Operation Cyclone - Revision history

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	== Similar Operations ==		== Similar Operations ==
	Similar covert activities have continued into the 21st century, specifically with the CIA's arming of islamists in Syria in operation [[Timber Sycamore]]<ref>[[Sputnik News]] https://sputniknews.com/politics/201607221043483385-us-cia-pentagon-syria/</ref><ref>[[Mintpress News]] https://www.mintpressnews.com/operation-timber-sycamore-washingtons-secret-war-syria/222692/</ref>, and the usage of islamist proxies in [[Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region\|Xinjiang]], [[People's Republic of China\|China]], which have led to the [[Xinjiang conflict]] and the Chinese government's response with [[Vocational Education and Training Centers\|vocational training centers]] to de-radicalize extremists and train workers to have productive skills.<ref>https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-01-28/Xinjiang-workers-benefit-from-skills-learnt-in-vocational-centers-XpPv1xXii4/index.html</ref><ref>https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-08-25/Lies-and-truth-Vocational-education-and-training-in-Xinjiang-TeSMTJq2gU/index.html</ref>		Similar covert activities have continued into the 21st century, specifically with the CIA's arming of islamists in Syria in operation [[Timber Sycamore]]<ref>[[Sputnik News]] https://sputniknews.com/politics/201607221043483385-us-cia-pentagon-syria/</ref><ref>[[Mintpress News]] https://www.mintpressnews.com/operation-timber-sycamore-washingtons-secret-war-syria/222692/</ref>, and the usage of islamist proxies in [[Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region\|Xinjiang]], [[People's Republic of China\|China]], which have led to the [[Xinjiang conflict]] and the Chinese government's response with [[Vocational Education and Training Centers\|vocational training centers]] to de-radicalize extremists and train workers to have productive skills.<ref>https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-01-28/Xinjiang-workers-benefit-from-skills-learnt-in-vocational-centers-XpPv1xXii4/index.html</ref><ref>https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-08-25/Lies-and-truth-Vocational-education-and-training-in-Xinjiang-TeSMTJq2gU/index.html</ref>

			== See also ==

			* [[Atrocities committed by the United States of America against West Asia]]

	== References ==		== References ==

General-KJ: Fixed citations

2024-10-20T19:49:04Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 19:49, 20 October 2024
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	{{External article cleanup\|date=November 2021}}		{{External article cleanup\|date=November 2021}}
	'''Operation Cyclone''' was the code name for the [[United States]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) program to arm and finance the [[mujahideen]] (Afghan anti-Soviet militants) in [[Afghanistan]] from 1979 to 1989, prior to and during the military intervention by the [[USSR]] in support of its ally, the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]]. The mujahideen were also supported by Britain's [[MI6]], who conducted separate covert actions. The program leaned heavily towards supporting militant Islamic groups, including groups with [[jihadist]] ties, that were favored by the regime of [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] in neighboring [[Pakistan]], rather than other, less ideological Afghan resistance groups that had also been fighting the Soviet-oriented [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] regime since before the Soviet intervention.<ref name="bergen68">Bergen, Peter, ''Holy War Inc''., Free Press, (2001), p.68</ref>		'''Operation Cyclone''' was the code name for the [[United States]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) program to arm and finance the [[mujahideen]] (Afghan anti-Soviet militants) in [[Afghanistan]] from 1979 to 1989, prior to and during the military intervention by the [[USSR]] in support of its ally, the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]]. The mujahideen were also supported by [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland\|Britain]]'s [[MI6]], who conducted separate covert actions. The program leaned heavily towards supporting militant Islamic groups, including groups with [[jihadist]] ties, that were favored by the regime of [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] in neighboring [[Pakistan]], rather than other, less ideological Afghan resistance groups that had also been fighting the Soviet-oriented [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] regime since before the Soviet intervention.<ref name="bergen68">Bergen, Peter, ''Holy War Inc''., Free Press, (2001), p.68</ref>

	Operation Cyclone was one of the longest and most expensive covert CIA operations ever undertaken.<ref name="Oily">{{~~cite news~~\|title=The Oily Americans\|date=13 May 2003\|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,450997-92,00.html\|work=[[Time (magazine)\|Time]]\|access-date=2008-07-08\|first1=Donald L.\|last1=Barlett\|first2=James B.\|last2=Steele}}</ref> Funding officially began with $695,000 in 1979,<ref name="history.state.gov">{{~~cite web~~\|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v12/d76\|title=Summary of Conclusions of a Special Coordination Committee Meeting\|date=23 October 1979\|website=history.state.gov\|access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="Gates">{{~~cite book~~\|author-link=Robert Gates\|last=Gates\|first=Robert\|title=From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War\|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]\|year=2007\|isbn=9781416543367\|pages=142, 144–145}}</ref> was increased dramatically to $20–$30 million per year in 1980, and rose to $630 million per year in 1987,<ref name="bergen68" /><ref name="Riedel">{{~~cite book~~\|author-link=Bruce Riedel\|last=Riedel\|first=Bruce\|title=What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979–1989\|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] Press\|year=2014\|isbn=978-0815725954\|pages=ix-xi, 21–22, 93, 98–99, 105}}</ref><ref name="Coll">{{~~cite book~~\|author-link=Steve Coll\|last=Coll\|first=Steve\|title=Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001\|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]\|year=2004\|isbn=9781594200076\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll/page/46 46, 581]\|url=https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll/page/46}} cf. {{~~cite web~~\|author-link=Zbigniew Brzezinski\|last=Brzezinski\|first=Zbigniew\|url=http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB396/docs/1979-12-26%20Brzezinski%20to%20Carter%20on%20Afghanistan.pdf\|title=Reflections on Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan\|date=1979-12-26\|access-date=2017-02-16}}</ref> described as the "biggest bequest to any Third World insurgency".<ref>https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1081&context=psilr</ref> Funding continued (albeit reduced) after the 1989 Soviet withdrawal as the mujahideen continued to battle the forces of President [[Mohammad Najibullah]]'s army during the [[Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)]].<ref>Crile, p 519 & elsewhere</ref>		Operation Cyclone was one of the longest and most expensive covert CIA operations ever undertaken.<ref name="Oily">{{Web citation\|title=The Oily Americans\|date=13 May 2003\|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,450997-92,00.html\|work=[[Time (magazine)\|Time]]\|access-date=2008-07-08\|first1=Donald L.\|last1=Barlett\|first2=James B.\|last2=Steele}}</ref> Funding officially began with $695,000 in 1979,<ref name="history.state.gov">{{Web citation\|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v12/d76\|title=Summary of Conclusions of a Special Coordination Committee Meeting\|date=23 October 1979\|website=history.state.gov\|access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="Gates">{{Citation\|author-link=Robert Gates\|last=Gates\|first=Robert\|title=From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War\|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]\|year=2007\|isbn=9781416543367\|pages=142, 144–145}}</ref> was increased dramatically to $20–$30 million per year in 1980, and rose to $630 million per year in 1987,<ref name="bergen68" /><ref name="Riedel">{{Citation\|author-link=Bruce Riedel\|last=Riedel\|first=Bruce\|title=What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979–1989\|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] Press\|year=2014\|isbn=978-0815725954\|pages=ix-xi, 21–22, 93, 98–99, 105}}</ref><ref name="Coll">{{Citation\|author-link=Steve Coll\|last=Coll\|first=Steve\|title=Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001\|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]\|year=2004\|isbn=9781594200076\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll/page/46 46, 581]\|url=https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll/page/46}} cf. {{Web citation\|author-link=Zbigniew Brzezinski\|last=Brzezinski\|first=Zbigniew\|url=http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB396/docs/1979-12-26%20Brzezinski%20to%20Carter%20on%20Afghanistan.pdf\|title=Reflections on Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan\|date=1979-12-26\|access-date=2017-02-16}}</ref> described as the "biggest bequest to any Third World insurgency".<ref>https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1081&context=psilr</ref> Funding continued (albeit reduced) after the 1989 Soviet withdrawal as the mujahideen continued to battle the forces of President [[Mohammad Najibullah]]'s army during the [[Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)]].<ref>Crile, p 519 & elsewhere</ref>

	The US funded textbooks that promoted jihadist ideology to school children in Afghanistan.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/12/08/the-taliban-indoctrinates-kids-with-jihadist-textbooks-paid-for-by-the-u-s/ The Taliban indoctrinates kids with jihadist textbooks paid for by the U.S.] by [[The Washington Post]]</ref><ref>[http://emperors-clothes.com/news/abc.htm THE ABC'S OF JIHAD IN AFGHANISTAN * Courtesy, USA] By Joe Stephens and David B. Ottaway Washington Post, 23 March 2002 [Posted 3 April 2002]</ref>		The US funded textbooks that promoted jihadist ideology to school children in Afghanistan.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/12/08/the-taliban-indoctrinates-kids-with-jihadist-textbooks-paid-for-by-the-u-s/ The Taliban indoctrinates kids with jihadist textbooks paid for by the U.S.] by [[The Washington Post]]</ref><ref>[http://emperors-clothes.com/news/abc.htm THE ABC'S OF JIHAD IN AFGHANISTAN * Courtesy, USA] By Joe Stephens and David B. Ottaway Washington Post, 23 March 2002 [Posted 3 April 2002]</ref>

	== Similar Operations ==		== Similar Operations ==
	Similar covert activities have continued into the 21st century, specifically with the CIA's arming of islamists in Syria in operation [[Timber Sycamore]]<ref>[[Sputnik News]] https://sputniknews.com/politics/201607221043483385-us-cia-pentagon-syria/</ref><ref>[[Mintpress News]] https://www.mintpressnews.com/operation-timber-sycamore-washingtons-secret-war-syria/222692/</ref>, and the usage of islamist proxies in Xinjiang, China, which have led to the [[Xinjiang conflict]] and the Chinese government's response with [[Vocational Education and Training Centers\|vocational training centers]] to de-radicalize extremists and train workers to have productive skills.<ref>https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-01-28/Xinjiang-workers-benefit-from-skills-learnt-in-vocational-centers-XpPv1xXii4/index.html</ref><ref>https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-08-25/Lies-and-truth-Vocational-education-and-training-in-Xinjiang-TeSMTJq2gU/index.html</ref>		Similar covert activities have continued into the 21st century, specifically with the CIA's arming of islamists in Syria in operation [[Timber Sycamore]]<ref>[[Sputnik News]] https://sputniknews.com/politics/201607221043483385-us-cia-pentagon-syria/</ref><ref>[[Mintpress News]] https://www.mintpressnews.com/operation-timber-sycamore-washingtons-secret-war-syria/222692/</ref>, and the usage of islamist proxies in [[Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region\|Xinjiang]], [[People's Republic of China\|China]], which have led to the [[Xinjiang conflict]] and the Chinese government's response with [[Vocational Education and Training Centers\|vocational training centers]] to de-radicalize extremists and train workers to have productive skills.<ref>https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-01-28/Xinjiang-workers-benefit-from-skills-learnt-in-vocational-centers-XpPv1xXii4/index.html</ref><ref>https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-08-25/Lies-and-truth-Vocational-education-and-training-in-Xinjiang-TeSMTJq2gU/index.html</ref>

	== References ==		== References ==

Forte: Added message box for cleaning up

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Added message box for cleaning up

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:38, 14 November 2021
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			{{External article cleanup\|date=November 2021}}
	'''Operation Cyclone''' was the code name for the [[United States]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) program to arm and finance the [[mujahideen]] (Afghan anti-Soviet militants) in [[Afghanistan]] from 1979 to 1989, prior to and during the military intervention by the [[USSR]] in support of its ally, the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]]. The mujahideen were also supported by Britain's [[MI6]], who conducted separate covert actions. The program leaned heavily towards supporting militant Islamic groups, including groups with [[jihadist]] ties, that were favored by the regime of [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] in neighboring [[Pakistan]], rather than other, less ideological Afghan resistance groups that had also been fighting the Soviet-oriented [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] regime since before the Soviet intervention.<ref name="bergen68">Bergen, Peter, ''Holy War Inc''., Free Press, (2001), p.68</ref>		'''Operation Cyclone''' was the code name for the [[United States]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) program to arm and finance the [[mujahideen]] (Afghan anti-Soviet militants) in [[Afghanistan]] from 1979 to 1989, prior to and during the military intervention by the [[USSR]] in support of its ally, the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]]. The mujahideen were also supported by Britain's [[MI6]], who conducted separate covert actions. The program leaned heavily towards supporting militant Islamic groups, including groups with [[jihadist]] ties, that were favored by the regime of [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] in neighboring [[Pakistan]], rather than other, less ideological Afghan resistance groups that had also been fighting the Soviet-oriented [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] regime since before the Soviet intervention.<ref name="bergen68">Bergen, Peter, ''Holy War Inc''., Free Press, (2001), p.68</ref>

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	Operation Cyclone was one of the longest and most expensive covert CIA operations ever undertaken.<ref name="Oily">{{cite news\|title=The Oily Americans\|date=13 May 2003\|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,450997-92,00.html\|work=[[Time (magazine)\|Time]]\|access-date=2008-07-08\|first1=Donald L.\|last1=Barlett\|first2=James B.\|last2=Steele}}</ref> Funding officially began with $695,000 in 1979,<ref name="history.state.gov">{{cite web\|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v12/d76\|title=Summary of Conclusions of a Special Coordination Committee Meeting\|date=23 October 1979\|website=history.state.gov\|access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="Gates">{{cite book\|author-link=Robert Gates\|last=Gates\|first=Robert\|title=From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War\|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]\|year=2007\|isbn=9781416543367\|pages=142, 144–145}}</ref> was increased dramatically to $20–$30 million per year in 1980, and rose to $630 million per year in 1987,<ref name="bergen68" /><ref name="Riedel">{{cite book\|author-link=Bruce Riedel\|last=Riedel\|first=Bruce\|title=What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979–1989\|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] Press\|year=2014\|isbn=978-0815725954\|pages=ix-xi, 21–22, 93, 98–99, 105}}</ref><ref name="Coll">{{cite book\|author-link=Steve Coll\|last=Coll\|first=Steve\|title=Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001\|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]\|year=2004\|isbn=9781594200076\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll/page/46 46, 581]\|url=https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll/page/46}} cf. {{cite web\|author-link=Zbigniew Brzezinski\|last=Brzezinski\|first=Zbigniew\|url=http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB396/docs/1979-12-26%20Brzezinski%20to%20Carter%20on%20Afghanistan.pdf\|title=Reflections on Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan\|date=1979-12-26\|access-date=2017-02-16}}</ref> described as the "biggest bequest to any Third World insurgency".<ref>https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1081&context=psilr</ref> Funding continued (albeit reduced) after the 1989 Soviet withdrawal as the mujahideen continued to battle the forces of President [[Mohammad Najibullah]]'s army during the [[Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)]].<ref>Crile, p 519 & elsewhere</ref>		Operation Cyclone was one of the longest and most expensive covert CIA operations ever undertaken.<ref name="Oily">{{cite news\|title=The Oily Americans\|date=13 May 2003\|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,450997-92,00.html\|work=[[Time (magazine)\|Time]]\|access-date=2008-07-08\|first1=Donald L.\|last1=Barlett\|first2=James B.\|last2=Steele}}</ref> Funding officially began with $695,000 in 1979,<ref name="history.state.gov">{{cite web\|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v12/d76\|title=Summary of Conclusions of a Special Coordination Committee Meeting\|date=23 October 1979\|website=history.state.gov\|access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="Gates">{{cite book\|author-link=Robert Gates\|last=Gates\|first=Robert\|title=From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War\|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]\|year=2007\|isbn=9781416543367\|pages=142, 144–145}}</ref> was increased dramatically to $20–$30 million per year in 1980, and rose to $630 million per year in 1987,<ref name="bergen68" /><ref name="Riedel">{{cite book\|author-link=Bruce Riedel\|last=Riedel\|first=Bruce\|title=What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979–1989\|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] Press\|year=2014\|isbn=978-0815725954\|pages=ix-xi, 21–22, 93, 98–99, 105}}</ref><ref name="Coll">{{cite book\|author-link=Steve Coll\|last=Coll\|first=Steve\|title=Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001\|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]\|year=2004\|isbn=9781594200076\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll/page/46 46, 581]\|url=https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll/page/46}} cf. {{cite web\|author-link=Zbigniew Brzezinski\|last=Brzezinski\|first=Zbigniew\|url=http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB396/docs/1979-12-26%20Brzezinski%20to%20Carter%20on%20Afghanistan.pdf\|title=Reflections on Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan\|date=1979-12-26\|access-date=2017-02-16}}</ref> described as the "biggest bequest to any Third World insurgency".<ref>https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1081&context=psilr</ref> Funding continued (albeit reduced) after the 1989 Soviet withdrawal as the mujahideen continued to battle the forces of President [[Mohammad Najibullah]]'s army during the [[Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)]].<ref>Crile, p 519 & elsewhere</ref>

			The US funded textbooks that promoted jihadist ideology to school children in Afghanistan.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/12/08/the-taliban-indoctrinates-kids-with-jihadist-textbooks-paid-for-by-the-u-s/ The Taliban indoctrinates kids with jihadist textbooks paid for by the U.S.] by [[The Washington Post]]</ref><ref>[http://emperors-clothes.com/news/abc.htm THE ABC'S OF JIHAD IN AFGHANISTAN * Courtesy, USA] By Joe Stephens and David B. Ottaway Washington Post, 23 March 2002 [Posted 3 April 2002]</ref>

	== Similar Operations ==		== Similar Operations ==

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	<references />		<references />
	[[Category:Intelligence Operations]]		[[Category:Intelligence Operations]]
			[[Category:Countergangs strategy]]

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	Operation Cyclone was one of the longest and most expensive covert CIA operations ever undertaken.<ref name="Oily">{{cite news\|title=The Oily Americans\|date=13 May 2003\|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,450997-92,00.html\|work=[[Time (magazine)\|Time]]\|access-date=2008-07-08\|first1=Donald L.\|last1=Barlett\|first2=James B.\|last2=Steele}}</ref> Funding officially began with $695,000 in 1979,<ref name="history.state.gov">{{cite web\|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v12/d76\|title=Summary of Conclusions of a Special Coordination Committee Meeting\|date=23 October 1979\|website=history.state.gov\|access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="Gates">{{cite book\|author-link=Robert Gates\|last=Gates\|first=Robert\|title=From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War\|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]\|year=2007\|isbn=9781416543367\|pages=142, 144–145}}</ref> was increased dramatically to $20–$30 million per year in 1980, and rose to $630 million per year in 1987,<ref name="bergen68" /><ref name="Riedel">{{cite book\|author-link=Bruce Riedel\|last=Riedel\|first=Bruce\|title=What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979–1989\|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] Press\|year=2014\|isbn=978-0815725954\|pages=ix-xi, 21–22, 93, 98–99, 105}}</ref><ref name="Coll">{{cite book\|author-link=Steve Coll\|last=Coll\|first=Steve\|title=Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001\|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]\|year=2004\|isbn=9781594200076\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll/page/46 46, 581]\|url=https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll/page/46}} cf. {{cite web\|author-link=Zbigniew Brzezinski\|last=Brzezinski\|first=Zbigniew\|url=http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB396/docs/1979-12-26%20Brzezinski%20to%20Carter%20on%20Afghanistan.pdf\|title=Reflections on Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan\|date=1979-12-26\|access-date=2017-02-16}}</ref> described as the "biggest bequest to any Third World insurgency".<ref>https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1081&context=psilr</ref> Funding continued (albeit reduced) after the 1989 Soviet withdrawal as the mujahideen continued to battle the forces of President [[Mohammad Najibullah]]'s army during the [[Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)]].<ref>Crile, p 519 & elsewhere</ref>		Operation Cyclone was one of the longest and most expensive covert CIA operations ever undertaken.<ref name="Oily">{{cite news\|title=The Oily Americans\|date=13 May 2003\|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,450997-92,00.html\|work=[[Time (magazine)\|Time]]\|access-date=2008-07-08\|first1=Donald L.\|last1=Barlett\|first2=James B.\|last2=Steele}}</ref> Funding officially began with $695,000 in 1979,<ref name="history.state.gov">{{cite web\|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v12/d76\|title=Summary of Conclusions of a Special Coordination Committee Meeting\|date=23 October 1979\|website=history.state.gov\|access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="Gates">{{cite book\|author-link=Robert Gates\|last=Gates\|first=Robert\|title=From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War\|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]\|year=2007\|isbn=9781416543367\|pages=142, 144–145}}</ref> was increased dramatically to $20–$30 million per year in 1980, and rose to $630 million per year in 1987,<ref name="bergen68" /><ref name="Riedel">{{cite book\|author-link=Bruce Riedel\|last=Riedel\|first=Bruce\|title=What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979–1989\|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] Press\|year=2014\|isbn=978-0815725954\|pages=ix-xi, 21–22, 93, 98–99, 105}}</ref><ref name="Coll">{{cite book\|author-link=Steve Coll\|last=Coll\|first=Steve\|title=Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001\|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]\|year=2004\|isbn=9781594200076\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll/page/46 46, 581]\|url=https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll/page/46}} cf. {{cite web\|author-link=Zbigniew Brzezinski\|last=Brzezinski\|first=Zbigniew\|url=http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB396/docs/1979-12-26%20Brzezinski%20to%20Carter%20on%20Afghanistan.pdf\|title=Reflections on Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan\|date=1979-12-26\|access-date=2017-02-16}}</ref> described as the "biggest bequest to any Third World insurgency".<ref>https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1081&context=psilr</ref> Funding continued (albeit reduced) after the 1989 Soviet withdrawal as the mujahideen continued to battle the forces of President [[Mohammad Najibullah]]'s army during the [[Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)]].<ref>Crile, p 519 & elsewhere</ref>

			== Similar Operations ==
	Similar covert activities have continued into the 21st century, specifically with the CIA's arming of islamists in Syria in operation [[Timber Sycamore]]<ref>[[Sputnik News]] https://sputniknews.com/politics/201607221043483385-us-cia-pentagon-syria/</ref><ref>[[Mintpress News]] https://www.mintpressnews.com/operation-timber-sycamore-washingtons-secret-war-syria/222692/</ref>, and the usage of islamist proxies in Xinjiang, China, which have led to the [[Xinjiang conflict]] and the Chinese government's response with [[Vocational Education and Training Centers\|vocational training centers]] to de-radicalize extremists and train workers to have productive skills.<ref>https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-01-28/Xinjiang-workers-benefit-from-skills-learnt-in-vocational-centers-XpPv1xXii4/index.html</ref><ref>https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-08-25/Lies-and-truth-Vocational-education-and-training-in-Xinjiang-TeSMTJq2gU/index.html</ref>		Similar covert activities have continued into the 21st century, specifically with the CIA's arming of islamists in Syria in operation [[Timber Sycamore]]<ref>[[Sputnik News]] https://sputniknews.com/politics/201607221043483385-us-cia-pentagon-syria/</ref><ref>[[Mintpress News]] https://www.mintpressnews.com/operation-timber-sycamore-washingtons-secret-war-syria/222692/</ref>, and the usage of islamist proxies in Xinjiang, China, which have led to the [[Xinjiang conflict]] and the Chinese government's response with [[Vocational Education and Training Centers\|vocational training centers]] to de-radicalize extremists and train workers to have productive skills.<ref>https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-01-28/Xinjiang-workers-benefit-from-skills-learnt-in-vocational-centers-XpPv1xXii4/index.html</ref><ref>https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-08-25/Lies-and-truth-Vocational-education-and-training-in-Xinjiang-TeSMTJq2gU/index.html</ref>

	== References ==		== References ==
	[[Category:CIA operations]]		[[Category:CIA operations]]

Jucheguevara: added more info and references

2021-03-01T17:41:49Z

added more info and references

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:41, 1 March 2021
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	'''Operation Cyclone''' was the code name for the [[United States]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) program to arm and finance the [[mujahideen]] (Afghan anti-Soviet militants) in [[Afghanistan]] from 1979 to 1989, prior to and during the ~~[[Soviet–Afghan War\|~~military intervention]] by the [[USSR]] in support of its ~~[[Client state\|client]]~~, the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]]. The mujahideen were also supported by Britain's [[MI6]], who conducted separate covert actions. The program leaned heavily towards supporting militant Islamic groups, including groups with [[jihadist]] ties, that were favored by the regime of [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] in neighboring [[Pakistan]], rather than other, less ideological Afghan resistance groups that had also been fighting the Soviet-oriented [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] regime since before the Soviet intervention.<ref name="bergen68">Bergen, Peter, ''Holy War Inc''., Free Press, (2001), p.68</ref>		'''Operation Cyclone''' was the code name for the [[United States]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) program to arm and finance the [[mujahideen]] (Afghan anti-Soviet militants) in [[Afghanistan]] from 1979 to 1989, prior to and during the military intervention by the [[USSR]] in support of its ally, the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]]. The mujahideen were also supported by Britain's [[MI6]], who conducted separate covert actions. The program leaned heavily towards supporting militant Islamic groups, including groups with [[jihadist]] ties, that were favored by the regime of [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] in neighboring [[Pakistan]], rather than other, less ideological Afghan resistance groups that had also been fighting the Soviet-oriented [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] regime since before the Soviet intervention.<ref name="bergen68">Bergen, Peter, ''Holy War Inc''., Free Press, (2001), p.68</ref>

	Operation Cyclone was one of the longest and most expensive covert CIA operations ever undertaken.<ref name="Oily">{{cite news\|title=The Oily Americans\|date=13 May 2003\|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,450997-92,00.html\|work=[[Time (magazine)\|Time]]\|access-date=2008-07-08\|first1=Donald L.\|last1=Barlett\|first2=James B.\|last2=Steele}}</ref> Funding officially began with $695,000 in 1979,<ref name="history.state.gov">{{cite web\|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v12/d76\|title=Summary of Conclusions of a Special Coordination Committee Meeting\|date=23 October 1979\|website=history.state.gov\|access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="Gates">{{cite book\|author-link=Robert Gates\|last=Gates\|first=Robert\|title=From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War\|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]\|year=2007\|isbn=9781416543367\|pages=142, 144–145}}</ref> was increased dramatically to $20–$30 million per year in 1980, and rose to $630 million per year in 1987,<ref name="bergen68" /><ref name="Riedel">{{cite book\|author-link=Bruce Riedel\|last=Riedel\|first=Bruce\|title=What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979–1989\|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] Press\|year=2014\|isbn=978-0815725954\|pages=ix-xi, 21–22, 93, 98–99, 105}}</ref><ref name="Coll">{{cite book\|author-link=Steve Coll\|last=Coll\|first=Steve\|title=Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001\|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]\|year=2004\|isbn=9781594200076\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll/page/46 46, 581]\|url=https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll/page/46}} cf. {{cite web\|author-link=Zbigniew Brzezinski\|last=Brzezinski\|first=Zbigniew\|url=http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB396/docs/1979-12-26%20Brzezinski%20to%20Carter%20on%20Afghanistan.pdf\|title=Reflections on Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan\|date=1979-12-26\|access-date=2017-02-16}}</ref> described as the "biggest bequest to any Third World insurgency".<ref>https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1081&context=psilr</ref> Funding continued (albeit reduced) after the 1989 Soviet withdrawal as the mujahideen continued to battle the forces of President [[Mohammad Najibullah]]'s army during the [[Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)]].<ref>Crile, p 519 & elsewhere</ref>		Operation Cyclone was one of the longest and most expensive covert CIA operations ever undertaken.<ref name="Oily">{{cite news\|title=The Oily Americans\|date=13 May 2003\|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,450997-92,00.html\|work=[[Time (magazine)\|Time]]\|access-date=2008-07-08\|first1=Donald L.\|last1=Barlett\|first2=James B.\|last2=Steele}}</ref> Funding officially began with $695,000 in 1979,<ref name="history.state.gov">{{cite web\|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v12/d76\|title=Summary of Conclusions of a Special Coordination Committee Meeting\|date=23 October 1979\|website=history.state.gov\|access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="Gates">{{cite book\|author-link=Robert Gates\|last=Gates\|first=Robert\|title=From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War\|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]\|year=2007\|isbn=9781416543367\|pages=142, 144–145}}</ref> was increased dramatically to $20–$30 million per year in 1980, and rose to $630 million per year in 1987,<ref name="bergen68" /><ref name="Riedel">{{cite book\|author-link=Bruce Riedel\|last=Riedel\|first=Bruce\|title=What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979–1989\|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] Press\|year=2014\|isbn=978-0815725954\|pages=ix-xi, 21–22, 93, 98–99, 105}}</ref><ref name="Coll">{{cite book\|author-link=Steve Coll\|last=Coll\|first=Steve\|title=Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001\|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]\|year=2004\|isbn=9781594200076\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll/page/46 46, 581]\|url=https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll/page/46}} cf. {{cite web\|author-link=Zbigniew Brzezinski\|last=Brzezinski\|first=Zbigniew\|url=http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB396/docs/1979-12-26%20Brzezinski%20to%20Carter%20on%20Afghanistan.pdf\|title=Reflections on Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan\|date=1979-12-26\|access-date=2017-02-16}}</ref> described as the "biggest bequest to any Third World insurgency".<ref>https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1081&context=psilr</ref> Funding continued (albeit reduced) after the 1989 Soviet withdrawal as the mujahideen continued to battle the forces of President [[Mohammad Najibullah]]'s army during the [[Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)]].<ref>Crile, p 519 & elsewhere</ref>

			Similar covert activities have continued into the 21st century, specifically with the CIA's arming of islamists in Syria in operation [[Timber Sycamore]]<ref>[[Sputnik News]] https://sputniknews.com/politics/201607221043483385-us-cia-pentagon-syria/</ref><ref>[[Mintpress News]] https://www.mintpressnews.com/operation-timber-sycamore-washingtons-secret-war-syria/222692/</ref>, and the usage of islamist proxies in Xinjiang, China, which have led to the [[Xinjiang conflict]] and the Chinese government's response with [[Vocational Education and Training Centers\|vocational training centers]] to de-radicalize extremists and train workers to have productive skills.<ref>https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-01-28/Xinjiang-workers-benefit-from-skills-learnt-in-vocational-centers-XpPv1xXii4/index.html</ref><ref>https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-08-25/Lies-and-truth-Vocational-education-and-training-in-Xinjiang-TeSMTJq2gU/index.html</ref>

	== References ==		== References ==
	[[Category:CIA operations]]		[[Category:CIA operations]]

Jucheguevara: created page

2021-02-27T22:03:07Z

created page

New page

'''Operation Cyclone''' was the code name for the [[United States]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) program to arm and finance the [[mujahideen]] (Afghan anti-Soviet militants) in [[Afghanistan]] from 1979 to 1989, prior to and during the [[Soviet–Afghan War|military intervention]] by the [[USSR]] in support of its [[Client state|client]], the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]]. The mujahideen were also supported by Britain's [[MI6]], who conducted separate covert actions. The program leaned heavily towards supporting militant Islamic groups, including groups with [[jihadist]] ties, that were favored by the regime of [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] in neighboring [[Pakistan]], rather than other, less ideological Afghan resistance groups that had also been fighting the Soviet-oriented [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] regime since before the Soviet intervention.<ref name="bergen68">Bergen, Peter, ''Holy War Inc''., Free Press, (2001), p.68</ref>

Operation Cyclone was one of the longest and most expensive covert CIA operations ever undertaken.<ref name="Oily">{{cite news|title=The Oily Americans|date=13 May 2003|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,450997-92,00.html|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=2008-07-08|first1=Donald L.|last1=Barlett|first2=James B.|last2=Steele}}</ref> Funding officially began with $695,000 in 1979,<ref name="history.state.gov">{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v12/d76|title=Summary of Conclusions of a Special Coordination Committee Meeting|date=23 October 1979|website=history.state.gov|access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="Gates">{{cite book|author-link=Robert Gates|last=Gates|first=Robert|title=From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=2007|isbn=9781416543367|pages=142, 144–145}}</ref> was increased dramatically to $20–$30 million per year in 1980, and rose to $630 million per year in 1987,<ref name="bergen68" /><ref name="Riedel">{{cite book|author-link=Bruce Riedel|last=Riedel|first=Bruce|title=What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979–1989|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0815725954|pages=ix-xi, 21–22, 93, 98–99, 105}}</ref><ref name="Coll">{{cite book|author-link=Steve Coll|last=Coll|first=Steve|title=Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|year=2004|isbn=9781594200076|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll/page/46 46, 581]|url=https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll/page/46}} cf. {{cite web|author-link=Zbigniew Brzezinski|last=Brzezinski|first=Zbigniew|url=http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB396/docs/1979-12-26%20Brzezinski%20to%20Carter%20on%20Afghanistan.pdf|title=Reflections on Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan|date=1979-12-26|access-date=2017-02-16}}</ref> described as the "biggest bequest to any Third World insurgency".<ref>https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1081&context=psilr</ref> Funding continued (albeit reduced) after the 1989 Soviet withdrawal as the mujahideen continued to battle the forces of President [[Mohammad Najibullah]]'s army during the [[Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)]].<ref>Crile, p 519 & elsewhere</ref>

== References ==
[[Category:CIA operations]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:48, 9 August 2021
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	== References ==		== References ==
	[[Category:CIA operations]]		[[Category:CIA operations]]
			<references />
			[[Category:Intelligence Operations]]