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'''Frontline States''' refers to a group of countries in [[Africa]] which, from the 1960s to 1990s, provided various forms of support to the liberation struggles in neighboring countries then under [[apartheid]] and [[Settler colonialism|settler]]-ruled governments, namely to [[Republic of South Africa|South Africa]], South West Africa ([[Republic of Namibia|Namibia]]) and Rhodesia ([[Republic of Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]).<ref>{{Web citation|author=Ngwabi M Bhebe|newspaper=Herald Online Sunday News|title=Frontline States and African liberation|date=2015-05-17|url=https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/frontline-states-and-african-liberation/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215161745/https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/frontline-states-and-african-liberation/|archive-date=2026-02-15|quote=They provided invaluable material, logistical, diplomatic and political support to nationalist movements fighting for the independence of Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), South West Africa (Namibia), and the Republic of South Africa. These three countries were the last bastions of exclusionary white minority rule in our sub-region. Most importantly, the Frontline States offered sanctuary to the liberation fighters from the aforementioned countries that were operating in exile for obvious security reasons.}}</ref> The Frontline States included [[Republic of Angola|Angola]], [[Republic of Botswana|Botswana]], [[Kingdom of Lesotho|Lesotho]], [[Republic of Mozambique|Mozambique]], [[Kingdom of Eswatini|Eswatini]], [[United Republic of Tanzania|Tanzania]], and [[Republic of Zambia|Zambia]], with Zimbabwe also becoming a Frontline State after 1980.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=South African History Online|title=Frontline States|date=2019-08-27|url=https://sahistory.org.za/article/frontline-states|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215161443/https://sahistory.org.za/article/frontline-states|archive-date=2026-02-15|retrieved=2026-02-16|quote=The collapse of apartheid and the advent of democracy in South Africa was regionally supported by a group of southern African states called the Frontline States. These were Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and, from 1980, Zimbabwe. The Frontline States were formed in 1970 to co-ordinate their responses to apartheid and formulate a uniform policy towards apartheid government and the liberation movement.}}</ref> | [[File:Map detail of southern Africa with independence dates.png|alt=A map detail showing southern African countries with their formal dates of independence. Includes Tanzania (1961), Malawi (1964), Zambia (1964), Botswana (1966), Lesotho (1966), Swaziland (1968), Angola (1975), Mozambique (1975), Zimbabwe (1980), Namibia (1990). South Africa is labelled saying: "Union in 1910 and de facto independence in 1931."|thumb|A map detail showing southern African countries with their formal dates of independence.]] | ||
'''Frontline States''' refers to a group of countries in [[Africa]] which, from the 1960s to 1990s, provided various forms of support to the liberation struggles in neighboring countries then under [[apartheid]] and [[Settler colonialism|settler]]-ruled governments, namely to [[Republic of South Africa|South Africa]], South West Africa ([[Republic of Namibia|Namibia]]) and Rhodesia ([[Republic of Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]).<ref>{{Web citation|author=Ngwabi M Bhebe|newspaper=Herald Online Sunday News|title=Frontline States and African liberation|date=2015-05-17|url=https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/frontline-states-and-african-liberation/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215161745/https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/frontline-states-and-african-liberation/|archive-date=2026-02-15|quote=They provided invaluable material, logistical, diplomatic and political support to nationalist movements fighting for the independence of Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), South West Africa (Namibia), and the Republic of South Africa. These three countries were the last bastions of exclusionary white minority rule in our sub-region. Most importantly, the Frontline States offered sanctuary to the liberation fighters from the aforementioned countries that were operating in exile for obvious security reasons.}}</ref> | |||
The Frontline States included [[Republic of Angola|Angola]], [[Republic of Botswana|Botswana]], [[Kingdom of Lesotho|Lesotho]], [[Republic of Mozambique|Mozambique]], [[Kingdom of Eswatini|Eswatini]], [[United Republic of Tanzania|Tanzania]], and [[Republic of Zambia|Zambia]], with Zimbabwe also becoming a Frontline State after 1980.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=South African History Online|title=Frontline States|date=2019-08-27|url=https://sahistory.org.za/article/frontline-states|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215161443/https://sahistory.org.za/article/frontline-states|archive-date=2026-02-15|retrieved=2026-02-16|quote=The collapse of apartheid and the advent of democracy in South Africa was regionally supported by a group of southern African states called the Frontline States. These were Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and, from 1980, Zimbabwe. The Frontline States were formed in 1970 to co-ordinate their responses to apartheid and formulate a uniform policy towards apartheid government and the liberation movement.}}</ref> Namibia attained independence in 1990 and South Africa attained majority rule in 1994.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Ngwabi M Bhebe|newspaper=Herald Online Sunday News|title=Frontline States and African liberation|date=2015-05-17|url=https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/frontline-states-and-african-liberation/}}</ref> | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Stubs]] | [[Category:Stubs]] | ||
Latest revision as of 08:42, 9 March 2026
Frontline States refers to a group of countries in Africa which, from the 1960s to 1990s, provided various forms of support to the liberation struggles in neighboring countries then under apartheid and settler-ruled governments, namely to South Africa, South West Africa (Namibia) and Rhodesia (Zimbabwe).[1]
The Frontline States included Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Eswatini, Tanzania, and Zambia, with Zimbabwe also becoming a Frontline State after 1980.[2] Namibia attained independence in 1990 and South Africa attained majority rule in 1994.[3]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ “They provided invaluable material, logistical, diplomatic and political support to nationalist movements fighting for the independence of Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), South West Africa (Namibia), and the Republic of South Africa. These three countries were the last bastions of exclusionary white minority rule in our sub-region. Most importantly, the Frontline States offered sanctuary to the liberation fighters from the aforementioned countries that were operating in exile for obvious security reasons.”
Ngwabi M Bhebe (2015-05-17). "Frontline States and African liberation" Herald Online Sunday News. Archived from the original on 2026-02-15. - ↑ “The collapse of apartheid and the advent of democracy in South Africa was regionally supported by a group of southern African states called the Frontline States. These were Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and, from 1980, Zimbabwe. The Frontline States were formed in 1970 to co-ordinate their responses to apartheid and formulate a uniform policy towards apartheid government and the liberation movement.”
"Frontline States" (2019-08-27). South African History Online. Archived from the original on 2026-02-15. Retrieved 2026-02-16. - ↑ Ngwabi M Bhebe (2015-05-17). "Frontline States and African liberation" Herald Online Sunday News.