Editing Republic of India

{{Infobox country|name=Republic of India|leader_title1=President|image_flag=Flag of India.svg|leader_name2=Jagdeep Dhankar|leader_name1=Droupadi Murmu|leader_name3=[[Narendra Modi]]|leader_title4=Chief Justice|leader_name4=Dhananjaya Y Chandrachud|leader_title3=Prime Minister|leader_title2=Vice President|government_type=Federal parliamentary bourgeois republic|native_name=भारत गणराज्य|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|area_km2=3,287,263|population_estimate_year=2018|currency=Indian rupee (₹) (INR)|population_estimate=1,352,642,280|image_coat=Emblem of India.svg|capital=New Delhi|largest_city=Mumbai|image_map=India_Map.svg|map_width=290|map_caption=|official_languages=Hindi<br>English|religion=79.8% Hinduism<br>14.2% Islam<br>2.3% Christianity<br>1.7% Sikhism<br>0.7% Buddhism<br>0.4% Jainism<br>0.23% unaffiliated<br>0.65% other}}

'''India''', officially the '''Republic of India''', is a [[bourgeois]] country in [[South Asia]] and the most populated country in the world before the [[People's Republic of China]].<ref>{{Citation|author=Philip B. Calkins|year=2022|title=India|chapter=|section=|page=|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|isbn=|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> Hundreds of languages are spoken in India, and the country has a large [[Islam|Muslim]] minority that makes up 10% of the world's Muslim population.<ref>{{Web citation|date=2014-05-22|title=The election of Narendra Modi and the dangerous rise of India’s far-right|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/the-election-of-narendra-modi-and-the-dangerous-rise-of-indias-far-right/|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714163244/https://www.liberationnews.org/the-election-of-narendra-modi-and-the-dangerous-rise-of-indias-far-right/|archive-date=2019-07-14|retrieved=2023-02-11|author=Mike Wang}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Bronze Age ===
{{Main article|Indus Valley civilisation}}
An urban civilization developed in the Indus Valley around 2600 BCE. Its major cities included Mohenjo-daro and Harappa. The Indus civilization collapsed around 1900 BCE, and archaeologists found many unburied remains showing signs of violent death.<ref name=":02222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=The First Class Societies|page=19–21|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref>

=== Iron Age ===
{{Main article|Maurya Empire}}16 states dominated northern India by 500 BCE, and the [[Kingdom of Magadha]] conquered the others by 321 BCE to form the Maurya Empire.<ref>{{Citation|author=Chris Harman|year=1999|title=A People's History of the World|page=49|chapter=Iron and empires|isbn=9781898876557|city=London|publisher=Bookmarks Publications Ltd|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=F247C9051030CCBA52C1E5A4468834E9|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacea6om2gf2ixovddv7moyuv3i4rj2ggii7gta4x4h4rk4ebpqdvd6i?filename=Chris%20Harman%20-%20A%20People%27s%20History%20of%20the%20World.pdf}}</ref>

=== Classical period ===
{{Main article|Gupta Empire}}After the fall of the Maurya Empire, the Gupta dynasty was the second to attempt to unite India. However, it lacked centralization, and thus, quickly collapsed. Agriculture was highly organized and irrigation was widespread during this period. India participated in a global market with Arabia, Western Asia, and China and traded metals, gems, textiles, spices, salt, and exotic animals.<ref name=":690222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=The Medieval World|page=64–65|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref>

=== Early modern period ===
{{Main article|Mughal Empire}}

=== Colonization ===
{{Main article|British Raj}}
The [[British East India Company]] took control of India in 1765 and established a trade monopoly. The [[British Raj (1858–1947)|British Raj]] took control of India in 1847 and suppressed a rebellion in 1857. The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] stole at least $44.6 trillion from India, while the population of India dropped by 20% between 1870 and 1920 and tens of millions died from famine under British rule.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Jason Hickelby|newspaper=[[Black Agenda Report]]|title=How Britain Stole $45 Trillion From India And Lied About It|date=2019-01-09|url=https://blackagendareport.com/how-britain-stole-45-trillion-india-and-lied-about-it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106033311/https://blackagendareport.com/how-britain-stole-45-trillion-india-and-lied-about-it|archive-date=2022-01-06|retrieved=2022-09-08}}</ref>

==== Independence movement ====
In the early 1900s, following the defeat of the Swadeshi movement, Indians began boycotting British goods and picketing their shops. In 1908, the workers of Mumbai went on [[Strike action|strike]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2017|title=Red Star over the Third World|chapter=Follow the Path of the Russians!|page=|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecu7gb2ei65us6ip3r2ugcgkblneqcftbm456mb6bzvprkbqk55qm?filename=Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20Red%20Star%20Over%20the%20Third%20World-LeftWord%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf|city=New Delhi|publisher=LeftWord Books}}</ref><sup>:34</sup> Following the [[Jallianwallah Bagh massacre]], the [[Indian National Congress]] met in 1919 at Amritsar. [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] wanted to redistribute land to the peasants, but [[Mohandas Gandhi|Gandhi]] prevented the Congress from following that path.<ref name=":0" /><sup>:40</sup> In February 1946, strikes took place within the Royal Indian Navy and mutinies within various army units; along with the assistance of 300k workers. British ruling circles soon admitted that the colonial model in India was unsustainable, accepting that the anti-colonialist movement had assumed a mass character.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|author=M. Alexeyev|year=1948|title=Indian Union and Pakistan After the Partition of India|page=1-2|pdf=https://www.marxists.org/subject/india/ci/after-partition.pdf|publisher=Bolshevik}}</ref>

=== Independence ===

==== Nehru government ====
Nehru's first two five-year plans, which ended in 1961, failed to lessen inequality.<ref name=":122">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Arusha|page=199|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref> He ousted a [[Communist Party of India|Communist]] government from power in [[Kerala]].<ref name=":12222">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Bali|page=162|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref> India fought against [[People's Republic of China|China]] in 1962 and against [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan|Pakistan]] in 1965.<ref name=":1222" /><sup>:215</sup>

==== Indira Gandhi Government ====
Nehru died in 1964, and [[Indira Gandhi]] became prime minister in 1966. She ruled under martial law from 1975 to 1977, when she left office. She returned to power in 1980. The INC lost the 1983 elections in several southern states, with [[N. T. Rama Rao]] taking power in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and the [[Janata Party]] taking power in [[Karnataka]]. It won in [[Assam]], where only 2% of the population voted among widespread ethnic violence.<ref name=":1222">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=New Delhi|page=|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref><sup>:208</sup> 

==== Liberalization ====
In 1989, India introduced economic changes that allowed capitalists to take control of scarce natural resources.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=[[Monthly Review]]|title=‘India after Naxalbari: Unfinished History’|date=2022-07-14|url=https://mronline.org/2022/07/14/india-after-naxalbari-unfinished-history/|retrieved=2022-07-14}}</ref> Following the [[overthrow of the Soviet Union]] and the [[Gulf War]], Indian Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] instituted a policy of LPG (Liberalization-Privatization-Globalisation) in 1991 to secure funding from the [[IMF]] and [[World Bank]]. Contrary to popular belief within the nation, these neo-liberal reforms did not improve the quality of life for many.<ref name=":69">{{Web citation|author=Jayati Ghosh|newspaper=[[Janata Weekly]]|year=2021|title= The Neoliberal Reforms of 1991 Didn’t Work as Claimed|quote=[I]ndia’s HDI rank slipped from No. 114 to No. 131, a dismal performance even allowing for the increased number of countries. Even this was largely because of per capita income; other indicators remained woeful even compared to poorer countries like Bangladesh. The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) shows 28% of India’s population in multidimensional poverty, with another 20% vulnerable to it, much higher proportions than the developing-country average.

The stated goals of the 1991 reforms were higher rates of income growth with more employment generation and diversification into higher value-added activities. Of these, only higher income growth was achieved, but at the expense of massive environmental destruction and without enabling structural change. Employment stagnated and then fell from 2011; industrialization did not take off beyond what was already achieved before 1991; most workers remain stuck in low-paying informal work; women’s employment participation declined significantly. Nutrition indicators are poor, with declining per capita calorie consumption, and worse outcomes for women and young children, even before covid hit. Farming is under threat, and small and micro enterprises that employ the bulk of workers face an extreme crisis.|url=https://janataweekly.org/the-neoliberal-reforms-of-1991-didnt-work-as-claimed/}}</ref>

==== BJP Government ====
[[File:India joins G7.png|thumb|alt=India joins G7 in "free speech" campaign|India joins G7 in "free speech" campaign]]
[[Narendra Modi]]'s far-right [[Indian People's Party|Bharatiya Janata Party]] won 303 out of 543 seats in parliament in 2019 and 240 seats in 2024. His [[National Democratic Alliance]] won a total of 293 seats, which is enough to form a government and give him another term as Prime Minister.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|author=Vijay Prashad|newspaper=The Tricontinental|title=Democracy Will Not Come through Compromise and Fear: The Twenty-Fourth Newsletter (2024)|date=2024-06-13|url=https://thetricontinental.org/newsletterissue/year-of-elections/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613110144/https://thetricontinental.org/newsletterissue/year-of-elections/|archive-date=2024-06-13}}</ref> However, this time, the authority of the BJP will be significantly reduced due to coalition politics.

== Demographics ==
40% of India's 1.4 billion people are under 25 years old. 

== Economy ==
=== Employment ===
Youth [[unemployment]] is 45.4% while overall unemployment is only 7.5%.<ref name=":1" />

=== Income Inequality ===
Income inequality has been rising ever since the 2000s. A minimum wage worker in rural India would need to work 941 years to earn what the top-paid executive at a leading Indian garment company earns in a year, and income inequality has become worse than the British Raj.<ref name=":1666">{{Web citation||newspaper=[[Oxfam International]]|title=India: extreme inequality in numbers|url=https://www.oxfam.org/en/india-extreme-inequality-numbers}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=Astha Rajvanshi|newspaper=Time Magazine|title=India’s Income Inequality Is Now Worse Than Under British Rule, New Report Says|date=2024-3-7|url=https://time.com/6961171/india-british-rule-income-inequality/}}</ref>

== Living Standards ==
=== Housing and Construction ===
There are about 1.77 million homeless people (0.15% of the total population) residing in India <ref name=":17">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|author=Somesh Jha|title=1.77 million people live without shelter, albeit the number decline over a decade|date=2013-12-06|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/1-77-million-people-live-without-shelter-albeit-the-number-decline-over-a-decade-113120600835_1.html}}</ref> and around 11.09 million vacant homes.<ref name=":18">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Mint]]|author=Ashwini Kumar Sharma|title=11.09 mn homes are lying vacant in India: Report|date=2019-10-15|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/11-09-million-vacant-houses-in-india-says-report-11571053150289.html}}</ref>

=== Education ===
Between 2018-2019, India possessed 1,083,678 government schools but that number declined to 1,022,386 in 2021-22. Similarly, government-aided schools declined from 84,614 to 82,480. At the same time, the number of private schools increased from 325,760 to 335,844. The BJP-led states of Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, and Madhya Pradesh pursued this policy of education privatization aggressively; marking a decline in the number of government schools by 26,074, 5,227, and 22,904 respectively.<ref name=":28">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[CPIM]]|date=2023-09-05|title= How BJP is Pushing for Privatisation of Education|url=https://cpim.org/how-bjp-pushing-privatisation-education/}}</ref>

The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) has revised the curriculum of the school textbooks to make them suit the terms laid out in the National Education Policy 2020. These revisions purged the theory of evolution from Biology <ref name=":1857">{{Web citation|author=Dinesh C. Sharma|newspaper=[[The Wire]]|year=2023|title= Biology Without Darwin. Next, Physics Without Newton and Einstein?|quote=The removal of Darwin from the school syllabus is not an innocuous change. Seen in the context of revivalism and a return to the so-called ancient science, it is a retrograde step for the teaching of science and an onslaught on rational thinking and scientific temper.|url=https://thewire.in/education/biology-without-darwin-next-physics-without-newton-and-einstein}}</ref>, remove mentions of caste-based discrimination <ref name=":1947">{{Web citation|author=Hemant Waje|newspaper=[[Rediff]]|year=2024|title= NCERT axes caste-based discrimination in Class 6 books|quote=The textbook, titled "Exploring Society India and Beyond", has details on the Vedas without mentioning the caste system and that women and Shudras were not allowed to study these scriptures.

According to the new book, "Many professions are mentioned in the vedic texts, such as agriculturist, weaver, potter, builder, carpenter, healer, dancer, barber, priest, etc."

The previous textbook said, "Some priests divided people into four groups called varnas.... Shudras could not perform any rituals. Often women were grouped with Shudras. Both women and Shudras were not allowed to study the Vedas."

"The priests also said that these groups were decided based on birth. For example, if one's father and mother were Brahmins, one would automatically become a Brahmin and so on...," the old book said.

The references were also tweaked in the COVID-19 rationalisation, which was earlier termed temporary by the NCERT to reduce burden..|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/ncert-axes-caste-based-discrimination-in-class-6-books/20240721.htm}}</ref>, deny the existence of the Babri masjid, whitewash atrocities committed in BJP-led states, removed content on the Mughal Empire, and added Islamophobic dog whistles. <ref name=":19">{{Web citation|author=Puniti Pandey|newspaper=[[NDTV]]|year=2021|title= Explained: What Are The Latest Changes In The NCERT Books?|quote=The revised Political Science textbooks for class 12 do not mention the Babri masjid but refer to it as a 'three-domed structure'.

Many sections have also been deleted from the book. These include BJP's 'rath yatra' from Somnath in Gujarat to Ayodhya; the role of kar sevaks; communal violence in the wake of the demolition of the Babri masjid; President's rule in BJP-ruled states; and the BJP's expression of 'regret over the happenings at Ayodhya'.
...
A two-page table detailing achievements of Mughal emperors such as Humayun, Shah Jahan, Akbar, Jahangir and Aurangzeb have also been removed.

The new Political Science textbook of Class 11, now says that political parties 'give priority to the interests of a minority group' with an eye on 'vote bank politics', which leads to 'minority appeasement'.|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/explained-what-are-the-latest-changes-in-the-ncert-books-5916113}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Global south]]
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Asian countries]]