Four Modernizations - Revision history

General-KJ: Minor changes

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GojiraTheWumao: Finished the 4 modernizations

2023-05-31T20:24:42Z

Finished the 4 modernizations

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GojiraTheWumao: Added the four modernizations page

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GojiraTheWumao: Added hyperlinks for Reform and Opening up, and Xiaokang society

2023-03-14T19:48:39Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 19:48, 14 March 2023
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	The '''Four Modernizations''' (simplified Chinese: 四个现代化; traditional Chinese: 四個現代化) were goals first set forth by [[Deng Xiaoping]] to strengthen the fields of [[agriculture]], [[Industrial sector\|industry]], [[Military\|defense]], and [[science]] and [[technology]] in China.<ref name="Ebrey">{{cite web \| url=http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/graph/9confour.htm \| title=Four Modernizations Era \| publisher=University of Washington \| work=A Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization \| access-date=October 20, 2012 \| author=Ebrey, Patricia Buckley \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221511/http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/graph/9confour.htm \| archive-date=October 7, 2010<!-- 22:15:11 -->\| url-status=live}}</ref>		The '''Four Modernizations''' (simplified Chinese: 四个现代化; traditional Chinese: 四個現代化) were goals first set forth by [[Deng Xiaoping]] to strengthen the fields of [[agriculture]], [[Industrial sector\|industry]], [[Military\|defense]], and [[science]] and [[technology]] in China.<ref name="Ebrey">{{cite web \| url=http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/graph/9confour.htm \| title=Four Modernizations Era \| publisher=University of Washington \| work=A Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization \| access-date=October 20, 2012 \| author=Ebrey, Patricia Buckley \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221511/http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/graph/9confour.htm \| archive-date=October 7, 2010<!-- 22:15:11 -->\| url-status=live}}</ref>

	The Four Modernizations were adopted as a means of rejuvenating [[economy of China\|China's economy]] in 1977, following the death of [[Mao Zedong]], and later were among the defining features of [[Deng Xiaoping]]'s tenure as the paramount leader of China. At the beginning of "[[~~Reform and opening up~~\|Reform and Opening-up]]", Deng further proposed the idea of "xiaokang" or "[[Moderately prosperous society]]" in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=从"小康"到"全面小康"——邓小平小康社会理论形成和发展述论--邓小平纪念网--人民网\|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2014/0714/c69113-25279758.html\|website=cpc.people.com.cn\|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Meet "moderately prosperous" China\|url=https://worldin.economist.com/article/17353/edition2020meet-moderately-prosperous-china\|website=worldin.economist.com\|date=November 21, 2019\|language=en\|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref>		The Four Modernizations were adopted as a means of rejuvenating [[economy of China\|China's economy]] in 1977, following the death of [[Mao Zedong]], and later were among the defining features of [[Deng Xiaoping]]'s tenure as the paramount leader of China. At the beginning of "[[Deng Xiaoping Theory\|Reform and Opening-up"]], Deng further proposed the idea of "xiaokang" or "[[Moderately prosperous society]]" in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=从"小康"到"全面小康"——邓小平小康社会理论形成和发展述论--邓小平纪念网--人民网\|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2014/0714/c69113-25279758.html\|website=cpc.people.com.cn\|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Meet "moderately prosperous" China\|url=https://worldin.economist.com/article/17353/edition2020meet-moderately-prosperous-china\|website=worldin.economist.com\|date=November 21, 2019\|language=en\|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref>
	==Summary==		==Summary==
	They were introduced as early as January 1963: at the Conference on Scientific and Technological Work held in [[Shanghai]] in January 1963, [[Zhou Enlai]] called for professionals in the sciences to realize "the Four Modernizations."<ref name="ScienceTechnology">{{cite news \| url=http://rmrbw.net/read.php?tid=302475&fpage=14 \| script-title=zh:在上海举行的科学技术工作会议上周恩来阐述科学技术现代化的重大意义 \| publisher=Central Committee of the Communist Party of China \| newspaper=People's Daily \| date=31 January 1963 \| author=人民日报 \| pages=1 \| language=zh \| trans-title=Science and Technology in Shanghai at the conference on Zhou Enlai explained the significance of modern science and technology \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214201234/http://rmrbw.net/read.php?tid=302475 \| archive-date=February 14, 2016 \| url-status=dead \| access-date=October 21, 2011 }}</ref> In February 1963, at the National Conference on Agricultural Science and Technology Work, Nie Rongzhen specifically referred to the Four Modernizations as comprising agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology.<ref name="tasks">{{cite news \| url=http://rmrbw.net/read.php?tid=303499&fpage=10 \| script-title=zh:阐明农业科学技术工作任务 \| publisher=Central Committee of the Communist Party of China \| newspaper=People's Daily \| date=22 February 1963 \| author=人民日报 \| pages=1 \| language=zh \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215103105/http://rmrbw.net/read.php?tid=303499 \| archive-date=February 15, 2016 \| url-status=dead \| trans-title=Clarify the tasks of agricultural science and technology \| access-date=October 21, 2011 }}</ref> The [[Cultural Revolution]] prevented and delayed implementation of the Four Modernizations for years. In 1975, in one of his last public acts, Zhou Enlai made another pitch for the Four Modernizations at the [[4th National People's Congress]].		They were introduced as early as January 1963: at the Conference on Scientific and Technological Work held in [[Shanghai]] in January 1963, [[Zhou Enlai]] called for professionals in the sciences to realize "the Four Modernizations."<ref name="ScienceTechnology">{{cite news \| url=http://rmrbw.net/read.php?tid=302475&fpage=14 \| script-title=zh:在上海举行的科学技术工作会议上周恩来阐述科学技术现代化的重大意义 \| publisher=Central Committee of the Communist Party of China \| newspaper=People's Daily \| date=31 January 1963 \| author=人民日报 \| pages=1 \| language=zh \| trans-title=Science and Technology in Shanghai at the conference on Zhou Enlai explained the significance of modern science and technology \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214201234/http://rmrbw.net/read.php?tid=302475 \| archive-date=February 14, 2016 \| url-status=dead \| access-date=October 21, 2011 }}</ref> In February 1963, at the National Conference on Agricultural Science and Technology Work, Nie Rongzhen specifically referred to the Four Modernizations as comprising agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology.<ref name="tasks">{{cite news \| url=http://rmrbw.net/read.php?tid=303499&fpage=10 \| script-title=zh:阐明农业科学技术工作任务 \| publisher=Central Committee of the Communist Party of China \| newspaper=People's Daily \| date=22 February 1963 \| author=人民日报 \| pages=1 \| language=zh \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215103105/http://rmrbw.net/read.php?tid=303499 \| archive-date=February 15, 2016 \| url-status=dead \| trans-title=Clarify the tasks of agricultural science and technology \| access-date=October 21, 2011 }}</ref> The [[Cultural Revolution]] prevented and delayed implementation of the Four Modernizations for years. In 1975, in one of his last public acts, Zhou Enlai made another pitch for the Four Modernizations at the [[4th National People's Congress]].

Forte at 18:48, 14 November 2021

2021-11-14T18:48:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:48, 14 November 2021
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			{{External article cleanup\|date=November 2021}}
	The '''Four Modernizations''' (simplified Chinese: 四个现代化; traditional Chinese: 四個現代化) were goals first set forth by [[Deng Xiaoping]] to strengthen the fields of [[agriculture]], [[Industrial sector\|industry]], [[Military\|defense]], and [[science]] and [[technology]] in China.<ref name="Ebrey">{{cite web \| url=http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/graph/9confour.htm \| title=Four Modernizations Era \| publisher=University of Washington \| work=A Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization \| access-date=October 20, 2012 \| author=Ebrey, Patricia Buckley \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221511/http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/graph/9confour.htm \| archive-date=October 7, 2010<!-- 22:15:11 -->\| url-status=live}}</ref>		The '''Four Modernizations''' (simplified Chinese: 四个现代化; traditional Chinese: 四個現代化) were goals first set forth by [[Deng Xiaoping]] to strengthen the fields of [[agriculture]], [[Industrial sector\|industry]], [[Military\|defense]], and [[science]] and [[technology]] in China.<ref name="Ebrey">{{cite web \| url=http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/graph/9confour.htm \| title=Four Modernizations Era \| publisher=University of Washington \| work=A Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization \| access-date=October 20, 2012 \| author=Ebrey, Patricia Buckley \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221511/http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/graph/9confour.htm \| archive-date=October 7, 2010<!-- 22:15:11 -->\| url-status=live}}</ref>

Jucheguevara: created page

2021-10-18T16:40:11Z

created page

New page

The '''Four Modernizations''' (simplified Chinese: 四个现代化; traditional Chinese: 四個現代化) were goals first set forth by [[Deng Xiaoping]] to strengthen the fields of [[agriculture]], [[Industrial sector|industry]], [[Military|defense]], and [[science]] and [[technology]] in China.<ref name="Ebrey">{{cite web | url=http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/graph/9confour.htm | title=Four Modernizations Era | publisher=University of Washington | work=A Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization | access-date=October 20, 2012 | author=Ebrey, Patricia Buckley | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221511/http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/graph/9confour.htm | archive-date=October 7, 2010| url-status=live}}</ref>

The Four Modernizations were adopted as a means of rejuvenating [[economy of China|China's economy]] in 1977, following the death of [[Mao Zedong]], and later were among the defining features of [[Deng Xiaoping]]'s tenure as the paramount leader of China. At the beginning of "[[Reform and opening up|Reform and Opening-up]]", Deng further proposed the idea of "xiaokang" or "[[Moderately prosperous society]]" in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web|title=从"小康"到"全面小康"——邓小平小康社会理论形成和发展述论--邓小平纪念网--人民网|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2014/0714/c69113-25279758.html|website=cpc.people.com.cn|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet "moderately prosperous" China|url=https://worldin.economist.com/article/17353/edition2020meet-moderately-prosperous-china|website=worldin.economist.com|date=November 21, 2019|language=en|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref>
==Summary==
They were introduced as early as January 1963: at the Conference on Scientific and Technological Work held in [[Shanghai]] in January 1963, [[Zhou Enlai]] called for professionals in the sciences to realize "the Four Modernizations."<ref name="ScienceTechnology">{{cite news | url=http://rmrbw.net/read.php?tid=302475&fpage=14 | script-title=zh:在上海举行的科学技术工作会议上周恩来阐述科学技术现代化的重大意义 | publisher=Central Committee of the Communist Party of China | newspaper=People's Daily | date=31 January 1963 | author=人民日报 | pages=1 | language=zh | trans-title=Science and Technology in Shanghai at the conference on Zhou Enlai explained the significance of modern science and technology | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214201234/http://rmrbw.net/read.php?tid=302475 | archive-date=February 14, 2016 | url-status=dead | access-date=October 21, 2011 }}</ref> In February 1963, at the National Conference on Agricultural Science and Technology Work, Nie Rongzhen specifically referred to the Four Modernizations as comprising agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology.<ref name="tasks">{{cite news | url=http://rmrbw.net/read.php?tid=303499&fpage=10 | script-title=zh:阐明农业科学技术工作任务 | publisher=Central Committee of the Communist Party of China | newspaper=People's Daily | date=22 February 1963 | author=人民日报 | pages=1 | language=zh | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215103105/http://rmrbw.net/read.php?tid=303499 | archive-date=February 15, 2016 | url-status=dead | trans-title=Clarify the tasks of agricultural science and technology | access-date=October 21, 2011 }}</ref> The [[Cultural Revolution]] prevented and delayed implementation of the Four Modernizations for years. In 1975, in one of his last public acts, Zhou Enlai made another pitch for the Four Modernizations at the [[4th National People's Congress]].

After Zhou's death and Mao's soon thereafter, [[Hua Guofeng]] assumed control of the party in 1976. Hua had the leadership of the Cultural Revolution arrested. Known as the [[Gang of Four]], their arrest marked the end of the Cultural Revolution. This event enabled the enactment of the Four Modernizations. By 1977 all entities in every sector and at every level of society were focused on implementing the Four Modernizations. One core tenet was the rejection of the previously long-held concept known as the "[[iron rice bowl]]".

The new idea was that all workers should not be paid the same, but rather, paid according to their productivity. The thinking was that in order to be a consumer society, China would need to be a producing society. In December 1978 at the [[3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|3rd Plenum of the 11th Central Committee]], [[Deng Xiaoping]] announced the official launch of the Four Modernizations, formally marking the beginning of the reform.

The science and technology modernization although understood by Chinese leaders as being key to the transformation of industry and the economy, proved to be more of a theoretical goal versus an achievable objective. This was primarily due to decades-long isolation of Chinese scientists from the international community, outmoded and outdated universities, and an overall lack of access to advanced scientific equipment, information technology, and management know-how.

Recognizing the need for technical assistance to spur this most important modernization, the Chinese Government elicited the support of the [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP) in the fall of 1978 to scope out and provide financial resources for the implementation of an initial complement of targeted projects. The initial projects from 1979 to 1984 included the establishment of overseas on-the-job training and academic programs, set-up of information processing centers at key government units, and the development of methods to make informed decisions within the Chinese context based on market principles. The key advisor to the Chinese Government on behalf of the UNDP was Jack Fensterstock of the United States. This first technical assistance effort (CPR/79-001) by the UNDP led to the entry of large-scale multilateral funding agencies including the [[World Bank]] and the [[Asian Development Bank]].
==See also==
*[[Deng Xiaoping Theory]]
*[[Shenzhen speed]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
*
{{cite book|last=Hsü|first=Immanuel C. Y.|title=[[The Rise of Modern China]]|year=2000|edition=6th|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0-19-512503-7}}
*
{{cite book|last=Evans|first=Richard|title=Deng Xiaoping and the Making of Modern China|year=1995|edition=2nd|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|isbn=0-14-013945-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/dengxiaopingmak00evan}}
[[Category:Ideology of the Communist Party of China]]