Overthrow of the Soviet Union - Revision history

47.72.224.205: A spelling mistake - Chairman was spelt wrong.

2024-12-02T08:00:08Z

A spelling mistake - Chairman was spelt wrong.

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:00, 2 December 2024
Line 4:		Line 4:

	=== Death of Stalin and Rise of Khrushchev ===		=== Death of Stalin and Rise of Khrushchev ===
	On March 5, 1953 [[Joseph Stalin\|Stalin]] died.<ref name=":Tom">{{Citation\|author=Ludo Martens\|year=1996\|title=Another View of Stalin\|chapter=From Stalin to Khrushchev\|isbn=9782872620814\|publisher=Editions EPO\|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf\|page=253–262}}</ref> [[Georgy Malenkov\|Malenkov]], [[Nikolai Bulganin\|Bulganin]] and [[Kliment_Voroshilov\|Voroshilov]] occupied positions, but Khrushchev managed to climb up the ranks from [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\|General Secretary of the CPSU]] and became the [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\|First Secretary of the CPSU]] and [[Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union\|~~Charmain~~ of the Council of Ministers]], two key positions to influence soviet politics. With the backing of all the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\|party presidium]], he conspired against [[Lavrentiy_Beria\|Beria]], ordering a rigged trial led to Beria's and his allies' execution thus removing the opposition to Krushchev's plans. The [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\|Central Committee]] also began releasing and rehabilitating some of those who had been jailed for political offenses, particularly recent victims, such as members of the so-called [[doctor’s plot]], a group of doctors accused of conspiring against Stalin’s health.		On March 5, 1953 [[Joseph Stalin\|Stalin]] died.<ref name=":Tom">{{Citation\|author=Ludo Martens\|year=1996\|title=Another View of Stalin\|chapter=From Stalin to Khrushchev\|isbn=9782872620814\|publisher=Editions EPO\|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf\|page=253–262}}</ref> [[Georgy Malenkov\|Malenkov]], [[Nikolai Bulganin\|Bulganin]] and [[Kliment_Voroshilov\|Voroshilov]] occupied positions, but Khrushchev managed to climb up the ranks from [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\|General Secretary of the CPSU]] and became the [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\|First Secretary of the CPSU]] and [[Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union\|Chairman of the Council of Ministers]], two key positions to influence soviet politics. With the backing of all the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\|party presidium]], he conspired against [[Lavrentiy_Beria\|Beria]], ordering a rigged trial led to Beria's and his allies' execution thus removing the opposition to Krushchev's plans. The [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\|Central Committee]] also began releasing and rehabilitating some of those who had been jailed for political offenses, particularly recent victims, such as members of the so-called [[doctor’s plot]], a group of doctors accused of conspiring against Stalin’s health.

	=== Khrushchev era (1953 - 1964) ===		=== Khrushchev era (1953 - 1964) ===

ComradeSyntrofos: Generally accepted by who?

2024-06-16T15:07:54Z

Generally accepted by who?

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:07, 16 June 2024
Line 1:		Line 1:
	The '''overthrow of the Soviet Union''' was the process of [[Bourgeoisie\|bourgeois]] [[counter-revolution]] which culminated in the disintegration of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)\|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (USSR) into independent states in December of 1991. Among the various causes for dissolution was the organization of a bourgeois class inside the USSR under a 'shadow economy' which effectively guaranteed their interests through corrupt officials of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU). ~~It's generally accepted that the~~ political and economic policies of [[Nikita Khrushchev\|Khrushchev]], [[Leonid Brezhnev\|Brezhnev]] and ultimately [[Mikhail Gorbachev\|Gorbachev]] paved the way for counter-revolution in the USSR.		The '''overthrow of the Soviet Union''' was the process of [[Bourgeoisie\|bourgeois]] [[counter-revolution]] which culminated in the disintegration of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)\|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (USSR) into independent states in December of 1991. Among the various causes for dissolution was the organization of a bourgeois class inside the USSR under a 'shadow economy' which effectively guaranteed their interests through corrupt officials of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU). The political and economic policies of [[Nikita Khrushchev\|Khrushchev]], [[Leonid Brezhnev\|Brezhnev]] and ultimately [[Mikhail Gorbachev\|Gorbachev]] paved the way for counter-revolution in the USSR.

	== Background ==		== Background ==

ComradeSyntrofos: /* Transition to Gorbachev (1984 - 1985) */

2023-12-31T16:00:44Z

Transition to Gorbachev (1984 - 1985)

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:00, 31 December 2023
Line 35:		Line 35:
	=== Andropov era (1982 - 1984) ===		=== Andropov era (1982 - 1984) ===

	=== ~~Transition to Gorbachev~~ (1984 - 1985) ===		=== Chernenko Era (1984 - 1985) ===
			After Yuri Andropov died in 1984, [[Konstantin Chernenko]] succeeded him.

	=== Gorbachev era (1985 - 1991) ===		=== Gorbachev era (1985 - 1991) ===
	In 1985, [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] was elected general secretary of the CPSU by the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\|Politburo]] after [[Konstantin Chernenko]]'s death. His [[Liberalism\|liberal]] policies led to nationalism and ethnic conflict.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Mark R. Beissinger\|year=2017\|title=Nationalism and the Collapse of Soviet Union\|chapter=\|section=\|page=5–6\|quote=\|pdf=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928150043/http://www.princeton.edu/~mbeissin/beissinger.ceh.article.pdf\|city=\|publisher=Princeton University\|isbn=\|doi=\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> Eventually, all of the soviet republics proclaimed sovereignty, although they did not secede until later. This started with [[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic\|Estonia]] on November 16, 1988, and ended with [[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic\|Kyrgyzstan]] on December 15, 1990.		In 1985, [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] was elected general secretary of the CPSU by the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\|Politburo]] after Konstantin Chernenko's death. His [[Liberalism\|liberal]] policies led to nationalism and ethnic conflict.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Mark R. Beissinger\|year=2017\|title=Nationalism and the Collapse of Soviet Union\|chapter=\|section=\|page=5–6\|quote=\|pdf=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928150043/http://www.princeton.edu/~mbeissin/beissinger.ceh.article.pdf\|city=\|publisher=Princeton University\|isbn=\|doi=\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> Eventually, all of the soviet republics proclaimed sovereignty, although they did not secede until later. This started with [[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic\|Estonia]] on November 16, 1988, and ended with [[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic\|Kyrgyzstan]] on December 15, 1990.

	Gorbachev entertained similar ideas as Krushchev, such as splitting the CPSU into two, but ultimately decided to weaken and disestablish it altogether.		Gorbachev entertained similar ideas as Krushchev, such as splitting the CPSU into two, but ultimately decided to weaken and disestablish it altogether.

Forte: /* Breakup */ Put timeline in table form

2023-06-22T14:52:57Z

Breakup: Put timeline in table form

@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 == Timeline ==
+{| class="wikitable"
-=== Breakup ===
+|+
-In 1990 and 1991, the now-sovereign republics seceded from the Soviet Union, starting with the Baltic states. A referendum was held in March of 1991 in which 78% of the population voted to keep the Soviet Union, but this referendum was later ignored.<ref>{{Citation|author=Dieter Nohlen, Philip Stöver|year=2010|title=Elections in Europe: A data handbook|chapter=|section=|page=1647|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=|isbn=9783832956097|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> In August, several CPSU officials attempted to overthrow Gorbachev but the coup collapsed after three days.<ref>{{Citation|author=A. V. Ostrovskiy|year=2011|title=Stupidity or treason? Investigation into the death of the USSR|chapter=|section=|page=864|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=|isbn=|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=Глупость или измена? Расследование гибели СССР|trans-lang=Russian}}</ref> On September 6, 1991, the secession of the Baltics was recognized. On December 25, Gorbachev resigned and gave his power to the neoliberal [[Boris Yeltsin]]. The next day, the Soviet Union was dissolved.
+!Date/period
 == Consequences ==

Dragon: Added a source X)

2023-06-19T00:58:08Z

Added a source X)

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:58, 19 June 2023
Line 4:		Line 4:

	=== Death of Stalin and Rise of Khrushchev ===		=== Death of Stalin and Rise of Khrushchev ===
	On March 5, 1953 [[Joseph Stalin\|Stalin]] died. [[Georgy Malenkov\|Malenkov]], [[Nikolai Bulganin\|Bulganin]] and [[Kliment_Voroshilov\|Voroshilov]] occupied positions, but Khrushchev managed to climb up the ranks from [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\|General Secretary of the CPSU]] and became the [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\|First Secretary of the CPSU]] and [[Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union\|Charmain of the Council of Ministers]], two key positions to influence soviet politics. With the backing of all the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\|party presidium]], he conspired against [[Lavrentiy_Beria\|Beria]], ordering a rigged trial led to Beria's and his allies' execution thus removing the opposition to Krushchev's plans. The [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\|Central Committee]] also began releasing and rehabilitating some of those who had been jailed for political offenses, particularly recent victims, such as members of the so-called [[doctor’s plot]], a group of doctors accused of conspiring against Stalin’s health.		On March 5, 1953 [[Joseph Stalin\|Stalin]] died.<ref name=":Tom">{{Citation\|author=Ludo Martens\|year=1996\|title=Another View of Stalin\|chapter=From Stalin to Khrushchev\|isbn=9782872620814\|publisher=Editions EPO\|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf\|page=253–262}}</ref> [[Georgy Malenkov\|Malenkov]], [[Nikolai Bulganin\|Bulganin]] and [[Kliment_Voroshilov\|Voroshilov]] occupied positions, but Khrushchev managed to climb up the ranks from [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\|General Secretary of the CPSU]] and became the [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\|First Secretary of the CPSU]] and [[Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union\|Charmain of the Council of Ministers]], two key positions to influence soviet politics. With the backing of all the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\|party presidium]], he conspired against [[Lavrentiy_Beria\|Beria]], ordering a rigged trial led to Beria's and his allies' execution thus removing the opposition to Krushchev's plans. The [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\|Central Committee]] also began releasing and rehabilitating some of those who had been jailed for political offenses, particularly recent victims, such as members of the so-called [[doctor’s plot]], a group of doctors accused of conspiring against Stalin’s health.

	=== Khrushchev era (1953 - 1964) ===		=== Khrushchev era (1953 - 1964) ===

CriticalResist: proofread krushchev era

2023-06-18T10:26:05Z

proofread krushchev era

Show changes

Dragon: Finished the Kruschev period section.

2023-06-17T22:21:13Z

Finished the Kruschev period section.

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:21, 17 June 2023
Line 4:		Line 4:

	=== Death of Stalin and Rise of Khrushchev ===		=== Death of Stalin and Rise of Khrushchev ===
	On March 5, 1953 [[Joseph Stalin\|Stalin]] died. [[Georgy Malenkov\|Malenkov]], [[Nikolai Bulganin\|Bulganin]] and [[Kliment_Voroshilov\|Voroshilov]] occupied positions, but Khrushchev managed to climb positions from the [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\|General Secretary of the CPSU]] and it became the [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\|First Secretary of the CPSU]] and [[Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union\|Charmain of the Council of Ministers]]. He ~~comploted against [[Lavrentiy_Beria\|Beria]] ordering a rigged trial to get him out~~ of ~~the way and in~~ the [[~~20th Congress~~ of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\|~~20th Congress~~]] ~~he read his famous~~ [[~~Secret Speech]] in which he slandered Stalin. [[China]] and [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1946–1992)~~\|~~Albania~~]] ~~broke diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. Khrushchev was elected general secretary~~ of the ~~CPSU,~~ and ~~began a "de-Stalinization" campaign~~. ~~Khrushchev and later reformers had ideological ties with~~ [[~~Nikolai Bukharin\|Bukharin]],<ref>{{Citation\|author=Roger Keeran & Thomas Kenny\|doi=\|quote=In general, the analysis~~ of the economic problems fell into the two traditional camps: the camp with ideological links to Bukharin and Khrushchev and the camp with links to Lenin and Stalin. The former saw the problems as due to over-centralization, and for it the solution was decentralization, the use of market mechanisms, and the allowance of certain forms of private enterprise.\|trans-lang=\|trans-title=\|pdf=\|mia=\|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=EB8A647627A86692FB1AA43916CE6A02\|publisher=\|year=2010\|city=\|isbn=\|chapter-url=\|title-url=\|chapter=\|page=46\|title=Socialism betrayed: behind the collapse of the Soviet Union\|section=}}</ref><ref>{{Citation\|author=Moshe Lewin\|year=1974\|title=Political undercurrents in Soviet Economic debates: from Bukharin to the modern reformers\|chapter=\|section=\|page=xii-xiii\|quote=Moreover, the literature pertinent to the economic debates of the 1960s and later, the evaluations of the performance of the economic model in the past and present, and the criticisms and proposals for change, show an amazing parallelism, even similarity, to the debates of the 1920s in theme, wording, and phraseology. As the intellectual map of the present controversy unfolded, it became entirely clear that it contained hints, allusions, plagiarized quotations, unnamed authorities, and direct and indirect use of ideas of personalities of the 1920s, who were apparently irrelevant and long forgotten and some of whom were executed and buried in infamy in the 1930s. It was not difficult to find the missing pieces in this jigsaw puzzle: central among them is N. I. Bukharin, the leader of the last important opposition to Stalin. <br><br>[...]<br><br>It was astonishing to discover how many ideas of Bukharin's anti-Stalinist program of 1928-1929 were adopted by current reformers as their own and how much of their critique of past practices followed his strictures and prophecies even in their expression\|pdf=\|city=\|publisher=\|isbn=\|doi=\|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=41BD3D316AE470BA537556E576A83503\|mia=\|title-url=\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> who supported the [[New Economic Policy\|NEP]] and ~~the bourgeois elements it created.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Roger Keeran & Thomas Kenny\|year=2010\|title=Socialism betrayed: behind the collapse~~ of ~~the Soviet Union\|chapter=\|section=\|page=24\|quote=Stalin’s main opposition on this point came from Bukharin,~~ who ~~in 1919~~ had made an about-face from opposing self-determination to embracing it. By 1923, Bukharin not only supported the NEP and the petty capitalists created by it but also advocated a hands-off approach toward this class’ growing nationalism.\|pdf=\|city=\|publisher=\|isbn=\|doi=\|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=EB8A647627A86692FB1AA43916CE6A02\|mia=\|title-url=\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> Under Khrushchev, the sixth five-year plan advocated for wage equalizations which would eventually cause discontent among the Soviet intelligentsia, which earned less than skilled workers.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Roger Keeran & Thomas Kenny\|doi=\|quote=The very success of socialism had created a vast urbanized and educated intelligentsia in the Soviet sense of white-collar, ~~non-manual workers. Some of this intelligentsia felt disadvantaged by the wage equalization that had occurred since the 1950s. For example~~, doctors, teachers, engineers, and administrators typically earned less than skilled workers did. Moreover, increased travel and communication had made the intelligentsia aware that they enjoyed a lower standard of living than their counterparts in the West.\|trans-lang=\|trans-title=\|pdf=\|mia=\|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=EB8A647627A86692FB1AA43916CE6A02\|publisher=\|year=2010\|city=\|isbn=\|chapter-url=\|title-url=\|chapter=\|page=84\|title=Socialism betrayed: behind the collapse of the Soviet Union\|section=}}</ref> This prompted many workers to pursuit alternative sources of income through illegal private economic activity for personal gain.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Roger Keeran & Thomas Kenny\|doi=\|quote=After 1953, a new economic basis for bourgeois ideas began growing within socialism. This basis was the ~~population engaged in private economic activity for personal gain, in a~~ so-called ~~second economy that existed beside the first, socialist economy. At first~~, ~~the very existence of~~ a ~~second economy was disguised by its interpenetration~~ of ~~the first or socialized economy. The second economy usually did not involve a separate class~~ of people, but rather workers and farmers in the primary economy who spent time making money on the side in legal or illegal, private activity. Increasingly, however, in the post-war years, the second economy embraced more and more people and accounted for more and more of their income and in effect re-created a petty bourgeois stratum.\|trans-lang=\|trans-title=\|pdf=\|mia=\|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=EB8A647627A86692FB1AA43916CE6A02\|publisher=\|year=2010\|city=\|isbn=\|chapter-url=\|title-url=\|chapter=\|page=63\|title=Socialism betrayed: behind the collapse of the Soviet Union\|section=}}</ref> Over time, these personal gains amounted to concentrations of wealth and gave rise to a [[Petty-bourgeoisie\|petty-bourgeois]] class of people who depended on private economic activity for most or all of their income.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Roger Keeran & Thomas Kenny\|doi=\|quote=Most scholars agreed that by the 1980s the second economy reached into every nook and cranny of the society and touched almost everyone. In a reference to private money-making, Brezhnev himself remarked, “No one lives on wages alone.” What was important, however, was not petty pilfering or the purchase of black market goods, but the emergence of a layer of people who depended upon private activity for all or a substantial portion of their income. Some people became exceedingly wealthy and acquired the name, the “Brezhnev new rich.” Such people could rightly be considered a nascent class of petty bourgeoisie.\|trans-lang=\|trans-title=\|pdf=\|mia=\|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=EB8A647627A86692FB1AA43916CE6A02\|publisher=\|year=2010\|city=\|isbn=\|chapter-url=\|title-url=\|chapter=\|page=75\|title=Socialism betrayed: behind the collapse of the Soviet Union\|section=}}</ref> Thus began the development of a "second economy" in parallel to socialist economy.		On March 5, 1953 [[Joseph Stalin\|Stalin]] died. [[Georgy Malenkov\|Malenkov]], [[Nikolai Bulganin\|Bulganin]] and [[Kliment_Voroshilov\|Voroshilov]] occupied positions, but Khrushchev managed to climb positions from the [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\|General Secretary of the CPSU]] and it became the [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\|First Secretary of the CPSU]] and [[Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union\|Charmain of the Council of Ministers]], two key positions to influence soviet politics. He, with the backing of all the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\|party presidium]], comploted against [[Lavrentiy_Beria\|Beria]] ordering a rigged trial that got him out of the way by executing him and his allies. The [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\|Central Committee]] also began releasing and rehabilitating some of those who had been jailed for political offenses, particularly recent victims, such as members of the so-called doctor’s plot, a group of doctors accused of conspiring against Stalin’s health.

	=== Khrushchev era (1953 - 1964) ===		=== Khrushchev era (1953 - 1964) ===

	.		In 1953, Khrushchev initiated a set of policies that paved the road to the first sights of the shadow economy that the USSR experienced in greater proportions later under Brezhnev. Khrushchev encouraged the country to look to the West not only as a source of new methods of production but as a standard of comparison for Soviet achievements. He also shifted resources from industry to agriculture. To encourage agricultural production, Khrushchev reverted to NEP-type measures. He reduced taxes on individual plots, eliminated taxes on individual livestock, and encouraged people in villages and towns to keep more privately owned cows, pigs, and chickens and to cultivate private gardens. In the [[20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\|20th Congress]] he read his famous [[Secret Speech]] in which he slandered Stalin and and began a "de-Stalinization" campaign, while at the same time proclaming his revisionist thesis such as [[Pacific Co-existance with Imperialism\|Pacific co-existence]] or the [[Pacific way towards Socialism]], and gradually making the Soviet state to abandon [[Marxism-Leninism]] in order to embrace [[Revisionism\|revisionism]]. [[China]] and [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1946–1992)\|Albania]] broke diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union.

			Khrushchev and later reformers had ideological ties with [[Nikolai Bukharin\|Bukharin]],<ref>{{Citation\|author=Roger Keeran & Thomas Kenny\|doi=\|quote=In general, the analysis of the economic problems fell into the two traditional camps: the camp with ideological links to Bukharin and Khrushchev and the camp with links to Lenin and Stalin. The former saw the problems as due to over-centralization, and for it the solution was decentralization, the use of market mechanisms, and the allowance of certain forms of private enterprise.\|trans-lang=\|trans-title=\|pdf=\|mia=\|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=EB8A647627A86692FB1AA43916CE6A02\|publisher=\|year=2010\|city=\|isbn=\|chapter-url=\|title-url=\|chapter=\|page=46\|title=Socialism betrayed: behind the collapse of the Soviet Union\|section=}}</ref><ref>{{Citation\|author=Moshe Lewin\|year=1974\|title=Political undercurrents in Soviet Economic debates: from Bukharin to the modern reformers\|chapter=\|section=\|page=xii-xiii\|quote=Moreover, the literature pertinent to the economic debates of the 1960s and later, the evaluations of the performance of the economic model in the past and present, and the criticisms and proposals for change, show an amazing parallelism, even similarity, to the debates of the 1920s in theme, wording, and phraseology. As the intellectual map of the present controversy unfolded, it became entirely clear that it contained hints, allusions, plagiarized quotations, unnamed authorities, and direct and indirect use of ideas of personalities of the 1920s, who were apparently irrelevant and long forgotten and some of whom were executed and buried in infamy in the 1930s. It was not difficult to find the missing pieces in this jigsaw puzzle: central among them is N. I. Bukharin, the leader of the last important opposition to Stalin. <br><br>[...]<br><br>It was astonishing to discover how many ideas of Bukharin's anti-Stalinist program of 1928-1929 were adopted by current reformers as their own and how much of their critique of past practices followed his strictures and prophecies even in their expression\|pdf=\|city=\|publisher=\|isbn=\|doi=\|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=41BD3D316AE470BA537556E576A83503\|mia=\|title-url=\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> who supported the [[New Economic Policy\|NEP]] and the bourgeois elements it created.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Roger Keeran & Thomas Kenny\|year=2010\|title=Socialism betrayed: behind the collapse of the Soviet Union\|chapter=\|section=\|page=24\|quote=Stalin’s main opposition on this point came from Bukharin, who in 1919 had made an about-face from opposing self-determination to embracing it. By 1923, Bukharin not only supported the NEP and the petty capitalists created by it but also advocated a hands-off approach toward this class’ growing nationalism.\|pdf=\|city=\|publisher=\|isbn=\|doi=\|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=EB8A647627A86692FB1AA43916CE6A02\|mia=\|title-url=\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref>
			Under Khrushchev, the sixth five-year plan advocated for wage equalizations which would eventually cause discontent among the Soviet intelligentsia, which earned less than skilled workers.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Roger Keeran & Thomas Kenny\|doi=\|quote=The very success of socialism had created a vast urbanized and educated intelligentsia in the Soviet sense of white-collar, non-manual workers. Some of this intelligentsia felt disadvantaged by the wage equalization that had occurred since the 1950s. For example, doctors, teachers, engineers, and administrators typically earned less than skilled workers did. Moreover, increased travel and communication had made the intelligentsia aware that they enjoyed a lower standard of living than their counterparts in the West.\|trans-lang=\|trans-title=\|pdf=\|mia=\|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=EB8A647627A86692FB1AA43916CE6A02\|publisher=\|year=2010\|city=\|isbn=\|chapter-url=\|title-url=\|chapter=\|page=84\|title=Socialism betrayed: behind the collapse of the Soviet Union\|section=}}</ref> This prompted many workers to pursuit alternative sources of income through illegal private economic activity for personal gain.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Roger Keeran & Thomas Kenny\|doi=\|quote=After 1953, a new economic basis for bourgeois ideas began growing within socialism. This basis was the population engaged in private economic activity for personal gain, in a so-called second economy that existed beside the first, socialist economy. At first, the very existence of a second economy was disguised by its interpenetration of the first or socialized economy. The second economy usually did not involve a separate class of people, but rather workers and farmers in the primary economy who spent time making money on the side in legal or illegal, private activity. Increasingly, however, in the post-war years, the second economy embraced more and more people and accounted for more and more of their income and in effect re-created a petty bourgeois stratum.\|trans-lang=\|trans-title=\|pdf=\|mia=\|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=EB8A647627A86692FB1AA43916CE6A02\|publisher=\|year=2010\|city=\|isbn=\|chapter-url=\|title-url=\|chapter=\|page=63\|title=Socialism betrayed: behind the collapse of the Soviet Union\|section=}}</ref> Over time, these personal gains amounted to concentrations of wealth and gave rise to a [[Petty-bourgeoisie\|petty-bourgeois]] class of people who depended on private economic activity for most or all of their income.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Roger Keeran & Thomas Kenny\|doi=\|quote=Most scholars agreed that by the 1980s the second economy reached into every nook and cranny of the society and touched almost everyone. In a reference to private money-making, Brezhnev himself remarked, “No one lives on wages alone.” What was important, however, was not petty pilfering or the purchase of black market goods, but the emergence of a layer of people who depended upon private activity for all or a substantial portion of their income. Some people became exceedingly wealthy and acquired the name, the “Brezhnev new rich.” Such people could rightly be considered a nascent class of petty bourgeoisie.\|trans-lang=\|trans-title=\|pdf=\|mia=\|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=EB8A647627A86692FB1AA43916CE6A02\|publisher=\|year=2010\|city=\|isbn=\|chapter-url=\|title-url=\|chapter=\|page=75\|title=Socialism betrayed: behind the collapse of the Soviet Union\|section=}}</ref> Thus began the development of a "second economy" in parallel to socialist economy. During a four-day Presidium meeting, from June 18 to June 21, 1957, and a Central Committee meeting that immediately followed, a decisive confrontation between Khrushchev and the opposition occurred. As a prelude to seeking Khrushchev’s removal as General Secretary, the opposition assailed his economic policies, particularly his agricultural policies and his idea of decentralizing state planning. The opposition held a seven to three majority (with one neutral) in the Presidium. When word of the imminent repudiation of Khrushchev leaked out, however, Moscow members of the Central Committee (many of whom had been promoted by Khrushchev) besieged the Presidium and demanded the convening of the Central Committee. A hastily arranged meeting of the Central Committee that went on for six days ended by supporting Khrushchev and expelling Molotov, Malenkov, and Kaganovich from the Central Committee and the Presidium. After routing what he called the “anti-Party” opposition, Khrushchev ruled without serious resistance for the next seven years. Of Khrushchev’s course during this time, two things stood out. First, in spite of some tacking and weaving, Khrushchev pursued a domestic course the main elements of which were cuts in military spending, attacks on Stalin, decentralization of planning, dismantling of state tractor stations, emulation of American agricultural methods, cultivation of virgin lands, promotion of consumer goods, some liberalization of intellectual and cultural restrictions, and an ideological deemphasis of class struggle, the dictatorship of the proletariat, and the vanguard party. Secondly, all of Khrushchev’s major domestic policies failed to produce the results intended. Khrushchev sought an easy way out of the problems of centralized planning through radical decentralization and the application of such capitalist-oriented ideas as market competition. In May 1957, Khrushchev abolished the thirty plus central planning ministries and replaced them with over a hundred local economic councils. The result was predictable. Co-ordination of production and supplies became even more difficult than it was before, and local interests superseded national goals. The Medvedevs, who purportedly sympathized with Khrushchev, said his decentralization produced “anarchy,” “duplication, parallelism and dissipation of responsibility.”. In 1961, Khrushchev had to regroup and consolidate planning into seventeen large economic regions. Even this did not undo the damage of decentralization. The Soviet economy expanded at a slower rate in the second half of the 1950s than the first half, and expanded at a slower rate in the first five years of the 1960s than in the 1950s.

			Khrushchev made several changes in the way the Party operated that diluted its leadership role. In 1957, following the precedent of his years in the Ukraine, he opened the doors of the Communist Party to mass recruitment leading to a vast expansion in membership. This related to his idea that class distinctions were disappearing and that the “overwhelming majority” of Soviet citizens “reason like Communists.” Khrushchev also introduced a requirement that a third of Party offi cials be replaced at each election, a kind of Soviet term limits. The General Secretary also divided the Party into agricultural and industrial sections, a kind of incipient two party system. Though ostensibly aimed at reinvigorating the Party, such moves as mass recruitment, term limits, and Party division weakened the Party in various ways and generated much opposition. After Khrushchev, the Party abandoned these pet ideas. Later, Gorbachev entertained similar ideas, such as splitting the CPSU into two, before deciding to weaken and disestablish it altogether. In 1964, the Khrushchev period came to an end when the collective leadership forced him to retire.

	=== Brezhnev era (1964 - 1982) ===		=== Brezhnev era (1964 - 1982) ===

Dragon: Created the spaces for the upcoming information, added some information

2023-06-17T18:41:38Z

Created the spaces for the upcoming information, added some information

Show changes

Areyoulessthan at 02:26, 9 November 2022

2022-11-09T02:26:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:26, 9 November 2022
Line 10:		Line 10:

	== Results ==		== Results ==
	After the USSR was overthrown, wars began in [[Chechnya]], [[~~Transnistria~~]], [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], [[Republic of South Ossetia\|South Ossetia]], [[Republic of Abkhazia\|Abkhazia]], and [[Republic of Tajikistan\|Tajikistan]]. These conflicts led to nearly 200,000 deaths, plus additional deaths from ethnic conflicts and pogroms.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Gordon M. Hahn\|year=2017\|title=Ukraine Over the Edge: Russia, the West and the "New Cold War"\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=\|publisher=McFarland\|isbn=9781476628752\|doi=\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> From 1990 to 1994, the male life expectancy dropped from 63.8 years to 57.7 years.<ref>{{News citation\|author=[[Brian Becker]]\|newspaper=[[Liberation School]]\|title=Socialism and the legacy of the Soviet Union\|date=2008-02-01\|url=https://www.liberationschool.org/socialism-and-the-legacy-of-the-soviet-union/\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112033918/http://liberationschool.org/socialism-and-the-legacy-of-the-soviet-union/\|archive-date=2020-11-12\|retrieved=2022-06-21}}</ref>		After the USSR was overthrown, wars began in [[Chechnya]], [[Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic\|Pridnestrovie]], [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], [[Republic of South Ossetia\|South Ossetia]], [[Republic of Abkhazia\|Abkhazia]], and [[Republic of Tajikistan\|Tajikistan]]. These conflicts led to nearly 200,000 deaths, plus additional deaths from ethnic conflicts and pogroms.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Gordon M. Hahn\|year=2017\|title=Ukraine Over the Edge: Russia, the West and the "New Cold War"\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=\|publisher=McFarland\|isbn=9781476628752\|doi=\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> From 1990 to 1994, the male life expectancy dropped from 63.8 years to 57.7 years.<ref>{{News citation\|author=[[Brian Becker]]\|newspaper=[[Liberation School]]\|title=Socialism and the legacy of the Soviet Union\|date=2008-02-01\|url=https://www.liberationschool.org/socialism-and-the-legacy-of-the-soviet-union/\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112033918/http://liberationschool.org/socialism-and-the-legacy-of-the-soviet-union/\|archive-date=2020-11-12\|retrieved=2022-06-21}}</ref>

	There is growing nostalgia for the Soviet era in many countries. In 2020, only 18% of Russians disagreed that the Soviet Union was the best time in Russia's history.<ref>{{News citation\|journalist=Andrei Nikerichev\|date=2020-03-24\|title=75% of Russians Say Soviet Era Was 'Greatest Time' in Country’s History – Poll\|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/03/24/75-of-russians-say-soviet-era-was-greatest-time-in-countrys-history-poll-a69735\|newspaper=The Moscow Times\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|retrieved=2022-01-02}}</ref> 78% of Russians 35 years or older said that the overthrow of the USSR was bad for their country.<ref>{{News citation\|journalist=David Masci\|date=2017-06-29\|title=In Russia, nostalgia for Soviet Union and positive feelings about Stalin\|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/06/29/in-russia-nostalgia-for-soviet-union-and-positive-feelings-about-stalin/\|newspaper=Pew Research Center\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|retrieved=2022-01-02}}</ref>		There is growing nostalgia for the Soviet era in many countries. In 2020, only 18% of Russians disagreed that the Soviet Union was the best time in Russia's history.<ref>{{News citation\|journalist=Andrei Nikerichev\|date=2020-03-24\|title=75% of Russians Say Soviet Era Was 'Greatest Time' in Country’s History – Poll\|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/03/24/75-of-russians-say-soviet-era-was-greatest-time-in-countrys-history-poll-a69735\|newspaper=The Moscow Times\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|retrieved=2022-01-02}}</ref> 78% of Russians 35 years or older said that the overthrow of the USSR was bad for their country.<ref>{{News citation\|journalist=David Masci\|date=2017-06-29\|title=In Russia, nostalgia for Soviet Union and positive feelings about Stalin\|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/06/29/in-russia-nostalgia-for-soviet-union-and-positive-feelings-about-stalin/\|newspaper=Pew Research Center\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|retrieved=2022-01-02}}</ref>

Wisconcom at 00:16, 12 July 2022

2022-07-12T00:16:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:16, 12 July 2022
Line 33:		Line 33:
	* {{Citation\|author=Roger Keeran & Thomas Kenny\|year=2010\|title=Socialism betrayed: behind the collapse of the Soviet Union\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=\|publisher=\|isbn=\|doi=\|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=EB8A647627A86692FB1AA43916CE6A02\|mia=\|title-url=\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}		* {{Citation\|author=Roger Keeran & Thomas Kenny\|year=2010\|title=Socialism betrayed: behind the collapse of the Soviet Union\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=\|publisher=\|isbn=\|doi=\|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=EB8A647627A86692FB1AA43916CE6A02\|mia=\|title-url=\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}
	== References ==		== References ==
			<references />
			[[Category:Coups]]