Editing Allen Dulles

'''Allen Welsh Dulles''' (April 7, 1893—January 29, 1969) was director of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) from 1953 to 1961, appointed by President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] and serving under the subsequent [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]] administration as well. He had previously been in the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) during the [[Second World War]].<ref name=":0">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Allen-W-Dulles “Allen W. Dulles.”] ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref>

Dulles was the younger brother of [[United States Department of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] [[John Foster Dulles]]. In his early career, Allen Dulles worked as a lawyer at the [[Wall Street]] law firm [[Sullivan & Cromwell]], where his brother was a chairman and senior partner.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Dennis Drabelle. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1988/07/05/the-privileged-partners-of-the-firm/d50051db-32f7-4ad8-904f-7ec9e91b1ce0/ “THE PRIVILEGED PARTNERS of the FIRM.”] [[The Washington Post]]. July 5, 1988. </ref> The Dulles brothers, both working in the interest of Sullivan & Cromwell and on the behalf of their [[Bourgeoisie|corporate]] clients such as the [[United Fruit Company]], and both holding influential positions of U.S. foreign policy, worked in collaboration on enacting the [[Imperialism|imperialist]] foreign policy of the United States. 

Under Dulles as director, the CIA participated in the overthrow of government in [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]] in 1953, the overthrow of government in [[Republic of Guatemala|Guatemala]] in 1954, the [[Project MKUltra]] mind control program, and the planning of the failed [[Bay of Pigs invasion]] in [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]] which had been intended to overthrow [[Fidel Castro]].

== Family ==
Their grandfather, [[John W. Foster]], was the secretary of state under president [[Benjamin Harrison]], served as U.S. minister to the court of Czar [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] in [[St. Petersburg]], and negotiated an (unadopted) treaty for the annexation of [[Hawaii]].<ref name=":1">[https://archive.revista.drclas.harvard.edu/book/beyond-mad-men-secret-world-war “The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War.”] Harvard.edu. 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230220213957/https://archive.revista.drclas.harvard.edu/book/beyond-mad-men-secret-world-war Archived link].</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-W-Foster “John W. Foster.”] ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref> Allen Dulles was also the nephew of [[Robert Lansing]], who was secretary of state under [[Woodrow Wilson]].

== 1953 Iran coup d'etat ==
''See also: [[Islamic Republic of Iran#Pahlavi monarchy]], [[United States imperialism#Iran]]''

Working with [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] spies, the Dulles brothers engineered the 1953 coup of [[Mohammed Mossadegh]], the Iranian prime minister who had [[Nationalization|nationalized]] Iran’s oil industry.<ref name=":1" /> Political analysts Thomas Bodenheimer and Robert Gould described this event as "the CIA's first [[rollback]] success" and wrote that the British asked for assistance and the CIA sent [[Middle East]] expert [[Kermit Roosevelt]] with a team and "plenty of dollars" for the purposes of bribery, and that, in a series of machinations, the CIA overthrew nationalist Mossadegh and brought the pro-U.S. [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]] into power.<ref>Bodenheimer, Thomas; Gould, Robert. ''[https://archive.org/details/rollbackrightwin00bode/page/82/mode/2up Rollback!: Right-wing Power in U.S. Foreign Policy]''. South End Press. 1 July 1999. p. 82. ISBN <bdi>0896083454</bdi>.</ref>

== 1954 Guatemala coup d'etat ==
''See also: [[United Fruit Company]], [[Republic of Guatemala#Árbenz presidency]]''

Allen Dulles and his brother John Foster Dulles collaborated on the 1954 overthrow of [[Jacobo Árbenz]], Guatemala’s left-leaning democratically-elected president. At the time, the United Fruit Company (UFC) was a prominent client of Sullivan & Cromwell which had provided both Allen and Foster with legal fees over the years. UFC felt threatened by Árbenz’s land reform project, which would expropriate the company's land while offering compensation. Irritated by potential diplomatic obstacles to the coup, Foster removed both the U.S. ambassador to Guatemala and the assistant secretary of state for inter-American affairs, replacing them with more pliant officials. Allen, meanwhile, picked Tracy Barnes, a product of Groton, Yale and Harvard Law School, to oversee the plot’s psychological warfare. After the 1954 coup against Árbenz, the company regained all the land it lost in the land reform and banned banana workers' [[Trade union|unions]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>William Blum (2003). ''Killing Hope'': 'Guatemala 1953-1954: While the world watched' (pp. 74–80). <small>[https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedfo2kzml5sodng4rtlybjdvertim3nybowazzlo6rztq6khixbv4?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Killing%20Hope_%20US%20Military%20and%20CIA%20Interventions%20Since%20World%20War%20II-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282003%29.pdf <nowiki>[PDF]</nowiki>]</small> London: Zed Books. <small>ISBN 1842773682</small></ref>

== 1961 failed Bay of Pigs invasion ==
The invasion was planned under the Eisenhower administration, and then attempted early on in the Kennedy administration. However, the invasion force was overwhelmed by Cuba’s military, producing one of the Kennedy administration’s most embarrassing episodes and leading Kennedy to push Allen Dulles to resign, which he did in autumn of 1961.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
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