Commodity - Revision history

Mitzo: Added Economic Problems to further reading

2025-12-18T17:49:31Z

Added Economic Problems to further reading

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	* See also Jack P. Manno, ''Privileged Goods: Commoditization and Its Impact on Environment and Society''. CRC Press, 1999.		* See also Jack P. Manno, ''Privileged Goods: Commoditization and Its Impact on Environment and Society''. CRC Press, 1999.
	* Marxists.org, ''Encyclopedia of Marxism'', [http://marxists.org/glossary/terms/c/o.htm#commodity "Commodity"]		* Marxists.org, ''Encyclopedia of Marxism'', [http://marxists.org/glossary/terms/c/o.htm#commodity "Commodity"]
			* Joseph Stalin's ''[[Library:Economic problems of socialism in the USSR\|Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR]]'' section 2: ''Commodity Production Under Socialism''.

	==Notes==		==Notes==

Mitzo: elaborated more on commodity production under socialism regarding its role as a productive force builder

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elaborated more on commodity production under socialism regarding its role as a productive force builder

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	=== Commodity production under socialism ===		=== Commodity production under socialism ===
	Commodity production continues under [[socialism]] as collective farms sell their produce to cities. It does not exist in the final stage of [[communism]].<ref>{{Citation\|author=[[Joseph Stalin]]\|year=1952\|title=Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR\|chapter=Commodity Production Under Socialism\|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1951/economic-problems/ch03.htm\|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1951/economic-problems/index.htm}}</ref>		Commodity production continues under [[socialism]] as collective farms sell their produce to cities. However, exchange values are not the focus of production as it is under capitalism, but exists in industry to help build the [[productive forces]] needed to progress to a higher stage. It does not exist in the final stage of [[communism]] as the means of production and products of industry are fully collectively owned.<ref>{{Citation\|author=[[Joseph Stalin]]\|year=1952\|title=Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR\|chapter=Commodity Production Under Socialism\|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1951/economic-problems/ch03.htm\|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1951/economic-problems/index.htm}}</ref>

	==Further reading==		==Further reading==

71.64.27.238: Spelling in the section of Historical origins of commodity trade

2025-11-18T21:27:25Z

Spelling in the section of Historical origins of commodity trade

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	Thus, producers trade in those goods of which those producers, have episodic or permanent [[surplus]]es to their own requirements, and they aim to obtain different goods with an equal value in return.		Thus, producers trade in those goods of which those producers, have episodic or permanent [[surplus]]es to their own requirements, and they aim to obtain different goods with an equal value in return.

	Karl refers to this as "simple exchange" which implies what Frederick Engels calls "[[simple commodity production]]". At first, goods may not even be intentionally produced for the explicit purpose of exchanging them, but as a regular market for goods develops and a cash economy grows, this becomes more and more the case, and production increasingly becomes integrated in commodity trade. The division of labour becomes more complex, a class of merchants emerges which ~~specialises~~ in trading commodities, buying here and selling there, without producing goods themselves, and parallel to this, property owners emerge who extend credit and charge rents. This process goes together with the increased use of [[money]], and the aim of merchants, bankers and renters becomes to gain ''income'' from the trade, by acting as intermediaries between producers and consumers. "The product becomes a commodity" and "exchange value of the commodity acquires a separate existence alongside the commodity".<ref>Karl Marx,		Karl refers to this as "simple exchange" which implies what Frederick Engels calls "[[simple commodity production]]". At first, goods may not even be intentionally produced for the explicit purpose of exchanging them, but as a regular market for goods develops and a cash economy grows, this becomes more and more the case, and production increasingly becomes integrated in commodity trade. The division of labour becomes more complex, a class of merchants emerges which specializes in trading commodities, buying here and selling there, without producing goods themselves, and parallel to this, property owners emerge who extend credit and charge rents. This process goes together with the increased use of [[money]], and the aim of merchants, bankers and renters becomes to gain ''income'' from the trade, by acting as intermediaries between producers and consumers. "The product becomes a commodity" and "exchange value of the commodity acquires a separate existence alongside the commodity".<ref>Karl Marx,
	"Outlines of the Critique of Political Capital" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 28, p. 102.		"Outlines of the Critique of Political Capital" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 28, p. 102.
	</ref>		</ref>

	Modern capitalism according to Karl Marx involves a mode of production based on generalized commodity production (Marx's German term is ''veralgemeinte Warenproduktion''), a universal market. (See also [[capitalist mode of production]].) This means that both the inputs and the outputs of most production in society have become priced, ~~tradeable~~ goods (including the [[means of production]] and ~~humyn~~ [[labour power]]), and that what and how much is produced is largely determined by the response of producers to the "state of the market". Production is now explicitly engaged in for the purpose of market sales only, which implies both that its whole ~~organisation~~ is reshaped for this aim, and that people can meet their own needs by purchases in the market (rather than producing goods directly for their own consumption).		Modern capitalism according to Karl Marx involves a mode of production based on generalized commodity production (Marx's German term is ''veralgemeinte Warenproduktion''), a universal market. (See also [[capitalist mode of production]].) This means that both the inputs and the outputs of most production in society have become priced, tradable goods (including the [[means of production]] and human [[labour power]]), and that what and how much is produced is largely determined by the response of producers to the "state of the market". Production is now explicitly engaged in for the purpose of market sales only, which implies both that its whole organization is reshaped for this aim, and that people can meet their own needs by purchases in the market (rather than producing goods directly for their own consumption).

	===Commodification===		===Commodification===

CriticalResist at 20:47, 2 July 2025

2025-07-02T20:47:29Z

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	A '''commodity''' is a social relation for any good or service or resource produced for the purpose of exchange.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Karl Marx\|year=1867\|title=[[Capital, vol. I]]\|chapter=Commodities and money\|section=[https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch01.htm Commodities]\|page=\|quote=Whoever directly satisfies his wants with the produce of his own labour, creates, indeed, use values, but not commodities. In order to produce the latter, he must not only produce use values, but use values for others, social use values. (And not only for others, without more. The mediaeval peasant produced quit-rent-corn for his feudal lord and tithe-corn for his parson. But neither the quit-rent-corn nor the tithe-corn became commodities by reason of the fact that they had been produced for others. To become a commodity a product must be transferred to another, whom it will serve as a use value, by means of an exchange.)\|pdf=\|city=\|publisher=\|isbn=\|doi=\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> The commodity has two aspects, its [[use value]], its qualitative physical and useful properties, and its [[Value\|exchange value]], which is its quantitative properties, the proportion in relation to the exchange of other commodities.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Vladimir Lenin\|year=1915\|title=Karl Marx: a brief biographical sketch with an exposition of Marxism\|chapter=Marx’s economic doctrine\|section=\|page=\|quote=A commodity is, in the first place, a thing that satisfies a human want; in the second place, it is a thing that can be exchanged for another thing. The utility of a thing makes is use-value. Exchange-value (or, simply, value), is first of all the ratio, the proportion, in which a certain number of use-values of one kind can be exchanged for a certain number of use-values of another kind.\|pdf=\|city=\|publisher=\|isbn=\|doi=\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=\|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/ch03.htm\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref>		A '''commodity''' is a [[Social relations\|social relation]] for any good or service or resource produced for the purpose of exchange.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Karl Marx\|year=1867\|title=[[Capital, vol. I]]\|chapter=Commodities and money\|section=[https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch01.htm Commodities]\|page=\|quote=Whoever directly satisfies his wants with the produce of his own labour, creates, indeed, use values, but not commodities. In order to produce the latter, he must not only produce use values, but use values for others, social use values. (And not only for others, without more. The mediaeval peasant produced quit-rent-corn for his feudal lord and tithe-corn for his parson. But neither the quit-rent-corn nor the tithe-corn became commodities by reason of the fact that they had been produced for others. To become a commodity a product must be transferred to another, whom it will serve as a use value, by means of an exchange.)\|pdf=\|city=\|publisher=\|isbn=\|doi=\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> The commodity has two aspects, its [[use value]], its qualitative physical and useful properties, and its [[Value\|exchange value]], which is its quantitative properties, the proportion in relation to the exchange of other commodities.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Vladimir Lenin\|year=1915\|title=Karl Marx: a brief biographical sketch with an exposition of Marxism\|chapter=Marx’s economic doctrine\|section=\|page=\|quote=A commodity is, in the first place, a thing that satisfies a human want; in the second place, it is a thing that can be exchanged for another thing. The utility of a thing makes is use-value. Exchange-value (or, simply, value), is first of all the ratio, the proportion, in which a certain number of use-values of one kind can be exchanged for a certain number of use-values of another kind.\|pdf=\|city=\|publisher=\|isbn=\|doi=\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=\|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/ch03.htm\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref>

	==Difference in Marxist and non-Marxist usage==		==Difference in Marxist and non-Marxist usage==

CriticalResist: removed duplicate sections

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removed duplicate sections

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 ==Notes==
 <references/>
 == References ==
 <references />
 [[Category:Marxist terminology]] [[Category:Political economy]] [[Category:Marxian economics]] [[Category:Capitalism]]
 [[Category:Articles containing information from Wikipedia]]
 [[Category:Marxist terminology]] [[Category:Political economy]] [[Category:Marxian economics]] [[Category:Capitalism]]
 [[Category:Articles containing information from Wikipedia]]
 [[Category:Capital volume I concepts]]

Almino: This term might need a deeper explanation of what it means

2023-07-12T18:55:12Z

This term might need a deeper explanation of what it means

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	Example: If I knit a sweater to keep myself warm this winter, it is not a commodity, but if I knit it to take downtown and barter for potatoes (or money) it is a commodity.		Example: If I knit a sweater to keep myself warm this winter, it is not a commodity, but if I knit it to take downtown and barter for potatoes (or money) it is a commodity.

	Marx was particularly concerned with commodities because they are characteristic of the [[capitalist mode of production]]. Under capitalism, most items produced are commodities. That was not the case in pre-capitalist societies where, for instance, people grew their own food, or grew it under slavery or feudal conditions where it was taken from them and distributed in traditional alotments or by [[fiat]] – the majority of the product was never bought or sold.		Marx was particularly concerned with commodities because they are characteristic of the [[capitalist mode of production]]. Under capitalism, most items produced are commodities. That was not the case in pre-capitalist societies where, for instance, people grew their own food, or grew it under slavery or feudal conditions where it was taken from them and distributed in traditional [[Alotment\|alotments]] or by [[fiat]] – the majority of the product was never bought or sold.

	Marx used the commodity as an entry point to tackle the problem of what establishes the economic value of goods; and from there the problem of exploitation of labour under capitalism – that is, that the labourer does not receive the full value of the goods she produces.<ref>This is the order of presentation in the first three Parts of Capital, Volume 1.		Marx used the commodity as an entry point to tackle the problem of what establishes the economic value of goods; and from there the problem of exploitation of labour under capitalism – that is, that the labourer does not receive the full value of the goods she produces.<ref>This is the order of presentation in the first three Parts of Capital, Volume 1.

Almino: /* Marxist theory */ The term "fiat" is quite hard to find a definition for. In my opinion, it should have its own page explaining what it means.

2023-07-07T16:56:17Z

Marxist theory: The term "fiat" is quite hard to find a definition for. In my opinion, it should have its own page explaining what it means.

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	Example: If I knit a sweater to keep myself warm this winter, it is not a commodity, but if I knit it to take downtown and barter for potatoes (or money) it is a commodity.		Example: If I knit a sweater to keep myself warm this winter, it is not a commodity, but if I knit it to take downtown and barter for potatoes (or money) it is a commodity.

	Marx was particularly concerned with commodities because they are characteristic of the [[capitalist mode of production]]. Under capitalism, most items produced are commodities. That was not the case in pre-capitalist societies where, for instance, people grew their own food, or grew it under slavery or feudal conditions where it was taken from them and distributed in traditional alotments or by fiat – the majority of the product was never bought or sold.		Marx was particularly concerned with commodities because they are characteristic of the [[capitalist mode of production]]. Under capitalism, most items produced are commodities. That was not the case in pre-capitalist societies where, for instance, people grew their own food, or grew it under slavery or feudal conditions where it was taken from them and distributed in traditional alotments or by [[fiat]] – the majority of the product was never bought or sold.

	Marx used the commodity as an entry point to tackle the problem of what establishes the economic value of goods; and from there the problem of exploitation of labour under capitalism – that is, that the labourer does not receive the full value of the goods she produces.<ref>This is the order of presentation in the first three Parts of Capital, Volume 1.		Marx used the commodity as an entry point to tackle the problem of what establishes the economic value of goods; and from there the problem of exploitation of labour under capitalism – that is, that the labourer does not receive the full value of the goods she produces.<ref>This is the order of presentation in the first three Parts of Capital, Volume 1.

Deogeo: categories

2023-03-04T19:51:00Z

Ledlecreeper27: Under socialism

2023-02-26T00:02:43Z

Under socialism

Show changes

Deogeo: /* Pseudo-commodities */ fixed link

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Pseudo-commodities: fixed link

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	===Pseudo-commodities===		===Pseudo-commodities===
	Karl acknowledged explicitly that not all commodities are products of human labour; all kinds of things can be traded "as if" they are commodities, so long as property rights can be attached to them. These are "fictitious commodities" or "pseudo-commodities" or "fiduciary commodities", i.e. their existence as commodities is only nominal or conventional. They may not even be tangible objects, but exist only ideally. A property right or financial claim, for instance, may be traded as a commodity. [[~~https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/~~Cryptocurrency\|Bitcoins & NFTs]] as well as many financial products, like mortgages and shares act this way.		Karl acknowledged explicitly that not all commodities are products of human labour; all kinds of things can be traded "as if" they are commodities, so long as property rights can be attached to them. These are "fictitious commodities" or "pseudo-commodities" or "fiduciary commodities", i.e. their existence as commodities is only nominal or conventional. They may not even be tangible objects, but exist only ideally. A property right or financial claim, for instance, may be traded as a commodity. [[Cryptocurrency\|Bitcoins & NFTs]] as well as many financial products, like mortgages and shares act this way.

	===Forms of commodity trade===		===Forms of commodity trade===

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	[[Category:Marxist terminology]] [[Category:Political economy]] [[Category:Marxian economics]] [[Category:Capitalism]]		[[Category:Marxist terminology]] [[Category:Political economy]] [[Category:Marxian economics]] [[Category:Capitalism]]
	[[Category:Articles containing information from Wikipedia]]		[[Category:Articles containing information from Wikipedia]]
			[[Category:Capital volume I concepts]]