Counterrevolutions of 1989: Difference between revisions
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The '''Counterrevolutions of 1989''', also known as the '''Fall of Nations''' or, incorrectly, the '''Fall of Communism''' and the '''Revolutions of 1989''', were a series of [[bourgeois]] [[counterrevolution]]s against [[Socialist state|socialist countries]]. The counterrevolutions primarily took place in [[Eastern Europe]] but also affected the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet]] aligned [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992)|Afghanistan]] and included a failed attempted by [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]-backed protestors to overthrow socialist [[People's Republic of China|China]]. | |||
The '''Counterrevolutions of 1989''', also known as the '''Fall of Nations''' or, incorrectly, the '''Fall of Communism''', were a series of [[bourgeois]] [[counterrevolution]]s against [[Socialist state|socialist countries]]. | |||
{| | The counterrevolutions resulted in the deaths at least 200,000 people in civil wars,<ref>{{Citation|author=Gordon M. Hahn|year=2017|title=Ukraine Over the Edge: Russia, the West and the "New Cold War"|chapter=|section=|page=|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9781476628752|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> and poverty increased massively: 5% to 32% in the [[Balkans]] and [[Republic of Poland|Poland]], 1% to 29% in the [[Baltics]], 2% to 52% in the Slavic Soviet republics and [[Republic of Moldova|Moldova]], and 15% to 66% in [[Central Asia]].<ref>{{Citation|author=Branko Milanovic|year=1998|title=Income, Inequality, and Poverty during the Transition from Planned to Market Economy|chapter=Poverty|section=By How Much Has Poverty Increased?|page=68|pdf=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314180055/https://www.gc.cuny.edu/CUNY_GC/media/CUNY-Graduate-Center/PDF/Centers/LIS/Milanovic/papers/Income_ineq_poverty_book.pdf|city=[[Washington, D.C.]]|publisher=[[World Bank]]|isbn=082133994X}}</ref> | ||
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! Country | == Counterrevolutions == | ||
|'' | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!Country | |||
!Counterrevolution | |||
!Result | |||
|- | |||
|[[Polish People's Republic]] | |||
|Rise of [[Solidarity]] and the 1989 parliamentary elections | |||
|Formation of a non-communist-led government and subsequent restoration of capitalism. | |||
|- | |||
|[[Hungarian People's Republic]] | |||
|Political liberalization and dismantling of the socialist state | |||
|Proclamation of the [[Hungary|Republic of Hungary]] and transition toward capitalism. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Democratic Republic of | |||
|[[ | |[[German Democratic Republic]] | ||
|Mass demonstrations, emigration and opening of the [[Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart|Berlin Wall]] | |||
|[[Annexation of East Germany]] by the [[Federal Republic of Germany]]. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[People's Republic of | |||
|[[People's Republic of Bulgaria]] | |||
|Removal of [[Todor Zhivkov]] and political liberalization | |||
|Transition to multi-party bourgeois politics and capitalism. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990)|Czechoslovakia]] | |[[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990)|Czechoslovakia]] | ||
|[[Velvet Revolution|Velvet Counterrevolution]] | |[[Velvet Revolution|Velvet Counterrevolution]] | ||
|End of communist rule and capitalist restoration. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|[[ | |||
|[[ | |[[Socialist Republic of Romania (1947–1989)|Socialist Republic of Romania]] | ||
|[[Romanian coup d'état]] | |||
|Overthrow and execution of [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] and collapse of the socialist government. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|[[ | |||
|[[ | |[[People's Republic of China]] | ||
|[[1989 Tian'anmen Square riots]] | |||
|Attempted political destabilization defeated; socialist state remained in power. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[USSR]] || [[Overthrow of the Soviet Union]] | |||
|[[USSR]] | |||
|Political crisis, nationalist separatism and capitalist restoration | |||
|[[Overthrow of the Soviet Union]]. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)| | |||
|[[Yugoslav Wars]] | |[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)|SFR Yugoslavia]] | ||
|Nationalist fragmentation and political crisis | |||
|Dissolution of Yugoslavia and the [[Yugoslav Wars]]. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992)|Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] | |||
|[[Mujahideen]] war against the socialist government | |||
|Collapse of the government in 1992. | |||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 32: | Line 98: | ||
* [[Communist nostalgia|Socialist nostalgia]] | * [[Communist nostalgia|Socialist nostalgia]] | ||
== References == | |||
[[Category:Counterrevolution]] | [[Category:Counterrevolution]] | ||
<references /> | |||
[[Category: | [[Category:History of Socialism]] | ||
Latest revision as of 18:44, 20 September 2026
The Counterrevolutions of 1989, also known as the Fall of Nations or, incorrectly, the Fall of Communism and the Revolutions of 1989, were a series of bourgeois counterrevolutions against socialist countries. The counterrevolutions primarily took place in Eastern Europe but also affected the Soviet aligned Afghanistan and included a failed attempted by CIA-backed protestors to overthrow socialist China.
The counterrevolutions resulted in the deaths at least 200,000 people in civil wars,[1] and poverty increased massively: 5% to 32% in the Balkans and Poland, 1% to 29% in the Baltics, 2% to 52% in the Slavic Soviet republics and Moldova, and 15% to 66% in Central Asia.[2]
Counterrevolutions[edit | edit source]
| Country | Counterrevolution | Result |
|---|---|---|
| Polish People's Republic | Rise of Solidarity and the 1989 parliamentary elections | Formation of a non-communist-led government and subsequent restoration of capitalism. |
| Hungarian People's Republic | Political liberalization and dismantling of the socialist state | Proclamation of the Republic of Hungary and transition toward capitalism. |
| German Democratic Republic | Mass demonstrations, emigration and opening of the Berlin Wall | Annexation of East Germany by the Federal Republic of Germany. |
| People's Republic of Bulgaria | Removal of Todor Zhivkov and political liberalization | Transition to multi-party bourgeois politics and capitalism. |
| Czechoslovakia | Velvet Counterrevolution | End of communist rule and capitalist restoration. |
| Socialist Republic of Romania | Romanian coup d'état | Overthrow and execution of Nicolae Ceaușescu and collapse of the socialist government. |
| People's Republic of China | 1989 Tian'anmen Square riots | Attempted political destabilization defeated; socialist state remained in power. |
| USSR | Political crisis, nationalist separatism and capitalist restoration | Overthrow of the Soviet Union. |
| SFR Yugoslavia | Nationalist fragmentation and political crisis | Dissolution of Yugoslavia and the Yugoslav Wars. |
| Democratic Republic of Afghanistan | Mujahideen war against the socialist government | Collapse of the government in 1992. |
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Gordon M. Hahn (2017). Ukraine Over the Edge: Russia, the West and the "New Cold War". McFarland. ISBN 9781476628752
- ↑ Branko Milanovic (1998). Income, Inequality, and Poverty during the Transition from Planned to Market Economy: 'Poverty; By How Much Has Poverty Increased?' (p. 68). [PDF] Washington, D.C.: World Bank. ISBN 082133994X