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George Orwell

2020-12-24T21:04:35Z

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'''George Orwell''' was a prominent essayist and novelist, who called himself a 'democratic socialist'. However, he was considered a [[Left-wing anticommunism|left wing anti-communist]] due to his anti-communist views, which led him to even collude with imperial Britain<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/orwells-little-list-leaves-the-left-gasping-for-more-1328633.html</ref> in stark contrast to the anti-authoritarian virtues he claimed to espouse.

== Prominent Works ==

=== Homage to Catalonia ===
Orwell's first real seminal work was the 1938 ''Homage to Catalonia'', a memoir of his personal experience serving with the [[Workers' Party of Marxist Unification]] (POUM) in [[Revolutionary Catalonia]] during the [[Spanish Civil War]]. Despite mostly an anarcho-communist region at the time, Orwell sites Revolutionary Catalonia as the basis for his hardline dedication to democratic socialism, as well as his self-proclaimed anti-authoritarianism. There is likely some ingenuousness in his words though, as the POUM was famously anti-Leninist and Orwell from this point forward dedicated most of his literary career to denouncing/"satirizing" Marxism-Leninism.

=== Animal Farm ===
Animal Farm is a 1945 novella that is meant to be an allegory for the founding of the Soviet Union and Stalin's rise to power. In the story, a farm of animals chase out their drunken owner and establish their own self-governing farm, only for a small group of pigs to effectively take all the power. Eventually, one particularly narcissistic pig named Napoleon sends guard dogs after the other pigs, making himself the undisputed ruler of the farm and oppressing his fellow animals into eventually acting just like humans. This is "supposed" to be an allegory for how Stalin lead the Soviet Union to effectively become a shadow of its former self - an authoritarian capitalist state just like its enemies - and to this day the book is one of the most famous and respected pieces of anti-communist fiction. This book helped solidify Orwell's identity as an anti-communist leftist, and is also arguably what gave significant rise to the "not real socialism" argument for AES.

=== 1984 ===
1984 is a novel set in a dystopian vision of the United Kingdom (referred to as Airstrip One). The novel is a thinly veiled panegyric to the plight of Trotsky, who is represented in the novel by the character Emmanuel Goldstein. He is reviled by the ruling Ingsoc Party, which is supposed to be an allegory to [[Marxism-leninism|Stalinism]]. 1984 is influential in political spheres due to concepts such as ''Newspeak'' (phrases such as ''wrongthink'' are often used by the far-right today) as well as the popularization of the ideas of Big Brother (totalitarianism) and mass surveillance.

== Criticism ==
Despite his anti-authoritarian virtues, Orwell composed lists of personalities noted to be sympathetic to the Soviet Union, the assigned comments reeking with homophobia and antisemitism.<ref>https://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv4n1/orwell.htm</ref> Orwell's allegorical criticisms of the Soviet Union were published during the Second World War, thereby providing propaganda against the USSR at a time where many socialists were defending it in the fight against [[Fascism]].

Among Leninists it is commonly pointed out that Orwell was an unashamed supporter of [[Leon Trotsky]], and wholeheartedly believed in the idea that he was an innocent man wrongly persecuted by his fellow Bolsheviks. Being a democratic socialist, Orwell was obviously not a fan of revolution in general, which explains his general disdain for vanguard movements as a whole, and why he favored the more decentralized nature of Revolutionary Catalonia.

== References ==
<references />

Unequal exchange

2020-12-24T21:01:45Z

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'''Unequal Exchange''' is a Marxist argument that illustrates how an exchange of different commodities with equal value causes the group with higher wages to extract value from the group with lower wages. The argument is as follows:
<blockquote>
Suppose Groups A and B wish to trade in unlike goods (keep in mind, unlike goods is very important to the argument). Let's say that [[Constant capital|constant capital]](c), [[Variable capital|variable capital]](v), and [[Surplus value|surplus value]](s) are equal in this first case. For both A and B. [[Constant capital|Constant capital]] = 100, [[Variable capital|Variable capital]] = 100, and [[Surplus value|Surplus value]] = 100. The total value of both commodities being traded then is 300 each or 600 total value across the entire transaction. We need to determine the [[Price of production|Price of Production]](X) to get the price the goods will trade for on average. To get the [[Price of production|Price of Production]](X) for each commodity in this trade we need the [[Cost price|Cost Price]](C) for each commodity, [[Cost price|Cost Price]] across the transaction (C'), and the average [[Rate of profit|rate of profit]] across the entire transaction(P').

To get the [[Cost price|Cost Price]] for each commodity we simply add [[Variable capital|Variable]] and [[Constant capital|Constant capital]] (v+c=C). For both Groups it looks like this.

100+100=C 
200=C

Now across the entire transaction we need Ca and Cb to be added together (Ca+Cb=C'). (Note: Due to [[Constant capital|Constant]] and [[Variable capital|Variable capital]] being equal across both I'll not do the equations again).

200+200=C' 
400=C'

Now we must determine the [[Rate of profit|Rate of Profit]](P') across this entire transaction. For that we simply add the [[Surplus value|Surplus value]](s) of both together and divide by the total [[Cost price|Cost Price]](C'). That looks like this.

(100+100)/400=P' 
100+100=200 
200/400=P' 
200/400=.5(50%) 
.5=P'

Now we can finally determine the [[Price of production|Price of Production]](X) for each commodity.

200+(.5200)=X 
.5200=100 
200+100=X 
300=X

Both have the same [[Price of production|Price of Production]] so I won't rewrite the equations.

This leads to a fair game 300 and 300 exchange. So far no one has lost out and everyone is walking away happy. But now we are going to alter the conditions. Let's give the workers of group A a 50% raise. This means the [[Variable capital|Variable Capital]](v) of A is 150 and the [[Surplus value|Surplus value]] of A is now 50 (to maintain that total value hasn't changed). With just this change let's have Groups A and B exchange commodities again.

We must first find the total [[Cost price|Cost Price]](C') first. Now that A and B have different [[Variable capital|Variable capital]] values we have to do each's cost price separately.

[[Cost price|Cost Price]] for A is [[Constant capital|Constant capital]](100)+[[Variable capital|Variable capital]](150).

100+150=C 
100+150=250 
250=C

[[Cost price|Cost Price]] for A is 250.

[[Cost price|Cost Price]] for B was done up top already and is 200.

We need [[Cost price|Cost Price]] for the entire transaction now. (Ca+Cb=C').

250+200=C' 
450=C'

Average [[Rate of profit|Rate of Profit]] across the transaction is the total [[Surplus value|Surplus value]] divided by the total [[Cost price|Cost Price]].

(100+50)/450=P' 
100+50=150 
150/450=⅓(33.33%) 
⅓=P'

Now to find each individual [[Price of production|Price of Production]] we just take the [[Cost price|Cost Price]] of a given commodity, multiplied by the average [[Rate of profit|rate of profit]] across the transaction plus the [[Cost price|Cost Price]] of that commodity again
(Ca+(P'+Ca)=X).

250+(⅓250)=X 
⅓250=83.325 
250+83.325=333.325 
333.325=X

This means that a good from Group A with a value of 300 will sell (in this exchange) for 333.325 units of value. Let's see what B sells for.

We already have its [[Cost price|Cost Price]] and average [[Rate of profit|rate of profit]] so we can go straight to its [[Price of production|Price of Production]].

200+(⅓200)=X 
⅓200=66.667 
200+66.667=X 
266.667=X

This means that between these 2 groups. While both are still producing 300 worth of value, Group B sells said product at a lower price. Because commodities of different types are exchanged this means that 300 worth of value produced in Group A can get more than 300 worth of value from Group B and that 300 worth of produced by Group B is worth less than 300 value produced by Group A. Remember the value of the commodities never changed, just the [[Variable capital|variable capital]] (or wages) in Group A increased. Put another way, by lower its [[Rate of exploitation|rate of exploitation]] Group A is able to inflate the value of goods produced. Because they trade in unlike commodities Group B isn't able to undercut the price of Group A. This is also the relationship between the 3rd and 1st world. Because the 1st and 3rd world trades different commodities with each other but the wages of the 1st world are higher. The 1st world is able to inflate the value of its goods in relation to goods produced in the 3rd and buy more of their goods for less than they are worth. By raising wages in the 1st world, the 1st is able to take more than it trades to the 3rd world.

The final implication of the argument is that this creates a labor aristocracy out of high paid workers in the 1st world that compromises with the capitalist class to extrapolate more value than they produce (reaping the benefits of the exploitation of others, especially those of the 3rd world). This labor aristocracy is marked by the higher end of middle class and up workers within a given first world country.
</blockquote>

Dictatorship of the proletariat

2020-12-24T20:54:26Z

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The '''dictatorship of the proletariat''', sometimes abbreviated as '''DotP''', is a guiding principle applied in facilitating a transition to socialism/communism from the previous mode of production by developing the economy to a stage where socialism/communism can be implemented, and prevent counter revolution and sabotage from both international and domestic ruling classes.

As the [[state]] exists to assert the rule of one class over another, all class society is a dictatorship; the issue that generally drives the [[class struggle]] is ''who'' is the ruling class. As such, the DotP is not a dictatorship in the liberal, bourgeois sense of the term but a neutral qualifier as to the owner of state power.

Capitalism is usually referred to as a dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, as the bourgeoisie controls such a system and asserts their rule over the proletariat, thereby oppressing them.

Since there is always an oppressor and oppressed in [[class society]] (see also [[social class]]) due to the contradictions pertaining to the means of production and, more broadly, to the mode of production, it is important for the proletariat to become the oppressing class over the bourgeoisie if communism is to be achieved.

Tendency of the rate of profit to fall

2020-12-24T20:50:10Z

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The '''tendency of the rate of profit to fall''' ('''TRPF''') is a [[hypothesis]] in the [[crisis theory]] of [[political economy]], according to which the [[rate of profit]]—the ratio of the profit to the amount of invested [[Capital (economics)|capital]]—decreases over time. This hypothesis gained additional prominence from its discussion by [[Karl Marx]] in Chapter 13 of ''[[Capital, Volume III]],''<ref>It is also referred to by Marx as the "''law'' of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall" (LTRPF). As explained in the article, there are disputes about whether there is such a law or not. Other terms used include "the falling rate of profit" (FROP), the "falling tendency of the rate of profit" (FTRP), "decline of the rate of profit" (DROP), and the "tendential fall of the rate of profit" (TFRP). The average rate of profit on production capital is usually written as ''r'' = S/(C+V).</ref> but economists as diverse as [[Adam Smith]],<ref>[[Adam Smith]], ''The Wealth of Nations'', Chapter 9. See also [[Philip Mirowski]], "Adam Smith, Empiricism, and the Rate of Profit in Eighteenth-Century England." ''History of Political Economy'', Vol. 14, No. 2, Summer 1982, pp. 178–198.</ref> [[John Stuart Mill]],<ref>[[John Stuart Mill]], ''Principles of Political Economy'' (1848), Book 4, Chapter 4. Bela A. Balassa, "Karl Marx and John Stuart Mill." ''Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv'', Bd. 83 (1959), pp. 147–165.</ref> [[David Ricardo]]<ref>[[David Ricardo]], ''Principles of Political Economy and Taxation'', Chapter 6. Maurice Dobb, "The Sraffa system and critique of the neoclassical theory of distribution." In : E.K. Hunt & Jesse G. Schwartz, ''A Critique of Economic Theory''. Penguin, 1972, p. 211–213.</ref> and [[Stanley Jevons]]<ref>[[W. Stanley Jevons]] (1871), ''The Theory of Political Economy''. Harmondsworth, Penguin Books, 1970, pp. 243–244.</ref> referred explicitly to the TRPF as an empirical phenomenon that demanded further theoretical explanation, although they differed on the reasons why the TRPF should necessarily occur.<ref>[[Tony Aspromourgos|Aspromourgos, Tony]], "Profits", in: James D. Wright (ed.), ''International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioural Sciences''. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2015, 2nd edition, Vol. 19, pp. 111–116.</ref>

Marx regarded the TRPF as proof that [[Capitalism|capitalist]] production could not be an everlasting form of production since in the end the profit principle itself would suffer a breakdown.<ref>[[Karl Marx]], ''[[Capital, Volume III]]'', Penguin ed. 1981, p. 350 and 368.</ref> However, because the tendency is said to be hard to prove or disprove theoretically, and hard to test and measure the rate of profit, Marx's TRPF theory has been a topic of global controversy for more than a century.

== See also ==

* [[Crisis theory]]
* [[Financial crisis]]

== External links ==
{{External links|Wikipedia=Tendency of the rate of profit to fall}}

== References ==

Neocolonialism

2020-12-24T20:45:39Z

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'''Neocolonialism''' is the control of another country through economic means. This typically involves giving loans and such to a country in need in exchange for things like cuts to social services as well forcing open their markets. Then the debt from the loan is leveraged to maintain control over the country forcing it to bend to the will of an imperialist power. This is mostly how modern [[Imperialism|imperialism]] is done.

Neocolonialism

2020-12-24T20:45:19Z

Xeta: Created page with "'''Neocolonialism''' is the control of another country through economic means. This typically involves giving loans and such to a country in need in exchange for things like c..."

Organic composition of capital

2020-12-24T20:43:01Z

Xeta: Created page with "The '''Organic Composition of Capital (Abbreviated to OCC)''' is the rate of Constant to Variable Capital. The higher Constant capi..."

The '''Organic Composition of Capital (Abbreviated to OCC)''' is the rate of [[Constant capital|Constant]] to [[Variable capital|Variable Capital]]. The higher [[Constant capital|constant capital]] is, in relation to [[Variable capital|variable capital]], the higher the '''OCC''' is. Put another way [[Constant capital|Constant capital]]/[[Variable capital|Variable capital]] = '''OCC'''.

Price of production

2020-12-24T20:30:44Z

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In Marxist terms the '''price of production''' is where, in developed economies, the actual market price of a given commodity fluctuates from. This is determined by the [[Cost price|cost price]] plus the average [[Rate of profit|rate of profit]] multiplied by the [[Cost price|cost price]]. To put mathematically if [[Cost price|cost price]] is " C " , the average [[Rate of profit|rate of profit]] is " P' ", and the '''price of production''' is " X ", then the equation to determine '''price of production''' is as follows:
<blockquote>
C+(P' * C) = X

For a more concrete example let's say C = 200 and P' = 50% or .5.

200+(.5200)=X 
.5200=100 
200+100=X 
300=X
</blockquote>
The '''price of production''' of this commodity is 300. This means that 300 is where supply and demand will fluctuate from in a developed economy.

(Note developed economy in this case refers to higher stages of capitalism. Early capitalism has what is called simple commodity production. In this stage instead of being sold around prices of production things are sold around the value of a given commodity.)

Price of production

2020-12-24T20:29:38Z

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In Marxist terms the '''price of production''' is where, in developed economies, the actual market price of a given commodity fluctuates from. This is determined by the [[Cost price|cost price]] plus the average [[Rate of profit|rate of profit]] multiplied by the [[Cost price|cost price]]. To put mathematically if [[Cost price|cost price]] is " C " , the average [[Rate of profit|rate of profit]] is " P' ", and the '''price of production''' is " X ", then the equation to determine '''price of production''' is as follows:

C+(P' * C) = X

For a more concrete example let's say C = 200 and P' = 50% or .5.

200+(.5200)=X
.5200=100
200+100=X
300=X

The '''price of production''' of this commodity is 300. This means that 300 is where supply and demand will fluctuate from in a developed economy.

(Note developed economy in this case refers to higher stages of capitalism. Early capitalism has what is called simple commodity production. In this stage instead of being sold around prices of production things are sold around the value of a given commodity.)

Unequal exchange

2020-12-24T20:25:26Z

Xeta: Created page with "'''Exploitation''' is the forced appropriation of the unpaid labor of workers. == Unequal Exchange == Unequal Exchange is a Marxist argument that illustrates how an exchange..."

'''Exploitation''' is the forced appropriation of the unpaid labor of workers.

== Unequal Exchange ==
Unequal Exchange is a Marxist argument that illustrates how an exchange of different commodities with equal value causes the group with higher wages to extract value from the group with lower wages. The argument is as follows:
<blockquote>
Suppose Groups A and B wish to trade in unlike goods (keep in mind, unlike goods is very important to the argument). Let's say that [[Constant capital|constant capital]](c), [[Variable capital|variable capital]](v), and [[Surplus value|surplus value]](s) are equal in this first case. For both A and B. [[Constant capital|Constant capital]] = 100, [[Variable capital|Variable capital]] = 100, and [[Surplus value|Surplus value]] = 100. The total value of both commodities being traded then is 300 each or 600 total value across the entire transaction. We need to determine the [[Price of production|Price of Production]](X) to get the price the goods will trade for on average. To get the [[Price of production|Price of Production]](X) for each commodity in this trade we need the [[Cost price|Cost Price]](C) for each commodity, [[Cost price|Cost Price]] across the transaction (C'), and the average [[Rate of profit|rate of profit]] across the entire transaction(P').

To get the [[Cost price|Cost Price]] for each commodity we simply add [[Variable capital|Variable]] and [[Constant capital|Constant capital]] (v+c=C). For both Groups it looks like this.

100+100=C 
200=C

Now across the entire transaction we need Ca and Cb to be added together (Ca+Cb=C'). (Note: Due to [[Constant capital|Constant]] and [[Variable capital|Variable capital]] being equal across both I'll not do the equations again).

200+200=C' 
400=C'

Now we must determine the [[Rate of profit|Rate of Profit]](P') across this entire transaction. For that we simply add the [[Surplus value|Surplus value]](s) of both together and divide by the total [[Cost price|Cost Price]](C'). That looks like this.

(100+100)/400=P' 
100+100=200 
200/400=P' 
200/400=.5(50%) 
.5=P'

Now we can finally determine the [[Price of production|Price of Production]](X) for each commodity.

200+(.5200)=X 
.5200=100 
200+100=X 
300=X

Both have the same [[Price of production|Price of Production]] so I won't rewrite the equations.

This leads to a fair game 300 and 300 exchange. So far no one has lost out and everyone is walking away happy. But now we are going to alter the conditions. Let's give the workers of group A a 50% raise. This means the [[Variable capital|Variable Capital]](v) of A is 150 and the [[Surplus value|Surplus value]] of A is now 50 (to maintain that total value hasn't changed). With just this change let's have Groups A and B exchange commodities again.

We must first find the total [[Cost price|Cost Price]](C') first. Now that A and B have different [[Variable capital|Variable capital]] values we have to do each's cost price separately.

[[Cost price|Cost Price]] for A is [[Constant capital|Constant capital]](100)+[[Variable capital|Variable capital]](150).

100+150=C 
100+150=250 
250=C

[[Cost price|Cost Price]] for A is 250.

[[Cost price|Cost Price]] for B was done up top already and is 200.

We need [[Cost price|Cost Price]] for the entire transaction now. (Ca+Cb=C').

250+200=C' 
450=C'

Average [[Rate of profit|Rate of Profit]] across the transaction is the total [[Surplus value|Surplus value]] divided by the total [[Cost price|Cost Price]].

(100+50)/450=P' 
100+50=150 
150/450=⅓(33.33%) 
⅓=P'

Now to find each individual [[Price of production|Price of Production]] we just take the [[Cost price|Cost Price]] of a given commodity, multiplied by the average [[Rate of profit|rate of profit]] across the transaction plus the [[Cost price|Cost Price]] of that commodity again
(Ca+(P'+Ca)=X).

250+(⅓250)=X 
⅓250=83.325 
250+83.325=333.325 
333.325=X

This means that a good from Group A with a value of 300 will sell (in this exchange) for 333.325 units of value. Let's see what B sells for.

We already have its [[Cost price|Cost Price]] and average [[Rate of profit|rate of profit]] so we can go straight to its [[Price of production|Price of Production]].

200+(⅓200)=X 
⅓200=66.667 
200+66.667=X 
266.667=X

This means that between these 2 groups. While both are still producing 300 worth of value, Group B sells said product at a lower price. Because commodities of different types are exchanged this means that 300 worth of value produced in Group A can get more than 300 worth of value from Group B and that 300 worth of produced by Group B is worth less than 300 value produced by Group A. Remember the value of the commodities never changed, just the [[Variable capital|variable capital]] (or wages) in Group A increased. Put another way, by lower its [[Rate of exploitation|rate of exploitation]] Group A is able to inflate the value of goods produced. Because they trade in unlike commodities Group B isn't able to undercut the price of Group A. This is also the relationship between the 3rd and 1st world. Because the 1st and 3rd world trades different commodities with each other but the wages of the 1st world are higher. The 1st world is able to inflate the value of its goods in relation to goods produced in the 3rd and buy more of their goods for less than they are worth. By raising wages in the 1st world, the 1st is able to take more than it trades to the 3rd world.

The final implication of the argument is that this creates a labor aristocracy out of high paid workers in the 1st world that compromises with the capitalist class to extrapolate more value than they produce (reaping the benefits of the exploitation of others, especially those of the 3rd world). This labor aristocracy is marked by the higher end of middle class and up workers within a given first world country.
</blockquote>

Rate of exploitation

2020-12-24T20:22:54Z

Xeta: Created page with "'''Rate of Exploitation''' (aka Rate of Surplus Value) is the relation of surplus value to variable capital. The higher the Surplus va..."

'''Rate of Exploitation''' (aka Rate of Surplus Value) is the relation of [[Surplus value|surplus value]] to [[Variable capital|variable capital]]. The higher the [[Surplus value|surplus value]] is, relative to the [[Variable capital|variable capital]] spent, the higher the '''rate of exploitation''' becomes. Put another way, [[Surplus value|Surplus value]]/[[Variable capital|Variable capital]] = '''Rate of Exploitation'''.

Rate of profit

2020-12-24T20:06:27Z

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Constant capital

2020-12-24T20:03:04Z

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'''Constant capital''' is the cost of all non human labor/value added to a product per unit price. Typically this involves cost to cover machinery as well as costs to cover the non human input needs of a facility such as from property tax and the power used by machines to function.

Constant capital

2020-12-24T19:58:06Z

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'''Constant variable''' is the cost of all non human labor/value added to a product per unit price. Typically this involves cost to cover machinery as well as costs to cover the non human input needs of a facility such as from property tax and the power used by machines to function.

Variable capital

2020-12-24T19:57:34Z

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'''Variable capital''' is the cost to maintain all human labor/value added to a product/service per unit price. The cost to bring a worker in and have them work is covered by '''variable capital'''.

Cost price

2020-12-24T19:57:00Z

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'''Cost price''' is the amount of capital it takes to produce something without profit. To put it another way, [[Constant capital|Constant Capital]] + [[Variable capital|Variable Capital]] = '''Cost Price'''.

Rate of profit

2020-12-24T19:55:53Z

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Price of production

2020-12-24T19:52:42Z

Xeta:

In Marxist terms the price of production is where, in developed economies, the actual market price of a given commodity fluctuates from. This is determined by the [[Cost price|cost price]] plus the average [[Rate of profit|rate of profit]] multiplied by the [[Cost price|cost price]]. To put mathematically if [[Cost price|cost price]] is " C " , the average [[Rate of profit|rate of profit]] is " P' ", and the price of production is " X ", then the equation to determine price of production is as follows:

C+(P' * C) = X

For a more concrete example let's say C = 200 and P' = 50% or .5.

200+(.5200)=X
.5200=100
200+100=X
300=X

The price of production of this commodity is 300. This means that 300 is where supply and demand will fluctuate from in a developed economy.

(Note developed economy in this case refers to higher stages of capitalism. Early capitalism has what is called simple commodity production. In this stage instead of being sold around prices of production things are sold around the value of a given commodity.)

Price of production

2020-12-24T19:30:11Z

Xeta: Created page with "In Marxist terms the price of production is where, in developed economies, the actual market price of a given commodity fluctuates from. This is determined by the cost price..."

In Marxist terms the price of production is where, in developed economies, the actual market price of a given commodity fluctuates from. This is determined by the [[cost price|Cost price]] plus the average [[rate of profit|Rate of profit]] multiplied by the cost price. To put mathematically if cost price is " C " , the average rate of profit is " P' ", and the Price of Production is " X ", then the equation to determine price of production is as follows:

C+(P' * C) = X

For a more concrete example let's say C = 200 and P' = 50% or .5.

200+(.5200)=X
.5200=100
200+100=X
300=X

The price of production of this commodity is 300. This means that 300 is where supply and demand will fluctuate from in a developed economy.

(Note developed economy in this case refers to higher stages of capitalism. Early capitalism has what is called simple commodity production. In this stage instead of being sold around Prices of Production things are sold around the value of a given commodity.)

Rate of profit

2020-12-24T19:28:41Z

Xeta: Created page with "The Rate of Profit is the the relation of Surplus value to Cost price. The higher surplus value is relative to cost price, the higher the rate..."

The Rate of Profit is the the relation of [[surplus value|Surplus value]] to [[cost price|Cost price]]. The higher surplus value is relative to cost price, the higher the rate of profit is. Put another way, Surplus value/Cost price = Rate of Profit.

Cost price

2020-12-24T19:26:44Z

Xeta: Created page with "Cost price is the amount of capital it takes to produce something without profit. To put it another way, Constant capital + Variable capital|Variable ca..."

Cost price is the amount of capital it takes to produce something without profit. To put it another way, [[Constant capital|Constant capital]] + [[Variable capital|Variable capital]] = Cost Price.

Variable capital

2020-12-24T19:20:10Z

Xeta: Created page with "Variable Capital is the cost to maintain all human labor/value added to a product/service per unit price. The cost to bring a worker in and have them work is covered by variab..."

Variable Capital is the cost to maintain all human labor/value added to a product/service per unit price. The cost to bring a worker in and have them work is covered by variable capital.

Constant capital

2020-12-24T19:08:10Z

Xeta: Created page with "Constant variable is the cost of all non human labor/value added to a product per unit price. Typically this involves cost to cover machinery as well as costs to cover the non..."

Constant variable is the cost of all non human labor/value added to a product per unit price. Typically this involves cost to cover machinery as well as costs to cover the non human input needs of a facility such as from property tax and the power used by machines to function.