Operation Condor - Revision history

Ledlecreeper27: Map

2025-01-01T15:13:49Z

Map

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 '''Operation Condor''' was a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] terrorist campaign in [[South America]] from 1975 to 1989. It involved CIA support for the overthrow of democratically elected left-wing leaders and the facilitation of a network of political, military, and covert support between the newly created capitalist regimes. It resulted in the deaths of 60,000–80,000 suspected leftists. And the disappearance, imprisonment and torture of tens of thousands more. <ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Vincent Bevins|year=2020|title=The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World|page=266–67|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=9781541742406}}</ref>
 == Countries ==
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 On March 24, 1976 Argentinian president [[Isabel Peron]] was overthrown in a coup directly supported by the United States. [[Jorge Videla]] took control of the presidency and enacted the most repressive regime in Latin America of that era, with as many as 30,000 political dissidents being murdered. In 1974 the Videla government began the Dirty War, a state terrorism campaign against political dissidents and Communists in particular, for which Videla and other members of the junta were prosecuted for crimes against humanity.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Democracy Now|title=New Details Revealed About U.S. Support for 1976 Coup in Argentina & Dictatorship|date=2021-3-25|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2021/3/25/headlines/new_details_revealed_about_us_support_for_1976_coup_in_argentina_dictatorship}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Peoples Dispatch|title=Argentinians on the streets at 47 years since the US-backed coup|date=2023-3-27|url=https://peoplesdispatch.org/2023/03/27/argentinians-on-the-streets-at-47-years-since-the-us-backed-coup/}}</ref>
-== Operation Condor ==
+== Similar campaigns in Europe ==
 In 1977 representatives from West German, French, and British intelligence agencies met to discuss the creation of a campaign to target left-wing militant groups in Europe, with potential targets including members of the [[Red Army Faction]] in Germany, the [[Irish Republican Army]] in occupied Northern Ireland, the Red Brigades in Italy, and leaders of Amnesty International. This proposed program was never implemented, though Socialists were still targeted by these countries in covert operations.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Giles Tremlett|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Operation Condor: the cold war conspiracy that terrorised South America|date=2020-09-03|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2020/sep/03/operation-condor-the-illegal-state-network-that-terrorised-south-america}}</ref>

Connolly1916: Expanded and added links

2024-04-19T02:35:05Z

Expanded and added links

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:35, 19 April 2024
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	=== Paraguay ===		=== Paraguay ===
	Between May 4 and 7 1954 Alfredo Stroessner, a Paraguayan general, orchestrated a coup against then president Frederico Chavez, establishing a Military Junta that went on to commit numerous human rights violations including imprisonment, torture, murder and forced disappearance of members of opposition political parties and in particular the Communist party, suspected disloyal elements of the ruling Colorado party, and organized peasants and workers. This coup was unique among these coups due to the fact that both Stroessner and Chavez were members of the same party-the right-wing Colorado party-and that CIA support for the coup has not been uncovered.<ref>{{Citation\|year=1978\|title=Amnesty International Briefing Paraguay\|title-url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/amr450011976en.pdf\|pdf=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/amr450011976en.pdf}}</ref>		Between May 4 and 7 1954 [[Alfredo Stroessner]], a Paraguayan general, orchestrated a coup against then president [[Frederico Chavez]], establishing a Military Junta that went on to commit numerous human rights violations including imprisonment, torture, murder and forced disappearance of members of opposition political parties and in particular the Communist party, suspected disloyal elements of the ruling [[Colorado party\|Colorado Party]], and organized peasants and workers. This coup was unique among these coups due to the fact that both Stroessner and Chavez were members of the same party-the right-wing Colorado party-and that CIA support for the coup has not been uncovered.<ref>{{Citation\|year=1978\|title=Amnesty International Briefing Paraguay\|title-url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/amr450011976en.pdf\|pdf=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/amr450011976en.pdf}}</ref>

	=== Brazil ===		=== Brazil ===
	From March 31-April 1, 1964 João Goulart of the Social Democratic Brazilian Labour ~~party~~ and his government was ousted by the Brazilian military, who established a military dictatorship. This coup was directly supported by the CIA. The military government went on to suppress all left-wing political organizing, with hundreds murdered and between 30,000 and 50,000 arrested and tortured. Modern right-wing figures like Jair Bolsonaro have expressed support for the coup and supported or denied the human rights violations that followed.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=Dilma Roussef\|newspaper=Al Jazeera\|title=Anger after Bolsonaro calls for Brazil army to mark 1964 coup\|date=2019-3-27\|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/3/27/anger-after-bolsonaro-calls-for-brazil-army-to-mark-1964-coup}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation\|author=ALDO MARCHESI\|newspaper=Jacobin\|title=Kissinger and the South American Revolutions\|date=2023-11-29\|url=https://jacobin.com/2023/11/kissinger-and-the-south-american-revolutions}}</ref>		From March 31-April 1, 1964 [[João Goulart]] of the [[Social Democratic]] [[Brazilian Labour Party]] and his government was ousted by the Brazilian military, who established a military dictatorship. This coup was directly supported by the CIA. The military government went on to suppress all left-wing political organizing, with hundreds murdered and between 30,000 and 50,000 arrested and tortured. Modern right-wing figures like [[Jair Bolsonaro]] have expressed support for the coup and supported or denied the human rights violations that followed.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=Dilma Roussef\|newspaper=Al Jazeera\|title=Anger after Bolsonaro calls for Brazil army to mark 1964 coup\|date=2019-3-27\|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/3/27/anger-after-bolsonaro-calls-for-brazil-army-to-mark-1964-coup}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation\|author=ALDO MARCHESI\|newspaper=Jacobin\|title=Kissinger and the South American Revolutions\|date=2023-11-29\|url=https://jacobin.com/2023/11/kissinger-and-the-south-american-revolutions}}</ref>

	=== Bolivia ===		=== Bolivia ===
	In 1971 Socialist President of Bolivia Juan Jose Torres was overthrown in a military coup led by Hugo Banzer Suarez, a Nazi sympathizer and military leader who quickly established a repressive dictatorship that was responsible for the assassination of political leaders, including Juan Jose Torres in 1976, through death squads and massacring protesters including more than 120 Indigenous protesters in January 1974.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=GRAHAM HOLTON\|newspaper=People's World\|title=Bolivia coup: Personal memories of an earlier military massacre\|date=2019-11-21\|url=https://peoplesworld.org/article/bolivia-coup-personal-memories-of-an-earlier-military-massacre/}}</ref>		In 1971 Socialist President of [[Bolivia]] [[Juan Jose Torres]] was overthrown in a military coup led by [[Hugo Banzer Suarez]], a [[Nazi]] sympathizer and military leader who quickly established a repressive dictatorship that was responsible for the assassination of political leaders, including Juan Jose Torres in 1976, through death squads and massacring protesters including more than 120 Indigenous protesters in January 1974.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=GRAHAM HOLTON\|newspaper=People's World\|title=Bolivia coup: Personal memories of an earlier military massacre\|date=2019-11-21\|url=https://peoplesworld.org/article/bolivia-coup-personal-memories-of-an-earlier-military-massacre/}}</ref>

	=== Uruguay ===		=== Uruguay ===
	On June 27, 1973 Uruguayan president Juan Maria Bordaberry dissolved the General Assembly of Uruguay, established a military dictatorship, and banned Trade Unions and left-wing political organizations. Political repression, which had already existed under the Bordaberry government, increased, with most Trade Unionists and Socialist organizers being killed, arrested, or forced into exile.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=Azul Cordo, Mauro Tomasini\|newspaper=Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung: To start page\|title=Remembering the Uruguayan Coup\|date=2023-6-27\|url=https://www.rosalux.de/en/news/id/50637}}</ref>		On June 27, 1973 Uruguayan president [[Juan Maria Bordaberry]] dissolved the General Assembly of Uruguay, established a military dictatorship, and banned Trade Unions and left-wing political organizations. Political repression, which had already existed under the Bordaberry government, increased, with most Trade Unionists and Socialist organizers being killed, arrested, or forced into exile.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=Azul Cordo, Mauro Tomasini\|newspaper=Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung: To start page\|title=Remembering the Uruguayan Coup\|date=2023-6-27\|url=https://www.rosalux.de/en/news/id/50637}}</ref>

	=== Chile ===		=== Chile ===
	On September 11, 1973 the democratically elected Marxist Salvador Allende was overthrown in a CIA supported coup, during which Chilean general Augusto Pinochet attacked the presidential palace and rather than be captured or killed by Pinochet's forces Salvador Allende killed himself. Pinochet created one of the most notorious anti-Communist governments in history, with more than 3216 Communist, Socialist, Trade Unionist, Anarchist, and anti-Junta organizers being killed or disappeared and tens of thousands imprisoned, tortured, or forced into exile abroad. The Pinochet regime even targeted these exiles abroad, even assassinating one, Orlando Letelier, in the Capitol of the United States.<ref>{{Web citation\|newspaper=Amnesty International\|title=Chile: 50 years since the coup d’état, exercising historical memory is vital for the country’s future\|date=2023-9-8\|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/09/chile-50-years-coup-historical-memory/}}</ref>		On September 11, 1973 the democratically elected Marxist [[Salvador Allende]] was overthrown in a CIA supported coup, during which Chilean general [[Augusto Pinochet]] attacked the presidential palace and rather than be captured or killed by Pinochet's forces Salvador Allende killed himself. Pinochet created one of the most notorious anti-Communist governments in history, with more than 3216 Communist, Socialist, Trade Unionist, Anarchist, and anti-Junta organizers being killed or disappeared and tens of thousands imprisoned, tortured, or forced into exile abroad. The Pinochet regime even targeted these exiles abroad, even assassinating one, [[Orlando Letelier]], in the Capitol of the United States.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation\|newspaper=Amnesty International\|title=Chile: 50 years since the coup d’état, exercising historical memory is vital for the country’s future\|date=2023-9-8\|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/09/chile-50-years-coup-historical-memory/}}</ref>

	=== Peru ===		=== Peru ===
	On August 29, 1975 Juan Velasco Alvarado, a military leader with some left-policies, was overthrown in a military coup by Francisco Morales Bermudez. Bermudez and his military junta purged the military and government of supporters of Alvarado and suppressed Communism and other left-wing movements throughout the military rule and Alvarado was later prosecuted for crimes involved with the Dirty War.<ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Web citation\|author=FRANKLIN BRICEÑO\|newspaper=AP News\|title=Peru military leader who oversaw return of democracy dies\|date=7-15-2022\|url=https://apnews.com/article/peru-caribbean-presidential-elections-obituaries-c77dac9abd1613b9d8873c809b48f1e2}}</ref>		On August 29, 1975 [[Juan Velasco Alvarado]], a military leader with some left-policies, was overthrown in a military coup by Francisco Morales Bermudez. Bermudez and his military junta purged the military and government of supporters of Alvarado and suppressed Communism and other left-wing movements throughout the military rule and Alvarado was later prosecuted for crimes involved with the Dirty War.<ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Web citation\|author=FRANKLIN BRICEÑO\|newspaper=AP News\|title=Peru military leader who oversaw return of democracy dies\|date=7-15-2022\|url=https://apnews.com/article/peru-caribbean-presidential-elections-obituaries-c77dac9abd1613b9d8873c809b48f1e2}}</ref>

	=== Argentina ===		=== Argentina ===
	On March 24, 1976 Argentinian president Isabel Peron was overthrown in a coup directly supported by the United States. Jorge Videla took control of the presidency and enacted the most repressive regime in Latin America of that era, with as many as 30,000 political dissidents being murdered. In 1974 the Videla government began the Dirty War, a state terrorism campaign against political dissidents and Communists in particular, for which Videla and other members of the junta were prosecuted for crimes against humanity.<ref>{{Web citation\|newspaper=Democracy Now\|title=New Details Revealed About U.S. Support for 1976 Coup in Argentina & Dictatorship\|date=2021-3-25\|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2021/3/25/headlines/new_details_revealed_about_us_support_for_1976_coup_in_argentina_dictatorship}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation\|newspaper=Peoples Dispatch\|title=Argentinians on the streets at 47 years since the US-backed coup\|date=2023-3-27\|url=https://peoplesdispatch.org/2023/03/27/argentinians-on-the-streets-at-47-years-since-the-us-backed-coup/}}</ref>		On March 24, 1976 Argentinian president [[Isabel Peron]] was overthrown in a coup directly supported by the United States. [[Jorge Videla]] took control of the presidency and enacted the most repressive regime in Latin America of that era, with as many as 30,000 political dissidents being murdered. In 1974 the Videla government began the Dirty War, a state terrorism campaign against political dissidents and Communists in particular, for which Videla and other members of the junta were prosecuted for crimes against humanity.<ref>{{Web citation\|newspaper=Democracy Now\|title=New Details Revealed About U.S. Support for 1976 Coup in Argentina & Dictatorship\|date=2021-3-25\|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2021/3/25/headlines/new_details_revealed_about_us_support_for_1976_coup_in_argentina_dictatorship}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation\|newspaper=Peoples Dispatch\|title=Argentinians on the streets at 47 years since the US-backed coup\|date=2023-3-27\|url=https://peoplesdispatch.org/2023/03/27/argentinians-on-the-streets-at-47-years-since-the-us-backed-coup/}}</ref>

	== Operation Condor ==		== Operation Condor ==
			Operation Condor began at a meeting in Santiago, Chile in 1975. It started as a surveillance agreement, with the countries involved tracking Marxist organizations operating within member countries. Quickly the organization became a network of assassination, kidnapping and suppression of Communist, Socialist, and other leftist organizers, especially those who had fled from their home countries to other countries involved with operation Condor. These cross-border operations resulted in more than 763 victims of kidnapping, torture, and murder, with many more leftist activists falling victim to capitalist repression within their own countries.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation\|author=BRANKO MARCETIC\|newspaper=Jacobin\|title=The CIA’s Secret Global War Against the Left\|date=2021-11-30\|url=https://jacobin.com/2020/11/operation-condor-cia-latin-america-repression-torture}}</ref>

			[[Henry Kissinger]] headed the United States involvement in Condor under the [[Nixon]] administration, which involved CIA information sharing as well as direct funding and arming with Condor countries. The CIA has also been directly linked to a Washington DC bombing that killed Orlando Letelier, and the 1973 murders of Charles Horman and Frank Teruggi.<ref name=":2" />

			Attacks on leftist exiles occurred outside of South America as well, with a Chilean opposition activist being assassinated in Rome and an office of Chilean opposition being bombed in Washington DC, in addition to assassination attempts in Portugal, France, Great Britain, Mexico, and Spain.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

	== Similar Anti-Communist Campaigns ==		== Similar Anti-Communist Campaigns ==
			In 1977 representatives from West German, French, and British intelligence agencies met to discuss the creation of a campaign to target left-wing militant groups in Europe, with potential targets including members of the [[Red Army Faction]] in Germany, the [[Irish Republican Army]] in occupied Northern Ireland, the Red Brigades in Italy, and leaders of Amnesty International. This proposed program was never implemented, though Socialists were still targeted by these countries in covert operations.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=Giles Tremlett\|newspaper=The Guardian\|title=Operation Condor: the cold war conspiracy that terrorised South America\|date=2020-09-03\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2020/sep/03/operation-condor-the-illegal-state-network-that-terrorised-south-america}}</ref>

	== References ==		== References ==
	[[Category:Stubs]]		[[Category:Stubs]]
	[[Category:CIA operations]]		[[Category:CIA operations]]

Connolly1916: added source and a detail in peru section

2024-04-18T21:31:00Z

added source and a detail in peru section

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:31, 18 April 2024
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	=== Peru ===		=== Peru ===
	On August 29, 1975 Juan Velasco Alvarado, a military leader with some left-policies, was overthrown in a military coup by Francisco Morales Bermudez. Bermudez and his military junta purged the military and government of supporters of Alvarado and suppressed Communism and other left-wing movements throughout the military rule.<ref name=":0" />		On August 29, 1975 Juan Velasco Alvarado, a military leader with some left-policies, was overthrown in a military coup by Francisco Morales Bermudez. Bermudez and his military junta purged the military and government of supporters of Alvarado and suppressed Communism and other left-wing movements throughout the military rule and Alvarado was later prosecuted for crimes involved with the Dirty War.<ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Web citation\|author=FRANKLIN BRICEÑO\|newspaper=AP News\|title=Peru military leader who oversaw return of democracy dies\|date=7-15-2022\|url=https://apnews.com/article/peru-caribbean-presidential-elections-obituaries-c77dac9abd1613b9d8873c809b48f1e2}}</ref>

	=== Argentina ===		=== Argentina ===

Connolly1916: Added peru source

2024-04-18T20:33:59Z

Added peru source

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:33, 18 April 2024
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	'''Operation Condor''' was a [[Central Intelligence Agency\|CIA]] terrorist campaign in [[South America]] from 1975 to 1989. It involved CIA support for the overthrow of democratically elected left-wing leaders and the facilitation of a network of political, military, and covert support between the newly created capitalist regimes. It resulted in the deaths of 60,000–80,000 suspected leftists. And the disappearance, imprisonment and torture of tens of thousands more. <ref>{{Citation\|author=Vincent Bevins\|year=2020\|title=The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World\|page=266–67\|publisher=PublicAffairs\|isbn=9781541742406}}</ref>		'''Operation Condor''' was a [[Central Intelligence Agency\|CIA]] terrorist campaign in [[South America]] from 1975 to 1989. It involved CIA support for the overthrow of democratically elected left-wing leaders and the facilitation of a network of political, military, and covert support between the newly created capitalist regimes. It resulted in the deaths of 60,000–80,000 suspected leftists. And the disappearance, imprisonment and torture of tens of thousands more. <ref name=":0">{{Citation\|author=Vincent Bevins\|year=2020\|title=The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World\|page=266–67\|publisher=PublicAffairs\|isbn=9781541742406}}</ref>

	== Countries ==		== Countries ==
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	=== Peru ===		=== Peru ===
	On August 29, 1975 Juan Velasco Alvarado, a military leader with some left-policies, was overthrown in a military coup by Francisco Morales Bermudez. Bermudez and his military junta purged the military and government of supporters of Alvarado and suppressed Communism and other left-wing movements throughout the military rule.		On August 29, 1975 Juan Velasco Alvarado, a military leader with some left-policies, was overthrown in a military coup by Francisco Morales Bermudez. Bermudez and his military junta purged the military and government of supporters of Alvarado and suppressed Communism and other left-wing movements throughout the military rule.<ref name=":0" />

	=== Argentina ===		=== Argentina ===

Connolly1916: Expanded article

2024-04-17T23:42:41Z

Expanded article

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-'''Operation Condor''' was a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] terrorist campaign in [[South America]] from 1975 to 1989. It resulted in the deaths of 60,000–80,000 suspected leftists.<ref>{{Citation|author=Vincent Bevins|year=2020|title=The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World|page=266–67|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=9781541742406}}</ref>
+'''Operation Condor''' was a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] terrorist campaign in [[South America]] from 1975 to 1989. It involved CIA support for the overthrow of democratically elected left-wing leaders and the facilitation of a network of political, military, and covert support between the newly created capitalist regimes. It resulted in the deaths of 60,000–80,000 suspected leftists. And the disappearance, imprisonment and torture of tens of thousands more. <ref>{{Citation|author=Vincent Bevins|year=2020|title=The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World|page=266–67|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=9781541742406}}</ref>
-== Argentina ==
+== Countries ==
-In 1976, the CIA helped [[Jorge Rafael Videla]] take power in a military coup.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Duncan Campbell|date=2003-12-05|title=Kissinger approved Argentinian 'dirty war'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/dec/06/argentina.usa|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103080257/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/dec/06/argentina.usa|archive-date=2021-11-03|retrieved=2022-01-16}}</ref> He was in power until 1983 and killed or disappeared 30,000 dissidents.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Uki Goñi|date=2017-04-28|title=40 years later, the mothers of Argentina’s 'disappeared' refuse to be silent|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/28/mothers-plaza-de-mayo-argentina-anniversary|newspaper=The Guardian|retrieved=2022-01-16}}</ref> After being removed from power, he was sentenced to life in prison.
+The governments of seven countries in South America were deposed by coups between 1954 and 1976, most orchestrated and supported by the CIA in order to remove left-wing-though not necessarily Marxist or Socialist-leaders from power. These states include:
 == References ==
 [[Category:Stubs]]
 [[Category:CIA operations]]

Ledlecreeper27: Created.

2022-01-16T22:20:41Z

Created.

New page

'''Operation Condor''' was a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] terrorist campaign in [[South America]] from 1975 to 1989. It resulted in the deaths of 60,000–80,000 suspected leftists.<ref>{{Citation|author=Vincent Bevins|year=2020|title=The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World|page=266–67|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=9781541742406}}</ref>

== Argentina ==
In 1976, the CIA helped [[Jorge Rafael Videla]] take power in a military coup.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Duncan Campbell|date=2003-12-05|title=Kissinger approved Argentinian 'dirty war'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/dec/06/argentina.usa|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103080257/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/dec/06/argentina.usa|archive-date=2021-11-03|retrieved=2022-01-16}}</ref> He was in power until 1983 and killed or disappeared 30,000 dissidents.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Uki Goñi|date=2017-04-28|title=40 years later, the mothers of Argentina’s 'disappeared' refuse to be silent|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/28/mothers-plaza-de-mayo-argentina-anniversary|newspaper=The Guardian|retrieved=2022-01-16}}</ref> After being removed from power, he was sentenced to life in prison.

== References ==
[[Category:Stubs]]
[[Category:CIA operations]]