspaper=Rokfin }}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=https://mate.substack.com/p/to-keep-troops-in-syria-us-leaders |title=To keep troops in Syria, US leaders are lying like in Afghanistan |author=Aaron Maté |date=September 7th 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2021/07/03/661403/US-must-stop-looting-Syria-natural-resources-fight-terrorists-instead-Lavrov |title=US must stop looting Syria's natural resources, fight terrorists instead, says Lavrov |newspaper=[[PressTV]] }}</ref> and has firebombed hundreds of acres of wheat fields. The goal of the US is to prevent the reconstruction of Syria.<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-sanctions-idUSKCN1LI06Z |title=Long reach of U.S. sanctions hits Syria reconstruction |newspaper=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> U.S. and the U.N. prop up opposition forces via the Bab al-Hawa crossing – the only U.N. approved crossing for transporting international aid into Syria.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=Natasha Frost, Raja Abdulrahim|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|title=The only border crossing for U.N. aid from Turkey to Syria is hobbled.|date=2023-02-07|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/07/world/europe/turkey-syria-quake-un-aid.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209032139/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/07/world/europe/turkey-syria-quake-un-aid.html|archive-date=2023-02-09|retrieved=2023-02-09}}</ref> The aid have been described by [[The New York Times]] as “…a lifeline for opposition-held areas in the north.”<ref name=":0" />

The U.S. imperialists are using economic warfare to cripple the Syrian economy.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Mimi al-Laham |newspaper=[[PressTV]] |url=https://twitter.com/PressTV/status/1481371739204591616 }}</ref> These sanctions might be soon circumvented with Syria's admission into China's Belt and Road Inititive.<ref>{{Web citation |date=2022-01-12 |title=Syria joins China’s Belt and Road Initiative|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/01/syria-joins-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative|newspaper=Al-Monitor}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |date=2022-01-12 |title=Syria, China sign MoU in framework of Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative|url=http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=260411 }}</ref>

==Foreign relations==
On 29 June 2022, Syria became the second country in the world to recognize the [[Donetsk People's Republic|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk People's Republic|Luhansk People's Republics]].<ref>{{Web citation |newspaper=[[Reuters]]|title=Syria recognizes independence, sovereignty of Donetsk, Luhansk -state news agency|date=2022-06-29|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-recognizes-independence-sovereignty-donetsk-luhansk-state-news-agency-2022-06-29/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629140520/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-recognizes-independence-sovereignty-donetsk-luhansk-state-news-agency-2022-06-29/|archive-date=2022-06-29|retrieved=2022-06-30}}</ref>

===Sanctions===
Syria currently suffers from heavy santions enforced by the United States and [[European Union]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=U.S. Department of the Treasury|title=Syria Sanctions|url=https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/financial-sanctions/sanctions-programs-and-country-information/syria-sanctions|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208015349/https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/financial-sanctions/sanctions-programs-and-country-information/syria-sanctions|archive-date=2023-02-08|retrieved=2023-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=EUR-Lex|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?scope=EURLEX&text=Syria+sanctions&lang=en&type=quick|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213022058/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?text=Syria+sanctions&lang=en&type=quick&qid=1676254858199&scope=EURLEX|archive-date=2023-02-13|retrieved=2023-02-13}}</ref>

During the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake, Syria was unable to recieve direct aid due to sanctions imposed upon the country.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Aaron Maté|newspaper=[[Twitter]]|date=2023-02-08|url=https://twitter.com/aaronjmate/status/1623000443335979009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208170406/https://twitter.com/aaronjmate/status/1623000443335979009|archive-date=2023-02-08|retrieved=2023-02-09|quote=The New York Times makes it plain: “Syria is not able to receive direct aid from many countries because of sanctions.”

So — unless you’re a monstrous sadist — why not lift the sanctions?}}</ref> With the only U.N. approved entry into Syria from Turkey – generally used to provide aid to government opposition groups – being destoryed, the three other unapproved crossings remained empty of humanitarian convoys.<ref name=":0" /> Depite these adversities Iran was able to supply Syria with 70 tons of food, tents and medicine.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Ba'athist states]]
[[Category:Members of the Non-Aligned Movement]]
[[Category:Targets of regime change operations]]
[[Category:Countries targeted by imperialist aggression]]

BadEmpanada

2023-02-14T06:51:35Z

Unpraxist: Added Infobox and relevant information. Added criticisms mainly pertaining to his toxic behaviour on stream, including the trivialisation of BayArea's doxxing.

{{Infobox youtuber
|name=BadEmpanada
|image=
|image_size=200
|nationality=[[Australia|Australian]] [[Argentine Republic|Argentine]]
|associated_acts=[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjY9R3_6sxfUViabj93Vnhw BadEmpanada 2] [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfqxvPxPVLuCzPeOsleOB3g Georsh]
|Ideology=[[Anti-imperialism|Anti-Imperialism]]
|birth_name=Georsh
|views=5,392,824
|subscribers=77,400
|years_active=2019–present
|channel_website=[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUzmizB92LJ9oxf5T_snZNA BadEmpanada]
|stats_update=2023-02-14}}

'''BadEmpanada''' is an [[Australia|Australian]]-[[Argentine Republic|Argentine]] [[Communism|communist]] [[YouTube|YouTuber]].<ref>{{Web citation |author=BadEmpanada |newspaper=[[YouTube]] |title=About |date=2019-01-17 |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUzmizB92LJ9oxf5T_snZNA/about |retrieved=2023-01-01}}</ref> He makes long-form video essays about history, [[settler colonialism]], [[imperialism]] and [[Latin America|Latin American]] politics. BadEmpanada also has [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjY9R3_6sxfUViabj93Vnhw stream clips channel] and a [https://www.youtube.com/@georsh8469/featured Spanish language channel].

== Criticisms ==
BadEmpanada celebrated the doxxing and subsequent retirement of BayArea415 from the internet. He questioned whether BayArea415 was "…really at risk." after having his identity releaved by fascists.<ref name=":0">{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-TeV48CdJ0U|channel=BadEmpanada 2|title=BayArea415 Shuts Down EVERYTHING?! Goodbye to the King!|date=2021-08-21}}</ref>

BadEmpanada blindly criticises [[Actually Existing Socialism|AES]] projects such as China calling it "capitalist", "imperialist" and "communist in name only."<ref name=":1">{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gpTL_nz0qsw&t=449s|channel=BadEmpanada 2|title=Let's Read Michael Parenti on Dengist China|date=2021-06-22}}</ref>

On stream he often engages toxic behaviour, including involving himself in petty drama between content creators,<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tG-IeglWKgE|channel=Destiny|title=BadEmpanada Debates Destiny For Prof Flowers, Infrared Haz Jumps Into Twitch Chat|date=2022-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DRIL6AFv4wg|channel=LonerBox Live|title=Debating BadEmpanada (White Coloniser)|date=2022-05-25}}</ref> making unsubstantiated claims,<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ObceIasVHs|channel=BadEmpanada 2|title=I Miss BayArea415, The King of LARP|date=2022-04-16}}</ref> engaging in "debate bro" behaviour such as "reductio ad absurdum"<ref name=":1" /> and the promotion of misinformation.<ref name=":0" />

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUzmizB92LJ9oxf5T_snZNA YouTube]
*[https://www.instagram.com/BadEmpanada/ Instagram]
*[https://www.twitch.tv/badempanada Twitch]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Communist YouTube channels]]

Benji

2023-02-14T05:48:41Z

Unpraxist: Added Infobox and relevant information. Cleaned up.

{{Infobox youtuber
|name=Benji
|image=
|image_size=200
|nationality=[[New Zealand|Aotearoa]]
|Ideology=[[Marxism-Leninism]]
|political_party=[[Communist Party of Aotearoa]]
|views=284,792
|subscribers=6,100
|years_active=2015–present
|channel_website=[https://classwars526086054.wordpress.com Class Wars]
|stats_update=2023-02-13}}

'''Benji''' is a [[Communism|communist]] [[YouTube]] channel from [[New Zealand|Aotearoa]]. His videos include clips from speeches and documentaries, as well as original works. A major area of his channel focuses on supporting [[Actually Existing Socialism|AES]] projects, including [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]] and [[Salvador Allende|Allende]]'s [[Republic of Chile|Chile]].<ref>{{Web citation |author=Benji |newspaper=[[YouTube]] |title=Defend socialist Cuba! |url=https://www.youtube.com/post/UgkxjB5zVAoYoGuSHJQab2glQkBeQ8IRGjKV |retrieved=2022-09-01}}</ref>

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDG87s_QtD4YrIamqb9k5WQ YouTube channel]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:YouTube channels]]
[[Category:Communist YouTube channels]]

DemocraticMarxist01

2023-02-14T03:14:26Z

Unpraxist: Added Infobox and relevant information

{{Infobox youtuber
|name=DemocraticMarxist01
|image=
|image_size=200
|age=32
|nationality=[[Australia|Australian]]
|Ideology=[[Marxism]]
|views=1,443,721
|subscribers=17,100
|years_active=2013–present
|channel_website=[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCidbCSNfzJXScnt8LWtwrhA DemocraticMarxist01]
|stats_update=2023-02-14}}

'''DemocraticMarxist01''' is an [[Australia|Australian]] [[communist]] [[YouTube|YouTuber]] which focuses on critique of [[anti-communism]], [[far-right]] movements, [[Fascism|fascist]] ideology and [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]] and [[United States of America|United States]] politics.<ref>{{Web citation |newspaper=[[YouTube]] |title=DemocraticMarxist01's videos |date=2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/MrReco12/videos |retrieved=2022-07-27}}</ref>

==External links==

*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCidbCSNfzJXScnt8LWtwrhA YouTube channel]
*[https://twitter.com/MReco12 Twitter profile]
*[https://www.patreon.com/user?u=7236989 Patreon]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Communist YouTube channels]]

Spooky Scary Socialist

2023-02-14T02:51:50Z

Unpraxist: Added relevant category

{{Infobox youtuber
|name=Spooky Scary Socialist
|image=
|image_size=200
|nationality=[[United States of America|Statesian]]
|associated_acts=[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyvNRZ1S_P0dZBX-ukle1gQ Spoopy Scary Socialist]
|Ideology=[[Marxism-Leninism-Maoism]]
|views=1,400,347
|subscribers=52,700
|years_active=2018–present
|channel_website=[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl_A_42M6kvjH8Gr-rwfCUw Spooky Scary Socialist]
|stats_update=2023-02-14}}

'''Spooky Scary Socialist''' is a [[Communism|communist]] [[YouTube]] channel that was founded in 2018.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Spooky Scary Socialist |newspaper=[[YouTube]] |title=About |date=2018-01-14 |url=https://www.youtube.com/c/SpookyScarySocialist/about |retrieved=2022-06-07}}</ref>

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl_A_42M6kvjH8Gr-rwfCUw YouTube]
*[https://www.instagram.com/spookysocialist/ Instagram]
*[https://www.reddit.com/user/Knocialism Reddit]
*[https://www.twitter.com/SpookySocialist Twitter]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Communist YouTube channels]]
[[Category:Maoist YouTube channels]]

Spooky Scary Socialist

2023-02-14T02:50:13Z

Unpraxist: Added Infobox and relevant information

Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

2023-02-14T02:35:48Z

Unpraxist: Added timeline of treaties leading up to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

Connolly Youth Movement

2023-02-13T16:32:54Z

Unpraxist: Cleaned up citations and infobox

{{External article cleanup|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Connolly Youth Movement
| native_name = Ógra Uí Chonghaile
| native_name_lang = Irish
| logo = [[File:Connolly Youth Movement logo 2020.png|frameless|175px]]
| abbreviation = CYM
| founded = 1963
| newspaper = ''Forward''
| political_orientation = [[Marxism–Leninism]] [[Irish Republicanism]]
| website = https://cym.ie/
}}
{{Communist Parties}}

The '''Connolly Youth Movement''', often abbreviated as '''CYM''' ) is an [[all-Ireland]] [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] youth organisation.<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://cym.ie/constitution/ |title=Constitution |date=28 March 2018 |website=Connolly Youth Movement |language=en-GB |retrieved=10 February 2020}}</ref> It is a member of the [[World Federation of Democratic Youth]]. It takes its name from the revolutionary socialist [[James Connolly]].

==History and current status==

The CYM was founded in 1963 by young republicans who were influenced by the Communist Party during the [[Dublin Housing Action Committee|Dublin Housing Action]] struggle. In 1970 with the merger of the [[Irish Workers' Party]] and [[Communist Party of Northern Ireland]], to form the Communist Party of Ireland, the [[Northern Ireland Young Communist League]] joined the CYM, with [[Madge Davison]] as its general secretary. The CYM disbanded in 1991 due to a reduction in membership following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] and [[Revolutions of 1989|eastern and central European bloc]] and the resulting political crisis in the [[World Communist Movement]]. However, following the resurgence of the left and [[anti-capitalist movement]] in Ireland, the CYM re-formed in 2002, grouped mainly around young members of the Dublin Branch of the CPI and student activists in NUI (National University of Ireland), Galway. The Connolly Youth Movement has relations with a number of young [[communist]] organisations around the world. The Connolly Youth Movement attends the [[Meeting of European Communist Youth Organizations]] (MECYO).<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://es.kke.gr/en/articles/--00972/ |title=Message of support of the Communist Youth Organizations |website=Communist Party of Greece |retrieved=10 February 2020}}</ref>

The CYM supported the programme of the [[Communist Party of Ireland]] until a vote of the membership rescinded it at an Extraordinary Ard Fheis on 9 January 2021.<ref>{{Web citation |date=18 January 2021 |title=CYM Statement on Disaffiliation |url=https://cym.ie/2021/01/18/cym-statement-on-disaffiliation/ |retrieved=18 January 2021 |website=Connolly Youth Movement |language=en-GB}}</ref> In February 2021, the Communist Party of Ireland issued a statement stating that several dual (CPI-CYM) members had been expelled for alleged breaches of discipline and factional behaviour within the CPI prior to the CYM's decision to drop its support for the programme of the CPI.<ref>[https://communistpartyofireland.ie/r-2021-02-09.html] Statement on CPI-CYM relations, Communist Party of Ireland, www.communistpartyofireland.ie, 9 February 2021.</ref>

==Activities==
In 2017, members of the Cork branch of the Connolly Youth Movement occupied and re-purposed three derelict buildings near [[University College Cork|UCC]] as part of an initiative to highlight [[Homelessness in Ireland|rising levels of homelessness]].<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.echolive.ie/corknews/Group-squat-in-Cork-house-to-highlight-crisis-aabff202-e5d3-4a5b-bb1a-6cafc1f82bd7-ds |title=Group squat in Cork house to highlight crisis |newspaper=Evening Echo |retrieved=10 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=https://uccexpress.ie/students-face-eviction-from-liberated-building/ |title=Students face eviction from liberated building {{!}} University Express |date=8 November 2017 |website=UCC Express |language=en-GB |retrieved=10 February 2020}}</ref> In 2018, two of these buildings were repossessed by the [[Garda Emergency Response Unit]] acting in conjunction with a contractor for the O'Dwyer Asset Management Company that owned the vacant properties.<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.echolive.ie/corknews/arid-40163559.html |title=Gardaí evict anti-homelessness protestors |date=1 August 2018 |newspaper=Evening Echo }}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=https://cym.ie/2018/07/26/armed-response-unit-break-up-political-protest-in-cork-ireland/ |title=Armed Response Unit Break Up Political Protest in Cork, Ireland |date=26 July 2018 |website=CYM}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/north-frederick-street-looks-like-proof-that-the-system-is-conspiring-against-the-people-1.3628003 |title=North Frederick Street looks like proof that the system is conspiring against the people |author=Una Mullally |newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> The first occupation, still ongoing as of 2021, is referred to as Connolly Barracks by the organisation.<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.pressreader.com/ireland/hot-press/20191218/282046213995457 |date=23 January 2020 |title=Cork's Connolly Barracks |publisher=Hot Press }}</ref>

The Connolly Youth Movement was involved in highly publicised instances of [[direct action]] in 2018<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://uccexpress.ie/cym-disrupt-simon-coveney-event-in-ucc/ |title=Connolly Youth Movement Disrupt Simon Coveney Event in UCC {{!}} University Express |date=10 October 2018 |website=UCC Express |language=en-GB |retrieved=10 February 2020}}</ref> and 2019<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/fine-gael-cork-meeting-4615959-May2019/ |title='Have you a job? Have you a job?' – Tense exchanges as FG Cork meeting disrupted by protesters |author=Rónán Duffy |website=TheJournal.ie |language=en |retrieved=10 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/varadkar-calls-protesters-who-halted-fine-gael-meeting-anti-democratic-1.3877841 |title=Varadkar calls protesters who halted Fine Gael meeting 'anti-democratic' |author=Barry Roche |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en |retrieved=10 February 2020}}</ref> when members of the movement disrupted [[Fine Gael]] public meetings in Cork in protest of government policy in relation to homelessness and wealth inequality. One such action was criticised by Taoiseach [[Leo Varadkar]], who stated "I think no matter what political party you come from or what your political views, we should all be committed to democracy and freedom of speech and trying to shout other people down and trying to shut down their meetings is profoundly anti-democratic".<ref>{{Web citation |author=Barry Roche |date=1 May 2019 |title=Varadkar calls protesters who halted Fine Gael meeting 'anti-democratic' |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/varadkar-calls-protesters-who-halted-fine-gael-meeting-anti-democratic-1.3877841 |newspaper=Irish Times |retrieved=22 January 2021}}</ref> The organisation responded that it had a right to challenge and question the government on policy issues.<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/taoiseach-brands-cork-protest-profoundly-undemocratic-921495.html |title=Taoiseach brands Cork protest 'profoundly undemocratic' |date=2 May 2019 |website= |retrieved=10 February 2020|newspaper=Breaking News}}</ref> In a March 2020 interview, then CYM General Secretary Alex Homits stated "Socialism will not and cannot be delivered through the ballot box and the CYM and its membership will not lie about this or endorse those who do."<ref name=":0">{{Web citation |author=Alexander Norton |date=4 March 2020 |title=Red ambition: the Connolly Youth Movement in 2020 |url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/f/red-ambition-connolly-youth-movement-2020 |publisher= |retrieved=22 January 2021|newspaper=Morning Star}}</ref>

==Policies and Ideology==

The CYM is constitutionally a socialist-republican and Marxist-Leninist organisation. In July 2022 it published a new programme, ''Cause of Youth, Cause of Ireland.''<ref>{{Web citation |date=2018-11-07 |title=Programme {{!}} Clár - |language=en-GB |url=https://cym.ie/programme/ |retrieved=2022-08-22}}</ref> It also released a ten point programme expressing a commitment to Irish unity, civil rights, the revival of Irish culture, free education, action on climate change, promotion of the Irish language, free healthcare on an all-Ireland basis, a public housing programme, international solidarity, and "a comprehensive system of worker's rights".

In 2020 the CYM's then General Secretary Alex Homits stated that "poverty and trafficking are the leading creators of sex workers."<ref name=":0" /> The CYM have offered solidarity to those engaged in sex work, and support for decriminalisation of the purchase of sex.<ref>{{Web citation |author=CYM Editorial Team |date=4 June 2020 |title=When Sex Workers Win, All Women Win |url=https://cym.ie/2020/06/04/when-sex-workers-win-all-women-win/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819052922/https://cym.ie/2020/06/04/when-sex-workers-win-all-women-win/ |archive-date=19 August 2020 |newspaper=Connolly Youth Movement}}</ref>

==Publications==
The CYM irregularly publishes a print magazine titled ''Forward,'' with online articles published under the same title.<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.cym.ie/category/forward/ |title=Forward |newspaper=CYM}}</ref>

== Affiliations==
*[[World Federation of Democratic Youth]], a left-wing anti imperialist youth organization

==Prominent past members of CYM==
*[[Madge Davison]]<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.communistpartyofireland.ie/s-davison.html |title=Madge Davison |website= |retrieved=2020-02-10|newspaper=Communist Party of Ireland|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814052157/https://communistpartyofireland.ie/s-davison.html|archive-date=2020-08-14}}</ref>
*[[Declan Bree]]<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.declanbree.com/ |title=Home - DeclanBree.com |website=www.declanbree.com}}</ref> – served as Chairperson of the CYM
*[[Brendan O'Carroll]]<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.lookleft.ie/2012/12/irvine-welsh-backs-bridge-for-fellow-hibs-man-connolly/ |title=Irvine Welsh backs bridge for fellow Hibs man Connolly |website= |date=17 December 2012|newspaper=lookleft}}</ref>

==External links==
*[http://www.cym.ie/ Connolly Youth Movement]
*[https://issuu.com/connollyyouthmovement/ Archive of Forward Issues]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Irish Marxists]]
[[Category:Irish socialists]]
[[Category:Irish trade unionists]]
[[Category:Irish republicans]]
[[Category:Socialists]]
[[Category:Communism]]
[[Category:Youth Wing]]

Revolutionary Left Radio

2023-02-13T14:58:31Z

Unpraxist: Added an "associated act"

{{Infobox youtuber
|name=Revolutionary Left Radio
|image=Rev Left Radio logo.png
|image_size=200
|nationality=[[United States of America|Statesian]]
|associated_acts=[[Red Menace]]
|Ideology=[[Marxism-Leninism]] [[Anti-revisionism|Anti-Revisionism]]<ref>{{Web citation |title=Episode 15 - The Role of Alternative Media (Ft. RevLeft‪)‬ |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/the-deprogram/id1596666465?i=1000551537533 |newspaper=[[The Deprogram]] |retrieved=2023-02-14 }}</ref>
|birth_name=[[Breht O'Shea]]
|views=310,400
|subscribers=17,500
|years_active=2017–present
|channel_website=[https://www.revolutionaryleftradio.com/ Revolutionary Left Radio]
|stats_update=2023-02-14}}

'''Revolutionary Left Radio''' ('''Rev Left''') is a [[Socialism|socialist]] podcast hosted by [[Breht O'Shea]].<ref>{{Web citation |author=Breht O'Shea |title=About the Podcast |url=https://revolutionaryleftradio.libsyn.com/ |newspaper=Revolutionary Left Radio |retrieved=2022-03-20}}</ref> It began in March 2017 and releases a new episode around once a week. [[Hakim]],<ref name=":0">{{Web citation |author=Breht O'Shea |date=2021-09-21 |title=The Spectre Still Haunts: Breaking the Imperialist Chain w/ Hakim |url=https://revolutionaryleftradio.libsyn.com/hakim |newspaper=Revolutionary Left Radio |retrieved=2022-03-20}}</ref> [[Luna Oi]],<ref>{{Web citation |author=Breht O'Shea |date=2021-11-26 |title=Guerrilla History: The Battle of Dien Bien Phu |url=https://revolutionaryleftradio.libsyn.com/luna |newspaper=Revolutionary Left Radio |retrieved=2022-03-30}}</ref> [[Yugopnik]],<ref>{{Web citation |newspaper=Revolutionary Left Radio|title=When the Balkans were Red: Reflections on Yugoslavia w/ Yugopnik|date=2022-08-22|url=https://revolutionaryleftradio.libsyn.com/yugopnik |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822154138/https://revolutionaryleftradio.libsyn.com/yugopnik|archive-date=2022-08-22|retrieved=2022-08-27}}</ref> and J.T. Chapman from [[Second Thought]]<ref>{{Web citation |author=Breht O'Shea |date=2021-11-07 |title=Convincing Conservatives: Red States, Climate Change & Class Struggle |url=https://revolutionaryleftradio.libsyn.com/convincing-conservatives-red-states-climate-change-class-struggle |newspaper=Revolutionary Left Radio |retrieved=2022-03-20}}</ref> have all appeared on the podcast.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Socialist podcasts]]

TheFinnishBolshevik

2023-02-13T14:56:48Z

Unpraxist: Added an "associated act"

{{Infobox youtuber
|name=TheFinnishBolshevik
|image=
|image_size=200
|nationality=[[Republic of Finland|Finnish]]
|associated_acts=[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEzvnHqlIPv0QbXpdoH0f0Q Marxist-Leninist Theory]
|Ideology=[[Marxism-Leninism]] [[Anti-revisionism|Anti-Revisionism]]
|views=5,929,225
|subscribers=42,700
|years_active=2014–present
|channel_website=[https://mltheory.wordpress.com/ ML-Theory]
|stats_update=2023-02-14}}

'''TheFinnishBolshevik''' is a [[Republic of Finland|Finnish]] [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] [[YouTube]] channel.<ref>{{Web citation |author=TheFinnishBolshevik |newspaper=[[YouTube]] |title=About |date=2014-04-02 |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCvdjsJtifsZoShjcAAHZpA/about |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021934/https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCvdjsJtifsZoShjcAAHZpA/about |archive-date=2020-11-12 |retrieved=2022-06-09}}</ref>

==External links==

*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCvdjsJtifsZoShjcAAHZpA/ YouTube]
*[https://discord.gg/2VmdEKVcxu Discord]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Communist YouTube channels]]

Marxism Today

2023-02-13T14:54:49Z

Unpraxist: Added "Left on Repeat" to associated acts in infobox

{{Infobox youtuber
|name=Marxism Today
|image=Marxist paul profile picture.jpg
|image_size=200
|nationality=[[Ireland|Irish]]
|associated_acts=Left on Replay
|Ideology=[[Marxism-Leninism-Maoism]] [[Irish Republicanism]] [[Anti-imperialism|Anti-Imperialism]]
|political_party=[[Connolly Youth Movement]]
|birth_name=Paul Morrin
|views=1,331,075
|subscribers=53,500
|years_active=2020–present
|channel_website=[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpBRZBzWQ_cCc_9zKG08L-g Marxism Today]
|stats_update=2023-02-13}}

'''Marxism Today''', formerly '''Marxist Paul''' is an [[Republic of Ireland|Irish]] communist [[YouTube]] channel<ref>{{Web citation|author=Marxism Today|newspaper=[[YouTube]]|title=About|date=|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpBRZBzWQ_cCc_9zKG08L-g/about|retrieved=2023-02-13}}</ref> run by Paul Morrin that follows [[Irish republicanism]] and [[Marxism-Leninism-Maoism]].<ref>{{YouTube citation|channel=Marxism Today |title=Vučko Answers Your Questions about the PCP |date=2021-04-30|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIbPizj-xK4 }}</ref> Marxism Today has done streams with [[azureScapegoat]],<ref>{{YouTube citation|title=Getting Schooled by azureScapegoat|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWElpJY9Mow|channel=Marxism Today|date=2020-12-16}}</ref> [[Hakim]],<ref name=":1">{{YouTube citation |title=Hakim Lays Down the Law: Hoxha's Albania, Chinese Socialism/Imperialism, and more (Timestamped) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=poLnM9rzbGQ&t=9537s|channel=Marxism Today |date=2021-02-25}}</ref> [[Socialist Swann]],<ref name=":0">{{YouTube citation|title="Men's Rights Activism" w/Da Ladz (Yugopnik and Socialist Swann)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXQZIK7iZqE |channel=Marxism Today |date=2020-11-27}}</ref> [[Tankie Talk]],<ref>{{YouTube citation |channel=Marxism Today |title=Tankie Talk New Year's Eve Special |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MyF2hpsBlgA |date=2021-01-01}}</ref> and [[Yugopnik]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6YKEl4KLWE|channel=Marxism Today|title=Yugopnik DESTROYS LOGIC with FACTS and... Vodka|date=2021-02-04}}</ref> Paul is a member of the [[Connolly Youth Movement]] and also runs the YouTube channel, [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChqbQHIrqk8KqBo36s3c44A Left on Replay].<ref name=":1" />

==Criticisms==
Marxism Today has expressed [[Ultra-leftism|ultra-left]] tendencies condeming [[Actually Existing Socialism|AES]] states such as, [[People's Republic of China|China]], [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]], [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam|Vietnam]], [[Lao People's Democratic Republic|Laos]] and the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]] as “…having unfortunately embraced revisionism, or the capitalist road.”<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6PnBUijltCU&t=787s|channel=Marxism Today|title=Why Anarchists Should Study MLM|date=2022-12-17 |quote=Maoism holds that – while there are progressive countries struggling against imperialism, that must be defended against invasion and all other imperialist aggression – there are no existing socialist states in the world. The former socialist experiments having unfortunately embraced revisionism, or the capitalist road.}}</ref> He believes China to be a capitalist, imperialist state despite never debunking his own video stating otherwise.<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PTmnVJxrsAQ&t=463s|channel=Marxism Today|title=Campism {{!}} No, Russia is NOT Anti-Imperialist|date=2022-05-21 |quote=‛Though within this developing association [[https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/BRICS BRICS]], it should be stated that only Russia and China – themselves being net capital exporters – so far have achieved the status of being imperialist powers in their own right.}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=exd74uNJaeQ&t=70s|channel=Marxism Today|title=Revolution Today: India {{!}} New Democracy|date=2022-11-05 |quote=Worse yet, there are some who hold the view that communist ideology is still alive and well, but have come to that conclusion instead by associating Marxist politics with groups which have long since abondoned revolutionary class struggle, like the ruling party of modern China.}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pezX6p5xpW4|channel=Marxism Today|title=Is China Imperialist? (Outdated - Check Pinned Comment)|date=2020-05-15}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Communist YouTube channels]]
[[Category:Maoist YouTube channels]]

TheFinnishBolshevik

2023-02-13T14:49:43Z

Unpraxist: Added Infobox

{{Infobox youtuber
|name=TheFinnishBolshevik
|image=
|image_size=200
|nationality=[[Republic of Finland|Finnish]]
|Ideology=[[Marxism-Leninism]] [[Anti-revisionism|Anti-Revisionism]]
|views=5,929,225
|subscribers=42,700
|years_active=2014–present
|channel_website=[https://mltheory.wordpress.com/ ML-Theory]
|stats_update=2023-02-14}}

'''TheFinnishBolshevik''' is a [[Republic of Finland|Finnish]] [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] [[YouTube]] channel.<ref>{{Web citation |author=TheFinnishBolshevik |newspaper=[[YouTube]] |title=About |date=2014-04-02 |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCvdjsJtifsZoShjcAAHZpA/about |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021934/https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCvdjsJtifsZoShjcAAHZpA/about |archive-date=2020-11-12 |retrieved=2022-06-09}}</ref>

==External links==

*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCvdjsJtifsZoShjcAAHZpA/ YouTube]
*[https://discord.gg/2VmdEKVcxu Discord]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Communist YouTube channels]]

Revolutionary Left Radio

2023-02-13T14:42:52Z

Unpraxist: Added infobox

{{Infobox youtuber
|name=Revolutionary Left Radio
|image=Rev Left Radio logo.png
|image_size=200
|nationality=[[United States of America|Statesian]]
|Ideology=[[Marxism-Leninism]] [[Anti-revisionism|Anti-Revisionism]]<ref>{{Web citation |title=Episode 15 - The Role of Alternative Media (Ft. RevLeft‪)‬ |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/the-deprogram/id1596666465?i=1000551537533 |newspaper=[[The Deprogram]] |retrieved=2023-02-14 }}</ref>
|birth_name=[[Breht O'Shea]]
|views=310,400
|subscribers=17,500
|years_active=2017–present
|channel_website=[https://www.revolutionaryleftradio.com/ Revolutionary Left Radio]
|stats_update=2023-02-14}}

'''Revolutionary Left Radio''' ('''Rev Left''') is a [[Socialism|socialist]] podcast hosted by [[Breht O'Shea]].<ref>{{Web citation |author=Breht O'Shea |title=About the Podcast |url=https://revolutionaryleftradio.libsyn.com/ |newspaper=Revolutionary Left Radio |retrieved=2022-03-20}}</ref> It began in March 2017 and releases a new episode around once a week. [[Hakim]],<ref name=":0">{{Web citation |author=Breht O'Shea |date=2021-09-21 |title=The Spectre Still Haunts: Breaking the Imperialist Chain w/ Hakim |url=https://revolutionaryleftradio.libsyn.com/hakim |newspaper=Revolutionary Left Radio |retrieved=2022-03-20}}</ref> [[Luna Oi]],<ref>{{Web citation |author=Breht O'Shea |date=2021-11-26 |title=Guerrilla History: The Battle of Dien Bien Phu |url=https://revolutionaryleftradio.libsyn.com/luna |newspaper=Revolutionary Left Radio |retrieved=2022-03-30}}</ref> [[Yugopnik]],<ref>{{Web citation |newspaper=Revolutionary Left Radio|title=When the Balkans were Red: Reflections on Yugoslavia w/ Yugopnik|date=2022-08-22|url=https://revolutionaryleftradio.libsyn.com/yugopnik |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822154138/https://revolutionaryleftradio.libsyn.com/yugopnik|archive-date=2022-08-22|retrieved=2022-08-27}}</ref> and J.T. Chapman from [[Second Thought]]<ref>{{Web citation |author=Breht O'Shea |date=2021-11-07 |title=Convincing Conservatives: Red States, Climate Change & Class Struggle |url=https://revolutionaryleftradio.libsyn.com/convincing-conservatives-red-states-climate-change-class-struggle |newspaper=Revolutionary Left Radio |retrieved=2022-03-20}}</ref> have all appeared on the podcast.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Socialist podcasts]]

Yugopnik

2023-02-13T14:20:00Z

Unpraxist: Added Infobox. Cleaned up areas, including citations. Added mention of Vodkast.

{{Infobox youtuber
|name=YUGOPNIK
|image=Yugopnik.png
|image_size=200
|nationality=[[Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]]
|Ideology=[[Orthodox Marxism]]
|views=4,018,211
|subscribers=130,000
|years_active=2018–present
|channel_website=[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCs8mbJ-M142ZskR5VR0gBig YUGOPNIK]
|stats_update=2023-02-14}}

'''Yugopnik''' is a communist online personality from the former [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)|Yugoslavia]] countries who produces [[YouTube]] video essays and is one of three co-hosts of [[The Deprogram]] podcast.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Yugopnik |url=https://twitter.com/yugopnik/status/1461736575520452610 |date=2021-11-20|newspaper=[[Twitter]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119174430/https://twitter.com/yugopnik/status/1461736575520452610|archive-date=2021-11-21|retrieved=2023-04-14}}</ref> In June 2022, his YouTube channel reached 100,000 subscribers.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Yugopnik|newspaper=[[YouTube]]|title=We are 100 000 tovarischi strong.|date=2022-06-24|url=https://www.youtube.com/post/Ugkx9qlYfh7aLlk4fPRl12sDYy7wZZTkRXcN|retrieved=2022-06-24}}</ref>

Yugopnik briefly had a podcast with [[Marxist Paul|Marxism Today]] called the Vodkast which ran from 7 August, 2020 until 24 November, 2021.<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL0J754r0IteWLexh5IJUzO0xU1WPVn7Jq|channel=Marxism Today|title=Vodkast with Yugopnik}}</ref>

==Links==

*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCs8mbJ-M142ZskR5VR0gBig YouTube]
*[https://www.patreon.com/yugopnik Patreon]
*[https://twitter.com/yugopnik Twitter]
*[https://discord.gg/HJAgsfqNbd Discord]
*[https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/yugopnik Paypal]
*[https://linktr.ee/Yugopnik Linktree]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Communist YouTube channels]]
[[Category:Podcasters]]

Marxism Today

2023-02-13T13:55:04Z

Unpraxist: Updated general details including channel name change. Changed links to channel to permanent links. Added criticisms of ultra-left tendencies. Added that Morrin is a member of CYM. Updated and cleaned up citations.

{{Infobox youtuber
|name=Marxism Today
|image=Marxist paul profile picture.jpg
|image_size=200
|nationality=[[Ireland|Irish]]
|Ideology=[[Marxism-Leninism-Maoism]] [[Irish Republicanism]] [[Anti-imperialism|Anti-Imperialism]]
|political_party=[[Connolly Youth Movement]]
|birth_name=Paul Morrin
|views=1,331,075
|subscribers=53,500
|years_active=2020–present
|channel_website=[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpBRZBzWQ_cCc_9zKG08L-g Marxism Today]
|stats_update=2023-02-13}}

'''Marxism Today''', formerly '''Marxist Paul''' is an [[Republic of Ireland|Irish]] communist [[YouTube]] channel<ref>{{Web citation|author=Marxism Today|newspaper=[[YouTube]]|title=About|date=|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpBRZBzWQ_cCc_9zKG08L-g/about|retrieved=2023-02-13}}</ref> run by Paul Morrin that follows [[Irish republicanism]] and [[Marxism-Leninism-Maoism]].<ref>{{YouTube citation|channel=Marxism Today |title=Vučko Answers Your Questions about the PCP |date=2021-04-30|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIbPizj-xK4 }}</ref> Marxism Today has done streams with [[azureScapegoat]],<ref>{{YouTube citation|title=Getting Schooled by azureScapegoat|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWElpJY9Mow|channel=Marxism Today|date=2020-12-16}}</ref> [[Hakim]],<ref name=":1">{{YouTube citation |title=Hakim Lays Down the Law: Hoxha's Albania, Chinese Socialism/Imperialism, and more (Timestamped) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=poLnM9rzbGQ&t=9537s|channel=Marxism Today |date=2021-02-25}}</ref> [[Socialist Swann]],<ref name=":0">{{YouTube citation|title="Men's Rights Activism" w/Da Ladz (Yugopnik and Socialist Swann)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXQZIK7iZqE |channel=Marxism Today |date=2020-11-27}}</ref> [[Tankie Talk]],<ref>{{YouTube citation |channel=Marxism Today |title=Tankie Talk New Year's Eve Special |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MyF2hpsBlgA |date=2021-01-01}}</ref> and [[Yugopnik]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6YKEl4KLWE|channel=Marxism Today|title=Yugopnik DESTROYS LOGIC with FACTS and... Vodka|date=2021-02-04}}</ref> Paul is a member of the [[Connolly Youth Movement]] and also runs the YouTube channel, [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChqbQHIrqk8KqBo36s3c44A Left on Replay].<ref name=":1" />

==Criticisms==
Marxism Today has expressed [[Ultra-leftism|ultra-left]] tendencies condeming [[Actually Existing Socialism|AES]] states such as, [[People's Republic of China|China]], [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]], [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam|Vietnam]], [[Lao People's Democratic Republic|Laos]] and the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]] as “…having unfortunately embraced revisionism, or the capitalist road.”<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6PnBUijltCU&t=787s|channel=Marxism Today|title=Why Anarchists Should Study MLM|date=2022-12-17 |quote=Maoism holds that – while there are progressive countries struggling against imperialism, that must be defended against invasion and all other imperialist aggression – there are no existing socialist states in the world. The former socialist experiments having unfortunately embraced revisionism, or the capitalist road.}}</ref> He believes China to be a capitalist, imperialist state despite never debunking his own video stating otherwise.<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PTmnVJxrsAQ&t=463s|channel=Marxism Today|title=Campism {{!}} No, Russia is NOT Anti-Imperialist|date=2022-05-21 |quote=‛Though within this developing association [[https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/BRICS BRICS]], it should be stated that only Russia and China – themselves being net capital exporters – so far have achieved the status of being imperialist powers in their own right.}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=exd74uNJaeQ&t=70s|channel=Marxism Today|title=Revolution Today: India {{!}} New Democracy|date=2022-11-05 |quote=Worse yet, there are some who hold the view that communist ideology is still alive and well, but have come to that conclusion instead by associating Marxist politics with groups which have long since abondoned revolutionary class struggle, like the ruling party of modern China.}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pezX6p5xpW4|channel=Marxism Today|title=Is China Imperialist? (Outdated - Check Pinned Comment)|date=2020-05-15}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Communist YouTube channels]]
[[Category:Maoist YouTube channels]]

2023-02-13T03:00:20Z

Unpraxist: Added information about Eglin Air Force Base operations on Reddit

[[File:Reddit logo.png|thumb|Logo]]
'''Reddit''' is a [[United States of America|US]]-based social media site which is centered around topic-specific communities called subreddits. Users can submit text or image posts to be voted on in each community, and users can also comment and vote on comments. It is the eighth most visited website in the United States.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=[[Alan Macleod]]|newspaper=[[MintPress News]]|title=Jessica Ashooh: The Taming of Reddit and the National Security Plant Tabbed to Do It|date=2021-06-11|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/jessica-ashooh-reddit-national-security-state-plant/277639/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730113847/https://www.mintpressnews.com/jessica-ashooh-reddit-national-security-state-plant/277639/|archive-date=2022-07-30|retrieved=2022-08-05}}</ref>

Fears of censorship of certain communities have led to users looking for alternatives. For example, censorship of the [[GenZedong|/r/GenZedong]] subreddit has led them to join [[Lemmygrad]], a pro-[[Communism|communist]] instance of the [[Free and open-source software|FOSS]] alternative to Reddit, [[Lemmy]].

== Censorship ==
In August 2013, r/news moderator douglasmacarthur banned the Russian news outlet [[RT (TV Network)|RT]] from the subreddit. r/politics soon banned many alternative media sources, including [[AlterNet]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Katie Rucke|newspaper=MintPress News|title=Reddit Moderators Ban Alternative Media Outlets|date=2013-11-08|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/reddit-moderators-ban-alternative-media-outlets/172279/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111231628/https://www.mintpressnews.com/reddit-moderators-ban-alternative-media-outlets/172279/|archive-date=2020-11-11|retrieved=2022-08-06}}</ref> In 2021, multiple subreddits with a total of 10 million users banned the [[World Socialist Web Site]] as a source.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Kevin Reed|newspaper=[[World Socialist Web Site]]|title=Why is the World Socialist Web Site still blacklisted on the Reddit r/coronavirus and r/politics forums?|date=2021-06-15|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2021/06/15/whyi-j15.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804142959/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2021/06/15/whyi-j15.html|archive-date=2022-08-04|retrieved=2022-09-24}}</ref>

Reddit has deleted hundreds of thousands of accounts linked to the [[Russian Federation|Russian]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iranian]], and [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] governments at the request of Western intelligence organizations. It does not ban accounts connected to Western [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|capitalist governments]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Banned subreddits ===
In June 2020, Reddit banned the far-left r/ChapoTrapHouse community, which had 160,000 users.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Kevin Reed|newspaper=[[World Socialist Web Site]]|title=Reddit bans 2,000 communities in major censorship action|date=2020-07-02|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/07/02/redd-j02.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618194442/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/07/02/redd-j02.html|archive-date=2022-06-18|retrieved=2022-09-24}}</ref> Reddit banned the pro-[[Actually Existing Socialism|AES]] community r/MoreTankieChapo, which had about 25,000 users, for "promoting hate."<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Reddit|title=This community has been banned|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/MoreTankieChapo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205154920/https://www.reddit.com/r/MoreTankieChapo|archive-date=2020-12-05}}</ref>

=== Quarantined subreddits ===
Reddit quarantined r/FULLCOMMUNISM in September 2018<ref>{{Web citation|author=ComradeGirl|newspaper=Reddit|title=FULLCOMMUNISM Quarantined!|date=2018-09-29|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/socialism/comments/9jfudh/fullcommunism_quarantined/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004085519/https://www.reddit.com/r/socialism/comments/9jfudh/fullcommunism_quarantined/|archive-date=2018-10-04|retrieved=2022-09-24}}</ref> and r/GenZedong in March 2022.<ref>{{Web citation|author=ComradeStalin69|newspaper=Reddit|title=Breaking news: r/GenZedong has been quarantined|date=2022-03-23|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/ShitLiberalsSay/comments/tkurmc/breaking_news_rgenzedong_has_been_quarantined/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323141840/https://www.reddit.com/r/ShitLiberalsSay/comments/tkurmc/breaking_news_rgenzedong_has_been_quarantined/|archive-date=2022-03-23|retrieved=2022-09-24}}</ref> At the time it was quarantined, GenZedong had over 56,000 users.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Reddit|title=GenZedong|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/GenZedong/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322230628/https://www.reddit.com/r/GenZedong/|archive-date=2022-03-22|retrieved=2022-09-24}}</ref> Quarantined subreddits are not deleted, but they can only be accessed by verified users and display a warning message.

== U.S. government connections ==
Reddit's director or policy, Jessica Ashooh, worked for the [[Atlantic Council]], [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]]'s think tank. She supported [[United States imperialism|U.S. imperialism]] in [[Syrian Arab Republic|Syria]] and praised the absolute monarchy of [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]].<ref name=":0" />

From 2005 to 2015, Reddit received information requests from government agencies in 15 U.S. states. It agreed to hand over user information in 64% of U.S. government requests. 30% of the requests prohibited the website from notifying the users that their data had been accessed.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Lucas Mearian|newspaper=MintPress News|title=Reddit Handed over User Info for 58% of Government Requests|date=2015-01-30|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/reddit-handed-user-info-58-government-requests/201710/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117034644/https://www.mintpressnews.com/reddit-handed-user-info-58-government-requests/201710/|archive-date=2022-01-17|retrieved=2022-08-06}}</ref>

On 8 May, 2013 Reddit revealed Eglin Air Force Base to be the "Most addicted city (over 100k visits total)".<ref>{{Web citation|author=hueypriest|newspaper=[[Reddit]]|title=Get ready for Global reddit Meetup Day, plus some stats about top reddit cities and languages.|date=2013-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322005227/http://www.redditblog.com/2013/05/get-ready-for-global-reddit-meetup-day.html|archive-date=2014-03-22}}</ref> Eglin Air Force Base has produced research papers such as "Containment Control for a Social Network with State-Dependent Connectivity" describing methods of producing propaganda for social media sites.<ref>{{Citation|author=Zhen Kan, Justin Klotz, Eduardo L. Pasiliao Jr, Warren E. Dixon|year=2015|title=Containment Control for a Social Network with State-Dependent Connectivity|title-url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.5644v1|page=86-92|pdf=https://arxiv.org/pdf/1402.5644.pdf|publisher=Elsevier|series=Automatica|volume=56}}</ref>

== References ==
[[Category:Online communities]]
[[Category:Closed source software]]
<references />
[[Category:Social media]]

Syrian Arab Republic (1963–2024)

2023-02-09T14:23:44Z

Unpraxist: Added information about sanctions and U.S. propping up of rebels. Cleaned up citations

{{Infobox country|name=Syrian Arab Republic|leader_name4=Najah al-Attar|currency=Syrian pound|population_estimate_year=2020|population_estimate=17,500,657|image_map=Syria map.svg|map_width=260|official_languages=Arabic|leader_name5=Hammouda Sabbagh|leader_title5=Speaker of the People's Council|leader_title4=Vice President|leader_name3=Farouk al-Sharaa|native_name=ٱلْجُمْهُورِيَّةُ ٱلْعَرَبِيَّةُ ٱلسُّورِيَّةُ|image_flag=Flag of Syria.svg|leader_title3=Vice President|leader_name2=Hussein Arnous|leader_title2=Prime Minister|leader_name1=Bashar al-Assad|leader_title1=President|largest_city=Damascus|image_coat=Syria COA.svg|capital=Damascus|area_km2=185,180}}

'''Syria''', officially the '''Syrian Arab Republic''', is a country in [[Western Asia]]. A country of fertile plains, high mountains, and deserts, Syria is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups. Arabs are the largest ethnic group, and Sunnis are the largest religious group.

Syria is a unitary republic consisting of 14 governorates and is the only country that politically espouses [[Ba'athism]], with Iraq's pre-intervention government having also been guided by the Ba'ath socialist ideology. It is a member of one international organization other than the [[United Nations]], the [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] [[Non-Aligned Movement]].

The modern Syrian state was established in the mid-20th century after centuries of [[Ottoman Syria|Ottoman]] rule, and after a brief period as a [[French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon|French mandate]], the newly created state represented the largest Arab state to emerge from the formerly [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]]-ruled [[Ottoman Syria|Syrian provinces]].

== History ==
In 1949, the [[United States of America|United States]] overthrew Syrian leader [[Shukri al-Quwatli]], whose parliament had refused to construct an oil pipeline through the country, and installed a military junta that approved the pipeline in less than one month.

=== Israeli invasion of Golan Heights ===
The Syrian territory of the [[Golan Heights]] was invaded by [[State of Israel|Israel]] in 1967 and annexed in 1981. It is currently occupied by around 25,000 Israeli settlers.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=France 24|title=Israel unveils plan to double settlers in occupied Golan|date=2021-12-26|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211226-israel-unveils-plan-to-double-settlers-in-occupied-golan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226132414/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211226-israel-unveils-plan-to-double-settlers-in-occupied-golan|archive-date=2021-12-26|retrieved=2022-05-10}}</ref>

===Syrian Civil War===
Following the Western-supported Arab Spring, Syria descended into chaos as foreign powers began supporting proxy forces to overthrow the Assad government. The U.S. has supported islamic jihadists in their Operation Timber Sycamore, not unlike [[Operation Cyclone]] in Afghanistan.<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/24/world/middleeast/us-relies-heavily-on-saudi-money-to-support-syrian-rebels.html |date=2016-01-26|title=U.S. Relies Heavily on Saudi Money to Support Syrian Rebels|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208111529/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/24/world/middleeast/us-relies-heavily-on-saudi-money-to-support-syrian-rebels.html|archive-date=2023-02-08|author=Mark Mazzetti, Matt Apuzzo}}</ref> They have also killed at least 500 Syrian civilians in airstrikes throughout the war, including 30 when a school was bombed, and used chemical weapons such as white phosphorus As of 2021, the military situation is favorable to the Syrian government, which has retaken most territory thanks to the legal assistance of the Russian Air Force as well as assistance from Syria's ally, the Islamic Republic of Iran.<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://the-levant.com/russian-air-force-takes-rebels-syria/ |date=2020-11-21|title=Russian air force takes on rebels in Syria|newspaper=The Levant|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018064708/https://the-levant.com/russian-air-force-takes-rebels-syria/|archive-date=2021-10-18}}</ref>

On 3 February 2022, U.S. forces killed 4 women and 6 children during a raid in Idlib province.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Martin Chulov, Julian Borger|date=2022-02-04|title=Islamic State leader killed during raid by US special forces in Syria|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/03/us-special-forces-kill-suspected-jihadists-in-north-west-syria-raid|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|retrieved=2022-03-11}}</ref>

The U.S. continues to occupy the resource-rich area of Northern Syria, to control its hydrocarbons and agricultural output<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.rokfin.com/post/53265/Biden-Caught-Lying-About-Occupying-Syria |title=Biden Caught Lying About Occupying Syria |author=Jimmy Dore |newspaper=Rokfin }}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=https://mate.substack.com/p/to-keep-troops-in-syria-us-leaders |title=To keep troops in Syria, US leaders are lying like in Afghanistan |author=Aaron Maté |date=September 7th 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2021/07/03/661403/US-must-stop-looting-Syria-natural-resources-fight-terrorists-instead-Lavrov |title=US must stop looting Syria's natural resources, fight terrorists instead, says Lavrov |newspaper=[[PressTV]] }}</ref> and has firebombed hundreds of acres of wheat fields. The goal of the US is to prevent the reconstruction of Syria.<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-sanctions-idUSKCN1LI06Z |title=Long reach of U.S. sanctions hits Syria reconstruction |newspaper=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> U.S. and the U.N. prop up opposition forces via the Bab al-Hawa crossing – the only U.N. approved crossing for transporting international aid into Syria.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=Natasha Frost, Raja Abdulrahim|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|title=The only border crossing for U.N. aid from Turkey to Syria is hobbled.|date=2023-02-07|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/07/world/europe/turkey-syria-quake-un-aid.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209032139/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/07/world/europe/turkey-syria-quake-un-aid.html|archive-date=2023-02-09|retrieved=2023-02-09}}</ref> The aid have been described by [[The New York Times]] as “…a lifeline for opposition-held areas in the north.”<ref name=":0" />

The U.S. imperialists are using economic warfare to cripple the Syrian economy.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Mimi al-Laham |newspaper=[[PressTV]] |url=https://twitter.com/PressTV/status/1481371739204591616 }}</ref> These sanctions might be soon circumvented with Syria's admission into China's Belt and Road Inititive.<ref>{{Web citation |date=2022-01-12 |title=Syria joins China’s Belt and Road Initiative|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/01/syria-joins-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative|newspaper=Al-Monitor}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |date=2022-01-12 |title=Syria, China sign MoU in framework of Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative|url=http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=260411 }}</ref>

==Foreign relations==
On 29 June 2022, Syria became the second country in the world to recognize the [[Donetsk People's Republic|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk People's Republic|Luhansk People's Republics]].<ref>{{Web citation |newspaper=[[Reuters]]|title=Syria recognizes independence, sovereignty of Donetsk, Luhansk -state news agency|date=2022-06-29|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-recognizes-independence-sovereignty-donetsk-luhansk-state-news-agency-2022-06-29/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629140520/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-recognizes-independence-sovereignty-donetsk-luhansk-state-news-agency-2022-06-29/|archive-date=2022-06-29|retrieved=2022-06-30}}</ref>

===Sanctions===
Syria currently suffers from heavy santions enforced by the United States and United Nations.

During the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake, Syria was unable to recieve direct aid due to sanctions imposed upon the country.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Aaron Maté|newspaper=[[Twitter]]|date=2023-02-08|url=https://twitter.com/aaronjmate/status/1623000443335979009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208170406/https://twitter.com/aaronjmate/status/1623000443335979009|archive-date=2023-02-08|retrieved=2023-02-09|quote=The New York Times makes it plain: “Syria is not able to receive direct aid from many countries because of sanctions.”

So — unless you’re a monstrous sadist — why not lift the sanctions?}}</ref> With the only U.N. approved entry into Syria from Turkey – generally used to provide aid to government opposition groups – being destoryed, the three other unapproved crossings remained empty of humanitarian convoys.<ref name=":0" /> Depite these adversities Iran was able to supply Syria with 70 tons of food, tents and medicine.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Ba'athist states]]
[[Category:Members of the Non-Aligned Movement]]
[[Category:Targets of regime change operations]]
[[Category:Countries targeted by imperialist aggression]]

Inflation

2023-02-09T13:00:00Z

Unpraxist: Tone and typos

'''Inflation''' is the general increase in the prices of goods and services in an economy. This corresponds to the reduction in the purchasing power of money; that each unit of currency is able to buy less and less over time.

Inflation can be caused by many factors, but it is most frequently seen in market-based [[Capitalism|capitalist]] economies. In [[Socialism|socialist]] economies, price levels are carefully regulated to ensure the [[proletariat]] has access to goods and services, but sometimes external factors can still lead socialist countries into inflationary crises.

Inflationary periods harm the [[Poverty|poor]] and the [[Wage slavery|wage-earners]] far more than the [[Bourgeoisie|rich]], as the rich tend to be hedged against inflation through ownership of non-currency assets.<blockquote>"Under inflationary conditions, price rises exceed wage increases. This means that capitalist profits grow at the expense of a decreasing workers’ share in the national income. Inflation is a means of redistributing the national income in favour of the monopolies"

– [[Otto Wille Kuusinen]]<ref>NEEDS PAGE NUMBER [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c4a567f4eddecfdf9c627a2/t/5d4a0d4d7b3fb6000145f957/1565134231835/Fundamentals+of+Marxism+Leninism.pdf Fundamentals of Marxism Leninism] by Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow 1963 ([https://twitter.com/juche0071/status/1537468523785736193?s=20&t=6OUsY36aOAm6yYhiGILl9w tweet source]) </ref></blockquote>

== Impacts ==
Inflationary episodes can cause economic instability especially among the poor, which sometimes further develops into social and political instability.

== Socialist economies==
Social economies are far less affected by inflation than their capitalist counterparts. [[Post-Keynesian]] economists [[Joan Robinson]] and [[John Eatwell]] conceed that “One clear and indisputable advantage of socialist industry over private enterprise is that it can continuously maintain a ‘high and stable level of employment’ without suffering from inflation.”<ref>{{Citation|author=E.L. Wheelwright (ed), Frank J.B. Stilwell (ed), Joan Robinson, John Eatwell|year=1976|title=Readings in Political Economy|chapter=Part Four: A Perspective on Socialist Economic Systems|section=Socialist Economies|page=238|quote=One clear and indisputable advantage of socialist industry over private enterprise is that it can continuously maintain a ‘high and stable level of employment’ without suffering from inflation.|city=Sydney|publisher=Australia and New Zealand Book Co.|isbn=0855520612|volume=2}}</ref> Additionally, this quote exposes the inability for a ‘high and stable level of employment’ to exist under capitalism without increases to inflation.

==2022 global inflation crisis==
The globe is currently experiencing a severe inflationary crisis due to many factors: the attempt by the [[Imperial core|West]] to isolate [[Russian Federation|Russia]] from the global markets thus driving up the scarcity and prices of goods, as well as rampant monetary expansion (commonly referred to as "money printing" although most new currency generated is digital, not physical in cash form).<ref>{{News citation|title=‘Breaking point’: soaring inflation drives cuts to hunger-relief programmes|date=2022-05-21|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/3178635/breaking-point-soaring-inflation-drives-cuts-hunger-relief-programmes?module=more_top_stories_int&pgtype=homepage}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|newspaper=MSN|title=Consumer confidence takes inflation hit|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/markets/consumer-confidence-takes-inflation-hit/ar-AAXV7Tx}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Hyperinflation]]

==References==

<references />
[[Category:Economic concepts]]

Deng Xiaoping

2023-02-08T14:24:30Z

Unpraxist: Cleaned up formatting on citations

{{Infobox politician
| name = Deng Xiaoping
| native_name = 邓小平
| image = File:Deng Portrait.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption = Portrait of comrade Deng Xiaoping
| nationality = [[China|Chinese]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1904|08|22}}
| birth_place = Guang'an, Qing China
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1997|2|19|1904|08|22}}
| death_place = Beijing, [[People's Republic of China]]
| political_line = [[Marxism-Leninism]]Mao Zedong ThoughtSocialism with Chinese Characteristics
}}
'''Deng Xiaoping''' (Chinese: 邓小平) (22 August 1904 – 19 February 1997) was a [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] revolutionary leader, most notable for his tenure as the "paramount leader" and president of the [[People's Republic of China]] from 22 July 1977 until 22 February 1992.<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.icis.com/blogs/chemicals-and-the-economy/2014/01/lessons-chinas-first-economic-cycle-post-mao-period/|date=2014-01-22|title=Deng’s economic policy in China’s post-Mao period|newspaper=ICIS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121235726/https://www.icis.com/blogs/chemicals-and-the-economy/2014/01/lessons-chinas-first-economic-cycle-post-mao-period/|archive-date=2021-01-21|author=Paul Hodges}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/22/newsid_2516000/2516339.stm|title=1977: Deng Xiaoping back in power|newspaper=[[BBC]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614065203/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/22/newsid_2516000/2516339.stm|archive-date=2022-06-14}}</ref> During his leadership, he initiated a policy of advancing the [[productive forces]] through industry and market development while maintaining the governing role of the [[Communist Party of China]], its commitment to [[Marxism-leninism|Marxism-Leninism]] and to the task of building [[Socialism]] according to the [[Four Cardinal Principles]].

He is largely associated with the development of [[Socialism with Chinese Characteristics]], of which [[Deng Xiaoping Thought]] is a part, and is considered by many to be the "Architect of modern China".

==Political Career==
Deng Xiaoping was born in an educated land-owning family in Sichuan Province. He studied in [[French Republic|France]], where he became a [[Marxism-leninism|Marxist-Leninist]], joined the [[Communist Party of China]] in 1923 and took part in the [[Chinese Revolution]]. During his later political career, he would recall the more formative years of the Communist Party of China and its War of Resistance in the following way:
<div style="width: 80%;">{{Quote|Now I should like to talk about our Party’s experience during the War of Resistance Against Japan. Tactics serve strategies. The years prior to the anti-Japanese war are called the period of the Agrarian Revolution. At that time we pursued a policy of confiscating land from the landlord class. After [[Japan]] stepped up its aggression against China, the national problem became the principal concern, and Japanese imperialism became our main target of attack. Under these circumstances, we had to ally ourselves with all our indirect allies in the world, which included contacts with the United States, for example. The comprador-capitalist class, previously our main target of attack, became one whom we both unite with and struggle against. Its representative was [[Chiang Kai-shek]], with whom we co-operated to resist Japan, adopting a policy of both unity and struggle in the course of co-operation.|Deng Xiaoping|https://dengxiaopingworks.wordpress.com/2013/02/22/build-a-mature-and-combat-effective-party/|Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, Vol. 1, Build a Mature and Combat-Effective Party}}</div>
After the founding of the [[People's Republic of China]], he became the Party's Secretary General, but was purged twice during the [[Cultural Revolution]]. After Mao's death, he managed to return to political power to become the leader of the country by July 1977. In December 1978, he initiated the [[Opening Up and Reform|''Opening Up and Reform'']] policy, emphasizing the goal of the [[Four Modernisations]], and proposed the following year to revise the Chinese constitution. Deng Xiaoping resigned from his positions in November 1989, although he technically remained president until the end of his southern tour in February 1992; [[Jiang Zemin]] officially took over a year later. Deng died on 19 February 1997 of a combination of a lung infection and Parkinson's disease.

==The ''Opening Up and Reform'' policy==
The ''[[Opening Up and Reform]]'' policy was proposed in order to deal with the main problems the country faced at the time: namely a very poor population, the lack of an industrial base, and the lack of a large urban population (80% of the population lived in rural areas at the time). Deng Xiaoping saw that the country was still too underdeveloped to build [[Socialism]] where premature collectivization has brought antagonistic contradictions between the relations of production and the social character of the productive forces. The idea was proposed of implementing market policies in order to build the productive forces in order to eventually be able to build Socialism. In this regard, the [[Opening Up and Reform|''Opening Up and Reform'']] policy can be compared to the soviet ''[[New Economic Policy]]'' implemented by Lenin. Deng Xiaoping explained his policies in the following manner:
{{Quote|It is wrong to maintain that a market economy exists only in capitalist society and that there is only “capitalist” market economy. Why can’t we develop a market economy under socialism? Developing a market economy does not mean practicing capitalism. While maintaining a planned economy as the mainstay of our economic system, we are also introducing a market economy. But it is a socialist market economy. Although a socialist market economy is similar to a capitalist one in method, there are also differences between them. The socialist market economy mainly regulates interrelations between state-owned enterprises, between collectively owned enterprises and even between foreign capitalist enterprises. But in the final analysis, this is all done under socialism in a socialist society. We cannot say that market economy exists only under capitalism. Market economy was in its embryonic stages as early as feudalist society. We can surely develop it under socialism. Similarly, taking advantage of the useful aspects of capitalist countries, including their methods of operation and management, does not mean that we will adopt capitalism. Instead, we use those methods in order to develop the productive forces under socialism. As long as learning from capitalism is regarded as no more than a means to an end, it will not change the structure of socialism or bring China back to capitalism.|Deng Xiaoping|https://dengxiaopingworks.wordpress.com/2013/02/25/we-can-develop-a-market-economy-under-socialism/|Selected Works, Vol. 2, We Can Develop A Market Economy Under Socialism}}This policy lead to a period of great economic growth for the country, with a median growth of 9.2% between 1980 and 2020.<ref>{{Citation|title=China GDP Charts and Graphs 1980-2020 |title-url=https://mgmresearch.com/china-gdp-data-and-charts-1980-2020/|author=MGM Research|year=2019}}</ref>

== Further Reading==

*[https://en.people.cn/data/people/dengxiaoping.shtml Deng Xiaoping] - [[People's Daily]]
*[http://www.people.com.cn/english/dengxp/contents1.html Volume I]

==Selected Works==
Deng Xiaoping's ''Selected Works'' are composed of three volumes, each dedicated to works written during a specific time-frame. They are available for free online at https://dengxiaopingworks.wordpress.com.

Here are those that are in our library:
<categorytree mode="pages">Library works by Deng Xiaoping</categorytree>

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Former heads of state]]
[[Category:Communist leaders]]

Alex Saab

2023-02-07T11:57:43Z

Unpraxist: Cleaned up formatting on citations

{{External article cleanup|date=February 2023}}
'''Alex Saab''' is a [[Republic of Colombia|Colombian]] businessman and [[Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela|Venezuelan]] diplomat who is instrumental in securing Venezuela access to international trade, who has been illegally detained at the request of the imperialist United States for supposed "money laundering."<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://orinocotribune.com/lee-camp-reveals-falsity-of-us-evidence-against-venezuelan-diplomat-alex-saab-video/ |title=Lee Camp Reveals Falsity of US ‘Evidence‘ Against Venezuelan Diplomat Alex Saab (Video) |newspaper=Orinco Tribune |date=2021-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130062017/https://orinocotribune.com/lee-camp-reveals-falsity-of-us-evidence-against-venezuelan-diplomat-alex-saab-video/|archive-date=2022-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=https://orinocotribune.com/president-maduro-condemns-illegal-extraction-of-alex-saab-when-the-blockade-intensified-he-brought-food-gasoline/ |title=President Maduro Condemns Illegal Extraction of Alex Saab: ‘When the Blockade Intensified, He Brought Food & Gasoline’ |newspaper=Orinco Tribune |date=2021-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201071844/https://orinocotribune.com/president-maduro-condemns-illegal-extraction-of-alex-saab-when-the-blockade-intensified-he-brought-food-gasoline/|archive-date=2022-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=https://orinocotribune.com/statement-on-the-illegal-extradition-of-venezuelan-diplomat-alex-saab/ |title=Statement on the Illegal Extradition of Venezuelan Diplomat Alex Saab |author=Frente Hugo Chavez para la Defensa de los Pueblos |newspaper=Orinco Tribune |date=2021-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=https://orinocotribune.com/the-case-of-alex-saab-us-abduction-of-venezuelan-diplomat-a-global-challenge/ |title=The Case of Alex Saab: US Abduction of Venezuelan Diplomat, a Global Challenge |author=Sara Flounders, Roger D. Harris |date=Jun 24, 2021 |newspaper=Orinco Tribune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005015627/https://orinocotribune.com/the-case-of-alex-saab-us-abduction-of-venezuelan-diplomat-a-global-challenge/|archive-date=2022-10-05}}</ref> This arrest has been condemned by the Venezuelan president. The English wikipedia page for him is pushing the western narrative, and is basically a hit piece. The anti-imperialist media paints the alternative picture of his affairs.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Sara Flounders, Roger D. Harris |newspaper=[[Black Agenda Report]] |title=The Case of Alex Saab - US Abduction of Venezuelan Diplomat, a Global Challenge |date=2021-06-23 |url=https://blackagendareport.com/case-alex-saab-us-abduction-venezuelan-diplomat-global-challenge}}</ref>

==Support campaign==

===Venezuelan support===
Shortly after his detention, on 14 June, the foreign affairs minister appointed by Maduro, [[Jorge Arreaza]], tweeted in support of Alex Saab, labeling his arrest as "arbitrary" and "illegal".<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://twitter.com/jaarreaza/status/1271948798902915073 |quote=Venezuela denounces the arbitrary and illegal detention of the Venezuelan citizen, Alex Nain Saab, by Interpol, when he was in transit in the Republic of Cape Verde, adding to the actions of aggression, blockade and siege of the United States against our country |author=Jorge Arreaza |newspaper=[[Twitter]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118155425/https://twitter.com/jaarreaza/status/1271948798902915073 }}</ref><ref name="France 24 2020">{{Web citation |date=2020-06-14 |title=Álex Saab, supuesto testaferro de Nicolás Maduro, fue arrestado en Cabo Verde |url=https://www.france24.com/es/20200614-definen-alex-saab-presunto-testaferro-maduro |retrieved=2021-07-10 |newspaper=France 24 |language=es}}</ref> Journalist Roberto Deniz expressed surprise by the declaration, saying that after years denying or ignoring its relationship with Saab, the government now called him a "government agent" and a "Venezuelan citizen".<ref>{{Web citation |author=Roberto Deniz |date=14 June 2020 |title=El penúltimo vuelo de Alex Saab |language=es |newspaper=Armando.info |url=https://armando.info/el-penultimo-vuelo-de-alex-saab/ |retrieved=26 July 2021 |quote=Ha sido la detención y el temor de que sea deportado o extraditado a los Estados Unidos lo que rompió el silencio sepulcral mantenido durante años en torno a la figura de Alex Saab}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |title= |url=https://twitter.com/robertodeniz/status/1271959681154629635 |url-status=live |retrieved=2021-03-15 |newspaper=[[Twitter]] |language=es|date=2020-06-14|quote=El chavismo pasó años negando su relación u omitiendo su relación con Alex Saab para ahora decir que es "agente" del Gobierno, que es "ciudadano venezolano" y que casi que es un emisario humanitario. Increíble, pero cierto!|author=Roberto Deniz}}</ref>

After Alex Saab's detention, the Venezuelan government started deploying a support campaign in favour of Saab, using government social media accounts and filled Caracas with billboards, murals and graffitis to ask for his liberation. The government designed a communication campaign to build an alternative narrative of Saab's affair, showing him as an ally entrepreneur with diplomatic powers that with his efforts had managed to evade economic sanctions and made possible the arrival of food and industrial parts to Venezuela.<ref name=":9">{{Web citation |author=Alonso Moleiro |date=2021-02-24 |title=El chavismo despliega una campaña en defensa del empresario Alex Saab |url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-02-24/el-chavismo-despliega-una-campana-en-defensa-del-empresario-alex-saab.html |url-status=live |retrieved=2021-09-07 |newspaper=El País |language=es}}</ref>

In February 2021, the Venezuelan government organized a concert in support of Alex Saab in Caracas' Diego Ibarra Square,<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10">{{Web citation |date=2021-02-21 |title=El chavismo pide la liberación de presunto testaferro de Maduro |url=https://www.larazon.es/america/20210221/mm2chby4gvf5tlxmif5tmw4z3q.html |url-status=live |retrieved=2021-03-15 |newspaper=La Razón (Madrid) |language=es}}</ref> asking for his release. Two ruling party deputies visited Nigeria's embassy in Venezuela, also asking for his liberation.<ref name=":10" /> Saab's wife, Italian model Camila Fabbri, moved to [[Moscow]] with her family.<ref>{{Web citation |date=2021-02-17 |title=La mujer de Álex Saab se muda a Moscú |url=https://www.abc.es/internacional/abci-mujer-alex-saab-muda-moscu-202102171648_noticia.html |url-status=live |retrieved=2021-03-15|website=ABC (newspaper)|language=es}}</ref>

The same month, Salva Foods employees, which operate in La Guaira Port and are in charge of both importing and assembling [[Local Committees for Supply and Production|CLAP boxes]], denounced on 3 February that they were threatened by the company's board with massive layoffs and labor benefits removal if they refused to participate in videos or protests to demand the release of Alex Saab, who is related to the company.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Nadeska Noriega |date=2021-02-03 |title=Trabajadores de Salva Foods denuncian ser obligados a manifestar apoyo para Alex Saab |url=https://elpitazo.net/gran-caracas/trabajadores-de-salva-foods-denuncian-ser-obligados-a-manifestar-apoyo-para-alex-saab/ |url-status=live |retrieved=2021-09-08 |newspaper=El Pitazo |language=es}}</ref>

In June 2021, the Venezuelan government started a [[YouTube]] series dedicated to Saab.<ref>{{Web citation |date=2021-06-19 |title=El régimen estrena en youtube una serie dedicada a Alex Saab |url=https://www.ntn24.com/america-latina/el-regimen-estrena-en-youtube-una-serie-dedicada-alex-saab-135890 |url-status=live |retrieved=2021-09-07 |newspaper=NTN24 |language=es}}</ref>

===International support ===
On Feb 4, 2022, Alliance for Global Justice (AGJ) interviewed Alex Saab's spouse Camila Saab.<ref>{{YouTube citation |date=2022-02-04 |title=Free Alex Saab webinar w/ Camila Saab and Puerto Rican former political prisoner Oscar López Rivera. |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lRIGCNvKgKc|channel=Alliance for Global Justice}}</ref>

In April 2022, the AGJ hosted a webinar to further promote the case of Alex Saab. Panelists include Alfred de Zayas (former rapporteur on Venezuela for United Nations Human Rights Council), Suzanne Adely (President of the National Lawyers Guild), Oscar Lopez Rivera (former Puerto Rican political prisoner and Honorary Chair of the Free Alex Saab Campaign), and Jaribu Hill (human rights attorney and founder of the Mississippi Workers’ Center for Human Rights Organizers’ Conference)<ref>{{Web citation |newspaper=Alliance for Global Justice |title=Alex Saab, a diplomat without immunity. Webinar, Apr 26 at 3pm ET / 12pm PT #Free Alex Saab. |url=https://afgj.org/free-alex-saab-webinar-apr-26}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

Barefoot doctors

2023-02-06T12:57:59Z

Unpraxist: Cleaned up citations that weren't missing, most citations missings. Added relevation maintainance categories

{{External article cleanup|date=February 2023}}
[[File:BarefootDoctor.jpg|thumb|A barefoot doctor performs acupuncture on a man]]
'''Barefoot doctors''' were healthcare providers who underwent basic medical training and worked in rural villages in [[China]]. They included farmers, folk healers, rural healthcare providers, and recent middle or secondary school graduates who received minimal basic medical and [[paramedic]]al education.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":15" /> Their purpose was to bring healthcare to rural areas where urban-trained doctors would not settle. They promoted basic [[hygiene]], [[preventive healthcare]], and [[family planning]] and treated common [[disease|illnesses]].<ref name=":16" /> The name comes from southern farmers, who would often work barefoot in the rice paddies, and simultaneously worked as medical practitioners.<ref name=":4" />

In the 1930s, the [[Rural Reconstruction Movement]] had pioneered village health workers trained in basic health as part of a coordinated system, and there had been provincial experiments after 1949, but after Mao Zedong's healthcare speech in 1965 the concept was developed and institutionalized.<ref name=":14" /> China's [[health policy]] began to emphasize the importance of barefoot doctors after Mao Zedong's June 26 directive, and, in 1968, the barefoot doctors program became integrated into national policy.<ref name="zhang">{{Citation |authors= |date= |title=China's barefoot doctor: past, present, and future |journal= |volume=372 |issue=9653 |pages= |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61355-0 |pmid=18930539 |s2cid=44522656|author=Daqing Zhang, Paul U Unschuld|year=2008|page=1865–1867|title-url=https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61355-0|publisher=Lancet}}
</ref> These programs were called "rural cooperative medical systems" (RCMS) and worked to include community participation with the rural provision of health services.<ref name="carrin">{{Citation |author=Carrin G, Ron A, Hui Y, Hong W, Tuohong Z, Licheng Z, Shuo Z, Yide Y, Jiaying C, Qicheng J, Zhaoyang Z, Jun Y, Xuesheng L |title=The reform of the rural cooperative medical system in the People's Republic of China: interim experience in 14 pilot counties |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=961–72 |date=April 1999 |pmid=10192562 |doi=10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00396-7 }}
</ref>

Barefoot doctors became a part of the [[Cultural Revolution]], which also radically diminished the influence of the [[Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Health]], which was filled with Western-trained doctors. Still, barefoot doctors continued to introduce scientific medicine to rural areas by merging it with [[traditional Chinese medicine|Chinese medicine]].<ref name=":4" /> With the onset of market-oriented reforms after the Cultural Revolution, political support for barefoot doctors dissipated, and "health-care crises of peasants substantially increased after the system broke down in the 1980s."<ref name="zhang" /> Despite the fact that the official barefoot doctor system came to an end, the legacy of the barefoot doctors inspired the 1978 [[World Health Organization]] conference on [[primary health care]] and the resulting [[Alma Ata Declaration]].<ref name=":1" />

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Pages needing references]]

BRICS

2023-02-06T12:45:37Z

Unpraxist: Cleaned up formatting on citations. Note: Questionable sources, needs rewiting

{{External article cleanup|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = BRICS
| full_name = Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa <hr>
| image = Informal_meeting_of_the_BRICS_during_the_2019_G20_Osaka_summit.jpg
| image_size = 245
| alt =
| caption = The BRICS leaders in 2019, from left to right: [[Xi Jinping]], [[Vladimir Putin]], [[Jair Bolsonaro]], [[Narendra Modi]] and [[Cyril Ramaphosa]]
| logo =Infobrics.org_logo.svg
| logo_size = 230
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption = Official Logo
| map = BRICS_Members.svg
| map_size = 330
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Current members 
----
'''Member states and key leaders:'''
----{{Infobox | subbox = yes
| labelstyle = padding-right:1em;text-align:left
| datastyle = text-align:left
| label1 = [[File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg|25x25px|]] [[Federative_Republic_of_Brazil|Brazil]]
| data1 = President [[Lula da Silva]]
| label2 = [[File:Flag_of_Russia.svg|25x25px|]] [[Russian_Federation|Russia]]
| data2 = President [[Vladimir Putin]]
| label4 = [[File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg|25x25px|]] [[People%27s_Republic_of_China|China]] (2022 host)
| data4 = President [[Xi Jinping]]
| label5 = [[File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|25x25px|]] [[Republic_of_South_Africa|South Africa]]
| data5 = President [[Cyril Ramaphosa]]
| label3 = [[File:Flag_of_India.svg|25x25px|]] [[Republic_of_India|India]]
| data3 = Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]
}}<hr>
| abbreviation = BRICS
| predecessor = BRIC
| named_after = Member states' initials
| type = [[Intergovernmental organization]]
| purpose = Political
| fields = International politics
| membership = 5
| membership_year = 2022
| funding = Member states
| formerly = BRIC
| headquarters = [[New Development Bank|BRICS Tower]]
| location_city = [[Shanghai]]
| location_country = China
| website =
}}

'''BRICS''' is an acronym for five leading emerging economies: [[Brazil|'''B'''razil]], [[Russia|'''R'''ussia]], [[India|'''I'''ndia]], [[China|'''C'''hina]], and [[South Africa|'''S'''outh Africa]]. The first four were initially grouped as "BRIC" (or "the BRICs") in 2001 by Goldman Sachs economist Jim O'Neill, who coined the term to describe fast-growing economies that would collectively dominate the global economy by 2050;<ref>{{Web citation |author=Tilak Doshi |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tilakdoshi/2022/07/21/brics-in-the-new-world-energy-order-hedging-in-oil-geopolitics/ |title=BRICS In The New World Energy Order: Hedging In Oil Geopolitics |newsaper=Forbes |retrieved=2022-11-10}}</ref> [[South Africa]] was added in 2010.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.southafrica.info/global/brics/brics-080411.htm |title=New era as South Africa joins BRICS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418004139/http://www.southafrica.info/global/brics/brics-080411.htm |archive-date=18 April 2011 |newspaper=SouthAfrica.info |date=11 April 2010 |retrieved=2012-12-02}}</ref>

The BRICS have a combined area of 39,746,220 km2 (15,346,100 sq mi) and an estimated total population of about 3.21 billion,<ref>{{Web citation|author=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division|newspaper=United Nations|title=World Population Prospects 2019|date=2019|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617061145/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|archive-date=2021-06-17|retrieved=2021-06-17}}</ref> or about 26.7% of the world's land surface and 41.5% of the global population. Brazil, Russia, India, and China are among the world's ten largest countries by population, area, and GDP, and are widely considered to be current or emerging superpowers. All five states are members of the [[G20]], with a combined nominal GDP of US$26.6 trillion (about 26.2% of the [[gross world product]]), a total [[GDP (PPP)]] of around US$51.99 trillion (32.1% of global GDP PPP), and an estimated US$4.46 trillion in combined foreign reserves (as of 2018).<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |newspaper=IMF |retrieved=19 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-Issues/2011/1018/Amid-BRICS-rise-and-Arab-Spring-a-new-global-order-forms |title=Amid BRICS' rise and 'Arab Spring', a new global order forms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020201828/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-Issues/2011/1018/Amid-BRICS-rise-and-Arab-Spring-a-new-global-order-forms |archive-date=20 October 2011 |newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor |date=18 October 2011 |retrieved=20 October 2011 }}</ref>

The BRICS were originally identified for the purpose of highlighting investment opportunities, and had not been a formal [[intergovernmental organization]].<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-11-08/goldman-s-bric-era-ends-as-fund-closes-after-years-of-losses |title=Goldman's BRIC Era Ends as Fund Folds After Years of Losses |newspaper=[[Bloomberg]]}}</ref> Since 2009, they have increasingly formed into a more cohesive geopolitical bloc, with their governments meeting annually at formal summits and coordinating multilateral policies;<ref>{{Web citation |author=Tilak Doshi |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tilakdoshi/2022/07/21/brics-in-the-new-world-energy-order-hedging-in-oil-geopolitics/ |title=BRICS In The New World Energy Order: Hedging In Oil Geopolitics |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |retrieved=2022-11-10 }}</ref> China hosted the most recent 14th BRICS summit on 24 July 2022. Bilateral relations among the BRICS are conducted mainly on the basis of noninterference, equality, and mutual benefit.<ref>{{Web citation Gutemberg Pacheco Lopes Junior |url=https://repository.law.wisc.edu/s/uwlaw/media/21534 |title=The Sino-Brazilian Principles in a Latin American and BRICS Context: The Case for Comparative Public Budgeting Legal Research |newspaper=Wisconsin International Law Journal; |date=13 May 2015 }}</ref>

The BRICS are considered the foremost rival to the [[G7|G7 bloc]] of leading advanced economies,<ref>{{Web citation |author=Tilak Doshi |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tilakdoshi/2022/07/21/brics-in-the-new-world-energy-order-hedging-in-oil-geopolitics/ |title=BRICS In The New World Energy Order: Hedging In Oil Geopolitics |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |retrieved=2022-10-11|date=2022-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104134110/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tilakdoshi/2022/07/21/brics-in-the-new-world-energy-order-hedging-in-oil-geopolitics/?sh=2a23c8d924bf|archive-date=2023-01-04}}</ref> announcing competing initiatives such as the New Development Bank, Contingent Reserve Arrangement, BRICS payment system, and BRICS basket reserve currency. Since 2022, the group has sought to expand membership, with several developing countries expressing interest in joining.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Tom O'Connor |date=2022-10-07 |url=https://www.newsweek.com/brazil-russia-india-china-south-africa-brics-bloc-grows-us-left-out-1757643 |title=Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa BRICS bloc grows with U.S. left out|newspaper=Newsweek|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203151125/https://www.newsweek.com/brazil-russia-india-china-south-africa-brics-bloc-grows-us-left-out-1757643|archive-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> The BRICS have received praise from numerous commentators.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=168422 |title=Brics a force for world peace, says China |date=8 August 2012 |archive-url= |retrieved=2013-11-09 |newspaper=BusinessDay|archive-date=22 April 2013}}</ref>

== History==
===Name===
The term BRIC was originally developed in the context of foreign investment strategies. It was introduced in the 2001 publication, ''Building Better Global Economic BRICs'' by then-chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management, Jim O'Neill;<ref>{{Web citation |author=Jim O'Neill |date=2001 |url=http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/archive/building-better.html |title=Building Better Global Economic BRICs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202851/http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/archive/building-better.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 |newspaper=Goldman Sachs |retrieved=12 February 2015. jai shree ram}}</ref> the term was coined by Roopa Purushothaman, who was a Research Assistant in the original report.<ref>{{YouTube citation |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5yqL_iBFXzQ |title=Uday Kotak In Conversation With 'Bridgital Nation' Author N Chandrasekaran''], retrieved 1 January 2020.}}</ref>

For investing purposes, the list of emerging economies sometimes included South Korea, which expanded the acronym to BRICS or BRICK.

===First BRIC summit===
The foreign ministers of the initial four BRIC General states (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) met in New York City in September 2006 at the margins of the General Debate of the UN Assembly, beginning a series of high-level meetings.<ref>{{Web citation |archive-url=10 July 2015 |title=Information about BRICS |newspaper=Brics6.itamaraty.gov.br |date=27 March 2013 |url=http://brics6.itamaraty.gov.br/about-brics/information-about-brics the original |retrieved=4 September 2017}}</ref>A full-scale diplomatic meeting was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on 16 June 2009.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/articles/bric_1.shtml |title=Cooperation within BRIC |archive-url=19 June 2009 |newspaper=Kremlin.ru |retrieved=16 June 2009}}</ref>

The BRIC grouping's 1st formal summit, also held in Yekaterinburg, commenced on 16 June 2009,<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8102216.stm |title=First summit for emerging giants |newspaper=[[BBC]] News |date=16 June 2009 |archive-url=18 June 2009 |retrieved=16 June 2009}}</ref> with [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], [[Dmitry Medvedev]], [[Manmohan Singh]], and [[Hu Jintao]], the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, all attending.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation |author=Gleb Bryanski |date=26 June 2009 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSLG67435120090616 |title=BRIC demands more clout, steers clear of dollar talk |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619134448/https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSLG67435120090616 |archive-date=19 June 2009 |retrieved=16 June 2009}}</ref> The summit's focus was on improving the [[late-2000s recession|global economic situation]] and reforming financial institutions, and discussed how the four countries could better co-operate in the future.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8102216.stm |title=First summit for emerging giants |newspaper=[[BBC]] News |date=16 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002740/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8102216.stm |archive-date=18 June 2009 |retrieved=16 June 2009}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> There was further discussion of ways that [[developing countries]], such as 3/4 of the BRIC members, could become more involved in global affairs.<ref name=":0" />

In the aftermath of the Yekaterinburg summit, the BRIC nations announced the need for a new [[World currency|global reserve currency]], which would have to be "diverse, stable and predictable."<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.euronews.net/2009/06/16/bric-wants-more-influence/ |title=BRIC wants more influence |newspaper=Euronews |date=16 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621022125/http://www.euronews.net/2009/06/16/bric-wants-more-influence/ |archive-date=21 June 2009 |retrieved=16 June 2009}}</ref> Although the statement that was released did not directly criticize the perceived "dominance" of the [[United States dollar|US dollar]] – something that Russia had criticized in the past – it did spark a fall in the value of the dollar against other major currencies.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Wanfeng Zhou |date=16 June 2009 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-markets-forex-idUSTRE5530NQ20090616 |title=Dollar slides after Russia comments, BRIC summit |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |archuve-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/06/16/us-markets-forex-idUSTRE5530NQ20090616 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |retrieved=6 July 2014}}</ref>

===Entry of South Africa===
In 2010, South Africa began efforts to join the BRIC grouping, and the process for its formal admission began in August of that year.<ref name="foreignpolicyjournal.com">
{{Web citation |author=Antonio Graceffo |url=http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/01/21/bric-becomes-brics-changes-on-the-geopolitical-chessboard/2/ |title=BRIC Becomes BRICS: Changes on the Geopolitical Chessboard |newspaper=Foreign Policy Journal |date=21 January 2011 |retrieved=14 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126031749/http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/01/21/bric-becomes-brics-changes-on-the-geopolitical-chessboard/2/ |archive-date=26 January 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> South Africa officially became a member nation on 24 December 2010, after being formally invited by China to join<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bric-safrica-idUSTRE6BN1DZ20101224 |title=China invites South Africa to join BRIC: Xinhua |date=24 December 2010 |newspaper=[[Reuters]]|retrieved=9 June 2019|language=en}}</ref> and subsequently accepted by other BRIC countries.<ref name="foreignpolicyjournal.com" /> The group was renamed BRICS – with the "S" standing for South Africa – to reflect the group's expanded membership.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Ben Blanchard, Zhou Xin |date=14 April 2011 |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/southAfricaNews/idAFL3E7FE13B20110414 |title=UPDATE 1-BRICS discussed global monetary reform, not yuan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620043200/http://af.reuters.com/article/southAfricaNews/idAFL3E7FE13B20110414 |archive-date=20 June 2017 |newspaper=[[Reuters]] Africa |retrieved=26 April 2013}}</ref> In April 2011, the President of South Africa, [[Jacob Zuma]], attended the 2011 BRICS summit in Sanya, China, as a full member.<ref name="autogenerated1">
{{Web citation |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-12/24/c_13662138.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228032338/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-12/24/c_13662138.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 December 2010 |title=South Africa joins BRIC as full member |newspaper=Xinhua |date=24 December 2010 |retrieved=14 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BRICS-countries-need-to-further-enhance-coordination-Manmohan-Singh/articleshow/7961167.cms |title=BRICS countries need to further enhance coordination: Manmohan Singh |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 April 2011 |retrieved=14 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/brics-should-coordinate-in-key-areas-of-development-pm/775130/ |title=BRICS should coordinate in key areas of development: PM |newspaper=Indian Express |date=10 April 2011 |retrieved=14 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415005531/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/brics-should-coordinate-in-key-areas-of-development-pm/775130 |archive-date=15 April 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Potential further expansion===
Since South Africa joined the BRIC grouping (now BRICS) in 2010, numerous other countries have expressed interest in joining the bloc, including [[Argentina]] and [[Iran]]. Both signaled their intent to join BRICS during meetings with senior Chinese officials, the current BRICS chair, over the course of the summer of 2022. Beijing backed Argentina's potential accession<ref>{{Web citation |newspaper=MercoPress |title=China once again backs Argentina joining BRICS |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/07/china-once-again-backs-argentina-joining-brics |retrieved=1 October 2022}}</ref> following a meeting<ref>{{Web citation |newspaper=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China |title=Wang Yi Attends the G20 Foreign Ministers' Meeting |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/kjgzbdfyyq/202207/t20220709_10717939.html |retrieved=1 October 2022}}</ref> between Argentine Foreign Minister Santiago Cafiero and Chinese State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi on the margins of the G20 Summit in Indonesia. China once again reiterated their support for Argentina’s potential application during a subsequent meeting between Cafiero and Yi on the margins of the 77th UN General Assembly.<ref>{{Web citation |newspaper=MercoPress |title=China once again backs Argentina joining BRICS |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/07/china-once-again-backs-argentina-joining-brics |retrieved=1 October 2022}}</ref> Likewise, it is understood that both Russia, India, and Brazil support Argentina’s application. Iran also submitted an application in June 2022 to Chinese authorities to join the economic association of emerging markets.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Parisa Hafezi |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-applies-join-brics-group-emerging-countries-2022-06-27/ |retrieved=1 October 2022}}</ref> Relations between Iran, China and Russia have warmed in recent months as all three governments seek new allies against increasing Western opposition. [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Turkey]], and [[Egypt]] also expressed their interest in joining BRICS but have not yet submitted formal requests. There is no formal application process as such to join BRICS, but any hopeful government must receive unanimous backing from all existing BRICS members--Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa--to receive an invitation.

===Developments===
[[File:28_06_2019_Reunião_Informal_do_BRICS_(48142569851).jpg|thumb|right|Brazilian president [[Jair Bolsonaro]] and Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] during the BRICS in [[Brasília]], [[Brazil]].]]
The BRICS Forum, an independent international organization encouraging commercial, political, and cultural cooperation among the BRICS nations, was formed in 2011.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.bricsforum.org |newspaper=BRICS Forum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717220554/http://www.bricsforum.org/ |archive-date=17 July 2015 |retrieved=29 November 2012 }}</ref> In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged $75 billion to boost the lending power of the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF). However, this loan was conditional on IMF voting reforms.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/russia-brics-imf-idINDEE85K04C20120621|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|title=Russia says BRICS eye joint anti-crisis fund|date=21 June 2012|retrieved=5 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515075723/http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/06/21/russia-brics-imf-idINDEE85K04C20120621|archive-date=15 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In late March 2013, during the fifth BRICS summit in Durban, South Africa, the member countries agreed to create a [[BRICS Development Bank|global financial institution]] intended to cooperate with the western-dominated IMF and World Bank.<ref>jai shree ram

{{Web citation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/mar/28/brics-countries-infrastructure-spending-development-bank |title=Brics eye infrastructure funding through new development bank |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=28 March 2013 |retrieved=29 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030120601/http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/mar/28/brics-countries-infrastructure-spending-development-bank |archive-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the summit, the BRICS stated that they planned to finalize the arrangements for this [[New Development Bank]] by 2014.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/g20-brics-india-idINDEE93I0DK20130419 |title=India sees BRICS development bank agreed by 2014 summit |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=19 April 2013 |retrieved=10 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528093058/http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/04/19/g20-brics-india-idINDEE93I0DK20130419 |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, disputes relating to burden sharing and location slowed down the agreements.

At the BRICS leaders meeting in St Petersburg in September 2013, China committed $41 billion towards the pool; Brazil, India, and Russia $18 billion each; and South Africa $5 billion. China, holder of the world's largest foreign exchange reserves and contributes the bulk of the currency pool, wants a more significant managing role, said one BRICS official. China also wants to be the location of the reserve. "Brazil and India want the initial capital to be shared equally. We know that China wants more," said a Brazilian official. "However, we are still negotiating, there are no tensions arising yet."<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/g20-brics-fund-idINL6N0I13N720131011 |title=BRICS may decide on $100 billion fund early 2014 – Russia | Reuters |newspaper=In.reuters.com |date=11 October 2013 |retrieved=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201194824/http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/10/11/g20-brics-fund-idINL6N0I13N720131011 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 October 2013, Russia's Finance Minister Anton Siluanov said that creating a $100 billion fund designated to steady currency markets would be taken in early 2014. The Brazilian finance minister, Guido Mantega, stated that the fund would be created by March 2014.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Silvio Cascione, Patricia Duarte |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-economy-mantega-idINBRE9990WR20131010 |title=Brazil's Mantega urges Fed to communicate tapering 'clearly' | Reuters |newspaper=In.reuters.com |date=10 October 2013 |retrieved=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201194821/http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/10/10/us-brazil-economy-mantega-idINBRE9990WR20131010 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=live }}
</ref> However, by April 2014, the currency reserve pool and development bank had yet to be set up, and the date was rescheduled to 2015.<ref name="rbth1">{{Web citation |url=http://rbth.com/business/2014/04/14/brics_countries_to_set_up_their_own_imf_35891.html |title=rbth.com: "BRICS countries to set up their own IMF" 14 Apr 2014 |date=14 April 2014 |retrieved=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531200454/http://rbth.com/business/2014/04/14/brics_countries_to_set_up_their_own_imf_35891.html |archive-date=31 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> One driver for the BRICS development bank is that the existing institutions primarily benefit extra-BRICS corporations, and the political significance is notable because it allows BRICS member states "to promote their interests abroad… and can highlight the strengthening positions of countries whose opinion is frequently ignored by their developed American and European colleagues."

[[File:NDB-HQ-Photo.jpg|thumb|BRICS Tower headquarters (former Oriental Financial Centre) in Shanghai.]]

In July 2014, the Governor of the Russian Central Bank, Elvira Nabiullina, claimed that the "BRICS partners promote the establishment of a system of multilateral swaps that will allow them to transfer resources to one or another country, if needed" in an article which concluded that "If the current trend continues, soon the dollar will be abandoned by most of the significant global economies and it will be kicked out of the global trade finance."<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://voiceofrussia.com/2014_07_03/BRICS-is-morphing-into-an-anti-dollar-alliance-6229/ |title=voiceofrussia.com: "BRICS morphing into anti-dollar alliance" 3 Jul 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712033220/http://voiceofrussia.com/2014_07_03/BRICS-is-morphing-into-an-anti-dollar-alliance-6229/ |archive-date=12 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Over the weekend of 13 July 2014, when the final game of the FIFA World Cup was held, and in advance of the BRICS Fortaleza summit, Putin met fellow leader [[Dilma Rousseff]] to discuss the BRICS development bank, and sign some other bilateral accords on air defense, gas and education. Rouseff said that the BRICS countries "are among the largest in the world and cannot content themselves in the middle of the 21st century with any kind of dependency."<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://news.yahoo.com/brazil-russia-discuss-creation-brics-bank-182127176.html |title=yahoo.com: "Brazil, Russia discuss creation of BRICS bank" 14 Jul 2014 |retrieved=14 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207225030/http://news.yahoo.com/brazil-russia-discuss-creation-brics-bank-182127176.html |archive-date=7 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Fortaleza summit was followed by a BRICS meeting with the Union of South American Nations president's in Brasilia, where the development bank and the monetary fund were introduced.<ref name="yn11j">{{Web citation |url=https://news.yahoo.com/brics-launch-bank-tighten-latin-america-ties-034909760.html |title=BRICS to launch bank, tighten Latin America ties |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712193150/http://news.yahoo.com/brics-launch-bank-tighten-latin-america-ties-034909760.html |archive-date=12 July 2015 |newspaper=Yahoo.com |date=11 July 2014 |retrieved=13 February 2015}}</ref> The development bank will have capital of US$50 billion with each country contributing US$10 billion, while the monetary fund will have US$100 billion at its disposal.<ref name="yn11j" />

On 15 July, the first day of the BRICS sixth summit in Fortaleza, Brazil, the group of emerging economies signed the long-anticipated document to create the US$100 billion [[New Development Bank]] (formerly known as the "BRICS Development Bank") and a reserve currency pool worth over another US$100 billion. Documents on cooperation between BRICS export credit agencies and an agreement of cooperation on innovation were also inked.<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.coursehero.com/file/96729068/BRICS-by-sourav-das-05042020pdf/ BRICS in Fortaleza, Brazil]}}</ref>

At the end of October 2014, Brazil trimmed down its holdings of US government securities to US$261.7 billion; India, US$77.5 billion; China, US$1.25 trillion; South Africa, US$10.3 billion.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-cuts-exposure-to-us-government-securities-at-77-5-billion-in-october/articleshow/45592315.cms |title=India cuts exposure to US government securities at $77.5 billion in October |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910063217/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-cuts-exposure-to-us-government-securities-at-77-5-billion-in-october/articleshow/45592315.cms |archive-date=10 September 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=21 December 2014 |retrieved=21 December 2014. |alternative-url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/45592315.cms |alternative-archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910063215/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/45592315.cms |alternative-archive-date=10 September 2017 }}</ref>[[File:NDB-HQ-LOGO.jpg|thumb|right|New Development Bank's logo.]]

After the 2015 summit, the respective communications ministers, under a Russian proposal, had a first summit for their ministries in Moscow in October where the host minister, Nikolai Nikiforov, proposed an initiative to further tighten their information technology sectors and challenge the monopoly of the United States in the sector.

Since 2012, the BRICS group of countries have been planning an optical fibre submarine communications cable system to carry telecommunications between the BRICS countries, known as the [[BRICS Cable]].<ref name="bloomberg">{{Web citation |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aDLKQqIM.ZZ0 |title=Brics Cable Unveiled for Direct and Cohesive Communications Services between Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa |newspaper=[[Bloomberg]] News |date=16 April 2012 |retrieved=5 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119201528/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aDLKQqIM.ZZ0 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Part of the motivation for the project was the spying of the [[National Security Agency|U.S. National Security Agency]] on all telecommunications that flowed in and out of United States territory.<ref name="diplomat">{{Web citation |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/a-fiber-optic-silk-road/ |title=A Fiber-Optic Silk Road |newspaper=[[The Diplomat]] |date=2 April 2015 |author=Rolland Nadège |retrieved=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119180928/https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/a-fiber-optic-silk-road/ |archive-date=19 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2019, the communications ministers of the BRICS countries signed a letter of intent to cooperate in the Information and Communication Technology sector. This agreement was signed in the fifth edition of meeting of communication ministers of countries member of the group<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.telecompaper.com/news/brics-countries-to-cooperate-in-ict-sector--1304946 |title = BRICS countries to cooperate in ICT sector}}</ref> held in Brasília, Brazil.

The [[New Development Bank]], located in China, plans on giving out $15 billion to member nation to help their struggling economies. Member countries are hoping for a smooth comeback and a continuation of economic trade pre-COVID-19. The summit they plan on doing virtually in St. Petersburg, Russia will discuss how to handle the COVID-19 pandemic and how to fix their multilateral system by reforms.<ref>{{Web Citation |title=BRICS To Allocate $15 Billion For Rebuilding Economies Hit By COVID-19 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-brics-to-allocate-15-billion-for-rebuilding-economies-hit-by-covid-19-2220046 |retrieved=20 October 2020 |newspaper=NDTV.com}}</ref> The COVID-19 accepting rate of taking the vaccine is a mixture in the BRICS community. China, India, and South Africa are the most willing to take the vaccine while Brazil and Russia have more skepticism than the other three.<ref>{{Web citation |date=20 October 2020 |title=What do people in BRICS countries think about a COVID-19 vaccine? |url=https://www.devex.com/news/sponsored/what-do-people-in-brics-countries-think-about-a-covid-19-vaccine-98356 |retrieved=25 October 2020 |newspaper=Devex}}</ref> During the 13th BRICS summit, Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] called for a transparent investigation into the origins of COVID-19 under the [[World Health Organization]] with the full cooperation of "all countries", and Chinese president Xi Jinping spoke directly afterwards, calling on BRICS countries to "oppose politicisation" of the process.<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-china-avoided-open-clash-over-origins-of-covid-19-virus/article36479981.ece |title=India, China avoided open clash over COVID-19 origins |newspaper=The Hindu |date=15 September 2021 |author=Suhasini Haidar, Ananth Krishnan}}</ref>

==Summits==
The grouping has held annual summits since 2009, with member countries taking turns to host. Prior to South Africa's admission, two BRIC summits were held, in 2009 and 2010. The first five-member BRICS summit was held in 2011. The most recent BRICS leaders' summit took place virtually on 23 June 2022 hosted by China.<ref>{{Web citation |title=14th BRICS summit to be held in China: Check date, place and other details |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/14th-brics-summit-to-be-held-in-china-check-date-place-and-other-details/articleshow/92271827.cms |retrieved=2022-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=2022-06-17 |title=China's Xi to host virtual BRICS leaders summit on June 23 - Xinhua |language=en |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-xi-host-virtual-brics-leaders-summit-june-23-xinhua-2022-06-17/ |retrieved=2022-07-17}}</ref> India has hosted the BRICS 2021 summit at New Delhi & amid tensions with China, Chinese president [[Xi Jinping]] had made a soft move by supporting India's Chairmanship in 2021.<ref name="BRICS Brazil">{{Web citation |title=BRICS BRASIL 2019 – Theme and priorities |url=http://brics2019.itamaraty.gov.br/en/2019-brazilian-presidency/theme-and-priorities |newspaper=brics2019.itamaraty.gov.br}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sr. No.!!Date(s)!!Host country!!Host leader!!Location!! Notes
|-
|1st||16 June 2009|| [[File:Flag_of_Russia.svg|25x25px|]] [[Russian_Federation|Russia]]||[[Dmitry Medvedev]]||{{small|Yekaterinburg (Sevastianov's House)}}|| The summit was to discuss the global recession taking place at the time, future cooperation among states, and trade. Some of the specific topics discussed were food, trade, climate trade, and security for the nations. They called out for a more influential voice and representation for up and coming markets. Note at the time South Africa was not yet admitted to the BRICS organization at the time.<ref name="What is BRICS {{!}} Africa Facts">{{Web citation |date=15 October 2018|title=What is BRICS {{!}} Africa Facts |url=https://africa-facts.org/what-is-brics/ |retrieved=3 November 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2nd||15 April 2010||[[File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg|25x25px|]] [[Federative_Republic_of_Brazil|Brazil]]||[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]||{{small|Brasília (Itamaraty Palace)}}.||The second summit continued on the conversation of the global recession and how to recover. They had a conversation on the IMF, climate change, and more ways to form cooperation among states.<ref name="What is BRICS {{!}} Africa Facts" />
|-
|3rd||14 April 2011||[[File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg|25x25px|]] [[People%27s_Republic_of_China|China]]||[[Hu Jintao]]||{{small|Sanya (Sheraton Sanya Resort)}} ||{{small|First summit to include South Africa alongside the original [[BRIC]] countries.}} The third summit had nations debating on the global and internal economies of countries.<ref name="What is BRICS {{!}} Africa Facts" />
|-
|4th ||29 March 2012||[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|25x25px|]] [[Republic_of_India|India]]||[[Manmohan Singh]]||{{small|New Delhi (Taj Mahal Hotel)}}|| {{small|The [[BRICS Cable]] announced an optical fibre submarine communications cable system that carries telecommunications between the BRICS countries.}} The fourth summit discussed how the organization could prosper from the global recession and how they could take advantage of that to help their economies. BRICS had the intention of improving their global power and to provide adequate development for their state.<ref name="dx.doi.org">{{Citation |date=15 March 2011 |chapter=How aid for trade could help SVEs integrate in the global economy |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.14217/9781848591004-6-en |retrieved=3 November 2020 |website=dx.doi.org |series=Economic Paper |pages=30–37 |doi=10.14217/9781848591004-6-en |isbn=9781848591004 |title=Effectiveness of Aid for Trade in Small and Vulnerable Economies |publisher=Commonwealth}}</ref>
|-
|5th||26–27 March 2013 || [[File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|25x25px|]] [[Republic_of_South_Africa|South Africa]]||[[Jacob Zuma]]||{{small|Durban (Durban ICC)}}||The fifth summit discusses the New Development Bank proposition and Contingent Reserve Agreement. BRICS also announced the Business Council and its Think Tank Council.<ref name="dx.doi.org" />
|-
|6th||14–17 July 2014||[[File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg|25x25px|]] Brazil||[[Dilma Rousseff]]||{{small|Fortaleza (Centro de Eventos do Ceará)}}<ref>
{{Web citation |url=http://www.postwesternworld.com/2013/07/04/a-cupula-de-durban-e-o-futuro-dos-brics/ |title=A Cúpula de Durban e o futuro dos BRICS |publisher=Post-Western World |date=4 July 2013 |retrieved=7 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907140905/http://www.postwesternworld.com/2013/07/04/a-cupula-de-durban-e-o-futuro-dos-brics/ |archive-date=7 September 2013 |url-status=live}}
</ref>||{{small|BRICS [[New Development Bank]] and [[BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement]] agreements signed.}} The members of BRICS conversed with each other about political coordination, development, and economic growth. They established the Fortaleza Declaration and Action Plan.<ref name="africa-facts.org">{{Web citation |date=15 October 2018 |title=What is BRICS {{!}} Africa Facts |url=https://africa-facts.org/what-is-brics/ |retrieved=4 November 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|7th ||8–9 July 2015||[[File:Flag_of_Russia.svg|25x25px|]] Russia||[[Vladimir Putin]]||{{small|Ufa (Congress Hall)<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://ufacity.info/eng/press/news/117306.html |title=Ufa to host SCO and BRICS summits in 2015 |publisher=UfaCity.info |retrieved=7 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325165310/http://ufacity.info/eng/press/news/117306.html |archive-date=25 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}||{{small|Joint summit with [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]]-[[Eurasian Economic Union|EAEU]]}}. The seventh summit discussed global, economic problems, and better ways to foster cooperation among member states.<ref name="africa-facts.org" />
|-
|8th||15–16 October 2016||[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|25x25px|]] India||[[Narendra Modi]]||{{small|Benaulim (Taj Exotica)}}||{{small|Joint summit with [[BIMSTEC]]}}. The eighth BRICS summit debated on topics like counter-terrorism, economies, and climate change. BRICS also issued the Goa Declaration and Action Plan, hoping to harden their relationships.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Web citation |date=15 October 2018 |title=What is BRICS {{!}} Africa Facts |url=https://africa-facts.org/what-is-brics/ |retrieved=5 November 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|9th||3–5 September 2017||[[File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg|25x25px|]] China||[[Xi Jinping]]||{{small|Xiamen (Xiamen International Conference Center)}}||{{small|Joint summit with EMDCD}}. The ninth summit was an event that talked about a bright future for BRICS and what their goals intend to be. They still covered and debated on international and regional issues with one another; hopeful to keep moving forward.<ref name="ReferenceA" />
|-
| 10th||25–27 July 2018||[[File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|25x25px|]] South Africa||[[Cyril Ramaphosa]]||{{small|Johannesburg (Sandton Convention Centre)}}||The tenth summit had the members discuss their rising industries. Hoping they can cut a bigger slice of the industry market.
|-
|11th||13–14 November 2019||[[File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg|25x25px|]] Brazil|| [[Jair Bolsonaro]]|| {{small|Brasília (Itamaraty Palace)}}<ref name="BRICS Brazil" />||The eleventh summit discussed advancements in the BRICS's science and innovation fields. Primarily trying to advance technology and digital currency. They made mutual agreements to help stop drug trafficking and organized crime; both internationally and internally
|-
|12th||21–23 July 2020 (postponed due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]])<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://eng.brics-russia2020.ru/news/20200527/395729/BRICS-and-the-SCO-summits-postponed.html |title=BRICS and the SCO summits postponed | Official website of the Russian BRICS Chairmanship in 2020}}</ref> 17 November 2020 (video conference)<ref>{{Web citation |title=BRICS Summit to be held virtually on Nov 17; strengthening cooperation, global stability on agenda |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/brics-summit-to-be-held-virtually-on-nov-17-cooperation-strengthening-global-stability-on-agenda/story-Io02j2Xpb81KAx03C13O1M.html |retrieved=5 October 2020 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=5 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>||[[File:Flag_of_Russia.svg|25x25px|]] Russia||Vladimir Putin||{{small|Saint Petersburg}}<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/5d3209879a7947184d6b66f9 |title=Путин заявил о переносе саммитов БРИКС и ШОС из Челябинска |retrieved=19 July 2019}}</ref>||{{small|Joint summit with SCO}}. Discussing a mutual agreement on helping BRICS member countries to help foster better living standards and quality of life for each countries people. Plans on focusing on peace, economies, and cultural societal issues.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Dipanjan Roy Chaudhury |title=BRICS Summit to be held virtually on November 17 |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/brics-summit-to-be-held-virtually-on-november-17/articleshow/78495022.cms |retrieved=20 October 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 13th||9 September 2021 (video conference)||[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|25x25px|]] India||Narendra Modi||{{small|New Delhi}}||{{small|BRICS Games 2021}}<ref>{{Web citation |title=India plans to host BRICS Games during Khelo India Games in 2021 – Sports News , Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/india-plans-to-host-brics-games-during-khelo-india-games-in-2021-8755221.html |newspaper=Firstpost |date=26 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
|14th||23 June 2022 (video conference)||[[File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg|25x25px|]] China||Xi Jinping||Beijing||
|-
|15th||2023||[[File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|25x25px|]] South Africa|| ||TBA
|
|}

==Member countries==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Country
!Population (in Thousands) (2018)
! |PPP GDP bil. USD (2022 est.)<ref name="autogenerated2" />
! style="font-size:85%" |PPP GDP per capita USD (2022 est.)<ref name="autogenerated2" />
!GDP growth (2022 est.)<ref>
{{Web Citation |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report |retrieved=2022-04-20 |newspaper=IMF |language=en}}
</ref>
!Government spending
!Exports<ref>
{{Web citation |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2078rank.html |title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency |newspaper=[[CIA]] |retrieved=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004073036/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//rankorder/2078rank.html |archive-date=4 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}
</ref>
!Imports<ref>
{{Web citation |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2087rank.html |title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency |newspaper=[[CIA]] |access-date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004070323/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//rankorder/2087rank.html |archive-date=4 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}
</ref>
!Literacy rate<ref>
{{Web citation |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html|title=Field Listing :: Literacy |newspaper=[[CIA]] The World Factbook |retrieved=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124171442/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html |archive-date=24 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}
</ref>
!Life expectancy (years, avg.)<ref>
{{Web citation |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272596/9789241565585-eng.pdf |title=World Health Statistics 2018 |newspaper=Who.int |date=6 June 2018 |retrieved=3 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206172337/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272596/9789241565585-eng.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2018 |url-status=live }}
</ref>
!HDI (2021)<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2020 |date=2020 |retrieved=5 November 2022 |newspaper=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |'''[[File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg|25x25px|]] [[Federative_Republic_of_Brazil|Brazil]]'''||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]210,869.000||3,782 || 17,684||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]4.6%||$846.6 bn||$393.2 bn ||$201.9 bn||94.4%||76.8||0.754 (high)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |'''[[File:Flag_of_Russia.svg|25x25px|]] [[Russian_Federation|Russia]]'''||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]143,964.709||4,649||31,967||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]4.7%|| $414.0 bn||$336.8 bn||$212.7 bn||99.7%||72.7||0.822 (very high)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |'''[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|25x25px|]] [[Republic_of_India|India]]'''||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]] 1,367,089.879||11,665||8,293||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]8.9%||$616.0 bn||$303.4 bn||$426.8 bn|| 72.1%||68.8||0.633 (medium)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |'''[[File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg|25x25px|]] [[People%27s_Republic_of_China|China]]'''||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]] 1,415,045.928||30,074||21,291||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]8.0%||$2,031.0 bn||$3,363.0 bn||$2,055.0 bn||96.4%|| 76.4||0.768 (high)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |'''[[File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|25x25px|]] [[Republic_of_South_Africa|South Africa]]'''||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]57,398.421||949||15,556||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]4.9%|| $95.27 bn||$78.25 bn||$80.22 bn||94.3% ||63.6 ||0.713 (high)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |'''Average'''|| [[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]627,060.914||8,119.9||19,041||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]6.2%||$800.574 bn||$562.94 bn||$446.68 bn||93%||71.2||0.741 (high)
|}

[[Bangladesh]], [[Egypt]], [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Uruguay]] are members of BRICS [[New Development Bank]].

Argentina's potential accession has been supported by China according to several sources.<ref>{{Web citation | url=https://brazilian.report/liveblog/2022/05/12/argentina-invited-brics/ |title=Argentina invited to BRICS Summit in May | date=12 May 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |author=Parisa Hafezi, Guy Faulconbridge |date=2022-06-28 |title=Iran applies to join China and Russia in BRICS club |language=en |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-applies-join-brics-group-emerging-countries-2022-06-27/ |retrieved=2022-06-29}}</ref>

In addition, [[Algeria]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Indonesia]], [[Mexico]], [[Nigeria]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Sudan]], [[Syria]], [[Turkey]], [[Egypt]], [[Venezuela]] and [[Zimbabwe]] have expressed interest in membership of BRICS.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://en.ria.ru/russia/20130427/180876832.html |title=Syria Seeks to Join Shanghai Group, BRICS – Minister |newspaper=RIA Novosti |date=27 April 2013 |retrieved=7 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108000726/http://en.ria.ru/russia/20130427/180876832.html |archive-date=8 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=https://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/International/Emerging-Markets-Rush-To-Join-BRICS-Alliance-As-High-Energy-Prices-Persist.html |title=Emerging Markets Rush To Join BRICS Alliance As High Energy Prices Persist |newspaper=Clarin |date=21 August 2022 |retrieved=21 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=https://calrev.org/2019/04/30/french-soft-power-resetting-african-relations/ |title=FRANCE RESETS AFRICAN RELATIONS: A POTENTIAL LESSON FOR PRESIDENT TRUMP |author=Aaron Genin |date=30 April 2019 |newspaper=The California Review |language=en-US |retrieved=1 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |author=Nassima Dib |date=July 31, 2022 |title=Président Tebboune: l'Algérie satisfait en grande partie aux conditions d'adhésion aux BRICS |language=French |newspaper=[[Algeria Press Service]] |url=https://www.aps.dz/economie/143407-president-tebboune-l-algerie-satisfait-en-grande-partie-aux-conditions-d-adhesion-aux-brics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801040638/https://www.aps.dz/economie/143407-president-tebboune-l-algerie-satisfait-en-grande-partie-aux-conditions-d-adhesion-aux-brics |archive-date=August 1, 2022}}</ref>

==Financial architecture==
[[File:Shanghai skyline waterfront pudong 5166168 69 70.jpg|right|thumb|The New Development Bank (NDB) is based in Shanghai.]]
[[File:Signing of documents at 6th BRICS Summit.jpeg|right|thumb|The New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) were signed into treaty at the 2014 BRICS summit in [[Brazil]].]]
[[File:NDB-Chart-BRICS.png|thumb|right|Equal distribution of shares between the shareholders of the NDB.]]
Currently, there are two components that make up the financial architecture of BRICS, namely, the New Development Bank (NDB), or sometimes referred to as the BRICS Development Bank, and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA). Both of these components were signed into treaty in 2014 and became active in 2015.

===New Development Bank===

{{Main article|New Development Bank}}

The '''New Development Bank (NDB)''', formally referred to as the '''BRICS Development Bank''',<ref>{{Web citation|author=Indiasnaps News Network|newspaper=Indiasnaps|title=BRICS Bank to be headquartered in Shanghai, India to hold presidency|date=16 July 2014|url=http://indiasnaps.com/brics-bank-to-be-headquartered-in-shanghai-india-to-hold-presidency/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812062235/http://indiasnaps.com/brics-bank-to-be-headquartered-in-shanghai-india-to-hold-presidency/|archive-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> is a multilateral development bank operated by the five BRICS states. The bank's primary focus of lending will be infrastructure projects<ref name="allabout">{{Web citation |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/07/17/what-the-new-bank-of-brics-is-all-about/ |title=What the new bank of BRICS is all about |date=17 July 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |retrieved=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717190437/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/07/17/what-the-new-bank-of-brics-is-all-about/ |archive-date=17 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hpos">{{Web citation |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/parag-khanna/new-brics-bank_b_5600027.html |title=New BRICS Bank a Building Block of Alternative World Order |date=18 July 2014 |newspaper=The Huffington Post |retrieved=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719184109/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/parag-khanna/new-brics-bank_b_5600027.html |archive-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> with authorized lending of up to $34 billion annually.<ref name="hpos" /> South Africa will be the African Headquarters of the Bank named the "New Development Bank Africa Regional Centre."<ref name="bill">{{Web citation |url = http://in.rbth.com/world/2014/07/16/brics_countries_launch_100_billion_developmental_bank_currency_pool_36733.html |title=BRICS countries launch $100 billion developmental bank, currency pool |date=16 July 2014 |newspaper=Russia & India Report |retrieved=20 July 2014}}</ref> The bank will have starting capital of $50 billion, with wealth increased to $100 billion over time.<ref name="ready">{{Web citation |url=http://in.rbth.com/economics/2014/07/10/brics_bank_ready_for_launch_-_russian_finance_minister_36599.html |title=BRICS Bank ready for launch – Russian Finance Minister |date= 10 July 2014 |newspaper=Russia & India Report |retrieved=20 July 2014}}</ref> Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa will initially contribute $10 billion each to bring the total to $50 billion.<ref name="bill" /><ref name="ready" /> It has so far 53 projects under way worth around $15 billion.<ref>{{Web citation |title=History |url=https://www.ndb.int/about-us/essence/history/ |retrieved=9 November 2020 |newspaper=New Development Bank |language=en-US}}</ref>

Recently [[Bangladesh]], [[Egypt]], the [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Uruguay]] were added as new members of BRICS New Development Bank (NDB).<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/brics-development-bank-admits-uae-bangladesh-uruguay-new-members-2021-09-02/ BRICS development bank admits UAE, Bangladesh, Uruguay as new members]</ref>

===BRICS CRA===

{{Main article|BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement}}

The '''BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement''' ('''CRA''') is a framework for providing protection against global liquidity pressures.<ref name="allabout" /><ref name="ready" /><ref name="rics">{{Web citation |url=http://in.rbth.com/world/2014/07/17/brics_currency_fund_to_protect_members_from_volatility_-_russias_top_ba_36767.html |title=BRICS currency fund to protect members from volatility – Russia's top banker |date= 17 July 2014 |newspaper=Russia & India Report |retrieved=20 July 2014}}</ref> This includes currency issues where members' national currencies are being adversely affected by global financial pressures.<ref name="allabout" /><ref name="rics" /> It is found that emerging economies that experienced rapid economic liberalization went through increased economic volatility, bringing an uncertain macroeconomic environment.<ref>{{Citation |doi=10.1080/10220461.2015.1069208 |title=The rationale for and potential role of the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement |journal=South African Journal of International Affairs |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=307–324 |year=2015 |author=Mayamiko Biziwick, Nicolette Cattaneo, David Fryer |s2cid=153695521}}</ref> The CRA is generally seen as a competitor to the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) and along with the [[New Development Bank]] is viewed as an example of increasing South-South cooperation.<ref name="allabout" /> It was established in 2015 by the BRICS countries. The legal basis is formed by the ''Treaty for the Establishment of a BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement'', signed at Fortaleza, Brazil on 15 July 2014. With its inaugural meetings of the BRICS CRA Governing Council and Standing Committee, held on 4 September 2015, in Ankara, Turkey it entered into force upon ratification by all BRICS states, announced at the 7th BRICS summit in July 2015.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=The Central Bank of Russian Federation|title=On the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) Governing Council and Standing Committee inaugural meetings|date=2015-09-04|url=http://www.cbr.ru/eng/press/pr.aspx?file=04092015_185039eng2015-09-04T18_46_05.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002172250/http://www.cbr.ru/eng/press/pr.aspx?file=04092015_185039eng2015-09-04T18_46_05.htm|archive-date=2016-08-02|retrieved=2016-09-22}}</ref>

=== BRICS payment system===

At the 2015 BRICS summit in Russia, ministers from BRICS nations, initiated consultations for a payment system that would be an alternative to the [[Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication|Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT)]] system. Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergey Ryabkov stated in an interview, "The finance ministers and executives of the BRICS central banks are negotiating… setting up payment systems and moving on to settlements in national currencies. SWIFT or not, in any case we’re talking about… a global multilateral payment system that would provide greater independence, would create a definite guarantee for BRICS."<ref>[https://haryana.pscnotes.com/international/dmpq-brics-payment-system/ BRICS payment system]</ref>

The Central Bank of Russia (CBR) also started consultations with BRICS nations for a payment system that would be an alternative to the SWIFT system. The main benefits highlighted were backup and redundancy in case there were disruptions to the SWIFT system. The Deputy Governor of the Central Bank of Russia, Olga Skorobogatova, stated in an interview, "The only topic that may be of interest to all of us within BRICS is to consider and talk over the possibility of setting up a system that would apply to the BRICS countries, used as a backup."<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://in.rbth.com/economics/2015/06/01/russia_offers_to_discuss_brics_prototype_of_swift_global_system_43421 |title=Russia offers to discuss BRICS prototype of SWIFT global system |newspaper=Russia & India Report |date=1 June 2015 |retrieved=26 March 2016}}</ref>

China has also initiated the development of their own SWIFT-alternative payment-system called the [[Cross-Border Inter-Bank Payments System|Cross-Border Inter-Bank Payments System (CIPS)]], which would provide a network that enables financial institutions worldwide to send and receive information about financial transactions in a secure, standardized, and reliable environment.<ref name="Reuters1">{{Web citation |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-yuan-payments-exclusive-idUSKBN0M50BV20150309?irpc=932 |title=Exclusive: China's international payments system ready, could launch by end-2015 – sources |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=9 March 2015 |retrieved=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924214126/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/09/us-china-yuan-payments-exclusive-idUSKBN0M50BV20150309?irpc=932 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> India also has its alternative [[Structured Financial Messaging System|Structured Financial Messaging System (SFMS)]], as does Russia with its [[SPFS|Система передачи финансовых сообщений (СПФС)/System for Transfer of Financial Messages (SPFS)]].

==Reception==
[[File:14 11 2019 Diálogo dos Líderes com o Conselho Empresarial do BRICS e o Novo Banco de Desenvolvimento (49066644892).jpg|thumb|right|The five leaders of BRICS in [[Brasília]], [[Brazil]].]]
In 2012, [[Hu Jintao]], the then General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and President of China, described the BRICS countries as defenders and promoters of developing countries and a force for world peace.<ref name="BRICS Peace Defender">{{Web citation |title=Brics a force for world peace, says China |url=http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=168422 |newspaper=[[Business Day (South Africa)|4=Business Day]] |date=8 August 2012 |retrieved=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130422020755/http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=168422 |archive-date=22 April 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

===BRICS Pro Tempore Presidency===
The group at each summit elects one of the heads of state of the component countries to serve as President Pro Tempore of the BRICS. In 2019, the pro tempore presidency was held by the president of Brazil.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://brics.itamaraty.gov.br/images/CALENDARIOPRESIDENCIAAFRICANA.pdf |title=Archived copy |retrieved=30 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730203248/http://brics.itamaraty.gov.br/images/CALENDARIOPRESIDENCIAAFRICANA.pdf |archive-date=30 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The theme of the 11th BRICS summit was "BRICS:economic growth for an innovative future", and the priorities of the Brazilian Pro Tempore Presidency for 2019 are the following -Strengthening of the cooperation in Science, technology and innovation; Enhancement of the cooperation on digital economy; Invigoration of the cooperation on the fight against transnational crime, especially against organized crime, money laundering and drug trafficking; Encouragement to the rapprochement between the New Development Bank (NDB) and the BRICS Business Council.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://brics2019.itamaraty.gov.br/en/2019-brazilian-presidency/theme-and-priorities|title=BRICS BRASIL 2019 – Theme and priorities |newspaper=brics2019.itamaraty.gov.br}}</ref> Currently the new President Pro Tempore is Russia and their goals are: investing into BRICS countries in order to strengthen everyone's economies, cooperating in the energy and environmental industries, helping with young children and coming up with resolutions on migration and peacekeeping.<ref>{{Web citation |title=BRICS information portal |url=http://infobrics.org/ |retrieved=26 October 2020 |newspaper=BRICS |language=en}}</ref>

==Current leaders==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
|-
!Member
!Image
!Name

!Position
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg|25x25px|]] [[Federative_Republic_of_Brazil|Brazil]]
|[[File:Lula.png|150px]]
|[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Lula da Silva]]
|President of Brazil
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg|25x25px|]] [[People%27s_Republic_of_China|China]]
|[[File:Xi_Jinping_waving_hand.jpg|150px]]
|[[Xi Jinping]]
|President of China
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|25x25px|]] [[Republic_of_India|India]]
|[[File:Modi.png|150px]]
|[[Narendra Modi]]
|Prime Minister of India
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Russia.svg|25x25px|]] [[Russian_Federation|Russia]]
|[[File:Putin.png|150px]]
|[[Vladimir Putin]]
|President of Russia
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|25x25px|]] [[Republic_of_South_Africa|South Africa]]
|[[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_President_Ramaphosa_(52274438927)_(cropped).jpg|150px]]
|[[Cyril Ramaphosa]]
|President of South Africa
|}

==See also==
*[[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]
*[[BRICS Games]]

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{Web citation |url=http://www.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-NAN-brics-summit-in-goa-news-and-updates-news-hindi-5439612-PHO.html |title=Eighth Annual BRICS Summit in Goa: (Narendra Modi, Vladimir Putin, Michel Temer, and Xi Jinping) |author=Dainik Bhaskar |date=15 October 2016 }}

==External links==
*''[https://infobrics.org/ Official Website]''
[[Category:Intergovernmental organizations]]
[[Category:Pages needing references]]

2021 Cuban protests

2023-02-06T07:05:43Z

Unpraxist: Cleaned up formatting on citations

{{External article cleanup|date=February 2023}}

The '''2021 Cuban protests''' was a attempted [[colour revolution]] supported by the [[United States of America|United States]].<ref>[https://www.telesurtv.net/news/cuba-presidente-acusa-eeuu-bloqueo-20210712-0011.html President of Cuba rejects media siege against government management] by [[TeleSur]]</ref> The US's foreign intelligence service, the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], is suspected to be behind these protests.<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.cubasupport.ie/latest/the-cia-insists-on-promoting-a-color-revolution-in-cuba/ |title=The CIA Insists on Promoting a Color Revolution in Cuba |author=|newspaper=Cuba Support Group - Ireland|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003013249/https://www.cubasupport.ie/latest/the-cia-insists-on-promoting-a-color-revolution-in-cuba/|archive-date=2022-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=https://thegrayzone.com/2021/07/25/cubas-cultural-counter-revolution-us-govt-rappers-artists-catalyst/|date=2021-07-25|title=Cuba’s cultural counter-revolution: US gov’t-backed rappers, artists gain fame as ‘catalyst for current unrest’|newspaper=[[The Grayzone]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130130935/https://thegrayzone.com/2021/07/25/cubas-cultural-counter-revolution-us-govt-rappers-artists-catalyst/|archive-date=2022-11-30|author=Max Blumenthal}}</ref>

The destabilization attempt by the [[Imperialism|imperialist]] USA to unseat the [[Communist Party of Cuba|communist-led government of Cuba]] has been rejected by bolivarians governments [[Bolivia]] and [[Nicaragua]], as well as the [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] [[Russian Federation]].<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/Russia-Nicaragua-Bolivia-Reject-Destabilization-in-Cuba-20210712-0006.html|date=2021-07-12|title=Russia, Nicaragua, Bolivia Reject Destabilization in Cuba|newspaper=teleSUR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203085524/https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/Russia-Nicaragua-Bolivia-Reject-Destabilization-in-Cuba-20210712-0006.html|archive-date=2022-12-03}}</ref>

Counter-mobilizations in support of the Cuban government have far surpassed that of the original reactionary [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] protests, although this fact is not reported in the [[Western world|Western]] capitalist media.<ref>{{Web citation |author=SiggonKristov |newspaper=[[Twitter]] |url=https://twitter.com/SiggonKristov/status/1414366098431041537 |date=2021-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117141756/https://twitter.com/SiggonKristov/status/1414366098431041537|archive-date=2021-09-17}}</ref>

==Background==
Since the 1960s, the US has maintained that the purpose of its embargo against Cuba is to "to bring about hunger, desperation and overthrow of government."<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://twitter.com/SiggonKristov/status/1414366093993562113|date=2021-07-12|newspaper=[[Twitter]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428142745/https://twitter.com/SiggonKristov/status/1414366093993562113|archive-date=2022-04-28|author=SiggonKristov}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v06/d499 |newspaper=US State Department Memorandum |date=1960-04-06|title=499. Memorandum From the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (Mallory) to the Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (Rubottom)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804013214/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v06/d499|archive-date=2021-08-04}}</ref> which is a similar tactic that was deployed against Iran to destabilize their population.<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://twitter.com/SiggonKristov/status/1175150933208158210|date=2019-09-21|newspaper=[[Twitter]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611134255/https://twitter.com/SiggonKristov/status/1175150933208158210|archive-date=2022-06-11|author=SiggonKristov}}</ref> In addition to economic embargo, social media is being weaponized against the Cuban government both to cause internal strife, as well as to diminish the Cuban government's image in the eyes of Western english-speaking audiences.<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLMuuGtaxes|channel=Moderate Rebels|title=US-funded cultural counter-revolution in Cuba: How CIA cutouts use musicians to stir unrest|date=2021-08-05}}</ref> This tactic has been deployed against other socialist states, such as Nicaragua in 2018 against the Sandinista government.<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://twitter.com/SiggonKristov/status/1021596142323290113 |author=SiggonKristov |newspaper=[[Twitter]]|date=2018-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116155704/https://twitter.com/SiggonKristov/status/1021596142323290113|archive-date=2021-11-16}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/mar/17/us-spy-operation-social-networks|date=2011-03-18|title=Revealed: US spy operation that manipulates social media|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203015429/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/mar/17/us-spy-operation-social-networks|archive-date=2023-02-03|author=Nick Fielding, Ian Cobain}}</ref>

== Reactions==
One way of assessing the class character of protests is to see who supports and opposes them. US support for protests, and progressive / socialist / anti-imperialist states' support for the Cuban government is particularly illustrative. Perhaps we shall create a map to better illustrate the contours of opinion.

===Against the protests, support for Government===

*[[Movement for Socialism (Bolivia)|Socialist]] [[Bolivia|Bolivian]] President [[Luis Arce]] expressed his support for the Cuban people who "fight against destabilizing actions".<ref>{{Web citation |date=2021-07-12|title=Bolivia respalda a Cuba por "luchar contra acciones desestabilizadoras"|url=https://www.eldiario.es/politica/bolivia-respalda-cuba-luchar-acciones-desestabilizadoras_1_8129008.html|retrieved=2021-07-13|newspaper=ElDiario.es|language=es|archive-date=2021-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714092106/https://www.eldiario.es/politica/bolivia-respalda-cuba-luchar-acciones-desestabilizadoras_1_8129008.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Former President [[Evo Morales]] accused the United States of launching a new [[Operation Condor]].<ref>{{Web citation |title=Evo Morales acusa a EE. UU. de "reeditar" el Plan Cóndor|trans-title=Evo Morales accuses the US of "reissuing" the Plan Condor|url=https://larepublica.pe/mundo/2021/07/13/evo-morales-acusa-a-ee-uu-de-reeditar-el-plan-condor/|retrieved=2021-07-13|agency=La República (Perú)|date=2021-07-13|language=Spanish|archive-date=2021-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714092105/https://larepublica.pe/mundo/2021/07/13/evo-morales-acusa-a-ee-uu-de-reeditar-el-plan-condor/|url-status=live}}</ref>

*[[Communist Party of China]] member and Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesman [[Zhao Lijian]] called for the lifting of the US embargo on Cuba which he said was responsible for shortage of medicine and energy in the country.<ref>https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3140975/china-calls-us-end-economic-blockade-cuba-after-protests</ref>
*[[Social Democracy|Social-Democratic]] [[Mexico|Mexican]] President [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] urged foreign governments not to intervene in the internal affairs of Cuba and stated that it is the Cubans who solve their problems. In addition to this, he also said that if they want to help, they should help end the blockade.<ref>{{Web citation |date=2021-07-12|title=Mexico president calls for end to Cuba trade embargo after protests|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/mexico-president-calls-end-cuba-trade-embargo-after-protests-2021-07-12/|retrieved=2021-07-12|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|archive-date=2021-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712231313/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/mexico-president-calls-end-cuba-trade-embargo-after-protests-2021-07-12/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Sandinista National Liberation Front|Socialist]] [[Nicaragua|Nicaraguan]] President [[Daniel Ortega]] sent his expressions of support to [[Miguel Díaz-Canel]], condemning the "permanent blockade, destabilization and aggression" against Cuba.<ref>{{Web citation |date=2021-07-12|title=Daniel Ortega envía muestras de apoyo a Díaz-Canel ante protestas en Cuba|url=https://lopezdoriga.com/internacional/daniel-ortega-apoyo-diaz-canel-protestas-cuba/|retrieved=2021-07-12|newspaper=López-Dóriga Digital|language=es-MX|archive-date=2021-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712232353/https://lopezdoriga.com/internacional/daniel-ortega-apoyo-diaz-canel-protestas-cuba/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |author=Redacción PERÚ21|date=2021-07-12|title=Cuba {{!}} Nicaragua {{!}} Daniel Ortega envía carta a presidente cubano Miguel Díaz-Canel y lo respalda pese a protestas {{!}} NNDC {{!}} MUNDO|url=https://peru21.pe/mundo/cuba-nicaragua-daniel-ortega-envia-carta-a-presidente-cubano-miguel-diaz-canel-y-lo-respalda-pese-a-protestas-nndc-noticia/|retrieved=2021-07-12|newspaper=Peru21|language=es|archive-date=2021-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712223445/https://peru21.pe/mundo/cuba-nicaragua-daniel-ortega-envia-carta-a-presidente-cubano-miguel-diaz-canel-y-lo-respalda-pese-a-protestas-nndc-noticia/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Anti-imperialist [[Russia|Russian]] spokesperson of the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia]], [[Maria Zakharova]], stated that they "consider it unacceptable for there to be outside interference in the internal affairs of a sovereign state or any destructive actions that would encourage the destabilization of the situation on the island."<ref>{{Web citation |author=AFP|date=2021-07-12|title=Russia Warns Against 'Outside Interference' After Cuba Protests|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/07/12/russia-warns-against-outside-interference-after-cuba-protests-a74496|retrieved=2021-07-12|newspaper=The Moscow Times|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712231328/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/07/12/russia-warns-against-outside-interference-after-cuba-protests-a74496|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Workers' Party (Brazil)|Social-liberal]] Former [[Brazil|Brazilian]] president [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] condemned the US embargo on Cuba and expressed solidarity with the Cuban government.<ref>{{Web citation |title=Bolsonaro apoya el "movimiento de libertad" en Cuba y Lula condena el bloqueo|trans-title=Bolsonaro supports the "movement for freedom" in Cuba and Lula condemns the blockade|url=https://www.efe.com/efe/america/politica/bolsonaro-apoya-el-movimiento-de-libertad-en-cuba-y-lula-condena-bloqueo/20000035-4585513|retrieved=2021-07-13|agency=EFE|date=2021-07-13|language=Spanish|archive-date=2021-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713150103/https://www.efe.com/efe/america/politica/bolsonaro-apoya-el-movimiento-de-libertad-en-cuba-y-lula-condena-bloqueo/20000035-4585513|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Neutral, against imperialist destabilization===

*[[Argentina|Argentinian]] President [[Alberto Fernández]] said that he did not know what was happening in Cuba and blamed the humanitarian crisis on the [[United States embargo against Cuba]].<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/alberto-fernandez-sobre-el-supuesto-envio-de-armas-a-bolivia-es-un-tema-muy-grave-nid12072021/|title=Alberto Fernández, sobre Cuba: "Yo no sé lo que está pasando, pero terminemos con los bloqueos"|trans-title=Alberto Fernández, about Cuba: "I don't know what is happening, but let's end the blockades"|language=Spanish|author=|date=2021-07-12|newspaper=La Nación|retrieved=2021-07-12|archive-date=2021-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713005507/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/alberto-fernandez-sobre-el-supuesto-envio-de-armas-a-bolivia-es-un-tema-muy-grave-nid12072021/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Support for opposition protests===

*Imperialist [[United States of America|US]] President [[Joe Biden]] said that he supports the Cuban people and their "clarion call for freedom and relief".<ref>{{Web citation |title=Biden backs protests in Cuba, calls on officials to "hear their people"|url=https://news.yahoo.com/biden-backs-protests-cuba-calls-143841683.html|retrieved=2021-07-12|newspaper=news.yahoo.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712231328/https://news.yahoo.com/biden-backs-protests-cuba-calls-143841683.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Web citation |author=Adriana Brasileiro, Nora Gámez Torres|date=2021-07-11|title='Freedom!' Thousands of Cubans take to the streets to demand the end of dictatorship|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article252713788.html|url-status=live|newspaper=Miami Herald|retrieved=2021-07-12|archive-date=2021-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712094119/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article252713788.html}}</ref> [[Julie J. Chung]], Acting Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs for the [[United States Department of State]], stated "We are deeply concerned by 'calls to combat' in Cuba. We stand by the Cuban people’s right for peaceful assembly. We call for calm and condemn any violence."<ref name=":32">{{Web citation |author=Adriana Brasileiro, Nora Gámez Torres|date=2021-07-11|title='Freedom!' Thousands of Cubans take to the streets to demand the end of dictatorship|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article252713788.html|url-status=live|website=|access-date=|archive-date=2021-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712094119/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article252713788.html|newspaper=Miami Herald|retrieved=2021-07-12}}</ref>
*Anti-communist [[Organization of American States]] Secretary General [[Luis Almagro]] condemned the "Cuban dictatorial regime for calling on civilians to repress and confronting those who exercise their rights to protest".<ref>{{Web citation |title=Luis Almagro: "Condenamos al régimen dictatorial cubano por llamar a civiles a reprimir"|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2021/07/12/luis-almagro-condenamos-al-regimen-dictatorial-cubano-por-llamar-a-civiles-a-reprimir/|date=2021-07-11|retrieved=2021-07-13|newspaper=infobae|language=es-ES|archive-date=2021-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712071728/https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2021/07/12/luis-almagro-condenamos-al-regimen-dictatorial-cubano-por-llamar-a-civiles-a-reprimir/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Anti-communist [[Miami]] protestors urging [[United States]] to provide aid for the protests in Cuba have taken place.<ref>{{Web citation |title=Hundreds of Protesters Take To Miami Streets As Mayor Asks For U.S. Led Intervention in Cuba|url=https://www.nbcmiami.com/news/hundreds-of-protesters-take-to-miami-streets-as-mayor-asks-for-u-s-led-intervention-in-cuba/2492603/|retrieved=2021-07-12|newspaper=NBC 6 South Florida|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712000603/https://www.nbcmiami.com/news/hundreds-of-protesters-take-to-miami-streets-as-mayor-asks-for-u-s-led-intervention-in-cuba/2492603/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Fascist [[Brazil|Brazilian]] President [[Jair Bolsonaro]] commented that it was a sad day for Cuba because people requested freedom and received shots, attacks and prison instead. He said that there are people in Brazil who support Cuba, Venezuela and "those kinds of people".<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2021/07/12/jair-bolsonaro-hablo-sobre-la-represion-en-cuba-fueron-a-pedir-libertad-y-recibieron-balas-de-goma-golpes-y-prision/|title=Jair Bolsonaro habló sobre la represión en Cuba: "Fueron a pedir libertad y recibieron balas de goma, golpes y prisión"|trans-title=Jair Bolsonaro talked about the repression in Cuba: "They requested liberty and received shots, attacks and prison"|language=Spanish|author=|date=2021-07-12|newspaper=infobae|retrieved=2021-07-12|archive-date=2021-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712231350/https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2021/07/12/jair-bolsonaro-hablo-sobre-la-represion-en-cuba-fueron-a-pedir-libertad-y-recibieron-balas-de-goma-golpes-y-prision/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Fascist [[Chile|Chilean]] Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement condemning the repression in order "to silence protesters who peacefully claim greater freedom, better health system and better quality of life". It also highlighted that "freedom of expression and peaceful assembly must be guaranteed."<ref>{{Web citation |title=Chile condenó la represión a las protestas en Cuba y pidió a la dictadura no acallar a los manifestantes que piden libertad|trans-title=Chile condemned the repression of protests in Cuba and asked the dictatorship not to silence the protesters who demand freedom|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2021/07/13/chile-condeno-la-represion-a-las-protestas-en-cuba-y-pidio-a-la-dictadura-no-acallar-a-los-manifestantes-que-piden-libertad/|access-date=13 July 2021|work=[[Infobae]]|date=13 July 2021|language=Spanish|archive-date=2021-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713173321/https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2021/07/13/chile-condeno-la-represion-a-las-protestas-en-cuba-y-pidio-a-la-dictadura-no-acallar-a-los-manifestantes-que-piden-libertad/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Uruguay|Uruguayan]] President [[Luis Lacalle Pou]] expressed his support for the opposition protesters, saying they had "commendable courage."<ref>{{Web citation |newspaper=notimerica|date=2021-07-12|title=Cuba.- El presidente de Uruguay destaca el "coraje digno de elogiar" de los manifestantes cubanos|url=https://www.notimerica.com/politica/noticia-cuba-presidente-uruguay-destaca-coraje-digno-elogiar-manifestantes-cubanos-20210712232811.html|retrieved=2021-07-13|archive-date=2021-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713030914/https://www.notimerica.com/politica/noticia-cuba-presidente-uruguay-destaca-coraje-digno-elogiar-manifestantes-cubanos-20210712232811.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Imperialist [[European Union|EU]] foreign relations chief [[Josep Borrell]] said that "the Cuban people have a right to express their opinion" and that he would "personally call on the government there to allow peaceful demonstrations and to listen to the voice of discontent from demonstrators".<ref>{{Web citation |title=EU urges Cuba to let people protest|url=https://euobserver.com/world/152427|access-date=2021-07-13|newspaper=EUobserver|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713062213/https://euobserver.com/world/152427|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Cuban Government reaction===
On July 11th, President Diaz Canal walked in the streets with hundreds of others in defense of the Cuban Revolution against the reactionary protests against the government.<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://twitter.com/SiggonKristov/status/1414366098431041537|date=2021-07-12|newspaper=[[Twitter]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117141756/https://twitter.com/SiggonKristov/status/1414366098431041537|archive-date=2021-11-17|author=SiggonKristov}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Colour Revolutions]]
[[Category:CIA-backed protests]]
[[Category:Attempted Colour Revolutions]]

Five-year plans of China

2023-02-06T06:01:49Z

Unpraxist: Added page to "Needing references" category. Eleventh plan uncited, generally lacking citations for page of this size

{{External article cleanup|date=November 2021}}
The '''Five-Year Plans''' are a series of social and economic development initiatives issued since 1953 in the [[People's Republic of China]]. Since 1949, the [[Communist Party of China]] has shaped the Chinese economy through the plenums of its [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|Central Committee]] and [[National Congress of the Communist Party of China|national congresses]]. The party plays a leading role in establishing the foundations and principles of [[Ideology of the Communist Party of China|Chinese communism]], mapping strategies for economic development, setting [[Economic growth|growth]] targets, and launching reforms.

[[Planned economy|Planning]] is a key characteristic of the nominally [[Socialism|socialist economies]], and one plan established for the entire country normally contains detailed economic development guidelines for all its regions. In order to more accurately reflect China's transition from a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-style [[command economy]] to a [[socialist market economy]] ([[socialism with Chinese characteristics]]), the plans since the 11th Five-Year Plan for 2006 to 2010 were referred to in Chinese as "guidelines" instead of "plan".

== First Plan (1953–1957) ==
Having restored a viable economic base, the leadership under [[Mao Zedong]], [[Zhou Enlai]], and other revolutionary veterans were prepared to embark on an intensive program of industrial growth and socialization. For this purpose, the administration adopted the Soviet economic model, based on state ownership in the modern sector, large collective units in agriculture, and centralized economic planning. The Soviet approach to economic development was manifested in the First Five-Year Plan (1953–1957).

The key tasks highlighted in the Plan were:

* Concentrate efforts on the construction of 694 large and medium-sized industrial projects, including 156 with the aid of the Soviet Union<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://gbtimes.com/chinas-first-five-year-plan-achievement-at-the-expense-of-a-generation|title=China's First Five-Year Plan - achievement at the expen}}</ref>
* Lay out the primary foundations for China's socialist industrialization
*Develop agricultural producers’ cooperatives to help in the socialist transformation of the agriculture and handicraft industries
*Put capitalist industry and commerce on the track of state capitalism
*Facilitate the socialist transformation of private industry and commerce.

Accumulated investment in capital construction was 55 billion yuan and fixed asset increments reached 46.05 billion yuan, 1.9 times higher than at the end of 1952. About 595 large and medium-sized projects were completed and put into production, laying the framework of China's industrialization. The gross value of industrial products in 1957 increased 128.6% from 1952.

*Steel production in 1953 was 1.35 million metric tons. In 1957, Soviet Union-assisted Chinese production of steel had risen to 5.35 million metric tons.
*Coal production in 1957 reached 131 million tons, increasing 98% from 1952.
* Gross output value from industry and agriculture rose from 30% in 1949 to 56.5% in 1957, while that of heavy industry increased from 26.4% to 48.4%. In 1957, grain production reached 195 billion kilograms and cotton output 32.8 million dan (1 dan = 50 kilograms), both surpassing the targets set in the Plan.{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}}

The two major problems that arose during this period were the following: Agricultural production couldn't keep pace with industrial production. The Plan regarded gross industrial output value accounting for 70% of the gross output value of industry and agriculture and means of production accounting for 60% of the gross industrial output value as indicators of industrial modernization, which ignored the development agriculture in some sense.

In addition, investments in capital construction in 1956 totaled 14.735 billion yuan, increasing 70% over the previous year. Fiscal expenditure in the form of infrastructure loans rose to 48% from 30% from 1955, putting a strain on the national budget as a result.

As in the Soviet economy, the main objective was a high rate of economic growth, with primary emphasis on industrial development at the expense of agriculture and particular concentration on heavy industry and capital-intensive technology. Soviet planners helped their Chinese counterparts formulate the plan. Large numbers of Soviet engineers, technicians, and scientists assisted in developing and installing new heavy industrial facilities, including entire plants and pieces of equipment purchased from the Soviet Union.

Government control over industry was increased during this period by applying financial pressures and inducements to convince owners of private, modern firms to sell them to the state or convert them into joint public-private enterprises under state control. By 1956, approximately 67.5% of all modern industrial enterprises were state owned, and 32.5% were under joint public-private ownership, with no privately owned firms remaining. During the same period, the handicraft industries were organized into cooperatives, which accounted for 91.7% of all handicraft workers by 1956.

Agriculture also underwent extensive organizational changes. To facilitate the mobilization of agricultural resources, improve the efficiency of farming, and increase government access to agricultural products, the authorities encouraged farmers to organize cooperative farming, starting in 1953. Since traditional family farming practices were not sufficient to bankroll the country's ambitious industrialization projects, party officials encouraged families to pool their farms into small cooperatives in order to increase farm yields. Unlike the large scale collective farming policies which began in 1958, the cooperatives were successful and popular. Local parties representatives, such as Geng Xiufeng, largely met support from local farmers<ref>as detailed in the Ambrica Films documentary, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0m7YoNlkWzM ''China: A Century of Revolution'', part two, 1949–1976].</ref> By the end of 1955 almost 2/3, about 60%, of all Chinese farmers were engaged in cooperative farming. Farming families, who previously engaged largely in subsistence farming, now began raising and selling livestock based on the increase in grain surpluses, which was directly responsible for the practices popularity and rapid rate of enrollment. Central committee planning dictated that from the loosely structured, tiny mutual aid teams, villages were to advance first to lower-stage, agricultural producers' cooperatives, in which families still received some income on the basis of the amount of land they contributed, and eventually to advanced cooperatives, or collectives beginning in 1958 with the second Five Year Plan. In the agricultural producers' cooperatives, income shares were designed to be based only on the amount of labor contributed. In reality, small farming markets that revolved around cooperative surpluses, sprang up across the nation. The land reforms from 1949 to 1951 increased private land ownership, with typical results increasing land ownership of farmers from just under one acre to approximately three acres. The cooperative process, began in 1953, accelerated quickly, slowly from 1955 to 1956. By 1957 about 93.5% of all farm households had joined producers' cooperatives.

In terms of economic growth, the First Five-Year Plan was quite successful, especially in those areas emphasized by the Soviet-style development strategy. A solid foundation was created in heavy industry. Key industries, including iron and steel manufacturing, coal mining, cement production, electricity generation, and machine building were greatly expanded and were put on a firm, modern technological footing. Thousands of industrial and mining enterprises were constructed, including 156 major facilities. Industrial production increased at an average annual rate of 19% between 1952 and 1957, and national income grew at a rate of 9% a year.

Despite the lack of state investment in agriculture, agricultural output increased substantially, averaging increases of about 4% a year. This growth resulted primarily from gains in efficiency brought about by the reorganization and cooperation achieved through cooperative farming. As the First Five-Year Plan wore on, however, Chinese leaders became increasingly concerned over the relatively sluggish performance of agriculture and the inability of state trading companies to increase significantly the amount of grain procured from rural units for urban consumption, and for funding the many large urban industrialization projects.<ref>{{Web citation|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+cn0146)|title=China The First Five-Year Plan, 1953–57|publisher=Library of Congress|retrieved=12 May 2009}}</ref>

==Second Plan (1958–1962)==
This plan was created to accomplish several tasks, including:

*Expanding [[heavy industry]] in China.
*Furthering the cause of socialism by transferring more property to collective ownership.
*Encouraging the [[economic growth]] of China through [[Industrial sector|industry]], [[agriculture]], [[handicrafts]], [[transportation]] and [[commerce]].
*Cultivating cultural and scientific development of the Chinese people.
*Strengthening [[Defense (military)|national defense]] and improving [[living standards]] in China.

The Political Bureau of the CPC had determined that gross value of agricultural products should increase 270%; in fact, the gain was a considerably more modest 35%.<ref name="Second">{{Web citation|last=Pan|first=Letian|url=http://www.gov.cn/english/2006-04/05/content_245706.htm|title=The 2nd Five-Year Plan (1958–1962)|date=5 April 2006|access-date=12 May 2009|publisher=Official Web Portal, Government of China}}</ref> Nevertheless, the plan was successful in some respects. The country saw increases in capital construction over those observed during the first Five-Year Plan and also saw significant increases in industry (doubling output value) and income (workers and farmers, increase by as much as 30%).

However, the [[Great Leap Forward]], which diverted millions of agricultural workers into industry, and the [[great sparrow campaign]], which led to an infestation of locusts, as well as unprecedented natural and weather based issues, caused a huge decrease in food production. Simultaneously, rural officials, under huge pressure to meet their quotas, vastly overstated how much grain was available. Thus, a massive nationwide famine ensued.

==Third Plan (1966–1970)==
The Third Plan was originally due early in 1963, but at that time China's economy was too dislocated, as a result of the failure of the Great Leap Forward and four poor harvests to permit any planned operations.<ref>{{Citation|author=W. K.|year=1966|title=The China Quarterly|title-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3082101|chapter=China's Third Five-Year Plan|chapter-url=https://sci-hub.st/10.2307/3082101|page=171-175|pdf=https://sci-hub.ru/10.2307/3082101|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=25}}</ref> Research and study into the elements of this Plan started in early 1964. The Plan contained two comparatively detailed schemes: one was the Preliminary Tentative Plan of the 3rd Five-year Plan (1966–1970) proposed by the State Planning Commission and agreed by the Central Government Work Meeting in May 1964; the other was the Report Syllabus about the Arrangement of the 3rd Five-year Plan drawn out by the State Planning Commission and agreed by the central government in September 1965.{{citation needed|date=March 2011}}

The Tentative Plan set out the following basic tasks:<ref>{{Web citation|title=The 3rd Five-year Plan (1966-1970) -- china.org.cn|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/157608.htm|website=www.china.org.cn|publisher=China Internet Information Center|access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref>

# To spare no efforts to develop agriculture, solve widespread problems concerning people's food, clothing and other basic needs;
#To strengthen national defense, and endeavor to make breakthroughs in technology;
#In order to support agriculture and strengthen national defense, to enhance infrastructure, continue to improve production quality, increase production variety and quantity, to build an economy of self-reliance, and to develop transportation, commerce, culture, education and scientific research.

The Plan also called for the prioritization of national defense in the light of a possible big war, actively preparing for conflicts and speeding up construction in three key areas; national defense, science and technology, and industry and transport infrastructure.<ref name="third">{{Web citation|title=The 3rd Five-year Plan (1966–1970)|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/157608.htm|publisher=[[China Internet Information Center]]}}</ref>

The outputs of other newly added major products were 68.06 million tons of coal; 8.60 million kilowatts of electricity; 27.77 million tons of petroleum; 6.53 million tons of steels; 35.90 million tons of iron ore; 2.44 million tons of synthesized ammonia; 2.04 million tons of fertilizers; 15.33 million tons of cement; 187,000 tons of plastics; 3.22 million tons of cotton spindles; 12,300 tons of chemical fibers; 3,894 kilometers of newly constructed railways and 31,223 kilometers of newly constructed highways were put into operation; and handling capacity of the coastal harbors were over 11.91 million tons.{{citation needed|date=March 2011}}

This plan was more successful than anticipated, with the industrial and agricultural goals exceed by 14.1% and industrial gross output value goals by 21.1%. Agricultural gains also exceeded goals, but more moderately, with a 2.2% rise above expectations. According to the Official Portal of the Chinese Government, however, the focus on accumulation and rapid development in this and preceding plans were impediments to long-term economic development.{{citation needed|date=March 2011}}

==Fourth Plan (1971–1975) ==
A first draft of the Plan was developed and agreed upon in September 1970 at the 2nd Plenary Session of the 9th Communist Party Central Committee, which stipulated:<ref>http://www.china.org.cn/archive/2006-02/27/content_1157612.htm</ref>

* The average annual growth rate of gross output value of industry and agriculture reach 12.5%{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}
*130 billion yuan would be budgeted for infrastructure construction within five years{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}
*Expected industrial output would reach between 300 and 325 billion kilograms of grain, between 65 and 70 million piculs (3.9–4.2 billion kilograms) of cotton, between 35 and 40 million tons of steel, between 400 and 430 million tons of coal, between 200 and 220 billion kWh of electricity, and between 900 million and 1 billion tons of railway freight{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}

In July 1973, the State Planning Commission amended the draft, lowering some of the targets initially set. Steel output was reduced to between 32 and 35 million tons and later further reduced to 30 million tons. The national economy took a favorable turn in 1972 and 1973. By 1973, all major economic indices had been fulfilled or exceeded, making it the year with the fastest economic growth.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}

==Fifth Plan (1976–1980)==
The central government stipulated the 1976–1985 Ten Year Plan Outline of Developing National Economy (Draft) in 1975, which included the 5th Five-Year Plan.

In March 1978, the Ten Year Development Outline was amended because the original version in 1975 stipulated that by 1985, steel and petroleum outputs should reach 60 and 250 million tons respectively, and 120 large projects, including 10 steel production bases, nine non-ferrous metal bases, eight coal bases and 10 oil and gas fields, should be built. To achieve these goals, the government would invest 70 billion yuan in infrastructure construction, equaling total national investment over the previous 28 years. These were impossible targets and ran counter to economic development rules.

The Plan put forward suggestions to set up an independent and comparatively complete industrial system and national economic system from 1978 to 1980.

With the implementation of the Plan, considerable success was achieved. In 1977, the gross output value of industry and agriculture reached 505.5 billion yuan, 4.4% above-target and representing an increase of 10.4% compared with the previous year. Gross domestic product for 1978 reached 301 billion yuan, an increase of 12.3% compared with 1977, and an increase of 19.4% compared with 1976.

However, during this period, the Chinese economy developed too quickly, and the very high goals triggered the onset of yet another round of mistakes. In December 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Communist Party Central Committee shifted the work focus of the Communist Party to modernization. The Session emphasized that the development should follow economic rules and proposed readjustment and reform measures, which indicated that national economic development had entered a new phase, one of exploration and development. In April 1979, the central government formally put forward new principles of readjustment, reform, rectification and improvement.

'''Note:''' This Summary was prepared by the China Daily newspaper, owned directly by the Communist Party of China<ref>http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012npc/2011-02/23/content_14689645.htm</ref>

==Sixth Plan (1981–1985)==
This Plan took some time to draft. It was first planned as part of the "Ten Year National Economic Development Plan Outline for 1976–1985." In February 1980, the State Council decided to redraft the country's mid- and long-term plans. It convened a seminar to discuss the compilation of the 6th Five-Year Plan. To that end, the State Planning Commission and related departments also carried out extensive research and calculation work on the compilation of the Plan, and organized related experts to conduct scientific appraisals. The 1982 national planning meeting was again mainly focused on the drafting of the Plan. It was only in December that year that the fifth meeting of the Fifth National People's Congress officially ratified the Plan.

It was a more comprehensive plan compared to its predecessors since it adjusted and set national economic development onto a more stable and healthy track, with general objectives to:

*Keep pursuing the principle of "adjust, reform, rectify and improve"
*Further overcome the various challenges to economic development
*Achieve a decisive turn in the fiscal situation
*Lay a solid foundation for the advancement of national economic and social development under the next planning period.

Specific objectives included:

#To achieve an average annual growth rate of 5% for industrial and agricultural products.
#To keep the supply and quality of consumer products in line with the growth of social purchasing power and changes in consumption structure, and to keep market prices stable.
#To vigorously cut down material consumption, particularly that of energy, and keep production in line with the availability of resources.
#To encourage and implement enterprise technological updating, with energy saving as a priority, and to gather the capital necessary to strengthen the construction of key projects energy and communications in preparation for the 7th Five-Year Plan.
#To assemble the country's scientific and technological base for scientific and technological research and to promote the application of new technologies, and to strenuously develop education, science and culture to accelerate the construction of an ideological and material civilization.
#To strengthen the construction of the national defense industry, and enhance national defensive forces.
#To strengthen production and improve economic efficiency to increase the government's revenue, to gradually increase expenditure on economic and cultural construction and to secure a balance between fiscal revenue and expenditure and credit.
# To strenuously develop trade, make effective use of foreign capital and actively introduce advanced technology to meet domestic needs.
#To strictly control the growth of population, make proper employment arrangement for labor forces in the cities and towns, and continuously improve the material and cultural life of people both in cities and the rural areas based on the growth of production and productive efficiency.
#To strengthen [[environmental protection]] efforts.

The Plan was overall a great success:

*The national economy maintained a stable rate of growth. The average annual growth rate for industrial and agricultural products was 11%. The gross national product in 1985 reached 778 billion yuan ($113 billion), signifying an average annual growth of 10% after inflation since 1980.
*Production volume of key products rose dramatically. Compared with 1980, 1985 saw a growth of 26.1% for steel, 37.1% for coal, 35.8% for electricity, 17.9% for crude oil, 92.8% for cotton and 21.4% for grain.
*Progress was achieved in infrastructure construction and technological updating. Total investment in fixed assets for publicly owned enterprises reached 530 billion yuan. 496 middle and large projects were constructed and started, and another 200,000 projects were transformed and updated.
*The fiscal situation improved gradually year by year. Fiscal revenue grew by an average of 15.9 billion yuan every year, which represented an annual growth of 12% thereby realizing a balance between fiscal revenue and expenditure.
*China's foreign trade transactions and technological exchange entered a new phase. On the world export volume ranking, China rose from No. 28 in 1980 to No .10 in 1984.

Alternatively, several negative results included a disproportionately high fixed asset ratio, rapid growth in consumption and fiscal over-supply. All of this negatively impacted the economy's stability and growth.

'''Note:''' This Summary was prepared by the China Daily newspaper, owned directly by the Communist Party of China<ref>http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012npc/2011-02/23/content_14689649.htm</ref>

==Seventh Plan (1986–1990)==
In March 1986, the State Council submitted "The 7th Five Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China, 1986–1990" to the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People's Congress for review and ratification. It was the first time in China's history that an all-round plan for social and economic development was created at the start of a new five-year plan.

The fundamental principles and guidelines of the 7th Five Year Plan were:

#To put reform at the top of the agenda and coordinate economic development with reform.
#To maintain a basic balance between overall social demand and supply, between the national budget, credit and materials.
#To improve economic efficiency, especially that of product quality; to properly handle the relations between efficiency and growth rate, and quality and quantity.
# To adapt to the changing structure of social demand and the demands of economic modernization, and to further adjust the industrial structure.
#To regulate fixed asset investments, readjust the investment structure, and speed up the construction of the energy, communications, telecommunications and raw materials industries.
#To shift the construction focus to the technical updating, reforming and extending of existing enterprises.
#To further the development of science and education.
#To further open up to the outside world, combining domestic economic growth with expanding external economic and technologic exchanges.
#To further improve the material and cultural life of all Chinese people.
#To strenuously boost the construction of a socialist ideological civilization along with the construction of a material civilization.
# To carry on in the spirit of arduous struggle, hard work and thrift.

Specific goals of economic development set out in the Plan were:

*To increase gross national industrial and agricultural output by 38% within five years, or by an average annual rate of 6.7%, gross agricultural output by 4% a year, and gross industrial output by 7.5%.
*To increase gross national output by 44% within five years, or by an average annual rate of 7.5%.
* Production goals for major industrial and agricultural products by 1990 were: between 425 and 450 billion tons for grain, 4.25 million tons for cotton, 550 billion kWh for electricity, 1 billion tons for raw coal, 150 million tons for crude oil, and between 55 and 58 million tons for steel. Freight volume was set at 9.4 billion tons.
*Investment in fixed assets was set at 1,296 billion yuan, with fixed assets projected to grow by 600 billion yuan.
*To increase total import and export volumes by 35% within the five years, while expanding the scale of foreign investment and advanced technology. Further, goals were set to increase the actual consumption of both urban and rural residents by 5% a year, and at the same time keeping the basic balance between the national budget, credit, material and foreign exchange.
* In the field of education, to gradually popularize and implement the nine-year compulsory education scheme, and train five million professionals, twice that during the previous planning period.

'''Note:''' This Summary was prepared by the China Daily newspaper, owned directly by the Communist Party of China<ref>http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012npc/2011-02/23/content_14689653.htm</ref>

==Eighth Plan (1991–1995)==
In March 1991, the fourth session of the Seventh National People's Congress (NPC) approved the State Council's Report entitled "The Ten-year Layout for National Economy and Social Development and 8th Five-Year Plan". Under Deng Xiaoping's leadership, this Plan marked the start of a new phase in China's development.

The national economy maintained its growth momentum during this time. Gross national product in 1995 reached 5.76 trillion yuan ($730 billion), 4.3 times higher than that in 1980.

Outputs of coal, cement, TV, foodstuff, cotton and cotton dresses were the highest in the world, with steel and chemical fiber outputs second, and electricity supply third.

China's economy experienced an annual growth of 11%, 4 percentage points higher than that during the 7th Five-Year planning period.

Total investment in fixed assets during this time hit 3.89 trillion yuan, with an annual growth rate of 17.9%, 13.6 percentage points higher than the previous planning period. Of these, state-owned units’ investments saw an annual growth of 22.9%, much higher than the average growth of 4.1% previously.

845 large and medium-sized infrastructure projects were completed and put into production, as were 374 technical innovation projects. In terms of transportation infrastructure, 5,800 kilometers of trunk railway, 3,400 kilometers of double-track lines, and 2,600 kilometers of electrified railway were built. Road lengths were increased by 105,000 kilometers, including 1,600 kilometers of highway.

The throughput of ports increased by 138 million tons and 12 new airports were built. 100,000 kilometers of long-distance trunk cable were finished, and the number of telephone switchboards increased to 58.95 million sets. Total installed generation capacity was increased to 75 million kilowatts, and annual electricity supply grew by 9%.

Output value of the primary industry increased at an annual growth rate of 4.1%, the secondary industry at a rate of 17.3%, and the tertiary industry at a rate of 9.5%. Output composition of the three sectors stood at 20.3: 47.7:32.0; it was 28.4:43.1:28.5 at the end of the 6th, and 27.1:41.6:31.3 at the end of the 7th Five-Year Program periods respectively.

Significant achievements were also made in the reform of the economic system. The new financial system with tax decentralization at its core, and the new tax system with value-added tax as its main component, were set up. Policy finance and commercial finance were gradually separated. A macro regulating system emerged, and the market started to play a more major role in resource allocation. Also mapped out were the beginnings of a dominant public sector.

More than 1,100 cities at county level were opened to the outside world, and 13 bonded zones and other a lot of economic development zones were set up.

Foreign trade developed at an astonishing pace with total trade volume reaching US$1.0145 trillion, at an annual growth rate of 19.5%, higher than the 12.8% and 10.6% growth rates during the 6th and 7th Five-Year periods respectively. The value of annual export volume was 100 billion yuan, accounting for 3% of the world's commodity trade.

By import and export trade volume, China ranked 11th in the world in 1995.

Foreign exchange reserves reached US$73.6 billion, 5.6 times higher than that at the end of the 7th Five-Year period.

Major improvements were also made to people's lives. Per capita income was 1,578 yuan in 1995 ($230). Retail sales reached 6.7275 trillion yuan, representing an annual growth rate of 10.6% as compared to 3.3% during the 7th Five-Year period. Savings deposit balances in urban and rural areas reached 3 trillion yuan, 2 trillion higher than at the end of the previous planning period.

Per capita floor space of newly built houses in urban and rural areas reached 4.3 billion square meters. At the end of 1994, rural residents' per capita living space was 20.5 square meters, and 7.7 square meters for urban residents.

China registered an increase of 50 million in terms of social labor forces, including 37.4 million in the urban areas. The population of the extreme poor decreased from 85 million at the end of the 1980s to 65 million in 1995.

Population control was achieved during this period, with growth rates dropping from 14.4% in 1990 to 10.6% in 1995. Rates of radio and TV population coverage reached 78.7% and 84.8% respectively, 4 and 5% respectively higher than in 1990.

==Ninth Plan (1996–2000)==
The Fifth Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee adopted the Proposal on the Ninth Five-Year Plan on National Economy and Social Development and Long-Range Objectives to the Year 2010 on 28 September 1995. It was the first medium-length plan made under a socialist market economy, and a cross-century development strategy.

The basic tasks stipulated in the Plan were to complete the second phase in the modernization drive; to cap population growth at 300 million by 2000; to quadruple per capita GNP as compared to 1980; to eliminate poverty; and to speed up the establishment of a modern enterprise system.

Long-range objectives to the year 2010 were to double 2000's GNP; and to continue to build the socialist market economic system.

==Tenth Plan (2001–2005)==
The basic tasks set out in the 10th Plan were:

#Achieve an average annual economic growth rate of about 7%.
#Achieve a GDP of 12,500 billion yuan by 2005, calculated at 2000 prices, and per capita GDP of 9,400 yuan.
#Increase the number of urban employees and the number of surplus rural laborers transferred to the cities to 40 million each, thereby controlling registered urban unemployment rates at about 5%.
#Keep prices stable, and to maintain the balance between international revenue and expenditure.
#Optimize and upgrade the industrial structure, and strengthen China's international competitiveness.
#Achieve growth for the primary, secondary and tertiary industries at the rates of 13, 51 and 36% respectively of GDP, with those employed by these industries accounting for 44, 23 and 33% of the total number of employees in the country.
#Improve the national economy and social IT levels.
#Kick-start the operations of more infrastructure facilities.
#Bring the development disparity between regions under effective control, and raise levels of urbanization.
#Raise research and development funding to more than 1.5% of GDP, and strengthen sci-tech innovation capabilities, thereby speeding up technological progress.
#Increase gross enrollment rates in junior high schools, senior high schools and higher education institutions to over 90%, 60% and 15% respectively.
#Reduce natural population growth rate to less than nine per thousand, and capping population at no more than 1.33 billion by 2005.

On the environmental front, to increase forest coverage to 18.2%, and the urban green rate to 35%. The total amount of major urban and rural pollutants discharged will be reduced by 10% as compared with 2000, and more measures would be taken to protect and save natural resources.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=People Daily|date=31 January 2002|author=Han Rongliang|title=China to Invest 700 Billion-yuan for Improving Urban & Rural Environment|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200201/31/eng20020131_89701.shtml|retrieved=15 March 2011}}</ref>

The Plan also set out to increase the growth rates of disposable income of urban residents and the net income of rural residents to five procent each. In addition, objectives were set to increase housing floor space per urban resident to 22 sq m by 2005, and to install 40% of all households in China with cable TV.

Another key objective was to improve medical and health services in both urban and rural areas.

==Eleventh Plan (2006–2010)==
According to draft guidelines submitted to the 2006 National People's Congress session, the goals of the Eleventh Five-Year Guideline were:

'''Economic growth:'''

#GDP up 7.5% annually from 18.2 trillion yuan in 2005 to 26.1 trillion yuan in 2010;
#Per capita GDP up 6.6% annually from 13,985 yuan in 2005 to 19,270 yuan in 2010.

'''Economic structure:'''

#Share of service industry's value added to GDP up from 40.3% in 2005 to 43.3% in 2010;
#Share of employment in service industry up from 31.3% to 35.3% in 2010;
#Share of research and development (R&D) spending out of total GDP up from 1.3% in 2005 to 2% in 2010;
#Urbanization rate up from 43% in 2005 to 47% in 2010.

'''Population, resources, environment:'''

#Population up from 1.30756 billion in 2005 to 1.36000 billion in 2010;
#Energy consumption per unit of GDP down 20% in five years;
#Water consumption per unit of industrial added value down 30% in five years;
#Coefficient of effective use of water for irrigation up from 0.45% in 2005 to 0.5% in 2010;
#Rate of comprehensive use of solid industrial waste up from 55.8% in 2005 to 60% in 2010;
#Total acreage of cultivated land down from 122 million hectares in 2005 to 120 million in 2010;
# Total discharge of major pollutants down 10% in five years;
#Forest coverage up from 18.2% in 2005 to 20% in 2010.

'''Public service, people's life:'''

#Term of education per capita up from 8.5 years in 2005 to nine years in 2010;
#Coverage of urban basic old-age pension up from 174 million people in 2005 to 223 million people in 2010;
#Coverage of the new rural cooperative medical care system up from 23.5% in 2005 to over 80% in 2010;
#New jobs created for urban residents reaching 45 million in five years;
#Number of rural laborers transferred to non-agriculture sectors reaching 45 million in five years;
#Urban registered unemployment rate up from 4.2% in 2005 to 5% in 2010;
# Per capita disposable income of urban residents up 5% annually in five years, from 10,493 yuan in 2005 to 13,390 yuan in 2010;
#Per capita net income of rural residents up 5% annually in five years, from 3,255 yuan in 2005 to 4,150 yuan in 2010.

==Twelfth Plan (2011–2015)==
The Twelfth Five-Year Guideline was debated in mid-October 2010 at the [[2011 National People's Congress|fifth plenary session]] of the [[17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China]] (CPC), the same session in which [[Xi Jinping]] was selected as Vice Chairman of the [[Central Military Commission (People's Republic of China)|Central Military Commission]]. A full proposal for the plan was released following the plenum and approved by the [[National People's Congress]] on 14 March 2011, with the goals of addressing rising inequality and creating an environment for more sustainable growth by prioritizing more equitable wealth distribution, increased domestic consumption, and improved social infrastructure and social safety nets.<ref name="Xinhua">{{Web citation|title=CPC sets targets for 12th Five-Year Program|publisher=Xinhua|date=27 October 2010|url=http://www.china.org.cn/china/2010-10/27/content_21214648.htm|retrieved=22 December 2010}}</ref>

The plan is representative of China's efforts to rebalance its economy, shifting emphasis from investment towards consumption and development from urban and coastal areas toward rural and inland areas – initially by developing small cities and greenfield districts to absorb coastal migration. The plan also continues to advocate objectives set out in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan to enhance environmental protection, accelerate the process of opening and reform, and emphasize [[Hong Kong]]'s role as a center of international finance.<ref name="Xinhua" /><ref>{{Web citation|title=China's 12th Five-Year Plan signifies a new phase in growth|publisher=Xinhua|date=27 October 2010|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2010-10/27/content_11463985.htm|retrieved=22 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|publisher=CNTV|editor=Zhang Jingya|title=China unveils 12th Five-Year Plan|date=28 October 2010|url=http://english.cntv.cn/program/china24/20101028/100670.shtml|retrieved=22 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101103414/http://english.cntv.cn/program/china24/20101028/100670.shtml|archive-date=1 November 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|title=China to further strengthen HK's role in 12th Five-Year Plan|author=Amy Wong|date=21 December 2010|publisher=International Business Times|url=http://hken.ibtimes.com/articles/93862/20101220/china-hk-five-year-plan.htm|retrieved=22 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223121225/http://hken.ibtimes.com/articles/93862/20101220/china-hk-five-year-plan.htm|archive-date=23 December 2010}}</ref>

The targets for the Twelfth Five-Year Guideline in 2011 were to grow of GDP by around 8%, 7% annual growth of per capita income, spend 2.2% of GDP on research and development by 2015, bring the population below 1.39 billion by 2015, readjust income distribution to stop the yawning gap, firmly curb excessive rise of housing prices, implement prudent [[Monetary policies|monetary policy]], intensify anti-corruption efforts, accelerate economic restructuring, and deal with the complex situations in development in 2011.<ref>{{Web citation|title=China's Wen delivers key targets of its development|author=Gang Phan|date=5 March 2011|publisher=International Business Times|url=http://hken.ibtimes.com/articles/119137/20110305/china-delivers-key-targets-the-12th-five-year-pan.htm|retrieved=5 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319162823/http://hken.ibtimes.com/articles/119137/20110305/china-delivers-key-targets-the-12th-five-year-pan.htm|archive-date=19 March 2011}}</ref>

Among the other highlights of draft plan distributed to the media prior to the opening of the Fourth Session of the 11th NPC are:

*Urbanization rate reaching 51.5%
*Value-added output of emerging strategic industries accounting for 8% of GDP
*Inviting of foreign investment in modern agriculture, high-tech, and environment protection industries
*Moving coastal regions from being the "world's factory" to hubs of research and development, high-end manufacturing, and the service sector
*More efficient development of nuclear power under the precondition of ensured safety
*Increased momentum for large-scale hydropower plants in southwest China
*Length of high-speed railways reaching 45,000 km
*Length of highway networks reaching 83,000 km
*A [[Beijing Daxing International Airport|new airport]] being built in Beijing
* 36 million new affordable apartments for low-income people

==Thirteenth Plan (2016–2020)==

===Focus areas===

*Innovation: Move up in the value chain by abandoning old heavy industry and building up bases of modern information-intensive infrastructure
*Achieve significant results in innovation-driven development
*Balancing: Bridge the welfare gaps between countryside and cities by distributing and managing resources more efficiently
*Greening: Develop environmental technology industry, as well as ecological living and ecological culture.
*Achieve an overall improvement in the quality of the environment and ecosystems
*Opening up: Deeper participation in supranational power structures, more international co-operation
*Sharing: Encourage people of China to share the fruits of economic growth, so to bridge the existing welfare gaps
* Healthcare: Implement universal healthcare proposed in 2020 Health Action Plan.
*Moderately prosperous society: Finish building a [[moderately prosperous society]] in all respects

===Policies===

*"Everyone is an entrepreneur, creativity of the masses"
*"[[Made in China 2025]]" (中国制造2025)
** Initiative to comprehensively upgrade Chinese industry and to obtain a bigger part of the global production chains.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Scott Kennedy|title=Made in China 2025|url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/made-china-2025|website=Center for Strategic and International studies}}</ref>
**Aims to address four worrying trends in current situation:
**#(Nationally) vital technologies lack a (domestic) core platform
**#Chinese industrial products are perceived internationally as inferior quality
**#Domestic industrial competition is fierce due to overly homogeneous structure
**#Poor conversion of academic research results to practical application
*"Economy needs a Rule of Law" (建构法制经济)
*"National defense reform"
**Organisational reform of the [[People's Liberation Army|army]], slashing number of highest generals, as well as concentrating branches' functions, moving some under Defence Ministry
*"New national [[Urbanization in China|Urbanization]]" (国家新型城镇化)
*"Reformed [[one-child policy]]"
**Now called "[[two-child policy]]"<ref>{{Web citation|url=http://www.china-un.org/eng/zt/China123456/|title=China's 13th Five-Year Plan|website=www.china-un.org|retrieved=25 February 2019}}</ref>

==Fourteenth plan (2021–2025)==
The 14th Five-Year Plan was drafted during the fifth plenum of the 19th Central Committee held from 26 to 29 October 2020.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Shannon Tiezzi|title=China's Fifth Plenum: What You Need to Know|url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/10/chinas-fifth-plenum-what-you-need-to-know-2/|retrieved=30 November 2020|newspaper=The Diplomat|date=29 October 2020}}</ref> Han Wenxiu, the deputy director of the Office of the Central Finance and Economic Commission, said Xi Jinping had personally led the drafting process through multiple meetings of the Politburo, its standing committee, and the drafting panel that he headed.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Orange Wang, William Zheng, Jun Mai, Echo Xie|title=Five-year plan: China moves to technology self-sufficiency|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3107709/five-year-plan-china-officials-flesh-out-details-plenum|retrieved=30 November 2020|newspaper=South China Morning Post|date=30 October 2020|language=en}}</ref>

The plan was drafted against the backdrop of worsening [[China–United States relations]] and the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], which caused China's economy to shrink for the first time in 44 years.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Thomas Hale, Xinning Liu, Yuan Yang|title=China's economy shrinks for first time in four decades|url=https://www.ft.com/content/8f941520-67ad-471a-815a-d6ba649d22ed|retrieved=30 November 2020|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|date=17 April 2020}}</ref> The plan includes:

===Economy===
Broadly outlined in late October 2020, the new plan aims at China becoming a "moderately developed" economy by 2035 with a per capita GDP of about US$30,000, nearly three times the 2020 level. It anticipates future growth as largely based on domestic consumption of goods and services, and aims to reduce disparities between urban and rural living standards. The plan includes the "peaceful development" of relations with [[Taiwan]], considered "a rebel province and part of Chinese territory."<ref name="aljazeera-20201030">{{Web citation|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/10/30/five-questions-about-chinas-latest-five-year-plan|title=Five questions about China's latest five-year plan|author=Azhar Sukri|newspaper=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=30 October 2020|retrieved=30 October 2020}}</ref> The [[Government of China]] also wishes to expand its role in the economy by implementing market restrictions, furthering the implementation of the [[Belt and Road Initiative]]. <ref>{{Citation |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11684|title=China’s 14th Five-Year Plan: A First Look|date=12 November 2020|publisher=Congressional Research Service|retrieved=30 December 2020}}</ref>

*Dual Circulation and Secure Supply Chains: Given growing [[China–United States trade war|trade tensions]] between the [[United States]] and [[China]], Chinese businesses have pressured [[Government of China]] to move production out of Chinese Territory. '[[Dual circulation]],' unveiled by [[Xi Jinping]], is a proposed solution to these trade tensions. The dual circulation model plans to transfer the Chinese economy to a reliance on “internal circulation,” the Chinese domestic production cycle, as well as “external circulation,” the foreign production cycle. <ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/china-economy-transformation-explainer/what-we-know-about-chinas-dual-circulation-economic-strategy-idUSKBN2600B5|title=What we know about China's 'dual circulation' economic strategy|author=Kevin Yao|date=15 September 2020|newspaper=Reuters|retrieved=30 December 2020}}</ref>

===Environment===
Economists expect the plan's target growth rate for the period to exceed five percent annually. The 2021-2025 plan is anticipated to have aggressive goals on sustainable energy in order to reach China's announced goals of [[carbon neutrality]] by no later than 2060.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Steven Lee Myers|date=25 September 2020|title=China’s Pledge to Be Carbon Neutral by 2060: What It Means|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/23/world/asia/china-climate-change.html|retrieved=12 October 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |title=The 14th Five Year Plan: what ideas are on the table?|url=https://chinadialogue.net/en/climate/11434-the-14th-five-year-plan-what-ideas-are-on-the-table/|retrieved=12 October 2020|newspaper=China Dialogue|language=en}}</ref>

*New Energy Technologies: [[Xi Jinping|President Xi]] Has announced that new energy technologies such as car batteries from state-owned enterprises will make it so that half of the vehicles in China be electric or fuel-cell powered, and half hybrid by 2035. <ref>https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11684</ref>

===Energy===
Recommendations regarding the development of up to 60 gigawatts hydropower capacity on the [[Yarlung Tsangpo|Yarlung Tsangbo]].<ref>{{Web citation |date=30 November 2020|title=China eyes 60 GW of hydropower on Tibet's Brahmaputra river - state media|language=en|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/china-hydropower-idINKBN28A11S|retrieved=11 December 2020}}</ref>

== References==
<references />
[[Category:Pages needing references]]
[[Category:Five-year plans]]

Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union

2023-02-06T05:57:49Z

Unpraxist: Added page to "ideological deviations" category. Anti-communist misinformation present in famine discussion

{{Message box/ideologicaldeviation|date=January 2023}}

The '''five-year plans for the development of the national economy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)''' (Russian: Пятиле́тние пла́ны разви́тия наро́дного хозя́йства СССР, ''Pjatiletnije plany razvitiya narodnogo khozyaystva SSSR'') consisted of a series of nationwide [[Centralized planning|centralized]] [[Economic planning|economic plans]] in the [[Soviet Union]], beginning in the late 1920s.

The Soviet state planning committee [[Gosplan]] developed these plans based on the [[theory of the productive forces]] that formed part of the [[Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|ideology]] of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] for [[Economic development|development]] of the [[Economy of the Soviet Union|Soviet economy]].

Most other [[Communist state|communist states]], including the [[Five-year plans of China|People's Republic of China]], adopted a similar method of planning.

==Background==
[[Joseph Stalin]] inherited and upheld the [[New Economic Policy]] (NEP) from [[Vladimir Lenin]]. In 1921, Lenin had persuaded the 10th Party Congress to approve the NEP as a replacement for the [[War Communism]] that had been set up during the [[Russian Civil War]].

Under War Communism, the state had assumed control of all means of production, exchange and communication. All land had been declared nationalized by the [[Decree on Land]], finalized in the [[1922 Land Code]], which also set [[collectivization]] as the long-term goal. Although the peasants had been allowed to work the land they held, the production surplus was bought by the state (on the state's terms), the peasants cut production; whereupon food was requisitioned. Money gradually came to be replaced by [[barter]] and a system of coupons.

When the war ended, the NEP took over from War Communism. During this time, the state had controlled all large enterprises (i.e. factories, mines, railways) as well as enterprises of medium size, but small [[Private enterprise|private enterprises]], employing fewer than 20 people, were allowed. The requisitioning of farm produce was replaced by a tax system (a fixed proportion of the crop), and the peasants were free to sell their surplus (at a state-regulated price) - although they were encouraged to join state farms ([[Sovkhozes]], set up on land expropriated from nobles after the [[Russian Revolution|1917 revolution]]), in which they worked for a fixed wage like workers in a factory. Money came back into use, with new bank notes being issued and backed by gold.

The NEP had been Lenin's response to a crisis. In 1920, industrial production had been 13% and agricultural production 20% of the 1913 figures. Between February 21 and March 17, 1921, the sailors in [[Kronstadt rebellion|Kronstadt had mutinied]]. In addition, the Russian Civil War, which had been the main reason for the introduction of War Communism, had virtually been won; and so controls could be relaxed.

In the 1920s, there was a great debate between Bukharin, Tomsky and Rykov on the [[Right Opposition|one hand]], and [[Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]], Zinoviev and Kamenev on [[Left Opposition|the other]]. The former group considered that the NEP provided sufficient state control of the economy and sufficiently rapid development, while the latter argued in favour of more rapid development and greater state control, taking the view, among other things, that profits should be shared among all people, and not just among a privileged few. In 1925, at the 14th Party Congress, Stalin, as he usually did in the early days, stayed in the background but sided with the Bukharin group. However, later, in 1927, he changed sides, supporting those in favour of a [[Great Break (USSR)|new course]], with greater state control.

==Plans ==
Each five-year plan dealt with all aspects of development: [[capital goods]] (those used to produce other goods, like factories and machinery), [[consumer goods]] (e.g. chairs, carpets, and irons), agriculture, transportation, communications, health, education, and welfare. However, the emphasis varied from plan to plan, although generally the emphasis was on power (electricity), capital goods, and agriculture. There were base and optimum targets. Efforts were made, especially in the third plan, to move industry eastward to make it safer from attack during [[World War II]]. Soviet planners declared a need for "constant struggle, struggle, and struggle" to achieve a Communist society. These five-year plans outlined programs for huge increases in the output of industrial goods. Stalin warned that without an end to economic backwardness "the advanced countries...will crush us."<ref>{{Citation |author=Lynn Hunt|title=The Making of the West, Volume II: Since 1500: Peoples And Cultures|year=2010|publisher=MacMillan|page=845}}</ref>

===First plan, 1928–1932===
From 1928 to 1940, the number of Soviet workers in industry, construction, and transport grew from 4.6 million to 12.6 million and factory output soared.<ref>Lynn Hunt et al., ''The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures: A Concise History (Since 1340)'', 3rd ed., vol. 2 (Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2010), 831–832.</ref> Stalin's first five-year plan helped make the USSR a leading industrial nation.

During this period, the first [[purges]] were initiated targeting many people working for [[Gosplan]]. These included [[Vladimir Bazarov]], the [[1931 Menshevik Trial]] (centered around [[Vladimir Groman]]).

Stalin announced the start of the first five-year plan for industrialization on October 1, 1928, and it lasted until December 31, 1932. Stalin described it as a new revolution from above.<ref>{{Citation |title=Russia A 1,000-Year Chronicle of the Wild East.|author=Martin Sixsmith|publisher=The Overlook Press|year=2014|location=New York}}</ref> When this plan began, the USSR was fifth in industrialization, and with the first five-year plan moved up to second, with only the United States in first.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=A History of Russia|author=Nicholas V. Riasanovsky|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|isbn=9780195341973|location=New York}}</ref>

This plan met industrial targets in less time than originally predicted. The production goals were increased by a reported 50% during the initial deliberation of industrial targets.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator|author=Oleg V Khlevniuk|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2015|location=London}}</ref> Much of the emphasis was placed on heavy industry. Approximately 86% of all industrial investments during this time went directly to heavy industry. Officially, the first five-year plan for industry was fulfilled to the extent of 93.7% in just four years and three months.<ref name=":0" /> The means of production in regards to heavy industry exceeded the quota, registering 103.4%. The light, or consumer goods, industry reached up to 84.9% of its assigned quota.<ref name=":0" /> However, there is some speculation regarding the legitimacy of these numbers as the nature of Soviet statistics are notoriously misleading or exaggerated. Another issue was that quality was sacrificed in order to achieve quantity, and production results generated wildly varied items. Consequently, rationing was implemented to solve chronic food and supply shortages.<ref name=":0" />

[[Propaganda]] used before, during and after the first five-year plan compared industry to battle. This was highly successful. They used terms such as "fronts," "campaigns," and "breakthroughs," while at the same time workers were forced to work harder than ever before and were organized into "shock troops," and those who rebelled or failed to keep up with their work were treated as traitors.<ref name=":0" /> The posters and flyers used to promote and advertise the plan were also reminiscent of wartime propaganda. A popular military metaphor emerged from the economic success of the first five-year plan: "There are no fortresses [[Bolsheviks]] cannot storm." Stalin especially liked this.<ref name=":0" />

The first five-year plan was not just about economics. This plan was a revolution that intended to transform all aspects of society. The way of life for the majority of the people changed drastically during this revolutionary time. The plan was also referred to as the "[[Great Turn]]".<ref name=":0" /> Individual peasant farming gave way to a more efficient system of collective farming. Peasant property and entire villages were incorporated into the state economy which had its own market forces.<ref name=":1" />

There was, however, a strong resistance to this at first. The peasants led an all-out attack to protect individual farming; however, Stalin rightly did not see the peasants as a threat. Despite being the largest segment of the population they had no real strength, and thus could pose no serious threat to the state. By the time this was done, the collectivization plan resembled a very bloody military campaign against the peasant's traditional lifestyle.<ref name=":1" /> This social transformation along with the incredible economic boom occurred at the same time that the entire Soviet system, developed its definitive form in the decade of 1930.<ref name=":0" />

Many scholars believe that a few other important factors, such as [[Soviet foreign policy|foreign policy]] and internal security, went into the execution of the five-year plan. While ideology and economics were a major part, preparation for the upcoming war also affected all of the major parts of the five-year plan. The war effort really picked up in 1933 when [[Adolf Hitler]] came to power in Germany. The stress this caused on internal security and control in the five-year plan is difficult to document.<ref name=":0" />

While most of the figures were overstated, Stalin was able to announce truthfully that the plan had been achieved ahead of schedule, however the many investments made to the west were excluded. While many factories were built and industrial production did increase exponentially, they were not close to reaching their target numbers.<ref name=":1" />

While there was great success, there were also many problems with not just the plan itself, but how quickly it was completed. Its approach to [[Industrialization in the Soviet Union|industrialization]] was very inefficient and extreme amounts of resources were put into construction that, in many cases, was never completed. These resources were also put into equipment that was never used, or not even needed in the first place.<ref name=":1" /> Many of the consumer goods produced during this time were of such low quality that they could never be used and were wasted.

A major event during the first Five Year-Plan was the [[Soviet famine of 1932–33|famine of 1932–33]]. The famine peaked during the winter claiming the lives of an estimated 3.3 to 7 million people, while millions more were permanently disabled.<ref name=":1" /> The famine was the direct result of the industrialization and collectivization implemented by the first Five Year-Plan.<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/111famine.html|title=Famine|website=history.hanover.edu|retrieved=2019-01-15}}</ref> Many of the peasants who were suffering from the famine began to sabotage the fulfilment of their obligations to the state and would, as often as they could, stash away stores of food. Although Stalin was aware of this, he placed the blame of the hostility onto the peasants, saying that they had declared war against the Soviet government.<ref name=":1" />

===Second plan, 1933–1937===
Because of the successes made by the first plan, Stalin did not hesitate with going ahead with the second five-year plan in 1932, although the official start-date for the plan was 1933. The second five-year plan gave heavy industry top priority, putting the Soviet Union not far behind [[Germany]] as one of the major steel-producing countries of the world. Further improvements were made in communications, especially railways, which became faster and more reliable. As was the case with the other five-year plans, the second was not as successful, failing to reach the recommended production levels in such areas as the coal and oil industries. The second plan employed incentives as well as punishments and the targets were eased as a reward for the first plan being finished ahead of schedule in only four years. With the introduction of childcare, mothers were encouraged to work to aid in the plan's success. By 1937 the [[tolkachi]] emerged occupying a key position mediating between the enterprises and the commissariat.<ref name="Beissinger">{{Citation |author=Mark R. Beissinger|title=Scientific management, socialist discipline, and Soviet power|year=1988|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=0674794907|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/scientificmanage0000beis}}</ref>

This five-year plan from 1932 to 1937 also included the liquidation of [[houses of worship]], with the goals of closing churches between 1932–1933 and the elimination of clergy by 1935–1936.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=news&div=9360|title="Atheistic five-year plan" was announced in the USSR 80 years ago|date=15 May 2012|newspaper=[[Interfax]]|language=en|retrieved=3 September 2017}}</ref>

===Third plan, 1938–1941 ===
The third five-year plan ran for only 3½ years, up to June 1941, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union during the [[Second World War]]. As war approached, more resources were put into developing armaments, tanks and weapons, as well as constructing additional military factories east of the [[Ural mountains]].

The first two years of the third five-year plan proved to be even more of a disappointment in terms of proclaimed production goals. Still, a reported 12% to 13% rate of annual industrial growth was attained in the Soviet Union during the 1930s. The plan had intended to focus on consumer goods. The Soviet Union mainly contributed resources to the development of weapons, and constructed additional military factories as needed. By 1952, industrial production was nearly double the 1941 level ("Five-Year Plans"). Stalin's Five-Year Plans helped transform the Soviet Union from an untrained society of peasants to an advanced industrial economy.

===Fourth and fifth plans, 1945–1955===
Stalin in 1945 promised that the USSR would be the leading industrial power by 1960.

The USSR at this stage had been devastated by the war. Officially, 98,000 collective farms had been ransacked and ruined, with the loss of 137,000 tractors, 49,000 combine harvesters, 7 million horses, 17 million cattle, 20 million pigs, 27 million sheep; 25% of all capital equipment had been destroyed in 35,000 plants and factories; 6 million buildings, including 40,000 hospitals, in 70,666 villages and 4,710 towns (40% urban housing) were destroyed, leaving 25 million homeless; about 40% of railway tracks had been destroyed; officially 7.5 million servicemen died, plus 6 million civilians, but perhaps 20 million in all died. In 1945, mining and metallurgy were at 40% of the 1940 levels, electric power was down to 52%, pig-iron 26% and steel 45%; food production was 60% of the 1940 level. After Poland, the USSR had been the hardest hit by the war. Reconstruction was impeded by a chronic labor shortage due to the enormous number of Soviet casualties in the war (between 20 and 30 million). Moreover, 1946 was the driest year since 1891, and the harvest was poor.

The USA and USSR were unable to agree on the terms of a US loan to aid reconstruction, and this was a contributing factor in the rapid escalation of the [[Cold War]]. However, the USSR did gain reparations from Germany, and made Eastern European countries make payments in return for the Soviets having liberated them from the [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazis]]. In 1949, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ([[Comecon]]) was set up, linking the [[Warsaw Pact|Eastern bloc]] countries economically. One-third of the fourth plan's capital expenditure was spent on Ukraine, which was important agriculturally and industrially, and which had been one of the areas most devastated by war.

===Sixth plan, 1956–1958 ===
The Sixth Five-Year Plan was launched in 1956 during a period of dual leadership under [[Nikita Khrushchev]] and [[Nikolai Bulganin]], but it was abandoned after two years due to over-optimistic targets.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tsarist and Communist Russia 1855-1964 |author=Sally Waller|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-835467-3|location=Oxford|pages=211}}</ref>

===Seventh plan, 1959–1965===
Unlike other planning periods, 1959 saw the announcement of a seven-year plan (''semiletka''), approved by the [[21st Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] in 1959. This was merged into a Seventh Five-Year Plan in 1961, which was launched with the slogan "catch up and overtake the USA by 1970." The plan saw a slight shift away from heavy industry into chemicals, consumer goods, and natural resources.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tsarist and Communist Russia 1855-1964 |author=Sally Waller|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-835467-3|location=Oxford|pages=266}}</ref>

The plan also intended to establish 18 new institutes by working with the [[National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine|Ukrainian Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{Citation |author=I.M. Federenko|url=http://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA361919|title=Science and Technical Progress (USSR)|date=24 May 1960|publisher=[[United States Joint Publications Research Service]]|pages=7|language=en|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

===Eighth plan, 1966–1970 ===
The eighth plan led to the amount of grain exported being doubled.

===Ninth plan, 1971–1975===
About 14.5 million tonnes of grain were imported by the USSR. Détente and improving relations between the Soviet Union and the United States allowed for more trade. The plan's focus was primarily on increasing the amount of consumer goods in the economy so as to improve Soviet standards of living. While largely failing at that objective<ref>{{Citation |author=Raymond L. Garthoff|title=Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan|location=Washington, DC|publisher=[[Brookings Institution Press]]|year=1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mGG-x_tuNUcC|isbn=0-8157-3041-1|page=613}}</ref> it managed to significantly improve Soviet computer technology.<ref>{{Citation |author=Mark R. Beissinger|title=Scientific Management, Socialist Discipline, and Soviet Power|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=1988|page=248|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3k9ednYVbwC|isbn=0-674-79490-7}}</ref>

===Tenth plan, 1976–1981===
[[Leonid Brezhnev]] declared the slogan "Plan of quality and efficiency" for this period.

=== Eleventh plan, 1981–1985===
During the eleventh five-year plan, the country imported some 42 million tons of [[grain]] annually, almost twice as much as during the tenth five-year plan and three times as much as during the ninth five-year plan (1971–1975). The bulk of this grain was sold by the West; in 1985, for example, 94% of Soviet grain imports were from the non-socialist world, with the [[United States of America]] selling 14.1 million tons. However, total Soviet export to the West was always almost as high as import: for example, in 1984 total export to the West was 21.3 billion [[Soviet ruble|rubles]], while total import was 19.6 billion rubles.

===Twelfth plan, 1986–1990 ===
The last, 12th plan started with the slogan of ''[[uskoreniye]]'' (acceleration), the acceleration of economic development (quickly forgotten in favor of a more vague motto ''[[perestroika]]'') ended in a profound economic crisis in virtually all areas of Soviet economy and a drop in production.

The 1987 ''[[Law on State Enterprise]]'' and the follow-up decrees about ''[[khozraschyot]]'' and [[self-financing]] in various areas of the Soviet economy were aimed at the [[decentralization]] to overcome the problems of the [[command economy]].

==Information technology==
State planning of the economy required processing large amounts of statistical data. The Soviet State had nationalized the [[Odhner arithmometer]] factory in Saint Petersburg after the revolution. The state began renting tabulating equipment later on. By 1929, it was a very large user of statistical machines, on the scale of the US or [[Germany]]. The State Bank had tabulating machines in 14 branches. Other users included the Central Statistical Bureau, the Soviet Commissariat of Finance, [[Rabkrin|Soviet Commissariat of Inspection]], Soviet Commissariat of Foreign Trade, the Grain Trust, [[Soviet Railways]], Russian Ford, Russian Buick, the Karkov tractor factory, and the Tula Armament Works.<ref>''A Computer Perspective'', by the office of Charles & Ray Eames, Edited by Glen Fleck, produced by Robert Staples, Introduction by I. Bernard Cohen, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1973, pgs 64, 96-97</ref> [[IBM]] also did a good deal of business with the Soviet State in the 1930s, including supplying punch cards to the Stalin Automobile Plant.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/beforecomputerib00cort Before the computer] by James W. Cortada, p142, who cites James Connolly, History of Computing in Europe, IBM World Trade Corporation 1967</ref><ref>[http://www.cyberussr.com/rus/ibm-davies.html ''U.S. Ambassador Joseph E. Davies intercedes for IBM during Stalin's Great Purge''], website by Hugo S. Cunningham, accessed 2010 9 16, which cites Joseph E. Davies, ''Mission to Moscow,'' New York: Simon and Schuster, 1941.</ref>

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Five-year plans]]
[[Category:Articles needing cleaning up]]

Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union

2023-02-06T03:58:12Z

Unpraxist: Cleaned up formatting on citations. Note: Article needs to be rewritten

{{External article cleanup|date=November 2021}}
The '''five-year plans for the development of the national economy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)''' (Russian: Пятиле́тние пла́ны разви́тия наро́дного хозя́йства СССР, ''Pjatiletnije plany razvitiya narodnogo khozyaystva SSSR'') consisted of a series of nationwide [[Centralized planning|centralized]] [[Economic planning|economic plans]] in the [[Soviet Union]], beginning in the late 1920s.

The Soviet state planning committee [[Gosplan]] developed these plans based on the [[theory of the productive forces]] that formed part of the [[Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|ideology]] of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] for [[Economic development|development]] of the [[Economy of the Soviet Union|Soviet economy]].

Most other [[Communist state|communist states]], including the [[Five-year plans of China|People's Republic of China]], adopted a similar method of planning.

== Background ==
[[Joseph Stalin]] inherited and upheld the [[New Economic Policy]] (NEP) from [[Vladimir Lenin]]. In 1921, Lenin had persuaded the 10th Party Congress to approve the NEP as a replacement for the [[War Communism]] that had been set up during the [[Russian Civil War]].

Under War Communism, the state had assumed control of all means of production, exchange and communication. All land had been declared nationalized by the [[Decree on Land]], finalized in the [[1922 Land Code]], which also set [[collectivization]] as the long-term goal. Although the peasants had been allowed to work the land they held, the production surplus was bought by the state (on the state's terms), the peasants cut production; whereupon food was requisitioned. Money gradually came to be replaced by [[barter]] and a system of coupons.

When the war ended, the NEP took over from War Communism. During this time, the state had controlled all large enterprises (i.e. factories, mines, railways) as well as enterprises of medium size, but small [[Private enterprise|private enterprises]], employing fewer than 20 people, were allowed. The requisitioning of farm produce was replaced by a tax system (a fixed proportion of the crop), and the peasants were free to sell their surplus (at a state-regulated price) - although they were encouraged to join state farms ([[Sovkhozes]], set up on land expropriated from nobles after the [[Russian Revolution|1917 revolution]]), in which they worked for a fixed wage like workers in a factory. Money came back into use, with new bank notes being issued and backed by gold.

The NEP had been Lenin's response to a crisis. In 1920, industrial production had been 13% and agricultural production 20% of the 1913 figures. Between February 21 and March 17, 1921, the sailors in [[Kronstadt rebellion|Kronstadt had mutinied]]. In addition, the Russian Civil War, which had been the main reason for the introduction of War Communism, had virtually been won; and so controls could be relaxed.

In the 1920s, there was a great debate between Bukharin, Tomsky and Rykov on the [[Right Opposition|one hand]], and [[Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]], Zinoviev and Kamenev on [[Left Opposition|the other]]. The former group considered that the NEP provided sufficient state control of the economy and sufficiently rapid development, while the latter argued in favour of more rapid development and greater state control, taking the view, among other things, that profits should be shared among all people, and not just among a privileged few. In 1925, at the 14th Party Congress, Stalin, as he usually did in the early days, stayed in the background but sided with the Bukharin group. However, later, in 1927, he changed sides, supporting those in favour of a [[Great Break (USSR)|new course]], with greater state control.

== Plans ==
Each five-year plan dealt with all aspects of development: [[capital goods]] (those used to produce other goods, like factories and machinery), [[consumer goods]] (e.g. chairs, carpets, and irons), agriculture, transportation, communications, health, education, and welfare. However, the emphasis varied from plan to plan, although generally the emphasis was on power (electricity), capital goods, and agriculture. There were base and optimum targets. Efforts were made, especially in the third plan, to move industry eastward to make it safer from attack during [[World War II]]. Soviet planners declared a need for "constant struggle, struggle, and struggle" to achieve a Communist society. These five-year plans outlined programs for huge increases in the output of industrial goods. Stalin warned that without an end to economic backwardness "the advanced countries...will crush us."<ref>{{Citation |author=Lynn Hunt|title=The Making of the West, Volume II: Since 1500: Peoples And Cultures|year=2010|publisher=MacMillan|page=845}}</ref>

===First plan, 1928–1932===
From 1928 to 1940, the number of Soviet workers in industry, construction, and transport grew from 4.6 million to 12.6 million and factory output soared.<ref>Lynn Hunt et al., ''The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures: A Concise History (Since 1340)'', 3rd ed., vol. 2 (Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2010), 831–832.</ref> Stalin's first five-year plan helped make the USSR a leading industrial nation.

During this period, the first [[purges]] were initiated targeting many people working for [[Gosplan]]. These included [[Vladimir Bazarov]], the [[1931 Menshevik Trial]] (centered around [[Vladimir Groman]]).

Stalin announced the start of the first five-year plan for industrialization on October 1, 1928, and it lasted until December 31, 1932. Stalin described it as a new revolution from above.<ref>{{Citation |title=Russia A 1,000-Year Chronicle of the Wild East.|author=Martin Sixsmith|publisher=The Overlook Press|year=2014|location=New York}}</ref> When this plan began, the USSR was fifth in industrialization, and with the first five-year plan moved up to second, with only the United States in first.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=A History of Russia|author=Nicholas V. Riasanovsky|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|isbn=9780195341973|location=New York}}</ref>

This plan met industrial targets in less time than originally predicted. The production goals were increased by a reported 50% during the initial deliberation of industrial targets.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator|author=Oleg V Khlevniuk|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2015|location=London}}</ref> Much of the emphasis was placed on heavy industry. Approximately 86% of all industrial investments during this time went directly to heavy industry. Officially, the first five-year plan for industry was fulfilled to the extent of 93.7% in just four years and three months.<ref name=":0" /> The means of production in regards to heavy industry exceeded the quota, registering 103.4%. The light, or consumer goods, industry reached up to 84.9% of its assigned quota.<ref name=":0" /> However, there is some speculation regarding the legitimacy of these numbers as the nature of Soviet statistics are notoriously misleading or exaggerated. Another issue was that quality was sacrificed in order to achieve quantity, and production results generated wildly varied items. Consequently, rationing was implemented to solve chronic food and supply shortages.<ref name=":0" />

[[Propaganda]] used before, during and after the first five-year plan compared industry to battle. This was highly successful. They used terms such as "fronts," "campaigns," and "breakthroughs," while at the same time workers were forced to work harder than ever before and were organized into "shock troops," and those who rebelled or failed to keep up with their work were treated as traitors.<ref name=":0" /> The posters and flyers used to promote and advertise the plan were also reminiscent of wartime propaganda. A popular military metaphor emerged from the economic success of the first five-year plan: "There are no fortresses [[Bolsheviks]] cannot storm." Stalin especially liked this.<ref name=":0" />

The first five-year plan was not just about economics. This plan was a revolution that intended to transform all aspects of society. The way of life for the majority of the people changed drastically during this revolutionary time. The plan was also referred to as the "[[Great Turn]]".<ref name=":0" /> Individual peasant farming gave way to a more efficient system of collective farming. Peasant property and entire villages were incorporated into the state economy which had its own market forces.<ref name=":1" />

There was, however, a strong resistance to this at first. The peasants led an all-out attack to protect individual farming; however, Stalin rightly did not see the peasants as a threat. Despite being the largest segment of the population they had no real strength, and thus could pose no serious threat to the state. By the time this was done, the collectivization plan resembled a very bloody military campaign against the peasant's traditional lifestyle.<ref name=":1" /> This social transformation along with the incredible economic boom occurred at the same time that the entire Soviet system, developed its definitive form in the decade of 1930.<ref name=":0" />

Many scholars believe that a few other important factors, such as [[Soviet foreign policy|foreign policy]] and internal security, went into the execution of the five-year plan. While ideology and economics were a major part, preparation for the upcoming war also affected all of the major parts of the five-year plan. The war effort really picked up in 1933 when [[Adolf Hitler]] came to power in Germany. The stress this caused on internal security and control in the five-year plan is difficult to document.<ref name=":0" />

While most of the figures were overstated, Stalin was able to announce truthfully that the plan had been achieved ahead of schedule, however the many investments made to the west were excluded. While many factories were built and industrial production did increase exponentially, they were not close to reaching their target numbers.<ref name=":1" />

While there was great success, there were also many problems with not just the plan itself, but how quickly it was completed. Its approach to [[Industrialization in the Soviet Union|industrialization]] was very inefficient and extreme amounts of resources were put into construction that, in many cases, was never completed. These resources were also put into equipment that was never used, or not even needed in the first place.<ref name=":1" /> Many of the consumer goods produced during this time were of such low quality that they could never be used and were wasted.

A major event during the first Five Year-Plan was the [[Soviet famine of 1932–33|famine of 1932–33]]. The famine peaked during the winter claiming the lives of an estimated 3.3 to 7 million people, while millions more were permanently disabled.<ref name=":1" /> The famine was the direct result of the industrialization and collectivization implemented by the first Five Year-Plan.<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/111famine.html|title=Famine|website=history.hanover.edu|retrieved=2019-01-15}}</ref> Many of the peasants who were suffering from the famine began to sabotage the fulfilment of their obligations to the state and would, as often as they could, stash away stores of food. Although Stalin was aware of this, he placed the blame of the hostility onto the peasants, saying that they had declared war against the Soviet government.<ref name=":1" />

=== Second plan, 1933–1937===
Because of the successes made by the first plan, Stalin did not hesitate with going ahead with the second five-year plan in 1932, although the official start-date for the plan was 1933. The second five-year plan gave heavy industry top priority, putting the Soviet Union not far behind [[Germany]] as one of the major steel-producing countries of the world. Further improvements were made in communications, especially railways, which became faster and more reliable. As was the case with the other five-year plans, the second was not as successful, failing to reach the recommended production levels in such areas as the coal and oil industries. The second plan employed incentives as well as punishments and the targets were eased as a reward for the first plan being finished ahead of schedule in only four years. With the introduction of childcare, mothers were encouraged to work to aid in the plan's success. By 1937 the [[tolkachi]] emerged occupying a key position mediating between the enterprises and the commissariat.<ref name="Beissinger">{{Citation |author=Mark R. Beissinger|title=Scientific management, socialist discipline, and Soviet power|year=1988|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=0674794907|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/scientificmanage0000beis}}</ref>

This five-year plan from 1932 to 1937 also included the liquidation of [[houses of worship]], with the goals of closing churches between 1932–1933 and the elimination of clergy by 1935–1936.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=news&div=9360|title="Atheistic five-year plan" was announced in the USSR 80 years ago|date=15 May 2012|newspaper=[[Interfax]]|language=en|retrieved=3 September 2017}}</ref>

===Third plan, 1938–1941===
The third five-year plan ran for only 3½ years, up to June 1941, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union during the [[Second World War]]. As war approached, more resources were put into developing armaments, tanks and weapons, as well as constructing additional military factories east of the [[Ural mountains]].

The first two years of the third five-year plan proved to be even more of a disappointment in terms of proclaimed production goals. Still, a reported 12% to 13% rate of annual industrial growth was attained in the Soviet Union during the 1930s. The plan had intended to focus on consumer goods. The Soviet Union mainly contributed resources to the development of weapons, and constructed additional military factories as needed. By 1952, industrial production was nearly double the 1941 level ("Five-Year Plans"). Stalin's Five-Year Plans helped transform the Soviet Union from an untrained society of peasants to an advanced industrial economy.

===Fourth and fifth plans, 1945–1955 ===
Stalin in 1945 promised that the USSR would be the leading industrial power by 1960.

The USSR at this stage had been devastated by the war. Officially, 98,000 collective farms had been ransacked and ruined, with the loss of 137,000 tractors, 49,000 combine harvesters, 7 million horses, 17 million cattle, 20 million pigs, 27 million sheep; 25% of all capital equipment had been destroyed in 35,000 plants and factories; 6 million buildings, including 40,000 hospitals, in 70,666 villages and 4,710 towns (40% urban housing) were destroyed, leaving 25 million homeless; about 40% of railway tracks had been destroyed; officially 7.5 million servicemen died, plus 6 million civilians, but perhaps 20 million in all died. In 1945, mining and metallurgy were at 40% of the 1940 levels, electric power was down to 52%, pig-iron 26% and steel 45%; food production was 60% of the 1940 level. After Poland, the USSR had been the hardest hit by the war. Reconstruction was impeded by a chronic labor shortage due to the enormous number of Soviet casualties in the war (between 20 and 30 million). Moreover, 1946 was the driest year since 1891, and the harvest was poor.

The USA and USSR were unable to agree on the terms of a US loan to aid reconstruction, and this was a contributing factor in the rapid escalation of the [[Cold War]]. However, the USSR did gain reparations from Germany, and made Eastern European countries make payments in return for the Soviets having liberated them from the [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazis]]. In 1949, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ([[Comecon]]) was set up, linking the [[Warsaw Pact|Eastern bloc]] countries economically. One-third of the fourth plan's capital expenditure was spent on Ukraine, which was important agriculturally and industrially, and which had been one of the areas most devastated by war.

===Sixth plan, 1956–1958===
The Sixth Five-Year Plan was launched in 1956 during a period of dual leadership under [[Nikita Khrushchev]] and [[Nikolai Bulganin]], but it was abandoned after two years due to over-optimistic targets.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tsarist and Communist Russia 1855-1964 |author=Sally Waller|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-835467-3|location=Oxford|pages=211}}</ref>

===Seventh plan, 1959–1965===
Unlike other planning periods, 1959 saw the announcement of a seven-year plan (''semiletka''), approved by the [[21st Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] in 1959. This was merged into a Seventh Five-Year Plan in 1961, which was launched with the slogan "catch up and overtake the USA by 1970." The plan saw a slight shift away from heavy industry into chemicals, consumer goods, and natural resources.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tsarist and Communist Russia 1855-1964 |author=Sally Waller|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-835467-3|location=Oxford|pages=266}}</ref>

The plan also intended to establish 18 new institutes by working with the [[National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine|Ukrainian Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{Citation |author=I.M. Federenko|url=http://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA361919|title=Science and Technical Progress (USSR)|date=24 May 1960|publisher=[[United States Joint Publications Research Service]]|pages=7|language=en|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

===Eighth plan, 1966–1970===
The eighth plan led to the amount of grain exported being doubled.

===Ninth plan, 1971–1975===
About 14.5 million tonnes of grain were imported by the USSR. Détente and improving relations between the Soviet Union and the United States allowed for more trade. The plan's focus was primarily on increasing the amount of consumer goods in the economy so as to improve Soviet standards of living. While largely failing at that objective<ref>{{Citation |author=Raymond L. Garthoff|title=Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan|location=Washington, DC|publisher=[[Brookings Institution Press]]|year=1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mGG-x_tuNUcC|isbn=0-8157-3041-1|page=613}}</ref> it managed to significantly improve Soviet computer technology.<ref>{{Citation |author=Mark R. Beissinger|title=Scientific Management, Socialist Discipline, and Soviet Power|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=1988|page=248|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3k9ednYVbwC|isbn=0-674-79490-7}}</ref>

===Tenth plan, 1976–1981===
[[Leonid Brezhnev]] declared the slogan "Plan of quality and efficiency" for this period.

===Eleventh plan, 1981–1985===
During the eleventh five-year plan, the country imported some 42 million tons of [[grain]] annually, almost twice as much as during the tenth five-year plan and three times as much as during the ninth five-year plan (1971–1975). The bulk of this grain was sold by the West; in 1985, for example, 94% of Soviet grain imports were from the non-socialist world, with the [[United States of America]] selling 14.1 million tons. However, total Soviet export to the West was always almost as high as import: for example, in 1984 total export to the West was 21.3 billion [[Soviet ruble|rubles]], while total import was 19.6 billion rubles.

===Twelfth plan, 1986–1990===
The last, 12th plan started with the slogan of ''[[uskoreniye]]'' (acceleration), the acceleration of economic development (quickly forgotten in favor of a more vague motto ''[[perestroika]]'') ended in a profound economic crisis in virtually all areas of Soviet economy and a drop in production.

The 1987 ''[[Law on State Enterprise]]'' and the follow-up decrees about ''[[khozraschyot]]'' and [[self-financing]] in various areas of the Soviet economy were aimed at the [[decentralization]] to overcome the problems of the [[command economy]].

==Information technology==
State planning of the economy required processing large amounts of statistical data. The Soviet State had nationalized the [[Odhner arithmometer]] factory in Saint Petersburg after the revolution. The state began renting tabulating equipment later on. By 1929, it was a very large user of statistical machines, on the scale of the US or [[Germany]]. The State Bank had tabulating machines in 14 branches. Other users included the Central Statistical Bureau, the Soviet Commissariat of Finance, [[Rabkrin|Soviet Commissariat of Inspection]], Soviet Commissariat of Foreign Trade, the Grain Trust, [[Soviet Railways]], Russian Ford, Russian Buick, the Karkov tractor factory, and the Tula Armament Works.<ref>''A Computer Perspective'', by the office of Charles & Ray Eames, Edited by Glen Fleck, produced by Robert Staples, Introduction by I. Bernard Cohen, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1973, pgs 64, 96-97</ref> [[IBM]] also did a good deal of business with the Soviet State in the 1930s, including supplying punch cards to the Stalin Automobile Plant.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/beforecomputerib00cort Before the computer] by James W. Cortada, p142, who cites James Connolly, History of Computing in Europe, IBM World Trade Corporation 1967</ref><ref>[http://www.cyberussr.com/rus/ibm-davies.html ''U.S. Ambassador Joseph E. Davies intercedes for IBM during Stalin's Great Purge''], website by Hugo S. Cunningham, accessed 2010 9 16, which cites Joseph E. Davies, ''Mission to Moscow,'' New York: Simon and Schuster, 1941.</ref>

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Five-year plans]]
[[Category:Articles needing cleaning up]]

Five-year plans of China

2023-02-06T03:42:27Z

Unpraxist: Cleaned up formatting on citations

{{External article cleanup|date=November 2021}}
The '''Five-Year Plans''' are a series of social and economic development initiatives issued since 1953 in the [[People's Republic of China]]. Since 1949, the [[Communist Party of China]] has shaped the Chinese economy through the plenums of its [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|Central Committee]] and [[National Congress of the Communist Party of China|national congresses]]. The party plays a leading role in establishing the foundations and principles of [[Ideology of the Communist Party of China|Chinese communism]], mapping strategies for economic development, setting [[Economic growth|growth]] targets, and launching reforms.

[[Planned economy|Planning]] is a key characteristic of the nominally [[Socialism|socialist economies]], and one plan established for the entire country normally contains detailed economic development guidelines for all its regions. In order to more accurately reflect China's transition from a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-style [[command economy]] to a [[socialist market economy]] ([[socialism with Chinese characteristics]]), the plans since the 11th Five-Year Plan for 2006 to 2010 were referred to in Chinese as "guidelines" instead of "plan".

== First Plan (1953–1957) ==
Having restored a viable economic base, the leadership under [[Mao Zedong]], [[Zhou Enlai]], and other revolutionary veterans were prepared to embark on an intensive program of industrial growth and socialization. For this purpose, the administration adopted the Soviet economic model, based on state ownership in the modern sector, large collective units in agriculture, and centralized economic planning. The Soviet approach to economic development was manifested in the First Five-Year Plan (1953–1957).

The key tasks highlighted in the Plan were:

* Concentrate efforts on the construction of 694 large and medium-sized industrial projects, including 156 with the aid of the Soviet Union<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://gbtimes.com/chinas-first-five-year-plan-achievement-at-the-expense-of-a-generation|title=China's First Five-Year Plan - achievement at the expen}}</ref>
* Lay out the primary foundations for China's socialist industrialization
*Develop agricultural producers’ cooperatives to help in the socialist transformation of the agriculture and handicraft industries
*Put capitalist industry and commerce on the track of state capitalism
*Facilitate the socialist transformation of private industry and commerce.

Accumulated investment in capital construction was 55 billion yuan and fixed asset increments reached 46.05 billion yuan, 1.9 times higher than at the end of 1952. About 595 large and medium-sized projects were completed and put into production, laying the framework of China's industrialization. The gross value of industrial products in 1957 increased 128.6% from 1952.

*Steel production in 1953 was 1.35 million metric tons. In 1957, Soviet Union-assisted Chinese production of steel had risen to 5.35 million metric tons.
*Coal production in 1957 reached 131 million tons, increasing 98% from 1952.
* Gross output value from industry and agriculture rose from 30% in 1949 to 56.5% in 1957, while that of heavy industry increased from 26.4% to 48.4%. In 1957, grain production reached 195 billion kilograms and cotton output 32.8 million dan (1 dan = 50 kilograms), both surpassing the targets set in the Plan.{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}}

The two major problems that arose during this period were the following: Agricultural production couldn't keep pace with industrial production. The Plan regarded gross industrial output value accounting for 70% of the gross output value of industry and agriculture and means of production accounting for 60% of the gross industrial output value as indicators of industrial modernization, which ignored the development agriculture in some sense.

In addition, investments in capital construction in 1956 totaled 14.735 billion yuan, increasing 70% over the previous year. Fiscal expenditure in the form of infrastructure loans rose to 48% from 30% from 1955, putting a strain on the national budget as a result.

As in the Soviet economy, the main objective was a high rate of economic growth, with primary emphasis on industrial development at the expense of agriculture and particular concentration on heavy industry and capital-intensive technology. Soviet planners helped their Chinese counterparts formulate the plan. Large numbers of Soviet engineers, technicians, and scientists assisted in developing and installing new heavy industrial facilities, including entire plants and pieces of equipment purchased from the Soviet Union.

Government control over industry was increased during this period by applying financial pressures and inducements to convince owners of private, modern firms to sell them to the state or convert them into joint public-private enterprises under state control. By 1956, approximately 67.5% of all modern industrial enterprises were state owned, and 32.5% were under joint public-private ownership, with no privately owned firms remaining. During the same period, the handicraft industries were organized into cooperatives, which accounted for 91.7% of all handicraft workers by 1956.

Agriculture also underwent extensive organizational changes. To facilitate the mobilization of agricultural resources, improve the efficiency of farming, and increase government access to agricultural products, the authorities encouraged farmers to organize cooperative farming, starting in 1953. Since traditional family farming practices were not sufficient to bankroll the country's ambitious industrialization projects, party officials encouraged families to pool their farms into small cooperatives in order to increase farm yields. Unlike the large scale collective farming policies which began in 1958, the cooperatives were successful and popular. Local parties representatives, such as Geng Xiufeng, largely met support from local farmers<ref>as detailed in the Ambrica Films documentary, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0m7YoNlkWzM ''China: A Century of Revolution'', part two, 1949–1976].</ref> By the end of 1955 almost 2/3, about 60%, of all Chinese farmers were engaged in cooperative farming. Farming families, who previously engaged largely in subsistence farming, now began raising and selling livestock based on the increase in grain surpluses, which was directly responsible for the practices popularity and rapid rate of enrollment. Central committee planning dictated that from the loosely structured, tiny mutual aid teams, villages were to advance first to lower-stage, agricultural producers' cooperatives, in which families still received some income on the basis of the amount of land they contributed, and eventually to advanced cooperatives, or collectives beginning in 1958 with the second Five Year Plan. In the agricultural producers' cooperatives, income shares were designed to be based only on the amount of labor contributed. In reality, small farming markets that revolved around cooperative surpluses, sprang up across the nation. The land reforms from 1949 to 1951 increased private land ownership, with typical results increasing land ownership of farmers from just under one acre to approximately three acres. The cooperative process, began in 1953, accelerated quickly, slowly from 1955 to 1956. By 1957 about 93.5% of all farm households had joined producers' cooperatives.

In terms of economic growth, the First Five-Year Plan was quite successful, especially in those areas emphasized by the Soviet-style development strategy. A solid foundation was created in heavy industry. Key industries, including iron and steel manufacturing, coal mining, cement production, electricity generation, and machine building were greatly expanded and were put on a firm, modern technological footing. Thousands of industrial and mining enterprises were constructed, including 156 major facilities. Industrial production increased at an average annual rate of 19% between 1952 and 1957, and national income grew at a rate of 9% a year.

Despite the lack of state investment in agriculture, agricultural output increased substantially, averaging increases of about 4% a year. This growth resulted primarily from gains in efficiency brought about by the reorganization and cooperation achieved through cooperative farming. As the First Five-Year Plan wore on, however, Chinese leaders became increasingly concerned over the relatively sluggish performance of agriculture and the inability of state trading companies to increase significantly the amount of grain procured from rural units for urban consumption, and for funding the many large urban industrialization projects.<ref>{{Web citation|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+cn0146)|title=China The First Five-Year Plan, 1953–57|publisher=Library of Congress|retrieved=12 May 2009}}</ref>

==Second Plan (1958–1962)==
This plan was created to accomplish several tasks, including:

*Expanding [[heavy industry]] in China.
*Furthering the cause of socialism by transferring more property to collective ownership.
*Encouraging the [[economic growth]] of China through [[Industrial sector|industry]], [[agriculture]], [[handicrafts]], [[transportation]] and [[commerce]].
*Cultivating cultural and scientific development of the Chinese people.
*Strengthening [[Defense (military)|national defense]] and improving [[living standards]] in China.

The Political Bureau of the CPC had determined that gross value of agricultural products should increase 270%; in fact, the gain was a considerably more modest 35%.<ref name="Second">{{Web citation|last=Pan|first=Letian|url=http://www.gov.cn/english/2006-04/05/content_245706.htm|title=The 2nd Five-Year Plan (1958–1962)|date=5 April 2006|access-date=12 May 2009|publisher=Official Web Portal, Government of China}}</ref> Nevertheless, the plan was successful in some respects. The country saw increases in capital construction over those observed during the first Five-Year Plan and also saw significant increases in industry (doubling output value) and income (workers and farmers, increase by as much as 30%).

However, the [[Great Leap Forward]], which diverted millions of agricultural workers into industry, and the [[great sparrow campaign]], which led to an infestation of locusts, as well as unprecedented natural and weather based issues, caused a huge decrease in food production. Simultaneously, rural officials, under huge pressure to meet their quotas, vastly overstated how much grain was available. Thus, a massive nationwide famine ensued.

==Third Plan (1966–1970)==
The Third Plan was originally due early in 1963, but at that time China's economy was too dislocated, as a result of the failure of the Great Leap Forward and four poor harvests to permit any planned operations.<ref>{{Citation|author=W. K.|year=1966|title=The China Quarterly|title-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3082101|chapter=China's Third Five-Year Plan|chapter-url=https://sci-hub.st/10.2307/3082101|page=171-175|pdf=https://sci-hub.ru/10.2307/3082101|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=25}}</ref> Research and study into the elements of this Plan started in early 1964. The Plan contained two comparatively detailed schemes: one was the Preliminary Tentative Plan of the 3rd Five-year Plan (1966–1970) proposed by the State Planning Commission and agreed by the Central Government Work Meeting in May 1964; the other was the Report Syllabus about the Arrangement of the 3rd Five-year Plan drawn out by the State Planning Commission and agreed by the central government in September 1965.{{citation needed|date=March 2011}}

The Tentative Plan set out the following basic tasks:<ref>{{Web citation|title=The 3rd Five-year Plan (1966-1970) -- china.org.cn|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/157608.htm|website=www.china.org.cn|publisher=China Internet Information Center|access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref>

# To spare no efforts to develop agriculture, solve widespread problems concerning people's food, clothing and other basic needs;
#To strengthen national defense, and endeavor to make breakthroughs in technology;
#In order to support agriculture and strengthen national defense, to enhance infrastructure, continue to improve production quality, increase production variety and quantity, to build an economy of self-reliance, and to develop transportation, commerce, culture, education and scientific research.

The Plan also called for the prioritization of national defense in the light of a possible big war, actively preparing for conflicts and speeding up construction in three key areas; national defense, science and technology, and industry and transport infrastructure.<ref name="third">{{Web citation|title=The 3rd Five-year Plan (1966–1970)|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/157608.htm|publisher=[[China Internet Information Center]]}}</ref>

The outputs of other newly added major products were 68.06 million tons of coal; 8.60 million kilowatts of electricity; 27.77 million tons of petroleum; 6.53 million tons of steels; 35.90 million tons of iron ore; 2.44 million tons of synthesized ammonia; 2.04 million tons of fertilizers; 15.33 million tons of cement; 187,000 tons of plastics; 3.22 million tons of cotton spindles; 12,300 tons of chemical fibers; 3,894 kilometers of newly constructed railways and 31,223 kilometers of newly constructed highways were put into operation; and handling capacity of the coastal harbors were over 11.91 million tons.{{citation needed|date=March 2011}}

This plan was more successful than anticipated, with the industrial and agricultural goals exceed by 14.1% and industrial gross output value goals by 21.1%. Agricultural gains also exceeded goals, but more moderately, with a 2.2% rise above expectations. According to the Official Portal of the Chinese Government, however, the focus on accumulation and rapid development in this and preceding plans were impediments to long-term economic development.{{citation needed|date=March 2011}}

==Fourth Plan (1971–1975) ==
A first draft of the Plan was developed and agreed upon in September 1970 at the 2nd Plenary Session of the 9th Communist Party Central Committee, which stipulated:<ref>http://www.china.org.cn/archive/2006-02/27/content_1157612.htm</ref>

* The average annual growth rate of gross output value of industry and agriculture reach 12.5%{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}
*130 billion yuan would be budgeted for infrastructure construction within five years{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}
*Expected industrial output would reach between 300 and 325 billion kilograms of grain, between 65 and 70 million piculs (3.9–4.2 billion kilograms) of cotton, between 35 and 40 million tons of steel, between 400 and 430 million tons of coal, between 200 and 220 billion kWh of electricity, and between 900 million and 1 billion tons of railway freight{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}

In July 1973, the State Planning Commission amended the draft, lowering some of the targets initially set. Steel output was reduced to between 32 and 35 million tons and later further reduced to 30 million tons. The national economy took a favorable turn in 1972 and 1973. By 1973, all major economic indices had been fulfilled or exceeded, making it the year with the fastest economic growth.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}

==Fifth Plan (1976–1980)==
The central government stipulated the 1976–1985 Ten Year Plan Outline of Developing National Economy (Draft) in 1975, which included the 5th Five-Year Plan.

In March 1978, the Ten Year Development Outline was amended because the original version in 1975 stipulated that by 1985, steel and petroleum outputs should reach 60 and 250 million tons respectively, and 120 large projects, including 10 steel production bases, nine non-ferrous metal bases, eight coal bases and 10 oil and gas fields, should be built. To achieve these goals, the government would invest 70 billion yuan in infrastructure construction, equaling total national investment over the previous 28 years. These were impossible targets and ran counter to economic development rules.

The Plan put forward suggestions to set up an independent and comparatively complete industrial system and national economic system from 1978 to 1980.

With the implementation of the Plan, considerable success was achieved. In 1977, the gross output value of industry and agriculture reached 505.5 billion yuan, 4.4% above-target and representing an increase of 10.4% compared with the previous year. Gross domestic product for 1978 reached 301 billion yuan, an increase of 12.3% compared with 1977, and an increase of 19.4% compared with 1976.

However, during this period, the Chinese economy developed too quickly, and the very high goals triggered the onset of yet another round of mistakes. In December 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Communist Party Central Committee shifted the work focus of the Communist Party to modernization. The Session emphasized that the development should follow economic rules and proposed readjustment and reform measures, which indicated that national economic development had entered a new phase, one of exploration and development. In April 1979, the central government formally put forward new principles of readjustment, reform, rectification and improvement.

'''Note:''' This Summary was prepared by the China Daily newspaper, owned directly by the Communist Party of China<ref>http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012npc/2011-02/23/content_14689645.htm</ref>

==Sixth Plan (1981–1985)==
This Plan took some time to draft. It was first planned as part of the "Ten Year National Economic Development Plan Outline for 1976–1985." In February 1980, the State Council decided to redraft the country's mid- and long-term plans. It convened a seminar to discuss the compilation of the 6th Five-Year Plan. To that end, the State Planning Commission and related departments also carried out extensive research and calculation work on the compilation of the Plan, and organized related experts to conduct scientific appraisals. The 1982 national planning meeting was again mainly focused on the drafting of the Plan. It was only in December that year that the fifth meeting of the Fifth National People's Congress officially ratified the Plan.

It was a more comprehensive plan compared to its predecessors since it adjusted and set national economic development onto a more stable and healthy track, with general objectives to:

*Keep pursuing the principle of "adjust, reform, rectify and improve"
*Further overcome the various challenges to economic development
*Achieve a decisive turn in the fiscal situation
*Lay a solid foundation for the advancement of national economic and social development under the next planning period.

Specific objectives included:

#To achieve an average annual growth rate of 5% for industrial and agricultural products.
#To keep the supply and quality of consumer products in line with the growth of social purchasing power and changes in consumption structure, and to keep market prices stable.
#To vigorously cut down material consumption, particularly that of energy, and keep production in line with the availability of resources.
#To encourage and implement enterprise technological updating, with energy saving as a priority, and to gather the capital necessary to strengthen the construction of key projects energy and communications in preparation for the 7th Five-Year Plan.
#To assemble the country's scientific and technological base for scientific and technological research and to promote the application of new technologies, and to strenuously develop education, science and culture to accelerate the construction of an ideological and material civilization.
#To strengthen the construction of the national defense industry, and enhance national defensive forces.
#To strengthen production and improve economic efficiency to increase the government's revenue, to gradually increase expenditure on economic and cultural construction and to secure a balance between fiscal revenue and expenditure and credit.
# To strenuously develop trade, make effective use of foreign capital and actively introduce advanced technology to meet domestic needs.
#To strictly control the growth of population, make proper employment arrangement for labor forces in the cities and towns, and continuously improve the material and cultural life of people both in cities and the rural areas based on the growth of production and productive efficiency.
#To strengthen [[environmental protection]] efforts.

The Plan was overall a great success:

*The national economy maintained a stable rate of growth. The average annual growth rate for industrial and agricultural products was 11%. The gross national product in 1985 reached 778 billion yuan ($113 billion), signifying an average annual growth of 10% after inflation since 1980.
*Production volume of key products rose dramatically. Compared with 1980, 1985 saw a growth of 26.1% for steel, 37.1% for coal, 35.8% for electricity, 17.9% for crude oil, 92.8% for cotton and 21.4% for grain.
*Progress was achieved in infrastructure construction and technological updating. Total investment in fixed assets for publicly owned enterprises reached 530 billion yuan. 496 middle and large projects were constructed and started, and another 200,000 projects were transformed and updated.
*The fiscal situation improved gradually year by year. Fiscal revenue grew by an average of 15.9 billion yuan every year, which represented an annual growth of 12% thereby realizing a balance between fiscal revenue and expenditure.
*China's foreign trade transactions and technological exchange entered a new phase. On the world export volume ranking, China rose from No. 28 in 1980 to No .10 in 1984.

Alternatively, several negative results included a disproportionately high fixed asset ratio, rapid growth in consumption and fiscal over-supply. All of this negatively impacted the economy's stability and growth.

'''Note:''' This Summary was prepared by the China Daily newspaper, owned directly by the Communist Party of China<ref>http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012npc/2011-02/23/content_14689649.htm</ref>

==Seventh Plan (1986–1990)==
In March 1986, the State Council submitted "The 7th Five Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China, 1986–1990" to the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People's Congress for review and ratification. It was the first time in China's history that an all-round plan for social and economic development was created at the start of a new five-year plan.

The fundamental principles and guidelines of the 7th Five Year Plan were:

#To put reform at the top of the agenda and coordinate economic development with reform.
#To maintain a basic balance between overall social demand and supply, between the national budget, credit and materials.
#To improve economic efficiency, especially that of product quality; to properly handle the relations between efficiency and growth rate, and quality and quantity.
# To adapt to the changing structure of social demand and the demands of economic modernization, and to further adjust the industrial structure.
#To regulate fixed asset investments, readjust the investment structure, and speed up the construction of the energy, communications, telecommunications and raw materials industries.
#To shift the construction focus to the technical updating, reforming and extending of existing enterprises.
#To further the development of science and education.
#To further open up to the outside world, combining domestic economic growth with expanding external economic and technologic exchanges.
#To further improve the material and cultural life of all Chinese people.
#To strenuously boost the construction of a socialist ideological civilization along with the construction of a material civilization.
# To carry on in the spirit of arduous struggle, hard work and thrift.

Specific goals of economic development set out in the Plan were:

*To increase gross national industrial and agricultural output by 38% within five years, or by an average annual rate of 6.7%, gross agricultural output by 4% a year, and gross industrial output by 7.5%.
*To increase gross national output by 44% within five years, or by an average annual rate of 7.5%.
* Production goals for major industrial and agricultural products by 1990 were: between 425 and 450 billion tons for grain, 4.25 million tons for cotton, 550 billion kWh for electricity, 1 billion tons for raw coal, 150 million tons for crude oil, and between 55 and 58 million tons for steel. Freight volume was set at 9.4 billion tons.
*Investment in fixed assets was set at 1,296 billion yuan, with fixed assets projected to grow by 600 billion yuan.
*To increase total import and export volumes by 35% within the five years, while expanding the scale of foreign investment and advanced technology. Further, goals were set to increase the actual consumption of both urban and rural residents by 5% a year, and at the same time keeping the basic balance between the national budget, credit, material and foreign exchange.
* In the field of education, to gradually popularize and implement the nine-year compulsory education scheme, and train five million professionals, twice that during the previous planning period.

'''Note:''' This Summary was prepared by the China Daily newspaper, owned directly by the Communist Party of China<ref>http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012npc/2011-02/23/content_14689653.htm</ref>

==Eighth Plan (1991–1995)==
In March 1991, the fourth session of the Seventh National People's Congress (NPC) approved the State Council's Report entitled "The Ten-year Layout for National Economy and Social Development and 8th Five-Year Plan". Under Deng Xiaoping's leadership, this Plan marked the start of a new phase in China's development.

The national economy maintained its growth momentum during this time. Gross national product in 1995 reached 5.76 trillion yuan ($730 billion), 4.3 times higher than that in 1980.

Outputs of coal, cement, TV, foodstuff, cotton and cotton dresses were the highest in the world, with steel and chemical fiber outputs second, and electricity supply third.

China's economy experienced an annual growth of 11%, 4 percentage points higher than that during the 7th Five-Year planning period.

Total investment in fixed assets during this time hit 3.89 trillion yuan, with an annual growth rate of 17.9%, 13.6 percentage points higher than the previous planning period. Of these, state-owned units’ investments saw an annual growth of 22.9%, much higher than the average growth of 4.1% previously.

845 large and medium-sized infrastructure projects were completed and put into production, as were 374 technical innovation projects. In terms of transportation infrastructure, 5,800 kilometers of trunk railway, 3,400 kilometers of double-track lines, and 2,600 kilometers of electrified railway were built. Road lengths were increased by 105,000 kilometers, including 1,600 kilometers of highway.

The throughput of ports increased by 138 million tons and 12 new airports were built. 100,000 kilometers of long-distance trunk cable were finished, and the number of telephone switchboards increased to 58.95 million sets. Total installed generation capacity was increased to 75 million kilowatts, and annual electricity supply grew by 9%.

Output value of the primary industry increased at an annual growth rate of 4.1%, the secondary industry at a rate of 17.3%, and the tertiary industry at a rate of 9.5%. Output composition of the three sectors stood at 20.3: 47.7:32.0; it was 28.4:43.1:28.5 at the end of the 6th, and 27.1:41.6:31.3 at the end of the 7th Five-Year Program periods respectively.

Significant achievements were also made in the reform of the economic system. The new financial system with tax decentralization at its core, and the new tax system with value-added tax as its main component, were set up. Policy finance and commercial finance were gradually separated. A macro regulating system emerged, and the market started to play a more major role in resource allocation. Also mapped out were the beginnings of a dominant public sector.

More than 1,100 cities at county level were opened to the outside world, and 13 bonded zones and other a lot of economic development zones were set up.

Foreign trade developed at an astonishing pace with total trade volume reaching US$1.0145 trillion, at an annual growth rate of 19.5%, higher than the 12.8% and 10.6% growth rates during the 6th and 7th Five-Year periods respectively. The value of annual export volume was 100 billion yuan, accounting for 3% of the world's commodity trade.

By import and export trade volume, China ranked 11th in the world in 1995.

Foreign exchange reserves reached US$73.6 billion, 5.6 times higher than that at the end of the 7th Five-Year period.

Major improvements were also made to people's lives. Per capita income was 1,578 yuan in 1995 ($230). Retail sales reached 6.7275 trillion yuan, representing an annual growth rate of 10.6% as compared to 3.3% during the 7th Five-Year period. Savings deposit balances in urban and rural areas reached 3 trillion yuan, 2 trillion higher than at the end of the previous planning period.

Per capita floor space of newly built houses in urban and rural areas reached 4.3 billion square meters. At the end of 1994, rural residents' per capita living space was 20.5 square meters, and 7.7 square meters for urban residents.

China registered an increase of 50 million in terms of social labor forces, including 37.4 million in the urban areas. The population of the extreme poor decreased from 85 million at the end of the 1980s to 65 million in 1995.

Population control was achieved during this period, with growth rates dropping from 14.4% in 1990 to 10.6% in 1995. Rates of radio and TV population coverage reached 78.7% and 84.8% respectively, 4 and 5% respectively higher than in 1990.

==Ninth Plan (1996–2000)==
The Fifth Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee adopted the Proposal on the Ninth Five-Year Plan on National Economy and Social Development and Long-Range Objectives to the Year 2010 on 28 September 1995. It was the first medium-length plan made under a socialist market economy, and a cross-century development strategy.

The basic tasks stipulated in the Plan were to complete the second phase in the modernization drive; to cap population growth at 300 million by 2000; to quadruple per capita GNP as compared to 1980; to eliminate poverty; and to speed up the establishment of a modern enterprise system.

Long-range objectives to the year 2010 were to double 2000's GNP; and to continue to build the socialist market economic system.

==Tenth Plan (2001–2005)==
The basic tasks set out in the 10th Plan were:

#Achieve an average annual economic growth rate of about 7%.
#Achieve a GDP of 12,500 billion yuan by 2005, calculated at 2000 prices, and per capita GDP of 9,400 yuan.
#Increase the number of urban employees and the number of surplus rural laborers transferred to the cities to 40 million each, thereby controlling registered urban unemployment rates at about 5%.
#Keep prices stable, and to maintain the balance between international revenue and expenditure.
#Optimize and upgrade the industrial structure, and strengthen China's international competitiveness.
#Achieve growth for the primary, secondary and tertiary industries at the rates of 13, 51 and 36% respectively of GDP, with those employed by these industries accounting for 44, 23 and 33% of the total number of employees in the country.
#Improve the national economy and social IT levels.
#Kick-start the operations of more infrastructure facilities.
#Bring the development disparity between regions under effective control, and raise levels of urbanization.
#Raise research and development funding to more than 1.5% of GDP, and strengthen sci-tech innovation capabilities, thereby speeding up technological progress.
#Increase gross enrollment rates in junior high schools, senior high schools and higher education institutions to over 90%, 60% and 15% respectively.
#Reduce natural population growth rate to less than nine per thousand, and capping population at no more than 1.33 billion by 2005.

On the environmental front, to increase forest coverage to 18.2%, and the urban green rate to 35%. The total amount of major urban and rural pollutants discharged will be reduced by 10% as compared with 2000, and more measures would be taken to protect and save natural resources.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=People Daily|date=31 January 2002|author=Han Rongliang|title=China to Invest 700 Billion-yuan for Improving Urban & Rural Environment|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200201/31/eng20020131_89701.shtml|retrieved=15 March 2011}}</ref>

The Plan also set out to increase the growth rates of disposable income of urban residents and the net income of rural residents to five procent each. In addition, objectives were set to increase housing floor space per urban resident to 22 sq m by 2005, and to install 40% of all households in China with cable TV.

Another key objective was to improve medical and health services in both urban and rural areas.

==Eleventh Plan (2006–2010)==
According to draft guidelines submitted to the 2006 National People's Congress session, the goals of the Eleventh Five-Year Guideline were:

'''Economic growth:'''

#GDP up 7.5% annually from 18.2 trillion yuan in 2005 to 26.1 trillion yuan in 2010;
#Per capita GDP up 6.6% annually from 13,985 yuan in 2005 to 19,270 yuan in 2010.

'''Economic structure:'''

#Share of service industry's value added to GDP up from 40.3% in 2005 to 43.3% in 2010;
#Share of employment in service industry up from 31.3% to 35.3% in 2010;
#Share of research and development (R&D) spending out of total GDP up from 1.3% in 2005 to 2% in 2010;
#Urbanization rate up from 43% in 2005 to 47% in 2010.

'''Population, resources, environment:'''

#Population up from 1.30756 billion in 2005 to 1.36000 billion in 2010;
#Energy consumption per unit of GDP down 20% in five years;
#Water consumption per unit of industrial added value down 30% in five years;
#Coefficient of effective use of water for irrigation up from 0.45% in 2005 to 0.5% in 2010;
#Rate of comprehensive use of solid industrial waste up from 55.8% in 2005 to 60% in 2010;
#Total acreage of cultivated land down from 122 million hectares in 2005 to 120 million in 2010;
# Total discharge of major pollutants down 10% in five years;
#Forest coverage up from 18.2% in 2005 to 20% in 2010.

'''Public service, people's life:'''

#Term of education per capita up from 8.5 years in 2005 to nine years in 2010;
#Coverage of urban basic old-age pension up from 174 million people in 2005 to 223 million people in 2010;
#Coverage of the new rural cooperative medical care system up from 23.5% in 2005 to over 80% in 2010;
#New jobs created for urban residents reaching 45 million in five years;
#Number of rural laborers transferred to non-agriculture sectors reaching 45 million in five years;
#Urban registered unemployment rate up from 4.2% in 2005 to 5% in 2010;
# Per capita disposable income of urban residents up 5% annually in five years, from 10,493 yuan in 2005 to 13,390 yuan in 2010;
#Per capita net income of rural residents up 5% annually in five years, from 3,255 yuan in 2005 to 4,150 yuan in 2010.

==Twelfth Plan (2011–2015)==
The Twelfth Five-Year Guideline was debated in mid-October 2010 at the [[2011 National People's Congress|fifth plenary session]] of the [[17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China]] (CPC), the same session in which [[Xi Jinping]] was selected as Vice Chairman of the [[Central Military Commission (People's Republic of China)|Central Military Commission]]. A full proposal for the plan was released following the plenum and approved by the [[National People's Congress]] on 14 March 2011, with the goals of addressing rising inequality and creating an environment for more sustainable growth by prioritizing more equitable wealth distribution, increased domestic consumption, and improved social infrastructure and social safety nets.<ref name="Xinhua">{{Web citation|title=CPC sets targets for 12th Five-Year Program|publisher=Xinhua|date=27 October 2010|url=http://www.china.org.cn/china/2010-10/27/content_21214648.htm|retrieved=22 December 2010}}</ref>

The plan is representative of China's efforts to rebalance its economy, shifting emphasis from investment towards consumption and development from urban and coastal areas toward rural and inland areas – initially by developing small cities and greenfield districts to absorb coastal migration. The plan also continues to advocate objectives set out in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan to enhance environmental protection, accelerate the process of opening and reform, and emphasize [[Hong Kong]]'s role as a center of international finance.<ref name="Xinhua" /><ref>{{Web citation|title=China's 12th Five-Year Plan signifies a new phase in growth|publisher=Xinhua|date=27 October 2010|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2010-10/27/content_11463985.htm|retrieved=22 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|publisher=CNTV|editor=Zhang Jingya|title=China unveils 12th Five-Year Plan|date=28 October 2010|url=http://english.cntv.cn/program/china24/20101028/100670.shtml|retrieved=22 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101103414/http://english.cntv.cn/program/china24/20101028/100670.shtml|archive-date=1 November 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|title=China to further strengthen HK's role in 12th Five-Year Plan|author=Amy Wong|date=21 December 2010|publisher=International Business Times|url=http://hken.ibtimes.com/articles/93862/20101220/china-hk-five-year-plan.htm|retrieved=22 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223121225/http://hken.ibtimes.com/articles/93862/20101220/china-hk-five-year-plan.htm|archive-date=23 December 2010}}</ref>

The targets for the Twelfth Five-Year Guideline in 2011 were to grow of GDP by around 8%, 7% annual growth of per capita income, spend 2.2% of GDP on research and development by 2015, bring the population below 1.39 billion by 2015, readjust income distribution to stop the yawning gap, firmly curb excessive rise of housing prices, implement prudent [[Monetary policies|monetary policy]], intensify anti-corruption efforts, accelerate economic restructuring, and deal with the complex situations in development in 2011.<ref>{{Web citation|title=China's Wen delivers key targets of its development|author=Gang Phan|date=5 March 2011|publisher=International Business Times|url=http://hken.ibtimes.com/articles/119137/20110305/china-delivers-key-targets-the-12th-five-year-pan.htm|retrieved=5 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319162823/http://hken.ibtimes.com/articles/119137/20110305/china-delivers-key-targets-the-12th-five-year-pan.htm|archive-date=19 March 2011}}</ref>

Among the other highlights of draft plan distributed to the media prior to the opening of the Fourth Session of the 11th NPC are:

*Urbanization rate reaching 51.5%
*Value-added output of emerging strategic industries accounting for 8% of GDP
*Inviting of foreign investment in modern agriculture, high-tech, and environment protection industries
*Moving coastal regions from being the "world's factory" to hubs of research and development, high-end manufacturing, and the service sector
*More efficient development of nuclear power under the precondition of ensured safety
*Increased momentum for large-scale hydropower plants in southwest China
*Length of high-speed railways reaching 45,000 km
*Length of highway networks reaching 83,000 km
*A [[Beijing Daxing International Airport|new airport]] being built in Beijing
* 36 million new affordable apartments for low-income people

==Thirteenth Plan (2016–2020)==

===Focus areas===

*Innovation: Move up in the value chain by abandoning old heavy industry and building up bases of modern information-intensive infrastructure
*Achieve significant results in innovation-driven development
*Balancing: Bridge the welfare gaps between countryside and cities by distributing and managing resources more efficiently
*Greening: Develop environmental technology industry, as well as ecological living and ecological culture.
*Achieve an overall improvement in the quality of the environment and ecosystems
*Opening up: Deeper participation in supranational power structures, more international co-operation
*Sharing: Encourage people of China to share the fruits of economic growth, so to bridge the existing welfare gaps
* Healthcare: Implement universal healthcare proposed in 2020 Health Action Plan.
*Moderately prosperous society: Finish building a [[moderately prosperous society]] in all respects

===Policies===

*"Everyone is an entrepreneur, creativity of the masses"
*"[[Made in China 2025]]" (中国制造2025)
** Initiative to comprehensively upgrade Chinese industry and to obtain a bigger part of the global production chains.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Scott Kennedy|title=Made in China 2025|url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/made-china-2025|website=Center for Strategic and International studies}}</ref>
**Aims to address four worrying trends in current situation:
**#(Nationally) vital technologies lack a (domestic) core platform
**#Chinese industrial products are perceived internationally as inferior quality
**#Domestic industrial competition is fierce due to overly homogeneous structure
**#Poor conversion of academic research results to practical application
*"Economy needs a Rule of Law" (建构法制经济)
*"National defense reform"
**Organisational reform of the [[People's Liberation Army|army]], slashing number of highest generals, as well as concentrating branches' functions, moving some under Defence Ministry
*"New national [[Urbanization in China|Urbanization]]" (国家新型城镇化)
*"Reformed [[one-child policy]]"
**Now called "[[two-child policy]]"<ref>{{Web citation|url=http://www.china-un.org/eng/zt/China123456/|title=China's 13th Five-Year Plan|website=www.china-un.org|retrieved=25 February 2019}}</ref>

==Fourteenth plan (2021–2025)==
The 14th Five-Year Plan was drafted during the fifth plenum of the 19th Central Committee held from 26 to 29 October 2020.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Shannon Tiezzi|title=China's Fifth Plenum: What You Need to Know|url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/10/chinas-fifth-plenum-what-you-need-to-know-2/|retrieved=30 November 2020|newspaper=The Diplomat|date=29 October 2020}}</ref> Han Wenxiu, the deputy director of the Office of the Central Finance and Economic Commission, said Xi Jinping had personally led the drafting process through multiple meetings of the Politburo, its standing committee, and the drafting panel that he headed.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Orange Wang, William Zheng, Jun Mai, Echo Xie|title=Five-year plan: China moves to technology self-sufficiency|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3107709/five-year-plan-china-officials-flesh-out-details-plenum|retrieved=30 November 2020|newspaper=South China Morning Post|date=30 October 2020|language=en}}</ref>

The plan was drafted against the backdrop of worsening [[China–United States relations]] and the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], which caused China's economy to shrink for the first time in 44 years.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Thomas Hale, Xinning Liu, Yuan Yang|title=China's economy shrinks for first time in four decades|url=https://www.ft.com/content/8f941520-67ad-471a-815a-d6ba649d22ed|retrieved=30 November 2020|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|date=17 April 2020}}</ref> The plan includes:

===Economy===
Broadly outlined in late October 2020, the new plan aims at China becoming a "moderately developed" economy by 2035 with a per capita GDP of about US$30,000, nearly three times the 2020 level. It anticipates future growth as largely based on domestic consumption of goods and services, and aims to reduce disparities between urban and rural living standards. The plan includes the "peaceful development" of relations with [[Taiwan]], considered "a rebel province and part of Chinese territory."<ref name="aljazeera-20201030">{{Web citation|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/10/30/five-questions-about-chinas-latest-five-year-plan|title=Five questions about China's latest five-year plan|author=Azhar Sukri|newspaper=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=30 October 2020|retrieved=30 October 2020}}</ref> The [[Government of China]] also wishes to expand its role in the economy by implementing market restrictions, furthering the implementation of the [[Belt and Road Initiative]]. <ref>{{Citation |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11684|title=China’s 14th Five-Year Plan: A First Look|date=12 November 2020|publisher=Congressional Research Service|retrieved=30 December 2020}}</ref>

*Dual Circulation and Secure Supply Chains: Given growing [[China–United States trade war|trade tensions]] between the [[United States]] and [[China]], Chinese businesses have pressured [[Government of China]] to move production out of Chinese Territory. '[[Dual circulation]],' unveiled by [[Xi Jinping]], is a proposed solution to these trade tensions. The dual circulation model plans to transfer the Chinese economy to a reliance on “internal circulation,” the Chinese domestic production cycle, as well as “external circulation,” the foreign production cycle. <ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/china-economy-transformation-explainer/what-we-know-about-chinas-dual-circulation-economic-strategy-idUSKBN2600B5|title=What we know about China's 'dual circulation' economic strategy|author=Kevin Yao|date=15 September 2020|newspaper=Reuters|retrieved=30 December 2020}}</ref>

===Environment===
Economists expect the plan's target growth rate for the period to exceed five percent annually. The 2021-2025 plan is anticipated to have aggressive goals on sustainable energy in order to reach China's announced goals of [[carbon neutrality]] by no later than 2060.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Steven Lee Myers|date=25 September 2020|title=China’s Pledge to Be Carbon Neutral by 2060: What It Means|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/23/world/asia/china-climate-change.html|retrieved=12 October 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |title=The 14th Five Year Plan: what ideas are on the table?|url=https://chinadialogue.net/en/climate/11434-the-14th-five-year-plan-what-ideas-are-on-the-table/|retrieved=12 October 2020|newspaper=China Dialogue|language=en}}</ref>

*New Energy Technologies: [[Xi Jinping|President Xi]] Has announced that new energy technologies such as car batteries from state-owned enterprises will make it so that half of the vehicles in China be electric or fuel-cell powered, and half hybrid by 2035. <ref>https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11684</ref>

===Energy===
Recommendations regarding the development of up to 60 gigawatts hydropower capacity on the [[Yarlung Tsangpo|Yarlung Tsangbo]].<ref>{{Web citation |date=30 November 2020|title=China eyes 60 GW of hydropower on Tibet's Brahmaputra river - state media|language=en|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/china-hydropower-idINKBN28A11S|retrieved=11 December 2020}}</ref>

== References==
<references />
[[Category:Five-year plans]]

AUKUS

2023-02-04T12:43:43Z

Unpraxist: Added information around the goals of the alliance, as well as the nuclear submarine situation

'''AUKUS''' is an [[Imperialism|imperialist]] military alliance between [[Australia]], the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and the [[United States of America|United States]] that was formed on 15 September, 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=Graham Holton|newspaper=The Guardian|title=AUKUS is a direct threat to North Korea|date=2021-10-11|url=https://cpa.org.au/guardian/issue-1982/aukus-is-a-direct-threat-to-north-korea/|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20221205055119/https://cpa.org.au/guardian/issue-1982/aukus-is-a-direct-threat-to-north-korea/|archive-date=2022-12-05|retrieved=2023-02-04|quote=On 15th September, the Australian Prime Minister, Scott Morrison, announced the formation of AUKUS – the trilateral security pact for the Indo-Pacific region, between Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States.}}</ref> The United States has about 50 military bases in Australia plans to use Australia to launch an attack against the [[People's Republic of China]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Hannah Middleton|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Australia)|The Guardian]]|title=“AUKUS is about US imperialism”|date=2022-09-19|url=https://cpa.org.au/guardian/issue-2024/aukus-is-about-us-imperialism/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918173540/https://cpa.org.au/guardian/issue-2024/aukus-is-about-us-imperialism/|archive-date=2022-09-18|retrieved=2022-09-29}}</ref>

AUKUS aims to increase Australia's “…shared commitment to the international rules-based order…” by providing the country with technology to build nuclear submarines, cruise missiles and artifical intelligence.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Web citation|author=Jen Psaki|newspaper=The White House|title=Joint Leaders Statement on AUKUS|date=2021-09-15|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/09/15/joint-leaders-statement-on-aukus/|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230202131417/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/09/15/joint-leaders-statement-on-aukus/|archive-date=2023-02-02|retrieved=2023-02-04|quote=Through AUKUS, our governments will strengthen the ability of each to support our security and defense interests, building on our longstanding and ongoing bilateral ties. We will promote deeper information and technology sharing. We will foster deeper integration of security and defense-related science, technology, industrial bases, and supply chains. And in particular, we will significantly deepen cooperation on a range of security and defense capabilities.}}</ref> The alliance also aims to further expand the intelligence community by “…[promoting] deeper information and technology sharing.”<ref name=":1" />

Since the formation of the alliance Australia has cancelled a major arms deal with [[Europe]] and retired another early, replacing both deals with the U.S. companies.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|author=Anna Pha|newspaper=The Guardian|title=AUKUS exposed: nuclear is back|date=2021-10-18|url=https://cpa.org.au/guardian/issue-1983/aukus-exposed-nuclear-is-back/|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20221203122522/https://cpa.org.au/guardian/issue-1983/aukus-exposed-nuclear-is-back/|archive-date=2022-12-03|retrieved=2023-02-04|quote=AUKUS is a military agreement between the US, the UK, and Australia which provides for Australia to gain access to weapons grade nuclear technology for the building of at least eight nuclear-powered submarines and the Australian government cancelling a contract with the French Naval Group for twelve conventional submarines.}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=Andrew Greene, Brianna Morris-Grant|newspaper=ABC News|title=Australia to buy 40 UH-60M Black Hawk helicopters from United States to replace troubled Taipan fleets|date=2023-01-17|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-01-18/australia-to-buy-40-us-black-hawk-helicopters-replace-taipans/101865704|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230203005153/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-01-18/australia-to-buy-40-us-black-hawk-helicopters-replace-taipans/101865704|archive-date=2023-02-03|retrieved=2023-02-04|quote=The Australian Army will ditch its European-made Taipan helicopter fleet early, with Labor confirming they will be replaced by a multi-billion-dollar purchase of American-made Black Hawks.}}</ref>

==Nuclear Submarines==
The development of AUKUS is a further escalation in the [[Asia-Pacific]] that will see the building of eight nuclear-powered submarines. The deal caused tensions in Australia-France relations as a 90 billion AUD contract for twelve conventional submarines from the [[French Naval Group]] was cancelled.<ref name=":2" /> The cancellation of the deal still saw Australia pay 835 million AUD to [[France]].<ref name=":3">{{Web citation|author=Eglantine Staunton|newspaper=Lowy Institute|title=France-Australia: Salving the wounds of AUKUS|date=2023-02-02|url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/france-australia-salving-wounds-aukus|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230202011409/https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/france-australia-salving-wounds-aukus|archive-date=2023-02-02|retrieved=2023-02-04|quote=…the $835 million payment made by Australia for the cancellation of the submarine deal was crucial.}}</ref> The alliance was also seen by France as losing influence over an ally for their own [[French Imperialism|imperial]] conquests in the region.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Citation|year=2021|title=France’s Indo‑Pacific Strategy|chapter=Section Two ‑ France and the Indo‑Pacific, presence and influence|chapter-url=https://franceintheus.org/IMG/pdf/Indopacifique_web.pdf#EN_A4_Indopacifique_V1%20RVB.indd%3A.33197%3A382|section=2.3. Military and security presence|page=23-26|pdf=https://franceintheus.org/IMG/pdf/Indopacifique_web.pdf|city=Paris|publisher=Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs|trans-title=La stratégie de la France dans l'Indopacifique|trans-lang=French}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]]
*[[ANZUS]]

==References==
[[Category:Imperialist organizations]]

<references />

Communist Party of Australia (Marxist–Leninist)

2023-02-04T12:43:34Z

Unpraxist: Noted the "anti-revisionist" ultra-leftism expressed by CPA (M-L)

{{Infobox political party|name=Communist Party of Australia (Marxist–Leninist)|founded=15 March 1964|founder=[[E. F. Hill]]}}{{Communist parties}}

The '''Communist Party of Australia (Marxist–Leninist)''', abbreviated '''CPA (M-L)''', is a revolutionary [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] party in [[Australia]]. It was formed in 1964 after a split from the [[Communist Party of Australia]] due to the [[revisionism]] of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]] at the time. It acknowledges that the indigenous peoples of Australia never gave up sovereignty of their lands and sees them as an indispensable ally of the [[proletariat]].<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Vanguard|title=About the CPA (M-L)|url=https://cpaml.org/aboutus.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422073459/https://cpaml.org/aboutus.php|archive-date=2022-04-22|retrieved=2022-05-01}}</ref>

Today the CPA (M-L) expresses [[Ultra-leftism|left-deviancy]] labeling themselves [[Anti-revisionism|anti-revisionist]]. CPA (M-L) refuses to accept the material realities of [[Actually Existing Socialism|AES]] states claiming recognised [[Marxism–Leninism|ML]] projects such as [[People's Republic of China|China]] to be revisionist, [[Capitalism|capitalist]] and [[Social-imperialism|social-imperialist]].<ref>{{Citation|author=Michael Williss|year=2018|title=Explaining China: How a Socialist Country Took the Capitalist Road to Social-Imperialism|title-url=https://www.cpaml.org/post4.php?id=1542976250|chapter=6. Validity of “social-imperialism” as a description of Chinese practice|page=20|quote=…Deng Xiaoping led the Chinese Communist Party to abandon the practice and policies of continuing the revolution under the conditions of the dictatorship of the proletariat and of advancing victoriously along the socialist road.|pdf=https://www.cpaml.org/web/uploads/Explaining+China+Final+v2.pdf|publisher=Communist Party of Australia (Marxist-Leninist)}}</ref>

==History==
The CPA (M–L) was founded on 15 March 1964 by E.F. Hill. In its early years, it was most popular in the state of [[Victoria]]. In November 1964, [[South Australia|South Australian]] [[Labor union|union]] leader [[Charlie McCaffrey]] joined the party. He worked in a rubber mill where a branch of the [[Australia China Society]] was established in 1966 and helped open a bookshop where Australian and [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] [[Communism|communist]] literature was sold. The Student Worker Coordinating Committee accepted the line of the CPA (M–L) in the 1960's.<ref>{{Citation|author=Nick G.|year=2021|title=An Overview of the History of the CPA(M-L) in South Australia|page=1–3|pdf=https://bannedthought.net/Australia/CPA-ML/Pamphlets/AnOverviewOfTheHistoryOfTheCPA-ML-InSouthAustralia-2021-OCR.pdf|publisher=Communist Party of Australia (Marxist–Leninist)}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Communist parties]]

Muammar Gaddafi

2023-02-04T04:14:32Z

Unpraxist: Fixed style – Infobox covering quote

{{Infobox politician
|name=Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi
|image=File:Muammar Gaddadfi.jpg|image_size=250px|birth_date={{birth date|1942|6|7}}
|death_date={{death date and age|2011|10|20|1942|6|7}}
|death_cause=Gunshot wound
|nationality=Libyan|political_orientation=[[Third International Theory]]}}

'''Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi''' (1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as '''Colonel Gaddafi''', was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He governed [[Libya]] as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the "Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" from 1977 to 2011. He was initially ideologically committed to [[Arab nationalism]] and [[Arab socialism]] but later ruled according to his own [[Third International Theory]].

== Pan-Africanism==
On the 16th of March, 2016 [[WikiLeaks]] published an archive of [[Hillary Clinton]]'s emails containing information confirming the conspiricy by the US and French Governments to overthrow Muammar Gaddafi based on his desire to develop a "pan-African" currency. In an email to Clinton titled, "France's client & Qaddafi's gold" Sidney Blumenthal describes Gaddafi's intentions to develop a "pan-African" dollar based on the Libyan Danir and the concerns raised by France's government in relation.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=WikiLeaks|title=France's client & Qaddafi's gold|date=2011-04-01|url=https://wikileaks.org/clinton-emails/emailid/12659|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124101521/https://wikileaks.org/clinton-emails/emailid/12659|archive-date=2023-01-24|retrieved=2023-01-24}}</ref>
<div style="width: 80%">{{Quote
|The gold was accumulated prior to the current rebellion and was intended to be used to establish a pan-African currency based on the Libyan golden Dinar. This plan was designed to provide, the Francophone Aftrican Countries with an alternative to the French franc (CFA).
|Sidney Blumenthal
|https://wikileaks.org/clinton-emails/emailid/12659
|2011-04-01}}
</div>
The email continues stating that "According to knowledgeable individuals…" the desire to develop the currency…
{{Quote|…was one of the factors that influenced President Nicolas Sarkozy's decision to commit France to the attack on Libya. According to these individuals Sarkozy's plans are driven by the following issues:

a. A desire to gain a greater share of Libya oil production,

b. Increase French influence in North Africa,

c. Improve his internal political situation in France,

d. Provide the French military with an opportunity to reassert its position in the world,

e. Address the concern of his advisors over Qaddafi's long term plan to supplant France as the dominant power in Francophone Africa.
|Sidney Blumenthal
|https://wikileaks.org/clinton-emails/emailid/12659
|2011-04-01}}

== Death==
Following NATO invasion of Libya, Gaddafi was killed by a US drone strike, despite the rebels' call for covert support for their mission, rather than overt support.<ref>https://www.foxnews.com/politics/u-s-drone-involved-in-final-qaddafi-strike-as-obama-heralds-regimes-end</ref>

==Bibliography ==

*[[:Category:Library works by Muammar Gaddafi|Library works by Muammar Gaddafi]]

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Former heads of state]]
[[Category:Socialist rulers]]
[[Category:Targets of intelligence operations]]

Vaush

2023-02-04T03:03:14Z

Unpraxist: Promotion of U.S. Imperialism

'''Vaush''' is a [[United States of America|Statesian]] [[YouTube]] and [[Twitch]] streamer. He identifies as a [[Libertarian socialism|libertarian socialist]] and an [[Anarchism|anarchist]]. Vaush was banned from Twitch for calling white people "crackers."<ref>{{News citation|author=Ethan Gach|newspaper=Kotaku|title=Socialist Twitch Streamer Banned For Calling White People ‘Cracker’ [Update]|date=2021-12-14|url=https://kotaku.com/socialist-twitch-streamer-banned-for-calling-white-peop-1848213042|retrieved=2022-04-17}}</ref> Vaush has also been accused of being a [[Pedophilia|pedophile]]<ref>{{News citation|author=Beige Goat|newspaper=Twitter|title=Context, for what it's worth.|date=2020-11-09|url=https://twitter.com/beigegoat45/status/1325705005886746624|retrieved=2022-04-17|quote=In fact—and this is gonna be a real hot take—I have yet to hear a convincing moral or legal argument as to why possession of child pornography should be illegal.}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=Vaush|newspaper=Discord|date=2018-02-13|url=https://i.redd.it/z3nrrkf179l51.png|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806085802/https://i.redd.it/z3nrrkf179l51.png|archive-date=2022-08-06|quote=As those imbalances (or at least some of them) are redressed through the advent of socialism, the age of consent should therefor [sic] be lowered.}}</ref> and claimed [[Karl Marx|Marx]] and [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] would have voted for [[Joe Biden|Biden]] in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]].<ref>{{News citation|author=[[BadEmpanada]]|newspaper=Twitter|title=Vaush misread stuff so badly in his latest video that it led me to make a serious youtube comment that I now must post here. the lack of non-US knowledge is clear in his misreading of Lenin especially|date=2020-08-20|url=https://twitter.com/RadEmpanada/status/1296701957739077633|archive-url=https://archive.ph/MQ3bo|archive-date=2020-10-26|retrieved=2022-04-17}}</ref>

== Criticism ==

=== Anti-Semitism ===
While discussing the [[National Socialist German Workers' Party|Nazis]] in a debate with [[NonCompete]], Vaush said Jews disproportionately controlled banks in [[German Reich (1918–1933)|Weimar Germany]].<ref name=":0">{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5lR1FdFefcA&t=3050s|channel=Vaush|title=HE HUNG UP - Absurd Debate w/ NonCompete Quickly Derails|quote=There was a disproportionate number of Jewish control of banks in Germany during the Weimar Republic.}}</ref>

===Racism===
Vaush has called Black people "subhuman"<ref>{{Web citation|author=Vaush|newspaper=Discord|url=https://i.redd.it/q1bs0pmcuk661.png|archive-url=https://archive.ph/DP5nR|archive-date=2020-12-21|quote=you guys know ive called black and trans people subhuman too}}</ref> and intentionally said the n-word in a debate.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Vaush|newspaper=YouTube|title=Am I a Jew? Arguing with Nazis on THE KILLSTREAM|date=2019-05-14|url=https://i.imgur.com/TMMwFra.png|archive-url=https://archive.ph/C7g1n|archive-date=2020-11-15|quote=In this video, I drop an n-bomb. Biiiig one; hard 'R' [...] It was a power move which I am entirely unashamed of}}</ref> He is against preserving Black culture even though it was systematically repressed by the United States.<ref>{{Web citation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722205131/https://twitter.com/high_define/status/1258520435655766022|archive-date=2022-07-22|quote=Wait, fuck Black culture—I don't give a fuck about preserving culture. What? That's exactly the same as a white ethnonationalist argument.}}</ref>

===Transphobia===
Vaush has called the [[LGBT+]] community "cancerous"<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Streamable|url=https://streamable.com/fdy60u|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308145927/https://streamable.com/fdy60u|archive-date=2022-03-08|quote=The left community online, particularly the LGBT community, is cancerous as fuck. If you're not an idiot, you will agree with me.}}</ref> and "mentally ill."<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Streamable|title=I know this is fundamentally reactionary thinking, but still, I can’t think of anything else|url=https://streamable.com/uu2mkv|quote=A lot of the people who are trying to cancel [[Contrapoints]] are fucking dejected, worthless, mentally ill, basement-dweller, fucking queer people who have absolutely nothing to offer the world apart from their bitter scorn.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308152603/https://streamable.com/uu2mkv|archive-date=2022-03-08}}</ref>

===Promotion of U.S. Imperialism===
On the 11 December, 2020 stream Vaush made the "joke" that Iraqis have him to thank for stopping and preventing [[United States imperialism|U.S. Imperialism]] in [[Republic of Iraq|Iraq]] due to his position to vote for Biden.<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bxn2aNbqa6w&t=13060s|channel=Vaush|title=GOING OVER VIDEOS CRITICIZING ME {{!}} CHILL STREAM|date=2020-12-11|quote=…you [[https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Hakim Hakim]] are lucky that I personally got Biden into office because otherwise – is Hakim from Iraq? Well, hey listen ok, we're going to get Biden to get those troops out of Iraq ok – wait did he already do that? We are going to keep Biden from fucking bombing anymore of your airports ok. That's what we're going to do! You're welcome Hakim!
I know, I know it–, I know it sucks, because frantically Democrats and Republicans both have a pretty fucking bad record when it comes to foreign policy, but listen you. Ok, I got Biden elected and I'm gonna wield that infinite power, alright, and I'm gonna make sure we quit fucking around in the Middle East ok. We're gonna pull troops out of – we're gonna pull troops out of [[Afghanistan]], we're gonna pay reparations to the countries we bomb, we're gonna stop that [[Yemen]] shit, we're gonna start arguing with [[Saudi Arabia]], we're going to reinstitute the nuclear fucking arms shit deal with [[Iran]] – the nuclear treatus [sic], we're going to establish fuckin' one state council solution with [[Israel]] and [[Palestine]] – 'cos I feel that's closest we're going to be able to get – um, we're gonna – we're gonna do it. "This won't happen under Biden." Goddamn right it will. It will 'cos of me. 'Cos of all the socialist influence I have in the Democratic party. Yeah, we're gonna lift sanctions on [[Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela|Vuvuzuela]] [sic], we're gonna fix the world. "No it won't Vaush." Do you think I'm being serious man?}}</ref>

On the 3 Febuary, 2023 Vaush advocated expanding U.S. Imperialism in a tweet. Responding to a tweet criticising the number of [[U.S. Military]] bases in the [[Asia-Pacific]] Vaush stated that "We [[[:en:United_States_of_America|U.S.]]] need more"<ref>{{Web citation|author=Vaush|newspaper=[[Twitter]]|date=2023-02-03|url=https://twitter.com/VaushV/status/1621586438814072834|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230204024826/https://twitter.com/VaushV/status/1621586438814072834|archive-date=2023-02-04|retrieved=2023-02-04|quote=We need more}}</ref>

==References==
[[Category:YouTube channels]]
<references />
[[Category:Imperialist propaganda]]
[[Category:Breadtube]]

Inflation

2023-02-03T14:00:53Z

Unpraxist: Added information pertaining to the relationship between inflation and socialist economies. Unsure if the "Additionally..." sentence is neccassary.

'''Inflation''' is the general increase in the prices of goods and services in an economy. This corresponds to the reduction in the purchasing power of money; that each unit of currency is able to buy less and less over time.

Inflation can be caused by many factors, but it is most frequently seen in market-based [[Capitalism|capitalist]] economies. In [[Socialism|socialist]] economies, price levels are carefully regulated to ensure the proletariat has access to goods and services, but sometimes external factors can still lead socialist countries into inflationary crises.

Inflationary periods harm the [[Poverty|poor]] and the [[Wage slavery|wage-earners]] far more than the [[Bourgeoisie|rich]], as the rich tend to be hedged against inflation through ownership of non-currency assets.<blockquote>"Under inflationary conditions, price rises exceed wage increases. This means that capitalist profits grow at the expense of a decreasing workers’ share in the national income. Inflation is a means of redistributing the national income in favour of the monopolies"

– [[Otto Wille Kuusinen]]<ref>NEEDS PAGE NUMBER [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c4a567f4eddecfdf9c627a2/t/5d4a0d4d7b3fb6000145f957/1565134231835/Fundamentals+of+Marxism+Leninism.pdf Fundamentals of Marxism Leninism] by Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow 1963 ([https://twitter.com/juche0071/status/1537468523785736193?s=20&t=6OUsY36aOAm6yYhiGILl9w tweet source]) </ref></blockquote>

== Impacts ==
Inflationary episodes can cause economic instability especially among the poor, which sometimes further develops into social and political instability.

== Socialist Economies==
Social economies are far less affected by inflation than their capitalist counterparts. Even [[post-Keynesian]] economists [[Joan Robinson]] and [[John Eatwell]] conceed that “One clear and indisputable advantage of socialist industry over private enterprise is that it can continuously maintain a ‘high and stable levels of employment’ without suffering from inflation.”<ref>{{Citation|author=E.L. Wheelwright (ed), Frank J.B. Stilwell (ed), Joan Robinson, John Eatwell|year=1976|title=Readings in Political Economy|chapter=Part Four: A Perspective on Socialist Economic Systems|section=Socialist Economies|page=238|quote=One clear and indisputable advantage of socialist industry over private enterprise is that it can continuously maintain a ‘high and stable level of employment’ without suffering from inflation.|city=Sydney|publisher=Australia and New Zealand Book Co.|isbn=0855520612|volume=2}}</ref> Additionally, this quote exposes the inability for ‘high and stable levels of employment’ to exist under capitalism without increases to inflation.

==2022 global inflation crisis==
The globe is currently experiencing a severe inflationary crisis due to many factors: the attempt by the West to isolate Russia from the global markets thus driving up the scarcity and prices of goods, as well as rampant monetary expansion (commonly referred to as "money printing" although most new currency generated is digital, not physical in cash form)<ref>{{News citation|title=‘Breaking point’: soaring inflation drives cuts to hunger-relief programmes|date=2022-05-21|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/3178635/breaking-point-soaring-inflation-drives-cuts-hunger-relief-programmes?module=more_top_stories_int&pgtype=homepage}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|newspaper=MSN|title=Consumer confidence takes inflation hit|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/markets/consumer-confidence-takes-inflation-hit/ar-AAXV7Tx}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Hyperinflation]]

==References==

<references />

Price fixing

2023-02-01T13:31:13Z

Unpraxist: Fixed typo in reference

{{Message box/Stub}}

'''Price fixing''' is an anti-competitive agreement between participants on the same side in a market to buy or sell a product, service, or commodity at a fixed price, usually to maintain monopoly profits and to push back against Marxism's economic law that [[Tendency of the rate of profit to fall|competition results in falling rates of profit]].{{Helper}}

Under [[imperialism]] (the monopoly stage of [[capitalism]]) price fixing is commonly carried out by international cartels of producers, this can be observed especially in the [[Petroleum politics|oil markets]].

== Historical Examples ==

=== Phoebus Cartel ===
On 23 December, 1924 all major lightbulb manufacturers developed an agreement to divide markets and fix lightblub prices. The document, titled "Convention for the Development and Progress of the International Incandescent Electric Lamp Industry" Members of the agreement included [[German Reich (1918–1933)|Germany]]'s Osram, the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Netherlands]]' Philips, [[French Republic|France]]'s Compagnie des Lampes, [[Hungary]]'s Tungsram, the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]]'s Associated Electrical Industries and [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japan]]'s Toyko Electric. The [[United States of America|United States]]' General Electric was a major force in developing and organising the agreement, however it was not an official member. GE was instead represented through its subsidiaries in the UK, [[Federative Republic of Brazil|Brazil]], [[Republic of China|China]] and [[Mexican United States|Mexico]]. Over the period of the agreement GE was able to "…acquire significant stakes in all the member companies that it did not already own." Although advantageous for GE, the cartel was first proposed by William Meinhardt of Osram in an attempt to counter [[Tendency of the rate of profit to fall|falling rates in profit]] due to a 55% fall in sales for the year previous. Meinhardt also oversaw a supervisory body setup by the cartel, where he managed the national lightbulb markets, the exchange of patents, the development of member companies in global trade, and the setting of standards.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Markus Krajewski|year=2014|title=The great lightbulb conspiracy|title-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6905492|page=56-61|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/MSPEC.2014.6905492|series=IEEE Spectrum|volume=15}}</ref>

Despite the stated goals being "…securing the cooperation of all parties to the agreement, ensuring the advantageous exploitation of their manufacturing capabilities in the production of lamps, ensuring and maintaining a uniformly high quality, increasing the effectiveness of electric lighting and increasing light use to the advantage of the consumer." The cartel had been able to reduce the lifespan of the incandescent lightbulb to 1000 hours by 1925, down from the 1500 to 2000 hour range between different companies beforehand. Due to this decrease in lifespan, sales among member companies rose, manufacturing costs dropped and prices were able to be artificially elevated, amounting to increased profits.<ref name=":0" />

Although the agreement was initially planned to last until 1955, [[Second World War|World War II]] caused its premature nullfication in 1940.<ref name=":0" />
[[Category:Capitalism]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Price fixing

2023-02-01T13:30:07Z

Unpraxist: Added historical example of price fixing, Phoebus lightbulb cartel

{{Message box/Stub}}

'''Price fixing''' is an anti-competitive agreement between participants on the same side in a market to buy or sell a product, service, or commodity at a fixed price, usually to maintain monopoly profits and to push back against Marxism's economic law that [[Tendency of the rate of profit to fall|competition results in falling rates of profit]].{{Helper}}

Under [[imperialism]] (the monopoly stage of [[capitalism]]) price fixing is commonly carried out by international cartels of producers, this can be observed especially in the [[Petroleum politics|oil markets]].

== Historical Examples ==

=== Phoebus Cartel ===
On 23 December, 1924 all major lightbulb manufacturers developed an agreement to divide markets and fix lightblub prices. The document, titled "Convention for the Development and Progress of the International Incandescent Electric Lamp Industry" Members of the agreement included [[German Reich (1918–1933)|Germany]]'s Osram, the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Netherlands]]' Philips, [[French Republic|France]]'s Compagnie des Lampes, [[Hungary]]'s Tungsram, the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]]'s Associated Electrical Industries and [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japan]]'s Toyko Electric. The [[United States of America|United States]]' General Electric was a major force in developing and organising the agreement, however it was not an official member. GE was instead represented through its subsidiaries in the UK, [[Federative Republic of Brazil|Brazil]], [[Republic of China|China]] and [[Mexican United States|Mexico]]. Over the period of the agreement GE was able to "…acquire significant stakes in all the member companies that it did not already own." Although advantageous for GE, the cartel was first proposed by William Meinhardt of Osram in an attempt to counter [[Tendency of the rate of profit to fall|falling rates in profit]] due to a 55% fall in sales for the year previous. Meinhardt also oversaw a supervisory body setup by the cartel, where he managed the national lightbulb markets, the exchange of patents, the development of member companies in global trade, and the setting of standards.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Markus Krajewski|year=2014|title=The great lightbulb conspiracy|title-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6905492|page=56-61|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/MSPEC.2014.6905492|series=EEE Spectrum|volume=15}}</ref>

Despite the stated goals being "…securing the cooperation of all parties to the agreement, ensuring the advantageous exploitation of their manufacturing capabilities in the production of lamps, ensuring and maintaining a uniformly high quality, increasing the effectiveness of electric lighting and increasing light use to the advantage of the consumer." The cartel had been able to reduce the lifespan of the incandescent lightbulb to 1000 hours by 1925, down from the 1500 to 2000 hour range between different companies beforehand. Due to this decrease in lifespan, sales among member companies rose, manufacturing costs dropped and prices were able to be artificially elevated, amounting to increased profits.<ref name=":0" />

Although the agreement was initially planned to last until 1955, [[Second World War|World War II]] caused its premature nullfication in 1940.<ref name=":0" />
[[Category:Capitalism]]
[[Category:Stubs]]