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Counterrevolutions of 1989: Difference between revisions

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{{stub}}
The '''Counterrevolutions of 1989''', also known as the '''Fall of Nations''' or, incorrectly, the '''Fall of Communism''' and the '''Revolutions of 1989''', were a series of [[bourgeois]] [[counterrevolution]]s against [[Socialist state|socialist countries]]. The counterrevolutions primarily took place in [[Eastern Europe]] but also affected the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet]] aligned [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992)|Afghanistan]] and included a failed attempted by [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]-backed protestors to overthrow socialist [[People's Republic of China|China]].
The '''Counterrevolutions of 1989''', also known as the '''Fall of Nations''' or, incorrectly, the '''Fall of Communism''' and the '''Revolutions of 1989''', were a series of [[bourgeois]] [[counterrevolution]]s against [[Socialist state|socialist countries]]. They resulted in the deaths at least 200,000 people in civil wars,<ref>{{Citation|author=Gordon M. Hahn|year=2017|title=Ukraine Over the Edge: Russia, the West and the "New Cold War"|chapter=|section=|page=|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9781476628752|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> and poverty increased massively: 5% to 32% in the [[Balkans]] and [[Republic of Poland|Poland]], 1% to 29% in the [[Baltics]], 2% to 52% in the Slavic Soviet republics and [[Republic of Moldova|Moldova]], and 15% to 66% in [[Central Asia]].<ref>{{Citation|author=Branko Milanovic|year=1998|title=Income, Inequality, and Poverty during the Transition from Planned to Market Economy|chapter=Poverty|section=By How Much Has Poverty Increased?|page=68|pdf=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314180055/https://www.gc.cuny.edu/CUNY_GC/media/CUNY-Graduate-Center/PDF/Centers/LIS/Milanovic/papers/Income_ineq_poverty_book.pdf|city=[[Washington, D.C.]]|publisher=[[World Bank]]|isbn=082133994X}}</ref>


{|
The counterrevolutions resulted in the deaths at least 200,000 people in civil wars,<ref>{{Citation|author=Gordon M. Hahn|year=2017|title=Ukraine Over the Edge: Russia, the West and the "New Cold War"|chapter=|section=|page=|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9781476628752|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> and poverty increased massively: 5% to 32% in the [[Balkans]] and [[Republic of Poland|Poland]], 1% to 29% in the [[Baltics]], 2% to 52% in the Slavic Soviet republics and [[Republic of Moldova|Moldova]], and 15% to 66% in [[Central Asia]].<ref>{{Citation|author=Branko Milanovic|year=1998|title=Income, Inequality, and Poverty during the Transition from Planned to Market Economy|chapter=Poverty|section=By How Much Has Poverty Increased?|page=68|pdf=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314180055/https://www.gc.cuny.edu/CUNY_GC/media/CUNY-Graduate-Center/PDF/Centers/LIS/Milanovic/papers/Income_ineq_poverty_book.pdf|city=[[Washington, D.C.]]|publisher=[[World Bank]]|isbn=082133994X}}</ref>
|+List of counterrevolutions
 
! Country
== Counterrevolutions ==
|'''Counterrevolution'''
{| class="wikitable"
!Country
!Counterrevolution
!Result
|-
|-
|[[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992)|DR Afghanistan]]
|[[Mujahideen]] takeover of Afghanistan
|[[Polish People's Republic]]
|Rise of [[Solidarity]] and the 1989 parliamentary elections
|Formation of a non-communist-led government and subsequent restoration of capitalism.
|-
|-
| [[People's Republic of China]] || [[1989 Tian'anmen Square riots]] (attempted)
|[[Hungarian People's Republic]]
|Political liberalization and dismantling of the socialist state
|Proclamation of the [[Hungary|Republic of Hungary]] and transition toward capitalism.
|-
|-
|[[German Democratic Republic]]
|Mass demonstrations, emigration and opening of the [[Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart|Berlin Wall]]
|[[Annexation of East Germany]] by the [[Federal Republic of Germany]].
|-
|[[People's Republic of Bulgaria]]
|Removal of [[Todor Zhivkov]] and political liberalization
|Transition to multi-party bourgeois politics and capitalism.
|-
|[[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990)|Czechoslovakia]]
|[[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990)|Czechoslovakia]]
|[[Velvet Revolution|Velvet Counterrevolution]]
|[[Velvet Revolution|Velvet Counterrevolution]]
|End of communist rule and capitalist restoration.
|-
|-
|[[German Democratic Republic (1949–1990)|German Democratic Republic]]
|[[German reunification|Annexation of East Germany]]
|[[Socialist Republic of Romania (1947–1989)|Socialist Republic of Romania]]
|[[Romanian coup d'état]]
|Overthrow and execution of [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] and collapse of the socialist government.
|-
|-
|[[Socialist Republic of Romania (1947–1989)|SR Romania]]
|[[Romanian coup d'état]]
|[[People's Republic of China]]
|[[1989 Tian'anmen Square riots]]
|Attempted political destabilization defeated; socialist state remained in power.
|-
|-
| [[USSR]] || [[Overthrow of the Soviet Union]]
|[[USSR]]
|Political crisis, nationalist separatism and capitalist restoration
|[[Overthrow of the Soviet Union]].
|-
|-
|[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)|SFR Yugoslavia]]
|[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)|SFR Yugoslavia]]
|[[Yugoslav Wars]]
|Nationalist fragmentation and political crisis
|Dissolution of Yugoslavia and the [[Yugoslav Wars]].
|-
|-
|[[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992)|Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]]
|[[Mujahideen]] war against the socialist government
|Collapse of the government in 1992.
|}
|}


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== References ==
== References ==
[[Category:Counterrevolution]]
[[Category:Counterrevolution]]
[[Category:Pages needing references]]
<references />
[[Category:Stubs]]
[[Category:History of Socialism]]

Latest revision as of 18:44, 20 September 2026

The Counterrevolutions of 1989, also known as the Fall of Nations or, incorrectly, the Fall of Communism and the Revolutions of 1989, were a series of bourgeois counterrevolutions against socialist countries. The counterrevolutions primarily took place in Eastern Europe but also affected the Soviet aligned Afghanistan and included a failed attempted by CIA-backed protestors to overthrow socialist China.

The counterrevolutions resulted in the deaths at least 200,000 people in civil wars,[1] and poverty increased massively: 5% to 32% in the Balkans and Poland, 1% to 29% in the Baltics, 2% to 52% in the Slavic Soviet republics and Moldova, and 15% to 66% in Central Asia.[2]

Counterrevolutions[edit | edit source]

Country Counterrevolution Result
Polish People's Republic Rise of Solidarity and the 1989 parliamentary elections Formation of a non-communist-led government and subsequent restoration of capitalism.
Hungarian People's Republic Political liberalization and dismantling of the socialist state Proclamation of the Republic of Hungary and transition toward capitalism.
German Democratic Republic Mass demonstrations, emigration and opening of the Berlin Wall Annexation of East Germany by the Federal Republic of Germany.
People's Republic of Bulgaria Removal of Todor Zhivkov and political liberalization Transition to multi-party bourgeois politics and capitalism.
Czechoslovakia Velvet Counterrevolution End of communist rule and capitalist restoration.
Socialist Republic of Romania Romanian coup d'état Overthrow and execution of Nicolae Ceaușescu and collapse of the socialist government.
People's Republic of China 1989 Tian'anmen Square riots Attempted political destabilization defeated; socialist state remained in power.
USSR Political crisis, nationalist separatism and capitalist restoration Overthrow of the Soviet Union.
SFR Yugoslavia Nationalist fragmentation and political crisis Dissolution of Yugoslavia and the Yugoslav Wars.
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Mujahideen war against the socialist government Collapse of the government in 1992.

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Gordon M. Hahn (2017). Ukraine Over the Edge: Russia, the West and the "New Cold War". McFarland. ISBN 9781476628752
  2. ↑ Branko Milanovic (1998). Income, Inequality, and Poverty during the Transition from Planned to Market Economy: 'Poverty; By How Much Has Poverty Increased?' (p. 68). [PDF] Washington, D.C.: World Bank. ISBN 082133994X
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